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Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants & Pests Center New Species

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Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants & Pests Center New Species Minnesota Invasive Terrestrial Plants & Pests Center New Species Evaluation Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. (Large-leaved lupine) Evaluated: A.C. Morey; Reviewed: R.C. Venette (1/15/20) OVERVIEW: Common names: bigleaf lupin(e), Washington lupine, marsh lupine, garden lupine, meadow lupine Synonyms: see Beuthin (2012) and CABI (2018) for varieties, cultivars, and synonyms Lupinus polyphyllus is a perennial legume (Fabaceae) native to the western U.S and Canada. It was introduced to the eastern U.S. (and Canada) as a garden plant, but is also used for soil improvement and animal forage. It has also been introduced to Europe, New Zealand, and Australia and is considered a problem outside of cultivation in many regions. Lupinus polyphyllus is the dominant parent of the popular cultivated hybrid known as Russel Lupin or L. x regalis. Some sources note that garden escapees are likely L. x regalis misidentified as L. polyphyllus due to the greater relative prevalence of the hybrid in commercial trade. MAJOR KNOWLEDGE GAPS ASSOCIATED WITH ASSESSMENT: Distribution within Minnesota Economic impact (to yield/marketability, from quarantine/control) Extent of future invasion Impact to threatened/endangered species 1 | L. polyphyllus ARRIVAL Proximity to Minnesota: VERY HIGH RANKING Very High Pest is known to occur in Minnesota Pest occurs in Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Manitoba or High Ontario Medium Pest occurs in North America Low Pest is not known to occur in North America Lupinus polyphyllus is currently reported outside of cultivation in at least seven (7) counties in Minnesota (Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Carlton, Pine, and Becker) (EDDMapS 2019; UMN-Bell 2019), with the earliest herbarium record occurring in 1970 in Itasca Co. (UMN-Bell 2019). Other sources suggest additional counties have populations (Benton and Aitkin) (Chayka and Dziuk 2017; Kartesz 2015). It has otherwise been documented in regions of Wisconsin, Michigan, Alaska, and Maine (EDDMapS 2019), and likely in additional northeastern states (USDA-NRCS 2019; Kartesz 2015). It is also introduced in Ontario and other eastern Canadian provinces (USDA-NRCS 2019; Canadensys 2019). Existence of Pathways: HIGH RANKING High Pathways for arrival of the pest in Minnesota are known to occur Pathways for the arrival of the pest in Minnesota are conceivable, but not Medium known to occur Low Pathways for arrival of the pest in Minnesota are difficult to conceive Lupinus polyphyllus is documented within Minnesota (see Proximity to Minnesota), and no regulation currently exists to limit its arrival or spread to the state. It is a species historically and presently part of the horticultural trade used as a garden ornamental, for erosion control, soil improvement, as an intercropping species, as forage for wildlife and livestock, and in fire-protection belts (CABI 2018; Beuthin 2012; Fremstad 2010). Seeds and plants of L. polyphyllus or its hybrids (Russel lupine) or cultivars (‘Gallery Pink’) are widely available for purchase online (e.g., amazon.com, etsy.com, buyrareseeds.com, bulkwildflowers.com, brecks.com), including through at least one local retailer (plants.gertens.com). Entry into Minnesota could also occur through the natural dispersal of viable seeds or vegetative fragments (see Innate Dispersal Capacity); Lupinus polyphyllus is found in nearby regions in WI, MI, and Ontario (see Proximity to Minnesota). 2 | L. polyphyllus Innate Dispersal Capacity: LOW RANKING Maximum recorded dispersal >500 km per year (or moves in low level Very High jets/ upper atmosphere) High Maximum recorded dispersal 500-250 km per year Moderate Maximum recorded dispersal 100-250 km per year Maximum recorded dispersal 1-100 km per year (wind dispersal; flowing Moderately Low water) Maximum recorded dispersal <1 km per year (movement through soil; Low splash dispersal) Lupinus spp. seeds are comparatively heavy and do not have specialized structures for wind dispersal or adhesion to animals (OGTR 2013). They are dispersed mainly through ballistic dispersal, shooting away from parent plants by a few meters (OGTR 2013; Ramula 2014). There is suggestion that L. polyphyllus seeds are dispersed via zoochory by insects and/or rodents (Rask-Jensen 2018), though evidence is lacking. Lupinus polyphyllus can also spread locally through creeping rhizomes (Fremstad 2010; Ramula 2014). Besides human-mediated spread and potential zoochory, long distance dispersal of L. polyphyllus seeds is said to occur via waterways (OGTR 2013; CABI 2018), but documented evidence of this could not be found. ESTABLISHMENT AND PERSISTENCE Suitability of Minnesota Climate: HIGH RANKING High >40% of Minnesota is predicted to be suitable Medium >20 to 40% of Minnesota is predicted to be suitable Low >0 to 20% of Minnesota is predicted to be suitable Negligible No part of Minnesota is suitable Documentation of the climatic tolerance of L. polyphyllus is limited. It prefers “cool, subalpine climates” (Beuthin 2012) and perennial Lupinus x hybrida, the most popular of which are L. polyphyllus-based “Russel Hybrids”, are listed as USDA Zone 4-8 plants (MBG 2019). Records in Glacier Co., MT confirm its tolerance to at least Zone 4, though most of its native range in the western U.S. occurs in warmer Zones (USDA- NRCS 2019; USDA-ARS 2012). Specific sites of L. polyphyllus in Becker, Itasca, and Pine Co., MN confirm occurrence of the species in USDA Zone 3b (EDDMapS 2019; USDA-ARS 2012). As a Zone 3b species, >40% of Minnesota is climatically suitable. 3 | L. polyphyllus Presence of Hosts: HIGH RANKING High >10% of Minnesota with suitable hosts (or habitat for weeds) Medium >1 to 10% of Minnesota with suitable hosts (or habitat for weeds) Low >0 to 1% of Minnesota with suitable hosts (or habitat for weeds) Negligible 0% of Minnesota with suitable hosts (or habitat for weeds) In its native western U.S. range, L. polyphyllus occurs primarily in meadows, roadsides, banks, and prefers seasonally wet habitats (CABI 2018; Fremstad 2010; Beuthin 2012). Habitats of L. polyphyllus in its invaded range are often associated with disturbance, but can vary, including open ruderal areas, such as road verges, wastelands and meadows, forest understories, river banks, and wetlands (CABI 2018; Ramula 2014; Fremstad 2010). The species tolerates acidic, nutrient-poor soils and prefers moderately dry, sandy soils (CABI 2018; Fremstad 2010). Descriptions of sites were it has been document in Minnesota include dry and moist roadsides, disturbed fields, open grassy or rocky areas, and mixed wooded areas (UMN-Bell 2019; EDDMapS 2019). Considering only non-interstate roadways, there are ~123,394 miles in Minnesota (Williams 2005). Assuming ‘roadside’ habitat could occur within 100ft of the road edge on either side, that equates to 4,674 square miles, or ~5.7% of total state land. In 2016, 1,058,955 acres were classified as CRP land (MN-DNR 2019), which is about 2% of total state land. There are ~4,420 miles of railroads in Minnesota (MN-DOT 2018; MRRA 2020). Assuming ‘railway’ habitat could occur within 100ft of the rail edge on either side, that is about 167 square miles, or ~0.2% of total state land. There are 4,455,584 acres of non-native prairie grasslands in the Prairie Region of Minnesota (MN-DNR 2018), which is about 8.7% of state land. Of the estimated 7,719,200 acres of riparian land in Minnesota, 34.5% is forested (2,663,124 acres) (MN-DNR 2001). This accounts for about 5.2% of Minnesota’s terrestrial land. Only portions of these selected habitats would need to be suitable to account for >10% of Minnesota. Hybridization/Host Shift: HIGH RANKING High Species reported to hybridize or has undergone a documented host shift Medium Species in the same genus have been reported to hybridize/shift hosts Low Hybridization/Host shifts have not been reported for this genus or species Species within Lupinus are known to hybridize, both naturally and through artificial breeding (Stace 2010; Clements et al. 2008; Kurlovich, Stoddard, and Earnshaw 2008). 4 | L. polyphyllus Popular ornamental cultivars known as Russel Lupine or Russel Hybrids (= L. x regalis or L. polyphyllus ssp. polyphyllus) are based on hybridization between L. arboreus and L. polyphyllus (Fremstad 2010; Stace 2010; Beuthin 2012). This hybrid has been found spontaneously occurring in Britain where both parents occur, potentially backcrossing to L. arboreus (Stace 2010; BRC 2019). In Europe, spontaneous hybrids of L. polyphyllus with naturalized L. regalis and L. nootkatensis have been reported (KEW 2019; Fremstad 2010). Hybrids between L. polyphyllus and L. nootkatensis (=L. x pseudopolyphyllus) have also been reported in Alaska (CABI 2018). Some sources state that L. polyphyllus will hybridize with L. perennis, a native eastern U.S. species and single host plant to the endangered Karner Blue butterfly (Byleckie 2000; WI-DNR 2019). The resulting hybrid is purportedly unsuitable for larval development. However, other sources are less certain of this phenomenon (Fremstad 2010) and empirical evidence of hybridization or unpalatability of such hybrid to the endangered butterfly could not be found. SPREAD Existence of Pathways: HIGH RANKING High Pathways for arrival of the pest in Minnesota are known to occur Pathways for the arrival of the pest in Minnesota are conceivable, but not Medium known to occur Low Pathways for arrival of the pest in Minnesota are difficult to conceive Intentional and unintentional human-mediated spread is considered to be a major long-distance pathway for L. polyphyllus movement into new areas (Brobäck 2015; CABI 2018; OGTR 2013), and naturalized populations of the species have been noted within Minnesota for more than 5 years (see Proximity to Minnesota). It is a species historically and presently part of the horticultural trade as a garden ornamental, erosion control, soil improvement, as an intercropping species, as forage for wildlife and livestock, and in fire-protection belts (CABI 2018; Beuthin 2012; Fremstad 2010; Kurlovich, Stoddard, and Earnshaw 2008).
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