DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Prove It

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How to Prove It A ←Locus P Perp bisector How To of side AC Perp bisector How To of side AB − − ProveHow To It O A = = B B C ThisProve continues the ‘Proof’ It column begun earlier. In this (a) (b) This‘episode’ continues we study the some ‘Proof’ results column from begun geometry earlier. related In this to Figure 1. Concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle ‘episode’the theme we of study concurrence. some results from geometry related to theThis theme continues of concurrence. the ‘Proof’ column begun earlier. In this ‘episode’ we study some results from geometry related to the theme of concurrence. certainly not parallel to each other — after all, meet because they are not parallel to each other, in the classroom Internalthey meet atangle! bisectors and we can be sure of this∘ because ∡ ∡∘ , which implies that oncurrence of lines. ∡ ∡ . oncurrence of lines. The internal bisectors of the three angles An extremely common theme in Given any ofOf a the triangle same nature, concur. and proved the same way, is Shailesh A Shirali triangle,A small tweak the external in this argument bisectors yields of any a relatedtwo of its plane geometry is thatAn of proving extremely the common concurrence theme of inthree this: oncurrence of lines. anglesbut slightly and less the internalfamiliar result: bisector of the third planeor more geometry lines. (The is that dual of problem: proving the proving concurrence the collinearity of three of three or more points.) It is of interest to study the different Given an angle , the locus of angle concur or more lines. (The dualAn problem: extremely proving common the themecollinearity in To show this, we use a different locus fact which strategies used. We study some well known results in this area points equidistant from the arms and of threeplane or more geometry points.) is thatIt is of interestproving tothe study concurrence the different of three just as basic: A general remark.; see Figure 3. and contrast the approaches used to prove them. is the internal bisector of . Perpendicularstrategiesor more used. lines. We bisectors study (The some dual problem: well known proving results the in collinearity this area and contrast the approaches used to prove them. The above two proofs have a Perpendicularof three or more points.) bisectors It is of interest to study the differentThe ∡ See Figure 2 (a). common theme; namely, to prove that two perpendicularstrategies used. bisectors We study of some the well three known sides ofresults a triangle in this concur. area The Let the internal bisectors of ∡ and ∡ meet andPerhaps contrast the easiest the approaches of all results used on to concurrence prove them. is this: quantities and are equal, show that both of CPerpendicularperpendicular bisectors bisectors of the three sides of a triangleGiven concur. two at . Draw perpendiculars from to sides Perhaps the easiest of all results on concurrence is this: them are equal to a third quantity . Viewed thus Cdistinct points and , the locus of points such thatGivenThe two , , respectively; see Figure 2 (b). Using in generality, we see a theme used frequently in This is best proved using the idea of a locus, namely: distinctperpendicular pointsis the bisectors perpendicularand , the of the locus bisector three of points sides of segment of asuch triangle that concur. the locus fact stated above, we see that mathematics, at all levels. ThisPerhaps is best the proved easiest using of all resultsthe idea on of concurrence a locus, namely: is this: and . Hence , which implies that Medians C is the perpendicular bisector of segment Given two ; see lies on the internal bisector of ∡. So the three distinct points and , the locus of points such that Figure 1 (a). Here’s how the proof uses this locus idea.; see internal angle bisectors meet in a point. This is bestisproved the perpendicular using the idea bisector of a locus, of segment namely: Figure 1 (a). Here’s how the proof uses this locus idea. TheTheorem. result generally encountered next is: Let the perpendicular bisectors of sides and meet at ; see How can we be sure that the internal bisectors LetFigure the 1 perpendicular (b). Join bisectors. Then of sidesand, and alsomeet; at see; see, of ∡ and ∡ do meet? The lines must A The medians of a triangle concur. henceFigure 1 (b).(a). Here’sJoin. The how last the equality proof. Then meansuses this that locus, andis idea. equidistantalso , from and and hence lies on the perpendicular bisector of . henceLet the perpendicular. The last bisectors equality of sidesmeans thatandis equidistantmeet at ; see Bisector of Therefore the three perpendicular bisectors meet in a point. ABC fromFigure 1and (b). Joinand hence lies on. Then the perpendicular, and bisectoralso of,. A Bisector of angle E HowhenceTherefore can we the be three sure. The perpendicular that last the equality perpendicular means bisectors that bisectors meet is inequidistant a of point. sides angle ACB Q F Howandfrom can anddo we meet? beand sure That’s hence that easy: lies the on perpendicular they the meet perpendicular because bisectors they bisector of are sides not of . I P andparallelTherefore do to theeach meet? three other, That’s perpendicular and easy: this they is ensured meetbisectors because by the meet fact they in that a are point. they not are respectively perpendicular to and ; and and are HowparallelKeywords: can to weConcurrence, each be sureother, that locus, and the this ratio, perpendicular is intersection, ensured by area, bisectors the monotone, fact that of sidesmonotonic they are andrespectively do meet? perpendicular That’s easy: to they and meet because; and theyand are notare Keywords: Concurrence, locus, ratio, intersection, area, monotone, monotonic BCR B D C parallel to each other, and this is ensured by the fact that they are respectively perpendicular to and ; and and are Keywords: Concurrence, locus, ratio, intersection, area, monotone, monotonic (a) (b) Figure 2. Concurrence of the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle 5150 At Right Angles | Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 | At Right Angles 5150 2 At Right Angles ∣ Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 A ←Locus P Perp bisector AC Perp bisector of side of side AB − − O A = = B B C (a) (b) Figure 1. Concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle certainly not parallel to each other — after all, meet because they are not parallel to each other, Internalthey meet atangle! bisectors and we can be sure of this∘ because ∡ ∡∘ , which implies that ∡ ∡ . The internal bisectors of the three angles Of the same nature, and proved the same way, is Given any of a triangle concur. A small tweak in this argument yields a related this: triangle, the external bisectors of any two of its anglesbut slightly and less the internalfamiliar result: bisector of the third Given an angle , the locus of angle concur pointsTo show this,equidistant we use a from different the arms locus factand which ; see Figure 3. isjust the as internal basic: bisector of . A general remark. ∡ See Figure 2 (a). The above two proofs have a common theme; namely, to prove that two Let the internal bisectors of ∡ and ∡ meet quantities and are equal, show that both of at . Draw perpendiculars from to sides them are equal to a third quantity . Viewed thus , , respectively; see Figure 2 (b). Using in generality, we see a theme used frequently in the locus fact stated above, we see that mathematics, at all levels. and . Hence , which implies that Medians lies on the internal bisector of ∡. So the three internal angle bisectors meet in a point. TheTheorem. result generally encountered next is: How can we be sure that the internal bisectors of ∡ and ∡ do meet? The lines must A The medians of a triangle concur. Bisector of ABC A Bisector of angle E angle ACB Q F I P BCR B D C (a) (b) Figure 2. Concurrence of the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle 51 At Right Angles | Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 | At Right Angles 51 2 At Right Angles ∣ Vol. 3, No. 3, November 2014 I B A P B A ● ● Figure 5. Variation of the ratio as moves along ratio is repeated. If is very close to , the ratio immediately seen to have equal area, by making is close to 0, and it can get as close to 0 as we use of the property mentioned above. (i) Since ○ × may want. Similarly, if is very close to , the is a median, and is a point on , ○ × B C ratio becomes very large, and it can get as large [� , say. (ii) Since is a median, as we may want (there is no upper bound). and is a point on , [[ , say. In Figure 7 we have written these symbols within Figure 3. Concurrence of two external angle bisectors and one internal bisector Or, to use terminology generally heard in a the respective regions. Let [ and calculus class rather than a geometry class, we monotonic function �, respectively. Since [�, may say that the ratio is a strictly we have ; hence: Proof based on areaof considerations.the position of . This turns out to be more challenging to prove, Considering △� and △� and invoking the We offer a because the median is not so obviously a locus, midpoint theorem twice, like earlier, we deduce A median second proof which is of a very different nature. It Again, since [�, we have unlike the perpendicular bisector of a line that � divides segment in the ratio 2∶1. of a triangle divides it into two triangles with equal uses one basic idea over and over again: ; hence: segment or the bisector of an angle.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What's Your Altitude?
    TImath.com Geometry Hey, Ortho! What’s Your Altitude? Time Required ID: 11484 45 minutes Activity Overview In this activity, students will explore the altitudes of a triangle. They will discover that the altitude can be inside, outside, or a side of the triangle. Then, students will discover that the altitudes are concurrent. The point of concurrency is the orthocenter. They should also discover the relationship between the type of triangle and the location of the point of concurrency. Finally, students will discover properties of the orthocenter in equilateral triangles. Topic: Triangle & Their Centers • Altitudes of a Triangle • Orthocenter Teacher Preparation and Notes • This activity was written to be explored with the TI-Nspire. • The answers to all problems except Exercise 8 can be answered in the TI-Nspire document. • This is an introductory activity in which students will need to know how to change between pages, construct triangles, grab and move points, measure lengths, and construct the perpendicular bisector. • The multiple choice items are self-check, and students can check them by pressing / + S. • To download the student and solution TI-Nspire documents (.tns files) and student worksheet, go to education.ti.com/exchange and enter “11484” in the quick search box. Associated Materials • HeyOrthoWhatsYourAltitude_Student.doc • HeyOrthoWhatsYourAltitude.tns • HeyOrthoWhatsYourAltitude_Soln.tns Suggested Related Activities To download any activity listed, go to education.ti.com/exchange and enter the number in the quick search box. • Centroid and Orthocenter (TI-84 Plus family) — 4618 • Exploring the Orthocenter of a Triangle (TI-84 Plus family) — 6863 • The Orthocenter of a Triangle (TI-89 Titanium) — 4597 ©2010 Texas Instruments Incorporated Teacher Page Hey, Ortho! What’s Your Altitude TImath.com Geometry Problem 1 – Exploring the Altitude of a Triangle On page 1.2, students should define the altitude of a triangle using their textbook or other source.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Isocubics in the Triangle Plane
    Special Isocubics in the Triangle Plane Jean-Pierre Ehrmann and Bernard Gibert June 19, 2015 Special Isocubics in the Triangle Plane This paper is organized into five main parts : a reminder of poles and polars with respect to a cubic. • a study on central, oblique, axial isocubics i.e. invariant under a central, oblique, • axial (orthogonal) symmetry followed by a generalization with harmonic homolo- gies. a study on circular isocubics i.e. cubics passing through the circular points at • infinity. a study on equilateral isocubics i.e. cubics denoted 60 with three real distinct • K asymptotes making 60◦ angles with one another. a study on conico-pivotal isocubics i.e. such that the line through two isoconjugate • points envelopes a conic. A number of practical constructions is provided and many examples of “unusual” cubics appear. Most of these cubics (and many other) can be seen on the web-site : http://bernard.gibert.pagesperso-orange.fr where they are detailed and referenced under a catalogue number of the form Knnn. We sincerely thank Edward Brisse, Fred Lang, Wilson Stothers and Paul Yiu for their friendly support and help. Chapter 1 Preliminaries and definitions 1.1 Notations We will denote by the cubic curve with barycentric equation • K F (x,y,z) = 0 where F is a third degree homogeneous polynomial in x,y,z. Its partial derivatives ∂F ∂2F will be noted F ′ for and F ′′ for when no confusion is possible. x ∂x xy ∂x∂y Any cubic with three real distinct asymptotes making 60◦ angles with one another • will be called an equilateral cubic or a 60.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Nine Point Circle Theorem
    Application of Nine Point Circle Theorem Submitted by S3 PLMGS(S) Students Bianca Diva Katrina Arifin Kezia Aprilia Sanjaya Paya Lebar Methodist Girls’ School (Secondary) A project presented to the Singapore Mathematical Project Festival 2019 Singapore Mathematic Project Festival 2019 Application of the Nine-Point Circle Abstract In mathematics geometry, a nine-point circle is a circle that can be constructed from any given triangle, which passes through nine significant concyclic points defined from the triangle. These nine points come from the midpoint of each side of the triangle, the foot of each altitude, and the midpoint of the line segment from each vertex of the triangle to the orthocentre, the point where the three altitudes intersect. In this project we carried out last year, we tried to construct nine-point circles from triangulated areas of an n-sided polygon (which we call the “Original Polygon) and create another polygon by connecting the centres of the nine-point circle (which we call the “Image Polygon”). From this, we were able to find the area ratio between the areas of the original polygon and the image polygon. Two equations were found after we collected area ratios from various n-sided regular and irregular polygons. Paya Lebar Methodist Girls’ School (Secondary) 1 Singapore Mathematic Project Festival 2019 Application of the Nine-Point Circle Acknowledgement The students involved in this project would like to thank the school for the opportunity to participate in this competition. They would like to express their gratitude to the project supervisor, Ms Kok Lai Fong for her guidance in the course of preparing this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Deko Dekov, Anticevian Corner Triangles PDF, 101
    Journal of Computer-Generated Euclidean Geometry Anticevian Corner Triangles Deko Dekov Abstract. By using the computer program "Machine for Questions and Answers", we study perspectors of basic triangles and triangles of triangle centers of anticevian corner triangles. Given a triangle ABC and a triangle center of kind 1, labeled by P. Let A1B1C1 be the anticevian triangle of P. Construct triangle centers A2, B2, C2 of kind 2 (possibly different from the kind 1) of triangles A1BC, B1CA, C1AB, respectively. We call triangle A2B2C2 the Triangle of the Triangle Centers of kind 2 of the Anticevian Corner triangles of the Triangle Center of kind 1. See the Figure: P - Triangle Center of kind 1; A1B1C1 - Anticevian Triangle of P; A2, B2, C2 - Triangle Centers of kind 2 of triangles A1BC, B1CA, C1AB, respectively; A2B2C2 - Triangle of the Triangle Centers of kind 2 of the Anticevian Corner Triangles of Journal of Computer-Generated Euclidean Geometry 2007 No 5 Page 1 of 14 the Triangle Center of kind 1. In this Figure: P - Incenter; A1B1C1 - Anticevian Triangle of the Incenter = Excentral Triangle; A2, B2, C2 - Centroids of triangles A1BC, B1CA, C1AB, respectively; A2B2C2 - Triangle of the Centroids of the Anticevian Corner Triangles of the Incenter. Known result (the reader is invited to submit a note/paper with additional references): Triangle ABC and the Triangle of the Incenters of the Anticevian Corner Triangles of the Incenter are perspective with perspector the Second de Villiers Point. See the Figure: A1B1C1 - Anticevian Triangle of the Incenter = Excentral Triangle; A2B2C2 - Triangle of the Incenters of the Anticevian Corner Triangles of the Incenter; V - Second de Villiers Point = perspector of triangles A1B1C1 and A2B2C2.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. the Medial Triangle 2
    Chapter 1. The Medial Triangle 2 The triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a given triangle is called the me- dial triangle. Let A1B1C1 be the medial trian- gle of the triangle ABC in Figure 1. The sides of A1B1C1 are parallel to the sides of ABC and 1 half the lengths. So A B C is the area of 1 1 1 4 ABC. Figure 1: In fact area(AC1B1) = area(A1B1C1) = area(C1BA1) 1 = area(B A C) = area(ABC): 1 1 4 Figure 2: The quadrilaterals AC1A1B1 and C1BA1B1 are parallelograms. Thus the line segments AA1 and C1B1 bisect one another, and the line segments BB1 and CA1 bisect one another. (Figure 2) Figure 3: Thus the medians of A1B1C1 lie along the medians of ABC, so both tri- angles A1B1C1 and ABC have the same centroid G. 3 Now draw the altitudes of A1B1C1 from vertices A1 and C1. (Figure 3) These altitudes are perpendicular bisectors of the sides BC and AB of the triangle ABC so they intersect at O, the circumcentre of ABC. Thus the orthocentre of A1B1C1 coincides with the circumcentre of ABC. Let H be the orthocentre of the triangle ABC, that is the point of intersection of the altitudes of ABC. Two of these altitudes AA2 and BB2 are shown. (Figure 4) Since O is the orthocen- tre of A1B1C1 and H is the orthocentre of ABC then jAHj = 2jA1Oj Figure 4: . The centroid G of ABC lies on AA1 and jAGj = 2jGA1j . We also have AA2kOA1, since O is the orthocentre of A1B1C1.
    [Show full text]
  • Solutions X = 12 and X = 35
    HMMT February 2019 February 16, 2019 Geometry 1. Let d be a real number such that every non-degenerate quadrilateral has at least two interior angles with measure less than d degrees. What is the minimum possible value for d? Proposed by: James Lin Answer: 120 The sum of the internal angles of a quadrilateral triangle is 360◦. To find the minimum d, we note the limiting case where three of the angles have measure d and the remaining angle has measure approaching zero. Hence, d ≥ 360◦=3 = 120. It is not difficult to see that for any 0 < α < 120, a quadrilateral of which three angles have measure α degrees and fourth angle has measure (360 − 3α) degrees can be constructed. 2. In rectangle ABCD, points E and F lie on sides AB and CD respectively such that both AF and CE are perpendicular to diagonal BD. Given that BF and DE separate ABCD into three polygons with equal area, and that EF = 1, find the length of BD. Proposed by: Yuan Yao p Answer: 3 Observe that AECF is a parallelogram. The equal area condition gives that BE = DF = 1 AB. p 3 EX BE 1 2 2 Let CE \ BD = X, then CX = CD = 3 , so that BX = EX · CX = 3EX ) BX = 3EX ) EBX = 30◦. Now, CE = 2BE = CF , so CEF is an equilateral triangle and CD = 3 CF = 3 . \ p 2 2 Hence, BD = p2 · 3 = 3. 3 2 3. Let AB be a line segment with length 2, and S be the set of points P on the plane such that there exists point X on segment AB with AX = 2PX.
    [Show full text]
  • Limits of Recursive Triangle and Polygon Tunnels
    Limits of Recursive Triangle and Polygon Tunnels Florentin Smarandache University of New Mexico, Gallup Campus, USA Abstract. In this paper we present unsolved problems that involve infinite tunnels of recursive triangles or recursive polygons, either in a decreasing or in an increasing way. The “nedians or order i in a triangle” are generalized to “nedians of ratio r” and “nedians of angle α” or “nedians at angle β”, and afterwards one considers their corresponding “nedian triangles” and “nedian polygons”. This tunneling idea came from physics. Further research would be to construct similar tunnel of 3-D solids (and generally tunnels of n-D solids). A) Open Question 1 (Decreasing Tunnel). 1. Let Δ ABC be a triangle and let Δ A1B1C1 be its orthic triangle (i.e. the triangle formed by the feet of its altitudes) and H1 its orthocenter (the point on intersection of its altitudes). Then, let’s consider the triangle Δ A2B2C2, which is the orthic triangle of triangle Δ A1B1C1, and H2 its orthocenter. And the recursive tunneling process continues in the same way. Therefore, let’s consider the triangle Δ AnBnCn, which is the orthic triangle of triangle Δ An-1Bn-1Cn-1, and Hn its orthocenter. a) What is the locus of the orthocenter points H1, H2, …, Hn, … ? {Locus means the set of all points satisfying some condition.} b) Is this limit: lim Δ AnBnCn nÆ ∞ convergent to a point? If so, what is this point? c) Calculate the sequences area()Δ ABCnnn perimeter()Δ ABCnnn αn= and βn= . area()Δ Annn−−−111 B C perimeter()Δ Annn−−−111 B C d) We generalize the problem from triangles to polygons.
    [Show full text]
  • Degree of Triangle Centers and a Generalization of the Euler Line
    Beitr¨agezur Algebra und Geometrie Contributions to Algebra and Geometry Volume 51 (2010), No. 1, 63-89. Degree of Triangle Centers and a Generalization of the Euler Line Yoshio Agaoka Department of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739–8521, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. We introduce a concept “degree of triangle centers”, and give a formula expressing the degree of triangle centers on generalized Euler lines. This generalizes the well known 2 : 1 point configuration on the Euler line. We also introduce a natural family of triangle centers based on the Ceva conjugate and the isotomic conjugate. This family contains many famous triangle centers, and we conjecture that the de- gree of triangle centers in this family always takes the form (−2)k for some k ∈ Z. MSC 2000: 51M05 (primary), 51A20 (secondary) Keywords: triangle center, degree of triangle center, Euler line, Nagel line, Ceva conjugate, isotomic conjugate Introduction In this paper we present a new method to study triangle centers in a systematic way. Concerning triangle centers, there already exist tremendous amount of stud- ies and data, among others Kimberling’s excellent book and homepage [32], [36], and also various related problems from elementary geometry are discussed in the surveys and books [4], [7], [9], [12], [23], [26], [41], [50], [51], [52]. In this paper we introduce a concept “degree of triangle centers”, and by using it, we clarify the mutual relation of centers on generalized Euler lines (Proposition 1, Theorem 2). Here the term “generalized Euler line” means a line connecting the centroid G and a given triangle center P , and on this line an infinite number of centers lie in a fixed order, which are successively constructed from the initial center P 0138-4821/93 $ 2.50 c 2010 Heldermann Verlag 64 Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feuerbach Point and the Fuhrmann Triangle
    Forum Geometricorum Volume 16 (2016) 299–311. FORUM GEOM ISSN 1534-1178 The Feuerbach Point and the Fuhrmann Triangle Nguyen Thanh Dung Abstract. We establish a few results on circles through the Feuerbach point of a triangle, and their relations to the Fuhrmann triangle. The Fuhrmann triangle is perspective with the circumcevian triangle of the incenter. We prove that the perspectrix is the tangent to the nine-point circle at the Feuerbach point. 1. Feuerbach point and nine-point circles Given a triangle ABC, we consider its intouch triangle X0Y0Z0, medial trian- gle X1Y1Z1, and orthic triangle X2Y2Z2. The famous Feuerbach theorem states that the incircle (X0Y0Z0) and the nine-point circle (N), which is the common cir- cumcircle of X1Y1Z1 and X2Y2Z2, are tangent internally. The point of tangency is the Feuerbach point Fe. In this paper we adopt the following standard notation for triangle centers: G the centroid, O the circumcenter, H the orthocenter, I the incenter, Na the Nagel point. The nine-point center N is the midpoint of OH. A Y2 Fe Y0 Z1 Y1 Z0 H O Z2 I T Oa B X0 U X2 X1 C Ja Figure 1 Proposition 1. Let ABC be a non-isosceles triangle. (a) The triangles FeX0X1, FeY0Y1, FeZ0Z1 are directly similar to triangles AIO, BIO, CIO respectively. (b) Let Oa, Ob, Oc be the reflections of O in IA, IB, IC respectively. The lines IOa, IOb, IOc are perpendicular to FeX1, FeY1, FeZ1 respectively. Publication Date: July 25, 2016. Communicating Editor: Paul Yiu. 300 T. D. Nguyen Proof.
    [Show full text]
  • Collinearity and Concurrence
    Collinearity and concurrence Po-Shen Loh 23 June 2008 1 Warm-up 1. Let I be the incenter of 4ABC. Let A0 be the midpoint of the arc BC of the circumcircle of 4ABC 0 which does not contain A. Prove that the lines IA , BC, and the angle bisector of ∠BAC are concur- rent. Hint: you shouldn’t need the Big Point Theorem1 for this one! Solution: Two of these lines are the angle bisector of ∠A, and of course that intersects with side BC. 2 Tools 2.1 Ceva and friends Ceva. Let ABC be a triangle, with A0 ∈ BC, B0 ∈ CA, and C0 ∈ AB. Then AA0, BB0, and CC0 concur if and only if: AC0 BA0 CB0 · · = 1. C0B A0C B0A Trig Ceva. Let ABC be a triangle, with A0 ∈ BC, B0 ∈ CA, and C0 ∈ AB. Then AA0, BB0, and CC0 concur if and only if: sin CAA0 sin ABB0 sin BCC0 ∠ · ∠ · ∠ = 1. sin ∠A0AB sin ∠B0BC sin ∠C0CA Menelaus. Let ABC be a triangle, and let D, E, and F line on the extended lines BC, CA, and AB. Then D, E, and F are collinear if and only if: AF BD CE · · = −1. FB DC EA Now try these problems. 1. (Gergonne point) Let ABC be a triangle, and let its incircle intersect sides BC, CA, and AB at A0,B0,C0 respectively. Prove that AA0, BB0,CC0 are concurrent. Solution: Ceva. Since incircle, we have BA0 = CA0, etc., so Ceva cancels trivially. 2. (Isogonal conjugate of Gergonne point) Let ABC be a triangle, and let D, E, F be the feet of the altitudes from A, B, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Euclidean Geometry What Is the Center of a Triangle?
    Advanced Euclidean Geometry What is the center of a triangle? But what if the triangle is not equilateral? ? Circumcenter Equally far from the vertices? P P I II Points are on the perpendicular A B bisector of a line ∆ I ≅ ∆ II (SAS) A B segment iff they PA = PB are equally far from the endpoints. P P ∆ I ≅ ∆ II (Hyp-Leg) I II AQ = QB A B A Q B Circumcenter Thm 4.1 : The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent at a point called the circumcenter (O). A Draw two perpendicular bisectors of the sides. Label the point where they meet O (why must they meet?) Now, OA = OB, and OB = OC (why?) O so OA = OC and O is on the B perpendicular bisector of side AC. The circle with center O, radius OA passes through all the vertices and is C called the circumscribed circle of the triangle. Circumcenter (O) Examples: Orthocenter A The triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of ∆ABC is called the medial triangle of ∆ABC. B The sides of the medial triangle are parallel to the original sides of the triangle. C A line drawn from a vertex to the opposite side of a triangle and perpendicular to it is an altitude. Note that in the medial triangle the perp. bisectors are altitudes. Thm 4.2: The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent at a point called the orthocenter (H). Orthocenter (H) Thm 4.2: The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent at a point called the orthocenter (H).
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Geometry Expressions to Theorems from Machine Proofs in Geometry Saltire Software Internal Report 2016-1
    Application of Geometry Expressions to Theorems from Machine Proofs in Geometry Saltire Software internal Report 2016-1 By Philip Todd [email protected] In this document we apply Geometry Expressions to a set of theorems from [1]. While not human readable, Geometry Expressions does provide a form of proof. The objective here is to calibrate its performance against this given set of examples. 1 Introduction The goal in this document is to try and “prove” the theorem using Geometry Expressions. If we cannot, we try to use an external CAS to help. If this fails, we will look at special cases we can try and address. If all fail we will look to improve Geometry Expressions! Examples are numbered as they appear in the book. The bulk of this document consists of screenshots taken from Geometry Expressions. These screenshots indicate both the model, which would be input by the user, and the result, constituting the Geometry Expressions proof, which was generated automatically. Examples 6.1 to 6.207 are treated. 1.1 Results Example by example comments are given below. In summary, however, of the 207 examples, 196 are solved in a reasonable amount of time on a modern PC by Geometry Expressions, using an initial formulation. 5 examples failed on the initial formulation, but succeeded on a second formulation (6.69, 6.122, 6.149, 6.163, 6.182). In 3 cases (6.22, 6.104, 6.200), the internal Geometry Expressions CAS was unable to simplify the result, but Maple was able to complete the simplification. In 2 cases, the initial formulation failed, but succeeded after supplying a simple intermediate result (6.172, 6.174).
    [Show full text]