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A Study on the Effectiveness of Transplanting Vs A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSPLANTING VS. SEEDING OF LUPINUS PERENNIS IN AN OAK SAVANNA REGENERATION SITE Mark K. St. Mary A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2007 Committee: Helen J.Michaels, Advisor Jeffery G. Miner Daniel M. Pavuk ii ABSTRACT Helen J. Michaels, Advisor Lupinus perennis (Fabaceae) is an indicator species for savanna and barrens habitat throughout the Great Lakes region and northeastern United States. It is also the sole larval food source for the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) and an important food source for other threatened butterfly species. Although butterfly recovery programs include restoration of existing lupine populations and establishment of new ones, the determination of the optimum conditions and method of lupine repopulation has received little attention. This study compared the survival, growth and reproduction of L. perennis for two growing seasons after planting. Seed and greenhouse grown transplants from four population sources were planted across naturally occurring gradients of light, soil moisture, pH, phosphorous, and soil surface materials along field transects in a savanna restoration. Estimates of labor required in the production, planting and aftercare of both greenhouse plants and seeds were also compared. Both population source and substrate type significantly influenced seedling emergence, while survival decreased with increased light levels, herbivory, and disturbance. As expected, transplants had significantly greater survival than seedlings, but were also affected by initial size, population source, herbivory and disturbance. Seedling size was influenced by population source, light, and soil pH, while transplant size varied only with population and light. Only 1% of seedlings flowered in the second season, compared to 25% of transplants. Only population source had a significant effect on seed production by the transplants. Although approximately 9.5 times more labor was required for transplants, they outperformed the seedlings in survival, size and potential fecundity in the first two seasons. Optimal planting iii locations and the relative merits of establishing populations of L. perennis within butterfly habitat regeneration projects are discussed. KEY WORDS: Lupinus perennis; savanna restoration; seeding; transplants; Lycaeides melissa samuelis; butterfly habitat iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Helen Michaels for the knowledge, time and advice she was able to give me as my advisor. In addition, I would like to thank Jeff Miner and Dan Pavuk for their advice and support as committee members. Special thanks go to my wife and partner, Marcia Hunt, without whose love, understanding and encouragement I would not have been able to complete this project. Marcia Hunt assisted me in the greenhouse planting and data collection. Marcia Hunt and Chris Tracey provided their time and labor in the field planting. Chris Tracey, Scott Hevner, and Chris Davis provided input in designing the study. Heather Strohschein assisted with the soil testing and data entry. Dan Wiegmann and Nancy Boudreau provided valuable insight and advice on the statistics. Access to the field site was provided by The Metropolitan Park District of the Toledo Area. Materials were courtesy of the Ohio Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Special thanks to John Jaeger, Jerry Jankowski, and Bob Jacksy of The Metropolitan Park District of the Toledo Area for their support and encouragement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………… iv TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………... v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………. vii INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………. 1 METHODS……………………………………………………………………………. 5 Materials………………………………………………………………………. 5 Greenhouse Production………………...…………………………………….... 5 Site Selection…………………………..………………………………………. 6 Data Collection…………………………………..…………………………….. 9 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………….. 12 RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………… 14 DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………………. 29 LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………………………... 37 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 The spacing of plants and seeds at transect points in the field………………. 8 2 ANOVA means of the log of number of days to seedling emergence by planting substrate……………………………………………………........ 16 3 Survival of seedlings and transplants through June of each year………….… 17 4 Seedling survival at three points in time by population…………………….. 19 5 Transplant survival through late June of each year by population………….. 20 6 Mean size of seedlings by population source in June of each year…………. 23 7 Mean size of seedlings by planting substrate in June of each year…………. 23 8 Mean size of transplants, at three points in time, by population source……. 25 9 Mean size of transplants, at three points in time, by planting substrate……. 26 10 Mean number of seeds produced by transplants in 2002 and 2003 and by seedlings in 2003……………………………………………………….. 28 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Source of seeds by their populations………………………………………… 5 2 Deviations from the average for rainfall and temperature for Toledo, OH in 2002 and 2003……………………………………………….. 14 3 Environmental variables measured…………………………………………... 14 4 Correlations of environmental variables……………………………………... 15 5 Logistic regression on seedling survival through June, 2002………………... 18 6 Logistic regression on seedling survival from June, 2002 to June, 2003……. 18 7 Logistic regression on transplant survival through June, 2002……………… 20 8 Logistic regression on transplant survival from June, 2002 to June, 2003….. 20 9 Deviations from the average for rainfall and temperature for Toledo, OH in 2002 and 2003……………………………………………….. 21 10 GLM of the log of size of seedlings in June, 2002…………....……………. 22 11 GLM of the log of size of seedlings in June, 2003……………….………… 22 12 GLM of square root of size of transplants in June, 2002…………………… 24 13 GLM of square root of size of transplants in late June, 2003………………. 25 14 Logistic regression on the probability of flowering in 2002………………... 27 15 Logistic regression on the probability of flowering in 2003………………... 27 16 Logistic regression on the probability of seeding in 2002………………….. 27 17 Logistic regression on the probability of seeding in 2003………………….. 27 18 GLM of the log of number of seeds produced in 2003…………….. ……… 28 1 INTRODUCTION Perennial blue lupine, Lupinus perennis L.(Fabaceae), is one of the plant species regarded as an indicator species for savanna and barrens habitat (Voss 1985) and has been shown to be an integral part of the biota of many savanna, prairie and barrens habitats across the northeastern parts of the United States and southeastern Canada (Smallidge et al. 1996). Savannas and barrens containing L. perennis are found in Ontario, Canada and across the Great Lakes region from Minnesota to New York and in parts of New Jersey and southern New England (Anderson, Fralish, & Baskin 1999, Mitchell 2001). Colonies are found in areas of well-drained, sandy soils with little to no competition from surrounding vegetative cover, and in light levels from full sun to partial shade (Mackay et al. 1996). L. perennis plants are often found in association with other savanna plants such as little bluestem (Schizachryium scoparium)(Poaceae), lyre-leaf rock cress (Arabis lyrata)(Brassicaceae), butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)(Asclepiadaceae), and white flowering spurge (Euphorbia corollata)(Euphorbiaceae)(Swink 1974). Lupinus perennis is considered a pivotal plant because of its relationship with a number of important insects. It has been identified as the sole larval food source for the Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), a federally endangered species (Grundel et. al. 1998a), and is a primary larval food source and adult nectar source for two other butterflies, the Persius duskywing (Erynnis persius) and the frosted elfin (Callophrys irus) (Iftner 1992; Opler 1995). The Persius duskywing is endangered in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York and Ohio, and is threatened in Michigan (Sheperd, Vaughan, and Black, 2005). The frosted elfin is endangered in Delaware, Maryland, New Hampshire and Ohio 2 and threatened in Connecticut, Michigan, New Jersey, New York and Wisconsin (Sheperd, Vaughan, and Black 2005). Because of its importance in the life cycle of these rare butterflies, the repopulation of L. perennis in restored savannas, barrens, and prairies is critical for sustaining the biotic diversity that such habitats are capable of supporting and for the preservation of the Karner blue butterfly (WDNR 2001) as well. However, throughout the midwestern region of the United States, oak barrens and savanna have declined by 98% from pre-settlement acreage (Nuzzo 1986). Within the Oak Openings region of northwest Ohio, less than 1% of the original oak savanna habitat exists (Brewer and Vankat 2004). The regeneration and maintenance of L. perennis habitats are the primary methods by which federal, state, and local conservation agencies and groups plan to save this species of butterfly (Tolson 1998: WDNR 2001). Lupinus perennis is listed as a species of concern in the states of Iowa, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio,
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