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A Campanha Presidencial Portuguesa De 2011: Cobertura Na Imprensa

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A Campanha Presidencial Portuguesa De 2011: Cobertura Na Imprensa Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA A Campanha Presidencial Portuguesa de 2011: Cobertura na Imprensa Luís Pedro Jardim de Almada Nascimento Orientadora: Professora Doutora Nilza Mouzinho de Sena Dissertação para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Comunicação Social Lisboa 2014 Luís Pedro Jardim de Almada Nascimento MESTRADO EM: Comunicação Social ORIENTADORA: Professora Doutora Nilza Mouzinho de Sena Lisboa, 2013 A Campanha Presidencial Portuguesa de 2011: Cobertura na Imprensa RESUMO A comunicação política é parte fundamental do processo democrático, especialmente durante os momentos eleitorais. As campanhas eleitorais desenvolvem-se num sistema de comunicação política que tem sido sujeito ao longo dos tempos a diversas novas dinâmicas que alteraram profundamente o modo de atuação dos atores políticos, mediáticos e dos próprios cidadãos. Consequentemente, as práticas comunicativas eleitorais têm vindo a adaptar-se de forma a acompanhar estas mudanças. Procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo nos jornais Diário de Notícias, Público, Expresso e Sol de forma a perceber como a cobertura mediática aos vários candidatos às eleições presidenciais portuguesas em questão foi exposta, nomeadamente como seria enquadrada e se se recorreria maioritariamente ao jornalismo interpretativo, e se este refletiria alguma discussão acerca da expansão dos poderes presidenciais numa época que fazia prever uma agudizada crise económica e política. Não se tendo verificado um apelo à expansão dos poderes presidenciais, pôde-se, Palavras-chave: Campanhas eleitorais, Modernização, Cobertura mediática, Jornalismo por outro lado, observar elevados níveis de enquadramentos estratégicos e o recurso a interpretativo, News frames, Poderes presidenciais jornalismo não puramente descritivo. Palavras-chave: Campanhas eleitorais, Cobertura mediática, Jornalismo interpretativo, News frames, Poderes presidenciais II The 2011 Portuguese Presidential Campaign: Coverage in the Press ABSTRACT Political communication is a fundamental part of the democratic process, namely during electoral instances. Political campaigns take place in a political communication system that has been subjected through time to diverse and new dynamics that have profoundly altered the modus operandis of political and media actors and the citizens themselves. Consequently, electoral communication practices have come to adapt in order to encompass such changes. A content analysis of the newspapers Diário de Notícias, Público, Expresso and Sol was developed with the intention of understanding how the media coverage, of the various election candidates was exposed, namely how it was framed and if it would resort to interpretive journalism, and if it would reflect any discussion of presidential power expansion in a time when an acute economic and political crisis could be foreseen. While no significant signs of discussion of presidential power expansion were found, we observed high levels of strategic news frames and the use of Palavras-chave: Political campaigns, Modernization, Media coverage, Interpretativenon-descriptive journalism, journalism. News frames, Presidential powers Keywords: Political campaigns, Media coverage, Interpretive journalism, News frames, Presidential powers III Agradecimentos Esta dissertação não se faria sem a preciosa assistência de várias pessoas. Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar à Professora Doutora Nilza Mouzinho de Sena que com a sua incansável orientação guiou este processo e despertou em mim novos horizontes que nunca havia considerado. Seria uma omissão da minha parte não agradecer a todo o corpo docente do Mestrado em Comunicação Social, e ao Professor Doutor Manuel Meirinho Martins em particular, que em muito contribuíram para a minha imersão numa nova área de estudo. Um agradecimento sincero aos funcionários da Biblioteca do Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas e aos funcionários da Hemeroteca Municipal de Lisboa pela sua disponibilidade e amabilidade. Aos meus amigos – nenhum em geral e todos em particular –, um especial obrigado pelo constante incentivo com que me brindaram durante este sinuoso caminho. Por fim, uma vez que os últimos são os primeiros, um muito obrigado à minha família. À minha mãe Daniela e ao meu pai Francisco pela sua interminável paciência e o seu inabalável apoio. Ao meu irmão Francisco e à minha irmã Carolina por serem exímios exemplos a seguir. Aos meus sobrinhos Sofia, Júlia e Lucas por me fazerem lembrar que há um amanhã. IV Índice de Conteúdos AGRADECIMENTOS ........................................................................................................................................ IV ÍNDICE DE QUADROS E GRÁFICOS .......................................................................................................... VII INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................................................. 11 NOTAS METODOLÓGICAS ........................................................................................................................... 12 ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO .................................................................................................................... 13 1. DEFINIR COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA ................................................................................................................ 13 1.1. ORGANIZAÇÕES POLÍTICAS ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Partidos políticos ................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.2. Organizações públicas ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.3. Organizações agregadas à volta de elementos comuns ...................................................................... 14 1.1.4. Grupos centrados em questões particulares ........................................................................................... 15 1.2. A AUDIÊNCIA ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.3. OS MEDIA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2. COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA: ABORDAGEM SISTEMÁTICA ................................................................................ 17 3. EVOLUÇÃO DA COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA ...................................................................................................... 18 4. EVOLUÇÃO DA COMUNICAÇÃO NAS CAMPANHAS POLÍTICAS ...................................................................... 22 4.1. CAMPANHAS PRÉ-MODERNAS ................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2. CAMPANHAS MODERNAS ............................................................................................................................................ 23 4.3. CAMPANHAS PÓS-MODERNAS .................................................................................................................................... 24 5. AMERICANIZAÇÃO E MODERNIZAÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 24 6. OS EFEITOS DAS CAMPANHAS ELEITORAIS .................................................................................................... 28 6.1. OS RESULTADOS ELEITORAIS ..................................................................................................................................... 28 6.2. DRAMATIZAÇÃO DAS CAMPANHAS ELEITORAIS ...................................................................................................... 30 6.3. FORMA SOBRE A SUBSTÂNCIA .................................................................................................................................... 31 6.4. OS CONSULTORES POLÍTICOS ..................................................................................................................................... 32 6.5. O ENQUADRAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO DAS CAMPANHAS ELEITORAIS POR PARTE DOS MEDIA ........................... 34 7. SISTEMA DE COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA EM PORTUGAL ................................................................................ 39 7.1. INSTITUIÇÕES POLÍTICAS ............................................................................................................................................ 39 7.1.1. Políticas, leis e regulação mediática ............................................................................................................ 42 7.2. INSTITUIÇÕES MEDIÁTICAS ........................................................................................................................................ 43 7.2.1. Os media impressos ........................................................................................................................................... 43 7.2.2. Rádio ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44 7.2.3. Televisão................................................................................................................................................................
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