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A Poiiie Iqaii HISTORY of HERB1RT HOOVER $, 1932-1 944 Hlehael A political history of Herbert Hoover, 1932-1944 Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Keller, Michael David, 1938- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 07:19:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/317901 A POIiIE IQAIi HISTORY OF HERB1RT HOOVER $, 1 932-1 944 by Hlehael David Keller A Thesis Submitted t® the Faculty ©f the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Im Partial Fulfillmemt ©f the Requirements For the Degree ©f MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate Oollege THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ' SfAflETO BY AUTHOR This thesis has heea smhrnitteS. im partial ftalflll- aeat ©f refmiresaemts far. &a advaaeed degree at The Wmiversity @f Arlzoaa aad is deposited im The Waiversity library t© he made available t© borrowers mider rules ©f the libraryo Brief tmetatiens from this thesis are allowable without special peralssloa, provided that accurate aekmowledgmemt of source is madeo Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the lean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship o Im all other instances9 howevers permission must be obtained from the author® s i G i n r ^ APPROVAL BY THESIS 1IRE0TOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown belows r j * ™ j n V - — Ho Eo Bateman Professor of History AOraGEDESSMBIfS Ike amthor wishes t© express his appreelation to Dro Russell Go Ewings, Head of the Department of History, University of Arizonas and to the faculty of the depart­ ment for their encouragement during the pursuit of graduate study in historyo Special thanks is given to Dr0 James Ao Beatson for his guidance and friendship® Gratitude is especially extended to Dr® H® E® Batemans, Professor of History9 whose patient guidance and keen interest con­ tributed immeasurably to the successful completion of this thesis® iii TA3HE of eorams PAGE A E G 5 ) P A O ^ oeoo 0 000000000000008000"W GHAPTER lo m R G l W S I I O l o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o e o 1 XIo fHE 0PE11IG RGWEDs flE 1932 GAMPAIGI 0 o » 12 IIIo 1936$ AIGTHER RGW11 o o o . » o • » o- » o 56 Ho A MOVE FARTHER AWAY 00000000 = 00 87 To EEST THEY FORGET o = = o = o 0 0 = 0 » o = 1©6 EIST OF RBFEREHGES oo*o...«oo.*.*.o.o11S ABSTRACT In the period from 1932 through 1944, the Democratic .party made use of the 11 image" of Herbert Hoover in each presidential election, regardless of who was the official Republican nominee® This thesis examines the methods em­ ployed by the Democrats throughout the period to keep the memory of the Hoover administration in the minds of the American voters<> Much of the use of his name was prompted by Hoover himselfo He spoke to each Republican national convention and made addresses in opposition to the Hew Deal in each campaign« This allowed the Democrats to answer his charges and rekindle the memory of economic con­ ditions which prevailed during the Hoover administration* The Republican party attempted to erase the memory of Hoover, but it was unsuccessful in this effort* The Demo­ cratic use of this "image" cannot be criticized, but the publicity campaigns against Hoover will forever color the memory of our thirty-first President* v 0HAPTBR. I 0m ©eteiaer 24 8 192$ the steek market he gam its era she It was the begimimg #f the end of Herbert Heever's status as a popular publie figureo Soom after this event breadlines9 massive unemployment9 industrial and bank failures became the prevailing signs of the time@ The American people scon began to lock with distrust at the leader of the government and his political partyo The Democratic party had the cataclysmic event that was required for the party to emerge from the political depression they had been in since the Givil War to be­ come the majority partyo Although later generations would view him more kindly, Hoover, at the time, was seen by many as a heartless figures Any other man who held the office of President at this time probably would have reacted like Hoover when faced by such a calamity© Any one relying on the same theory of a benefieient capitalism would have responded similarlyo The fact remains, however, that Mr© Hoover was President at the time, and did receive much of the blame for the catastrophe© Indeed, many Republicans . 2 opposed'Hoover and. the ideas for which he stood* Hoover struggled throughout the period to explain, and sell his philosophy to his party and the American public* For the most part he was unsuccessful in this effort* How Franklin 1 * Eoosevelt and the Bemooratio party used Hoover8s plight for political purposes in the next four Presidential elections forms the focal point of this thesis* At the time of the crash9 Roosevelt reacted more like a wealthy conservative Republican rather than a liberal politician* He was asked for his opinion of the crash of the stock market and answered that he be- ‘ 1 lieved the basic industrial conditions were sound® In the early depression years9 Roosevelt agreed with Heoverg especially with reference to relief policies® loth believed that direct relief spending by the Federal government was wrong® Reliance en state and private agencies of relief and a drastic cut in governmental expenses were at the base of the programs of both® Roosevelt s however$, believed that Hoover, was limited in his ideas and did not provide, the leadership the nation 2 ' - needed at the time® - ' 1 ® James Mo Burns 9 Ro @ s eve It t . f he I ion and the Fox (lew York g Harcourt s, Brace and Scmpany a 1956) p p® 124® . 2o Ibidoo Po 125a ; . ' ' Hoever thought that eae of the foremost meeds of the eoumtry was a returm of eomfidemee la the eeomomle system0 For this reas©m9 he seemed far more optiaistie tham the faets warranted» She economy of the country was not moving downward at a steady pace® It sank dowm9 rose a little9 only to sink again® During these tern-. porary rises the President often assured the people that things were not too had® Many times he also claimed that the depression was over only to he promptly challenged hy events as the downward trend resumed® She lew Republic charged that this optimism of Hoover was one of the factors that made the depression inevitable® It also said that once depression had come. Hoover could not 81 defend the system with which he is identified without protecting favored classes at the expense of the dis­ inherited and unfortunate o81 ^ For too long Hoover tried to be optimistic® He constantly was identified with the depression and even vetoed a relief bill® He desperately wanted to be able to relieve the distress that was enveloping the country but honestly believed that income through govern­ mental assistance should9 and eould9 trickle down from the 3® 18H©©verts Tragedy^88 Hew Republic« 729 ©etc­ her 19, 19329 246= tep, not up from the bettem* This eemTletlea made He ever appear to he eolt hearted in the faee of widespread suffer A ingo After 1#38 some eritios felt the Bemoerats in Oongress had done me better in solving the depression than the lepmblieamso lmt9 as one European observer deelaredg "the Qonstitutiom and Ameriean oonstitutional tradition have not placed in the party or. in the Congress the primary responsibility for the political guidance and initiative that are essential in times of crisis*"^ Soon after the depression struck, many books began to appear investigating Hoover8 s years in the Ear last and in high financeg accusing him of ©rimes ranging from British citizenship to cheating the Chinese govern­ ment e Although the Democrats did not directly use these works in the election campaignsg some of the "facts" were undoubtedly used in the pamphlets issued by the Demo­ cratic party during the election of 1§32c The name of Hoover became the prefix for words which came to represent various features of the depression Shanty towns where many of the poor lived were called 4o ©eorge Allen, Presidents Who Have Known Me (lew Yorks Simon and Schuster, 195©), pV 55° 5° Mario linaudi. The Hoosevelt Revolution (lew Yorks Hareourt9 Brace and Company, 1959), p° 35° H ©©trervillese11 Zewspapers msei as eevers by mem sleeping ©atside at might— when they had me memey for a roern— eame to "be kmowm as “Heever blanketSeM “Soever wagems1' were broken down ears hamled by mules, amd "Hoover flags" were empty poekets turned inside out* These were oft repeated phrases used in the period®^ All of them tended to keep before the publie the idea that Hoover was the eause of their disaster0 The ®emoeratie party was quite willing and able to use these reminders of the depression for pelitleal purposes when the need arose® When presidential eleetloms eame$, the depression was the most obvious issue in the minds of the voters and the lemeerats did all they eould to show how the Republioam administration had done little to aid the peer® The Demoerats were soon eonvineed that they eould win the eleetion for the presidemey in 1932 on this ©me issue alone® This was their primary reason for establishing a publicity bureau to take advantage of the mistakes the Republican administration was making® Even the personality of Hoover was criticized® The Hew Republic claimed that the country not only blamed Hoover for the bad times9
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