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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Ifigher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Aim Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 "UNDER ARMY ORDERS :" THE U.S. ARMY NATIONAL GUARD DURING THE KOREAN WAR Volume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William M. Donnelly, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1998 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allen Millett, Advisor Professor William Childs Adviser Professor Martha Garland UMI Number : 9822302 Copyright 1998 by Donnelly, William Michael All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9822302 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by William M. Donnelly 1998 ABSTRACT The Army National Guard played a sizable role in the American mobilization during the Korean War: 138,600 Guardsmen, about one-third of the force. But in both works on the Guard and on the war, the Army Guard's role passed, for the most part, into historical obscurity after the 1953 armistice. A variety of units are examined, based on a mix of variables, including type, size, race, post mobilization assignment, and regional origins. This work looks at two main areas. The first is military effectiveness; how quickly did Guard units become combat ready and how well did they perform after completing post-mobilization training. Units faced many obstacles during post-mobilization training, some self-inflicted but most the result of outside forces. Generally, most units sent to Korea and Germany performed as well as their Regular and Reserve peers : a very few failed, most accomplished the mission assigned to them, and a few excelled. The desperate personnel dilemmas the Army had trapped itself into during the war buffeted units kept in the United States, stripping ii them of their Guard character and combat effectiveness. This study also provides some new ways to examine early Cold War American society. The National Guard's dual State-Federal status, its strong local ties and its powerful lobbying organization gave the Guard a role at all levels of American society during this period. Through the mobilization of these units, the costs of the Truman Administration's decisions came into the communities and homes of many Americans. For the most part, communities saw the mobilization of their units as an undesirable but necessary sacrifice in the struggle against communism. Criticism focused on whether the Army properly prepared Guardsmen for service in Korea; on equity of sacrifice, particularly for World War II veterans; and on maintenance of Guard unit integrity. When they believed that the Army had wronged them. Guardsmen and their supporters vigorously appealed to their political representatives to intervene with the Army. However, these efforts yielded meager results; on no issue considered crucial by the Army did this lobbying cause the Army to reverse its decision. Ill For Krista IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people helped make this project possible. Staff at all the archives I visited responded patiently and efficiently to my requests for sometimes very dusty file boxes. I want to note especially the assistance of Richard Sommers and David Keough at the U.S. Army Military History Institute; their knowledge of Army history is breathtaking and their desire to aid researchers is inspiring. The staff at Ohio State's Interlibrary Loan Office quickly obtained newspaper microfilms and obscure publications from across the nation. The National Guard Association allowed me to spend a day browsing in their well-stocked library. A Dissertation Year Fellowship from the Harry S. Truman Library Institute was crucial to the completion of this project. Major General Bruce Jacobs, AUS, Retired, Professor Edward Coffman, Professor Jerry Cooper, and Professor William Childs all graciously gave of their time to review various drafts and offered many useful comments. William Berebitsky generously sent me a V draft copy of his book on Guard units in Korea. Professor Allen Millett, my adviser, provided a critique that did much to improve both the history and writing in this work. The members of 3d Battalion, 92d Field Artillery, Akron, Ohio, never suspected that in the four years we served together that they were providing a historian numerous insights into the reserve components. The lessons continue with the soldiers of the 660th Transportation Company, Cadiz, Ohio, particularly on those marathon motor marches to North Dakota. I also want to thank Major David Brooks, Royal Logistics Corps, Territorial Army, for his friendship and insights during his stay with my unit under some very trying conditions. Krista Donnelly's love and encouragement helped me see this project through to its end, and gave me a deeper understanding for the sorrows of separation and the joys of reunion felt by citizen-soldiers called away from home "under Army orders." VI VITA May 8, 1962............... Born - Boston, Massachusetts 1984...................... B.A. History, University of Michigan 1987...................... M.A. History, The Ohio State University 1987-1991................. Field Artillery Officer, United States Army 1992-1996................. Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 1996-1997................. Dissertation Year Fellowship, Harry S . Truman Library Institute PUBLICATIONS "Keeping the Buckeye in the Buckeye Division: Major General Robert S. Beightler and the 37th Infantry Division, 1940-1945." Ohio History, Winter/Spring 1997 . FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Minor Fields : Military History Business History British History Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract.............................................ii Dedication...........................................iv Acknowledgments...................................... v Vita................................................ vii Introduction..........................................1 Chapters : Volume I 1. Rearming the Minutemen, 1945-1950................20 2. Limited Mobilization During a Limited War ........ 63 3. In the Land of the Morning Calm................. 112 4. Thunderbirds in Korea........................... 171 Volume II 5. Back to Germany................................. 288 6. Lost in the Zone of the Interior............... 3 77 7. "Under Army Orders:" Lamentations and Lessons ... 478 Bibliography........................................ 513 Appendix A: Unit Officer Profiles.................. 527 Vlll INTRODUCTION A FORGOTTEN PART OF THE "FORGOTTEN WAR" The Army National Guard played a sizable role in the American mobilization during the Korean War. It provided 138,600 Guardsmen in eight divisions, three regimental combat teams, and numerous separate battalions, companies, and detachments for Federal service throughout the world.^ Yet the Army Guard's participation in the war passed, for the most part, into historical obscurity soon after the 1953 armistice. Both in works on the war and in works on the National Guard, there is little detailed discussion of the Army Guard during the war. And what discussion there is on the Army Guard during the war usually focuses on one of four areas: Army Guard units deployed to Korea; military effectiveness; manpower problems during the war; or effects of the war on reserve component p o l i c y . ^ This historical shadow under which the Army National Guard's role during the Korean War resides is, 1 in part, the result of the general shadow which fell over the entire Korean War for Americans. Many Americans, conditioned to destruction of the opposing regime by World War II, saw the Korean War as an aberration; since it would not be repeated, it need not be examined in any great detail. With the trauma of the Vietnam War following fifteen years later, the Korean War became trapped between two giants that soaked up most attention in America for 20th Century wars.3 Further complicating the Army Guard's role in the war is the fact that only about one-third of its units were mobilized, and not even a majority of mobilized units

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