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The Veterans of Foreign Wars and Veteran Political Activism from the Bonus March to the Gi Bill

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The Veterans of Foreign Wars and Veteran Political Activism from the Bonus March to the Gi Bill “SOLDIER-CITIZENS”: THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS AND VETERAN POLITICAL ACTIVISM FROM THE BONUS MARCH TO THE GI BILL By STEPHEN R. ORTIZ A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2004 Copyright 2004 by Stephen R. Ortiz This document is dedicated to my parents, who have waited a long time for its completion, and to Renée, who has made it possible with her unending love and support. Finally, this is dedicated in loving memory of Barley, the exuberant Briard whose immense joy in living was only surpassed by the size of his heart. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Sheryl Kroen and Dan Smith for their encouragement and thoughtful comments on my work. Jennifer Keene and Kurt Piehler offered to read earlier drafts and gave very valuable suggestions. Bob McMahon has been a source of constant support. The Diplomatic History Reading Group, consisting of Bob and his graduate students, welcomed a dilettante into their midst and forced me to think seriously about U.S. foreign policy. Bob Zieger, always a cheerful supporter, brought his encyclopedic knowledge of the 1930s to his reading of earlier drafts of this project and it is infinitely better for it. I am indebted to Louise Newman for helping me through some very difficult circumstances with unfailing optimism and confidence in my abilities, and for convincing me that gender was central to my study. And, I have a special note of gratitude for Jeff Adler, the advisor to this dissertation. He offered unusually astute editorial and substantive advice, even though the topic and the approach of this project moved in directions that neither of us could have possibly guessed seven years ago. Throughout, he never doubted the significance of my work nor that it would be completed. For that, I am forever appreciative. This is dedicated to my parents and my wife, Renée. For Renée, who suffered through its writing, no words can describe my gratitude. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: VETERANS AND VETERAN POLITICAL ACTIVISM IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD.........................................................................................1 2 RETHINKING THE BONUS MARCH: THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS AND VETERAN POLITICAL ACTIVISM, 1929-1932 ..............................18 3 “THE ‘NEW DEAL’ FOR VETERANS”: THE ECONOMY ACT AND THE ORIGINS OF NEW DEAL DISSENT.......................................................................65 4 FORMING THE VANGUARD OF NEW DEAL DISSENT: THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS AND THE RE-EMERGENCE OF THE BONUS ISSUE ..105 5 THE BONUS, THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS, AND THE NEW DEAL DISSIDENTS, 1935-1936 ............................................................................141 6 CONTINUALLY FIGHTING THE GREAT WAR: VETERANS, HISTORICAL MEMORY, AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, 1934-1941................193 7 EPILOGUE: “SOLDIER-CITIZENS”: VETERAN POLITICAL CULTURE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE GI BILL..................................................................222 LIST OF REFERENCES.................................................................................................237 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...........................................................................................257 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Photograph of Bonus Marchers from Post 796, Port Huron, Michigan...................49 2-2 “Another Zero Hour—November 8,” by Herbert Lake in Foreign Service, September, 1932.......................................................................................................61 3-1 “Some Call This Economy,” Foreign Service, April, 1933.....................................73 3-2 “The First Casualty in America’s ‘War on Depression’!,” Foreign Service, April, 1933.. .............................................................................................................74 3-3 “The Forgotten Man,” Foreign Service, May, 1933. ...............................................75 3-4 “Old Ideals vs. ‘New Deals’,” Foreign Service, December, 1933...........................98 3-5 Recruiting Poster for Veterans’ Defense Rally, Foreign Service, December, 1933.. .....................................................................................................99 3-6 “Happy New Year(?),” Foreign Service, January, 1934........................................102 4-1 “A ‘New Deal Decoration,” Foreign Service, April, 1934 ....................................120 4-2 “A Barrage of Letters,” Foreign Service, June, 1934 ............................................123 4-3 “VFW Seven Point Program,” Foreign Service, December, 1934 ........................127 5-1 “The Obvious Verdict,” Foreign Service, March, 1935 ........................................147 5-2 Reprint of Patman Forces Photograph in Foreign Service, June, 1935 .................153 5-3 “You Can’t Lick 5 Billion Dollars!,” Foreign Service, June, 1935 .......................178 6-1 “The V.F.W. Eight Point Program,” in Foreign Service, December, 1935. ..........203 7-1 “Untitled,” by Herbert E. Lake in Foreign Service, October, 1934.......................233 vi Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy “SOLDIER-CITIZENS”: THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS AND VETERAN POLITICAL ACTIVISM FROM THE BONUS MARCH TO THE GI BILL By Stephen R. Ortiz August, 2004 Chair: Jeffrey S. Adler Major Department: History This dissertation examines the fundamental watershed in twentieth-century American political life: the transformation in the relationship between the federal government and ordinary citizens associated with the New Deal. By exploring the political and cultural mobilization of a major veteran organization, the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), this work traces the significant role played by veterans in this process. Veterans’ sophisticated organizational structure, their trenchant critique of the American political and economic system, and their gendered definition of citizenship made them a potent political force during the formative era of the New Deal. This study contends that the VFW emerged as the leader of veteran political activism in the 1930s. More significantly, however, the issues that provoked veteran political mobilization situated the VFW at the epicenter of important Depression-era movements. The work argues that the VFW played a foundational role not only in the Bonus March, but also the New Deal dissident movement led by Huey P. Long and vii Father Charles E. Coughlin, and the isolationist movement of the 1930s. The VFW’s critique of the increasingly corporate economy, and the national and international political systems that sustained it, relied on veterans’ interpretations of the causes of World War I. This critique provided the ideological thread linking the organization to these disparate, seemingly unrelated, Depression-era groups. By examining the cultural dimension of the VFW’s political mobilization, this study also explores the confluence of gender, citizenship, and personal identity in the making of the GI Bill. I argue that overseas military service defined veteran conceptions of masculinity and citizenship, and served as the ideological basis for veteran political activism during the Depression era. Veterans constructed a sense of collective identity out of personal experience and common ideological and historical references. Yet, veterans grounded their identity in a shared masculine ideal based on service for the common good and personal sacrifice. By promoting this version of masculinity, veterans challenged the hegemony of economic individualism. In so doing, veterans both challenged the gendered basis of the liberal state and helped found the martial welfare state epitomized by the GI Bill. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: VETERANS AND VETERAN POLITICAL ACTIVISM IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD Writing in the 1930 Armistice Day edition of The Commonweal, Oliver McKee, Jr. declared that the “veteran of the World War has won a secure foothold in American politics.” By way of example, he pointed to the fifteen senators, sixty-three members of Congress, and multiple Hoover Cabinet members that had served in the Great War. McKee explained that the veterans’ ascendancy in politics could be traced to three related factors: vibrant veteran organizations gave ex-soldiers a strong collective political voice and “the machinery” to enact national or state laws, the war’s selective service and commissioning processes meant that veterans were “the pick of their generation, physically and mentally,” and “the training which the ex-service man gets in his own organizations” provided valuable political skills. McKee concluded, “The American veteran of the World War has arrived on the political scene and … brought a new force into our political life. Hereafter, we must reckon with him.” Entitled “The Political March of the Veterans,” McKee’s article would prove prescient, but not in a way that he could have possibly predicted. Within eighteen months veterans truly launched a “political
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