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Sarum Use and Disuse: a Study in Social and Liturgical History

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Sarum Use and Disuse: a Study in Social and Liturgical History SARUM USE AND DISUSE: A STUDY IN SOCIAL AND LITURGICAL HISTORY Thesis Submitted to The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts in Theological Studies By James R. Joseph, M.A. UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August, 2016 SARUM USE AND DISUSE: A STUDY IN SOCIAL AND LITURGICAL HISTORY Name: Joseph, James Ryan APPROVED BY: __________________________________________ Michael S. Carter, Ph.D. Faculty Adviser Professor of History __________________________________________ William H. Johnston, Ph.D. Faculty Reader Professor of Religious Studies __________________________________________ Jennifer Speed, Ph.D. Faculty Reader Professor of Religious Studies __________________________________________ Daniel Speed Thompson, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Religious Studies ii ABSTRACT SARUM USE AND DISUSE: A STUDY IN SOCIAL AND LITURGICAL HISTORY Name: Joseph, James R. University of Dayton Adviser: Dr. Michael S. Carter Academic study of the Sarum Use, or the Use of Salisbury, the dominant liturgical tradition of medieval England, has long been overshadowed by a perception of triviality and eccentric antiquarianism inherited from the nineteenth century. Further, the Sarum Use has been in relative disuse in the Roman Catholic Church since the early seventeenth century. Using primarily the research of Eamon Duffy and Richard Pfaff, this thesis seeks to readdress both of these aspects of the Sarum Use and argues that because of the unique history and experience of the English Church in the period following the English Reformation, the Sarum liturgy holds an important place in English religious history. The thesis argues for the revival of serious academic interest in Sarum itself as well as for the active renewal of the Sarum tradition for contemporary Catholic liturgical use within the context of the Church. iii AD DOMINAM NOSTRAM WALSINGHAMENSIS DEDICATUS AVE MARIA IN MEMORIAM MARTYRES SANCTI REFORMATIONIS ANGLICI iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks for the successful completion of this thesis are due most especially to my adviser, Dr. Michael Carter, for his patience and guidance, as well as for his invaluable conversation on these and other issues, without which my research into the subject of the English Reformation would not have been nearly so fruitful and enjoyable as they have been. There was never a time in our discussing the issues involved in my thesis that I did not deepen my understanding immeasurably of both history and historiography. My thanks are also due to Dr. Jason Bourgeois and the staff of the Marian Library of the University of Dayton for their help and assistance in locating sources as well as for allowing me space to work in that library in the early months of my thesis work. I would be remiss if I did not also thank my Faculty Readers, Dr. Johnston and Dr. Speed, both of whom through their conversation and suggestions have also contributed to the betterment of my research and writing in this thesis. To all of these I tender my sincere thanks, and the acknowledgement that they have all graciously contributed to my successful completion of the Theological Studies program. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. v CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW ............... 1 An Occurrence at Merton College, Oxford ........................................................................ 5 Nineteenth Century Historiography: Sarum and the ‘Romantic Catholics’ ..................... 10 English Catholicism in the Nineteenth Century ............................................................ 10 Sarum Revival in the Nineteenth Century ..................................................................... 16 The Restoration of 1850 and Conclusions on the Nineteenth-Century Revival ......... 24 The Mid-Twentieth Century: Dickens and His Critics ..................................................... 27 The Later Twentieth Century: The ‘Catholic Revisionists’ .............................................. 34 Haigh and Bossy ............................................................................................................. 36 Eamon Duffy and The Stripping of the Altars .............................................................. 40 Recent Historiography: Post-revisionism ........................................................................... 42 CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT ................................ 46 The Sarum Use as Historical Subject ................................................................................ 47 vi Modern Editions of the Sarum Books and Difficulties of Academic Study .................... 52 Origins and Early Development of the Sarum Liturgy ..................................................... 57 The Revisions of Richard Poore and Toward an English Use ......................................... 63 Usus Sarisburiensis to Usus Angliae .................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER III: THE SARUM USE IN PRACTICE, 1350-1530 ...................................... 74 The Sarum Mass: Sundays and Weekdays ....................................................................... 76 Ad Missam: “oure ilk day bred graunt vs to day” .......................................................... 78 Ad Missam: From the Procession to the Creed ............................................................ 85 Ad Missam: From the Offertory to the Ite .................................................................... 94 The Sarum Use: Particular Traditions and Seasonal Features ....................................... 106 Roods and Rood Screens ............................................................................................. 107 Sarum ProcessionS ....................................................................................................... 109 Sarum Lenten Traditions ............................................................................................. 111 Sarum Holy Week: Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter ................................. 115 Sarum Sanctorale and Temporale per annum ............................................................ 126 English Veneration of the Saints: St. George .............................................................. 130 CHAPTER IV: SARUM USE CATHOLICS IN PROTESTANT ENGLAND ........... 136 English Catholics under the Penal Laws, 1559-1829 ...................................................... 138 ‘Church papists,’ Recusants, and Exiles....................................................................... 140 The Council of Trent and Quo primum..................................................................... 145 vii Later Sarum Use and the ‘Sarum Use Catholic Community’ ........................................ 148 Survival of Sarum Feasts and Fasting ........................................................................... 148 The Society of Jesus and the Missal of 1570 ............................................................... 156 Sarum Liturgical Books and Early Modern Print Culture .......................................... 163 The Sarum Use in the Eighteenth Century? ............................................................... 168 The Legacy and True ‘End’ of the Sarum Use ............................................................... 172 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND CURRENT STATUS OF SARUM ................. 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 187 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW This study proposes to enter into the historical legacy of the Sarum Use, the dominant Christian liturgical tradition of England before the Reformation. I propose in this thesis to explore the history and unique content of Sarum as a liturgical tradition, to examine the reasons for its importance to English Catholic history, and to inquire into the historical reasons for its fall into desuetude among English Catholics following the Council of Trent (1545-1563). The object of this thesis is to show through historical investigation the antiquity, cultural value, and legitimacy of the Sarum liturgy within a specifically Catholic context. After an extensive historical study of the Sarum Use in its cultural context in the majority of the thesis, the contemporary revival of the Sarum tradition is discussed and argued for in the conclusion. The choice of the Sarum Use in a study of English Catholics may seem peculiar, as Sarum is chiefly known for the niche and antiquarian interest of the nineteenth-century liturgical scholars, or ‘liturgiologists.’ As a result, the subject has acquired a reputation as trivial, of interest only to an eccentric few who haunt the aisles of English parish churches. I will discuss the reasons for this misconception in the following section. This reputation is, I contend, for the most part undeserved. As the dominant liturgical use of the realm, Sarum was at the center of the Reformation. English interest and disinterest in Sarum over the 1 intervening centuries is largely indicative of
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