MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

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THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1995-1998 H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

TRUSTEES, 1994-1997 JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia DALE REESMAN, Boonville

TRUSTEES, 1995-1998 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield R. CROSBY KEMPER III, St. Louis JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin VERA F. BURK, Kirksville EMORY MELTON, Cassville RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

TRUSTEES, 1996-1999 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves JAMES R. MAYO, Bloomfield BRUCE H. BECKETT, Columbia W. GRANT MCMURRAY, Independence CHARLES B. BROWN, Kennett THOMAS L. MILLER SR., Washington LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JAMES C OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg VERA F. BURK, Kirksville VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCI, NUMBER 4 JULY 1997

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

KRISTIN KOLB ANN L. ROGERS Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Phone (573) 882-7083; fax (573) 884-4950; e-mail [email protected]. Periodicals are paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1997 by The State Historical Society of Missouri

COVER DESCRIPTION: The cover photograph shows a mid-1880s St. Louis Browns team, who won their first American Association pennant in 1885 after compiling a season record of sev­ enty-nine wins and thirty-three losses. Larry G. Bowman charts the team's glory years during the decade in "Christian Von der Ahe, the St. Louis Browns, and the World's Championship Playoffs, 1885-1888," which begins on page 385. [Cover illustration from the State Historical Society of Missouri's photograph collection] EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The foot­ notes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably in WordPerfect. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accept­ ed. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Missouri Historical Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298.

BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University Stephens College Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS

In conjunction with the 1997 annual meeting on Saturday, October 11, the State Historical Society will offer three workshops to Society members and the public. • Financial Incentives for Historic Preservation. Jane Beetem, cul­ tural preservationist with the Missouri State Historic Preservation Office, will explain the various federal, state, and local incentive programs avail­ able for rehabilitating older buildings and houses for commercial, not-for- profit, and individual use. Among the programs to be discussed will be federal tax incentives, community development block grants, Historic Preservation Fund grants, foundation support, and local revolving funds. Beetem will also cover the importance of organizing effective marketing strategies and volunteer efforts. • Online Genealogy: The Pros and Cons. Jim Stout, past presi­ dent of the Midwest Computer Genealogists and a genealogy teacher with the University of Missouri-Kansas City continuing education courses, will discuss online genealogical sources. The focus of the workshop will be on sifting through the wealth of information available on the Internet to find useful sites to aid genealogical research. • Cemetery Surveys and Preservation Guidelines. Larry Grantham, archaeologist with the Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, will lead this workshop on cemetery preserva­ tion. In addition to covering the dos and don'ts of revitalizing ceme­ teries, Grantham will give an overview of surveying, mapping, and recording techniques. The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus. The registration for each workshop is $10.00, and due to space constraints, enrollment will be limited. Membership in the Society is not required. To reserve a place in a workshop send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to:

Workshops '97 The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201-7298 Are you Interested in Missouri 9-Cistory?

Are you a Member?

Your membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri contributes to the collection and preservation of:

Missouri newspapers> photographs> art> family lineage books> Civil War sources> census records> westward expansion sources> historic sites flles> county and town history books and other valuable source materials.

Membership entitles you to a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review.

Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00 Speciat (Donations Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for fed­ eral income, estate, and gift tax purposes. Memberships and inquiries concerning gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298 Phone (573) 882-7083 CONTENTS

A DIMINISHED LANDSCAPE: THE LIFE AND DEATH OF MAJOR ROBERT HENRY SMITH. By Kim Allen Scott 353

THE WILD MISSOURI GRAPE AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY VITICULTURE. By Siegmar Muehl 373

CHRISTIAN VON DER AHE, THE ST. LOUIS BROWNS, AND THE WORLD'S CHAMPIONSHIP PLAYOFFS, 1885-1888. By Larry G. Bowman 385

MISSOURI'S TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY FIRST COUPLE: LAWRENCE "LON" VEST AND MARGARET NELSON STEPHENS. PART 2. By Marian M. Ohman 406

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Receives George Caleb Bingham Portrait 431

Society Has Site on World Wide Web 431

Society Libraries: Maximilian E. Schmidt Photograph Collection 432

News in Brief 433

Local Historical Societies 435

Gifts 445

Missouri History in Newspapers 449

Missouri History in Magazines 454

In Memoriam 462 BOOK REVIEWS 463

Brooksher, William Riley. Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek. Reviewed by Leslie Anders.

Buckingham, Peter H. Rebel against Injustice: The Life of Frank P. O'Hare. Reviewed by Bonnie Stepenoff.

Daniel, Larry J., and Lynn N. Bock. Island No. 10: Struggle for the Mississippi Valley. Reviewed by Herman Hattaway.

BOOK NOTES 467

Maries County, Missouri, A County Pictorial/Family History, Volume 3.

Schroeder, Adolf E., ed. Concordia, Missouri: A Heritage Preserved, Essays on Cultural Survival.

Rother, Hubert and Charlotte. Lost Caves of St. Louis.

Hall, John G. Majoring in the Minors: A Glimpse of Baseball in a Small Town.

Taft, William H. Wit & Wisdom of Missouri's Country Editors.

Helm, Jean. Pineville Early Days.

A Century of Praise: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Cole Camp, Missouri: Still Faithful in the World, 1896- 1996.

Jensen, Peggy Ashcraft. Life on the Edge of the Great Dark Cypress Swamp: The Brownwood, Missouri Community History.

The Community of Spickard, Missouri: 125 Years of History, 1871-1996.

History of Lafayette County Missouri Schools.

INDEX TO VOLUME XCI 471

CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE: BELLE JOHNSON Inside back cover Robert Orton Smith, Bozeman, Montana

A Diminished Landscape: The Life and Death of Major Robert Henry Smith

BY KIM ALLEN SCOTT*

The men from Missouri who served the Southern cause in the Civil War endured a special hardship. Along with the exposure to disease, the boredom of camp life, and the ever-present possibility of maiming or death on the bat­ tlefield, Missouri Confederates, almost from the very beginning of the con­ flict, had to contend with the awful isolation caused by leaving family and home far behind enemy lines. While the other border states of Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware sent men south to fight, Missouri men in particular suffered under the realization that their families at home endured the effects of a widespread and vicious guerrilla war while allegedly under the control

*Kim Allen Scott is the special collections librarian at Montana State University library in Bozeman. He received the M.A. degree from the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

353 354 Missouri Historical Review of the federal government. Without the possibility of a furlough to visit their families, or even the comfort of reliable mail delivery, Missouri Confederate soldiers weathered a harsh version of warfare that joined the dangers of the field with the uncertainty regarding conditions at home. What would influence a man to leave his wife and children in the hands of an invader while he served in armies far removed from his home ground? How would his anxiety over his family's safety affect his morale and military effectiveness? By closely examining the record of one Missouri Confederate soldier, some clues to the motivations and concerns that convinced thousands of men to offer themselves to the secessionist cause are revealed. An indi­ vidual soldier's story can also uncover the broader repercussions of what at first glance may appear to be a very personal tragedy. The English poet and clergyman John Donne once compared the loss of a single human life to a tide-washed clod of earth that diminishes the European continent, implying that no individual sacrifice is without broader consequences.1 The experi­ ences of one Missouri soldier, Major Robert Henry Smith, can help to illus­ trate both the incentive to enlist and the consequences of service in the Southern cause. In so examining Major Smith's experiences and the supreme sacrifice he made, it is evident how one soldier's death can indeed leave a diminished landscape for his family and comrades. Little is known about Robert Henry Smith's early life. Born in Kentucky in 1836 and likely raised in DeKalb, Missouri, he was an ambitious young man who obviously benefited from a good education. In 1857 Smith traveled to the Kansas Territory, where he filed for a claim on a 160-acre tract in the southwest corner of Doniphan County. By that November, he and his slave, Isaac, had built a large cabin and plowed ten acres of ground. They worked intermittently, however, because Smith sometimes had to seek outside employment to raise money for his sister's education back in St. Joseph, Missouri. Another Buchanan County girl also occupied a great deal of Smith's time away from his Kansas homestead. Mary Susan "Sue" Oliver lived in DeKalb with her father, William Nicholas Oliver, the owner of a gen­ eral mercantile operation. Just two days after completing the cabin, the prospective bridegroom received a complete household of furniture, kitchen- ware, and dry goods from his future father-in-law, and on June 9, 1858, Robert and Sue were married.2

1 Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 3d. ed. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1979), 190. 2 Deed for a slave from Joseph B. Smith, July 1857; deed to land in Kansas Territory, August 1857; statement regarding a preemption claim to land in Kansas Territory, November 1857; account statements for sister, Mary F. Smith—collegiate course expenses—November 1857-1859. All in box 1, fol. 1, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers, Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections, Montana State University Libraries, Bozeman; The History of Buchanan County, Missouri (St. Joseph: Union Historical Company, 1881), 371. A Diminished Landscape 355

Perhaps the impending approval of the Kansas state constitution pro­ hibiting slavery convinced the slaveholding newlyweds to abandon their homestead, or the lure of profitable business opportunities in Missouri may have pulled the Smiths away from their farm. Regardless of the cause, the couple left Kansas for St. Joseph in January 1859, where Smith entered into a business partnership with Van Lear, Hardy, and Company, a prominent local drugstore. By the time the Smith's son, Harry Lyon, was born on January 21, 1861, Smith had firmly established himself as a successful businessman in St. Joseph.3 The national crisis over secession sent shock waves through Missouri that disrupted the lives of thousands of families like the Smiths. Governor Claiborne Jackson, who actively sought to lead his state into the Confederate fold, sent out a call for the mustering of the militia after rebuffing President Abraham Lincoln's request for loyal Union volunteers in April 1861. The turmoil reached St. Joseph in May when Mayor M. Jeff Thompson partici­ pated in a riot sparked by the display of the American flag at the town's post office. The disturbance resulted in the arrival of federal troops that same month, and Thompson, along with many other secessionists, left the city to join the Southern forces concentrating in Arkansas, thus leaving northwest Missouri by default under Union control.4 Smith and the remaining Southern sympathizers in St. Joseph chafed under the Union occupation during the summer of 1861 as a succession of troops from Iowa and Illinois arrived to garrison the town. Rapidly changing events elsewhere in the state would soon convince the young businessman and other Buchanan County residents to join in the growing rebellion. In June, Governor Jackson, along with General Sterling Price, the commander of the Missouri State Guard, received an ultimatum from Union General Nathaniel Lyon at a St. Louis meeting. After a dramatic confrontation at the Planter's House on June 11, Jackson and Price returned to Jefferson City and subsequently moved the entire secessionist government to the southwest por­ tion of the state. Although numerically inferior, Union forces managed to attack the rebels at Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, where General Lyon paid for his audacity with his life. The defeated Federals temporarily retreat­ ed to Rolla and St. Louis. Price capitalized on the Southern victory at Wilson's Creek and led his ragged army northward to recruit more soldiers and seize badly needed supplies. Smith, who had been following the ebb and flow of Confederate fortunes from home, made the fateful decision to cast his lot with Price's army as the

3 Open receipt for J. H. Crane, January and February 1859; lease for rent paid, January, February, and August 1859; miscellaneous newspaper clippings. All in box 1, fols. 1, 15, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. 4 Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1955), 133; Mildred Grenier, St. Joseph, A Pictorial History (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning Company, 1993), 57. 356 Missouri Historical Review rebels advanced toward Lexington in the beginning of September 1861. Enrolling as a quartermaster in a regiment of northwest Missouri secession­ ists formed earlier that summer by Colonel J. T. Hughes, Smith participated in the Missouri State Guard's successful siege of the federal garrison at Lexington on September 13-20, 1861, and accompanied the army south on their retreat.5 His letters to his wife, Sue, which began shortly after the retreat, provide interesting clues to his own motivations and many of those who marched with him. "The army is still moving southward and I do not know, nor does anyone but General Price know, how much farther we will go," Smith wrote on October 12. "I am now trying to assist in throwing off the abolition chains that bind the freemen of Missouri and I will go as far as I deem it expedient to the furtherance of the cause."6

5 Smith's service record, like that of many members of the Missouri State Guard, is hope­ lessly confused. When he applied for amnesty in the summer of 1862, he identified himself as a private in Company D, Fifth Regiment, Missouri State Guard, probably intentionally obscur­ ing his actual higher rank. A regiment that formed about the time he left St. Joseph was com­ manded by Colonel John Saunders and assigned to the Fifth Division of the Missouri State Guard. Colonel J. T. Hughes led another unit formed early in the summer of 1861; it operated in cooperation with irregular units such as Quantrill's in northwest Missouri, but its assignment was to the Fourth Division. Smith mentioned Hughes in one of his letters, but not necessarily as his commanding officer. Adding to the mystery is an article in the May 28, 1862, St. Joseph Morning Herald that identifies Smith as the newly appointed quartermaster general of the Missouri State Guard. See Stewart Sifakis, Compendium of the Confederate Armies: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, the Confederate Units and the Indian Units (New York: Facts on File, 1995), 132-158, and History of Buchanan County, 332. 6 Robert Henry Smith to Mary Susan Smith [hereinafter referred to as wife], 12 October 1861, box 1, fol. 4, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers.

Governor Jackson addresses federal prisoners after their surren­ der at Lexington.

State Historical Society of Missouri A Diminished Landscape 357

As winter approached and the expected recruits failed to join Price's army, Smith shared in the depression that demoralized the secessionist Missouri army. The steady withdrawal south and the lack of support from the regular Confederate army in Arkansas took its toll on everyone, and even General Price felt moved to issue an impassioned appeal for Missourians to enlist and save the rebellion from failure on November 26.7 Irregular mail deliveries to loved ones far behind enemy lines added to the distress of many soldiers like Smith:

I this day would give anything in reason to have a single line if no more than to tell me that you and little Harry were well. Think how hard it is. I have now been away three months and as yet never received a single line from home. I do not blame you for I know that you have written many and perhaps have met a like fate of mine—been thrown away on the road. . . . Tell men at home that now is the time to strike for their country's good. Tell them that without a few more men Missouri is lost and if they stay at home this win­ ter doing nothing the state will be certainly ruined.8

The recruits, however, never came in sufficient numbers, and Price's army resigned itself to wintering near Springfield without having liberated their state or even knowing when they could return home. For Smith, one of the hardest things about settling into winter quarters was the sketchy second­ hand news he managed to receive from Buchanan County. Guerrilla activity proved to be particularly annoying in the area, and the Federals resorted to harsh measures such as the confiscation of property and the requirement of loyalty oaths. Manie Kendley, a young girl living in DeKalb, recalled that detachments were often sent to her town to suppress secessionist displays and that the provost marshal detained people for nothing more than openly expressing criticism of the Union cause.9 When Robert finally received a let­ ter from Sue, who had temporarily moved back to DeKalb, her silence on the conditions at home did nothing to relieve his anxiety.

My darling nothing short of the emotion of my heart can tell the joy and pleasure it gave me to receive a letter from you, it being the first now since I left you nearly five months. ... It is truly the hardest trial of my life, but it is useless to complain of fate so I must yet a little longer bear with my inward grief and look to that bright beaming star, Hope, that has succored and sustained men in dark days past. . . . Sue, you did not tell me scarcely

7 U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1880- 1901), ser. 1, vol. 8: 695-697. Hereinafter cited as O. R. 8 Smith to wife, 26 November 1861, box 1, fol. 4, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. The author has added some punctuation for clarity; spelling errors have not been corrected. 9 Manie Kendley Morgan, The New Stars: Life and Labor in Old Missouri (Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch Press, 1949), 134-136. 358 Missouri Historical Review

anything about your relatives, I would have liked much to have heard. ... I suppose that you do not go to St. Joseph now as it requires an oath to get you a pass. Sue, I do not want you to go up there as I do not want you ever to take their hellish oath.10

The weeks dragged on, and the Missouri troops idled away time in their winter quarters. Discouraged, Smith seriously considered returning home once his six-month enlistment had expired and taking the hated loyalty oath. Confederate troops in Arkansas commanded by Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch had never supported Price's militia in their attempt to retake Missouri during the late fall, and the two commanders had engaged in a demoralizing squabble that convinced authorities in Richmond that the only solution would be to appoint a new commander to rank both of the dis­ putants. The timing of these events could not have been worse for Smith. Just as March approached and the anticipated end of his enlistment loomed near, Union forces once again pushed into southwest Missouri. Smith and the rest of the Missourians retreated into the Boston Mountains of northwest Arkansas while the Federals poured into Springfield and briefly occupied Bentonville and Fayetteville, Arkansas. By the time the new com­ mander, Major General Earl Van Dorn, arrived on March 1, Smith had no choice but to stay with the consolidated secessionist forces and march north to battle Union troops at Pea Ridge. The battle ended badly for the South, and many of the Missouri and Arkansas troops took to the hills during the aftermath rather than follow Van Dorn on a long retreat to the east side of the Mississippi River. Smith may have accompanied the bulk of the forces, or he may have stayed in the border country as an irregular like many others.11 His letters home ceased for a time. In June 1862, he finally arrived back in Buchanan County, home again to Sue and Harry, now a toddler who could speak his father's name.12 Unfortunately, when Smith returned, he found St. Joseph drastically changed since his departure ten months previous. A strange mixture of mar­ tial law and vigilantism prevailed as the Union army provost marshal's office policed the town with the ready assistance of informants, spies, and rumor- mongers. The St. Joseph Morning Herald, a radical pro-Union sheet, became the community's leading newspaper, and within its columns ample evidence suggests that returning Missouri Confederates were not allowed to simply resume their former peacetime professions. While the military authorities usually required a loyalty oath and a cash bond from most of the prodigal guardsmen, the Herald called for sterner measures: "What is the condition of

10 Smith to wife, 24 January 1862, box 1, fol. 5, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. " It is likely that Smith remained in hiding in Missouri since he is identified as "quarter­ master general" of the Missouri State Guard in the May 28, 1862, St. Joseph Morning Herald. 12 Ibid., 29 June 1862. A Diminished Landscape 359

State Historical Society of Missouri

Battle of Pea Ridge the repentant rebels of Missouri? Each one of these has contributed something to aid the damnable cause in which he has been engaged, and consequently to injure every Union man in the state; hence each rebel owes reparations to the loyal masses. If those who claim the leniency of the government did so in the true spirit of repentance, they would deliver themselves to its authority humble, plastic, and anxious to serve it."13 Among the factors that heightened the tensions in St. Joseph were vivid memories of the multiple railroad bridge burnings by Southern partisans dur­ ing the previous fall and winter. One incident in particular, the destruction of the bridge spanning the Little Platte River just east of town, had caused a very deadly wreck on September 3, 1861, and outraged both civilian and mil­ itary authorities. Twenty civilians died, and another sixty, including many women and children, sustained serious injuries.14 Suspicion of collusion in the sabotage fell on Smith's former business house, Van Lear, Hardy, and Company, and vengeful townsfolk, upon hearing rumors that the guerrillas had purchased their flammables from the firm, forced Van Lear to flee St.

13 Ibid., 21 June 1862. 14 Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), 24. Accounts differ as to the number of lives lost in the disaster. In a 1904 history, Christian L. Rutt places the death toll at fifteen; Mildred Grenier states that eighteen bodies were later laid out at the St. Joseph train station in a temporary open-air morgue. See Christian L. Rutt, History of Buchanan County and the City of St. Joseph and Representative Citizens (Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company, 1904), 222, and Grenier, St. Joseph, A Pictorial History, 57. 360 Missouri Historical Review

Joseph.15 By the time Smith arrived home near the end of June, the court of public opinion had already convicted his business partners. He could not escape being tarred with the same brush, especially since the date of his departure for the Confederate army had so closely coincided with the disas­ trous wreck. On June 29, 1862, Smith duly reported to the provost marshal's office in St. Joseph and attempted to apply for the amnesty that so many of his com­ rades had received. Instead of the absolution he sought, Smith received a swift condemnation and lodging in the local jail. No direct evidence linked him to the bridge burning, but Union authorities apparently decided they could hold him indefinitely by refusing to recognize his bond. On July 23 the provost marshal ordered Smith sent to prison at St. Louis. After being paraded in chains through the town to the waiting steamboat, Smith endured a slow transport down the Missouri River to St. Louis, where he landed in Gratiot Street Prison on August 2.16 The Gratiot Street Prison had been a medical college prior to the war, and when the secessionist director fled south in 1861, the Union authorities had hastily revamped the structure as a prison. Smith found himself on the sec­ ond floor, thrown in with a motley assortment of prisoners of war, treasonous

15 St. Joseph Morning Herald, 19 August 1862. 16 Ibid., 23, 26, 31 July 1862.

Gratiot Street Prison in St. Louis

Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis A Diminished Landscape 361 civilians, and petty criminals. Although escape seemed a possible option, he decided instead to bide his time.17 Smith reassured his wife with an opti­ mistic note the day after his arrival. "The events that have transpired in the last ten days have almost put me besides [sic] myself more on your account than my own. I will get along better than you will imagine, therefore be as content as you can and bear up under your troubles. It will not always be this way. I have no idea how long I will be a prisoner, not long I hope as there is no charge against me save not filing an approved bond."18 Smith, however, would endure further hardship before again seeing his family. On August 7 prison authorities chose him to accompany the latest shipment of overflow prisoners across the Mississippi River to the large detainment camp at Alton, Illinois. There he languished for another month before again being allowed the opportunity to take the oath and resubmit his bond. With the assistance of secessionist sympathizers like the family of Judge John M. Weimer of St. Louis, Smith regained his freedom on September 13 and returned to his family in Buchanan County.19 The imprisonment had embittered Smith, and the knowledge that his fel­ low townsfolk had been all too ready to condemn him likely contributed to his rage. He had been locked up under suspicion as a war criminal, forced to beg for the opportunity to submit to an oath he felt to be demeaning and unjust, and he had to place a sizable personal fortune at the disposal of his tormentors as a further guarantee of his submission to their rule. After a few days at home, Smith grew restless and made the drastic decision to break his oath, forfeit his bond, and again join the rebel army. Leaving Sue and Harry in DeKalb, Smith traveled south to Jackson County and the Independence area. He would now be considered a danger­ ous outlaw in the eyes of the Union army and subject to the same penalties as those meted out to guerrillas captured in civilian dress. He tarried in the area for about ten days—long enough to rendezvous with guerrilla bands,

17 H. L. McConnell, acting assistant provost marshal, Department of the Mississippi, inspect­ ed the prison on June 23, 1862, and discovered an empty room on the top floor, above the room where Smith was held, that would allow access to freedom. Some prisoners did escape on September 2,1862, but through a tunnel out of the basement. In this group of escapees was a civil­ ian named Robert S. Smith. By the time the news traveled to St. Joseph, it was reported that Robert Henry Smith had been in the party. See O. R., ser. 2, vol. 4: 57; St. Louis Missouri Republican, 2 September 1862; St. Joseph Morning Herald, 14 September 1862. 18 Smith to wife, 3 August 1862, box 1, fol. 4, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. 19 Confirmation that Smith was transferred to Alton can be found in his brief service record in Record Group 109, Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers from Missouri, National Archives, Washington, D.C. His subsequent release from prison after taking an oath and posting a bond is documented in Joanne Chiles Eakin, Missouri Prisoners of War From the Gratiot Street Prison & Myrtle Street Prison, St. Louis, Mo and Alton Prison, Alton, Illinois Including Citizens, Confederates, Bushwhackers and Guerrillas (Independence, Mo., 1995). Smith mentioned the family of Judge Weimer as having aided him in his letter of January 24, 1863. Box 1, fol. 5, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. 362 Missouri Historical Review

gather a small group of men intent on joining the Confederate army, and lead them south toward the Arkansas border. The journey proved extremely per­ ilous, and once when a Yankee patrol surrounded Smith's group, they had to shoot their way out. One of the men received multiple wounds while cutting through the encircling enemy, forcing Smith to make the difficult decision to leave the man behind in the care of some sympathetic civilians in order to lead the rest of his command to safety.20 Once the Missourians had reached the Confederate lines in Arkansas, Smith attempted to form his small group into an infantry company for service in the regular Confederate army. Through the influence of an old St. Joseph comrade, Colonel Alonzo W. Slayback, Smith responded to a summons from Brigadier General John Sappington Marmaduke, commander of the new cav­ alry division of the Confederate western district of Arkansas. Marmaduke, obviously impressed with the young clerk and influenced by the intercession of his staff officer, Colonel Slayback, offered Smith the position of division quartermaster with the rank of major. Smith at first hesitated to accept. His humiliating arrest, along with the weeks of imprisonment, had incensed him to the point of fanaticism. Wanting more than anything to fight the hated enemy, Smith did not want merely to command supply trains in the event of battle. Once General Marmaduke agreed that Smith would act as aide-de­ camp in combat situations, the newly appointed officer entered into his duties with great energy. The late autumn of 1862 saw the last major campaign of the Confederate army to retake the northwestern portion of Arkansas. Major General Thomas Carmichael Hindman used Marmaduke's cavalry both as a screen for his main force and as a huge, well-organized foraging party. Sent into the Cane Hill region of southwestern Washington County, Marmaduke's troopers con­ fiscated grain and produce at various gristmills while Smith worked long hours hustling the supply trains back to the rest of the army camped in the Arkansas River Valley. By the time of the Battle of Cane Hill on November 28, he had proven himself an efficient quartermaster with a pugnacious ten­ dency to stay at the front whenever the opportunity arose to exchange shots with the enemy. On December 7, Marmaduke's command joined the rest of Hindman's forces to attack the Union army at Prairie Grove, Arkansas. Although Smith had a large captured supply train to send back at the opening of the battle, he hurriedly returned to his commander's side to risk his life with his comrades until the fight concluded. Writing to Sue months later, he used the incident to help convince an uncle to join him in his personal vendetta: "Tell him I thought of him in the midst of the fight at Prairie Grove when I emptied two

20 Smith to wife, 11 March 1863, box 1, fol. 5, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. The Union army patrol that harassed Smith's party was probably from the command of Lieutenant a1 T^« HT D., A Diminished Landscape 363

Confederate Brigadier General John Sappington Marmaduke chose Smith as the quartermaster of the cavalry division that he commanded.

Paul Dolle, Rogers, Arkansas

Navy revolvers at about sixty Federals some thirty steps off and wished for him to be with me."21 Although Smith's first letter to Sue after joining Marmaduke's staff com­ plained, 'There is one thing I do not like the position for—the Law prohibits me from going into a fight, making it my duty to command the train during an engagement," he obviously obscured the truth in this lament. His concern for Sue's welfare would not allow him to reveal to her the true conditions of his new rank. Captain John C. Moore of Marmaduke's staff recalled that Smith gave his understanding with the general "a liberal interpretation and was always to be found with the advance when an engagement was immi­ nent."22 As the weeks continued, the young major became much more frank in letters to his wife regarding the danger in which he placed himself. Smith next faced the enemy's weapons on a raid led by Marmaduke into southwestern Missouri during the opening weeks of 1863. Through this foray, the rebels hoped to relieve the pressure on the beleaguered city of Fort Smith, Arkansas, by causing the Federals to pull back advancing forces in the Indian Territory and Arkansas. On January 8, Marmaduke's raiders attacked the Union garrison at Springfield, and again Smith's thirst for revenge led

21 Smith to wife, 11 March 1863. 22 Smith to wife, 1 December 1862, box 1, fol. 4, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers; John C. Moore, "Major Henry Ewing," The Inland Monthly 5 (January 1874): 1-14. 364 Missouri Historical Review him into the forefront of the battle. Near one of the enemy's defensive works, an artillery piece presented a tempting target for the rebels during the height of the fighting. Smith led the charge himself, urging his men forward as grapeshot riddled his coat and a bullet ricocheted off his saber. The rebels overran the fieldpiece and killed all the defending Union gunners before dragging it back to safety.23 As the day ended, General Marmaduke knew he could not continue his assault on Springfield without the aid of reserve forces under Colonel J. C. Porter. He sent Smith in search of Porter's command, but when the colonel could not be found by the dawn of January 9, Marmaduke ordered a withdrawal to head toward a weaker federal outpost at Hartville, Missouri. The entire expedition returned to Batesville on January 25, 1863, successful in its primary goal of forcing a Union army concentration at Springfield from locations in Arkansas.24 Smith recorded his adventures in his letters to Sue in brief and modest terms. Preoccupied with the practical difficulties of sending a letter to St. Joseph, he spent most of his paper expressing his ambivalent emotions of anguish regarding the months of separation from his loved ones and his fierce desire to stay in the field to avenge the wrongs he had suffered. "Darling," he wrote on January 24, "it seems every day I grow more and more restless to be with you, and to think there is a gulf between us so deep and so wide. I fear that no news can reach me from my darlings at home. Oh for a carri­ er dove to fly to my own ones and return with the glad tidings that you are still alive and well."25 Just a few weeks later, his temper overcame his home­ sickness when he blurted: "I have had some sweet revenge out of the Yankees since I looked through iron grates guarded by bayonets and since I traveled in public with a massive chain upon my leg. I have had revenge that makes my very soul rejoice when I think of it and if my God spares me and the war continues / will and shall have enough to balance accounts with interest with the villains. But enough of a subject that makes me almost a madman when I think of my wrongs."26 Knowing his only chance to hear from Sue would be by a letter sent to her cousin Robert Oliver in Independence, Smith sent complicated instruc­ tions for her to place envelopes within envelopes, hoping that one of Quantrill's men, Lieutenant William Gregg, would return with a note during his frequent visits to the area. A letter from Sue arrived, but it did not con­ tain the encouragement that Smith so desperately needed. He answered her pleas with a self-righteous manifesto: "Sue, you say that you wish my lot had been cast with those that were at home. I know, darling, that you would like

23 Smith to wife, 11 March 1863. 24 For a good synopsis of this campaign see Paul M. Robinett, "Marmaduke's Expedition into Missouri: The Battles of Springfield and Hartville, January, 1863," Missouri Historical Review 58 (January 1964): 151-173. 25 Smith to wife, 24 January 1863, box 1, fol. 5, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. 26 Smith to wife, 22 February 1863, ibid. A Diminished Landscape 365 for me to be with you, but do not wish for me there, to do as many have done; talk secesh [and] proud war and then lick the hand that has chastened them. Bear it the best you can and do not let your feelings give up, but be my wife, my all, and to be that, wish me a freeman, a consistent husband, which I could not be if I was to return and kneel to those villains that would rob me."27 General Marmaduke launched his next invasion into Missouri in April 1863, with the object of again forcing the Union army to delay or abandon advancements in Arkansas. The ambitious raid would cover hundreds of miles across the southeast portion of the state and climax with an attack against the Union forces at Cape Girardeau. During the retreat from that attack, Smith performed an act of heroism that might have saved the Southerners from annihilation. Marmaduke's horsemen, hotly pursued by a superior force of Yankees, found themselves cut off from retreat by the flood-swollen waters of the St. Francis River on April 28. The Union commanders paused that day to con­ solidate their force, confident that the rebels could not escape. While the main portion of his force made a stand to buy time, Marmaduke ordered Smith to take a party of men to the river and, if possible, construct some sort of bridge. Although not an engineer, Smith tackled the project with her­ culean resolve as he feverishly oversaw the felling of trees and the splicing of all available rope. Throughout the following twr; days, the men labored, and at last, during the early morning hours of May 1, a crude rope sling spanned the river with a serviceable raft that could be hauled alongside. The complacent Federals still did not press the attack, allowing Smith to ferry

27 Smith to wife, 30 May 1863, ibid. Cape Girardeau, 1863 State Historical Society of Missouri 366 Missouri Historical Review guns, men, and supplies across the flood while the horses swam the distance. Once the last contingent of rebels had crossed, Smith watched as the rope securing the raft was sliced free and swirled downstream to its destruction.28 Although temporarily safe from enemy pursuit, Smith and the rest of Marmaduke's command had to fight their way through a nightmarish tangle of swamp and thick undergrowth to reach the safety of their starting point at Jacksonport, Arkansas, on May 31, 1863.29 In spite of the active campaigning and the heavy responsibilities of his office, Smith constantly found his thoughts turning homeward. One evening after the Cape Girardeau campaign, he graphically recorded how intensely his feelings weighed upon his mind.

. . . Sue, I cannot sleep. I have been sitting on the Balcony and my thoughts have been far, far away. The bright moon is shining through the roses at my window. There is a sweet warbler upon a hill close by giving me a beauti­ ful serenade. The heavens are clear and the breezes waft sweet over through my window laden with the perfume of many flowers. All nature seems to have placed upon herself her nightly robes and quiet reigns supreme. All quiet save my little songster, and occasionally a cavalryman galloping off upon his nightly patrol, and my own heart. Yes, the throbbing of my heart becomes quite audible when my thoughts run to my own downtrodden state, my own home, my own darling wife and Baby Boy. Oh for a heaven- wrought power to span with a single leap the long, long distance between us and steal to thy chamber and find, darling, that little bright-eyed boy upon his mother's arm in the flush of health, and upon your own dear face a placid smile, the telltale of a dream of your absent [husband]. Alas, it may be that one or both of my heart's affection may be beneath the sod. God Grant the first picture is now your fate.30

The Confederate attack on the Union garrison at Helena, Arkansas, on July 4, 1863, provided one of the best examples of a botched timetable in the entire history of the Civil War. Lieutenant General Theophilus C. Holmes, who commanded the Southern forces, attacked in the vain hope that captur­ ing Helena would help relieve the Confederate army at Vicksburg, unaware that the Mississippi stronghold was already on the verge of surrender. Holmes ordered all the forces under his command to converge near Helena on July 3, and after establishing his headquarters at Allen Polk's farm, he held a council of war with his division commanders. General Marmaduke

28 Moore, "Major Henry Ewing," 1-14; O. R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: 287; John N. Edwards, Shelby and his Men; or The War in the West (Cincinnati: Miami Printing and Publishing, 1867), 160-161. 29 For a good synopsis of this campaign see Stephen B. Oates, "Marmaduke's Cape Girardeau Expedition, 1863," Missouri Historical Review 57 (April 1963): 237-247. 30 Smith to wife, 30 May 1863. A Diminished Landscape 367 arrived with his staff, and Holmes outlined his plans. The disposition of the attack called for all forces to be in four different positions during the early hours of July 4 and prepared to advance simultaneously at daylight. During the conference, Holmes admitted that the town's defenses were much stronger than he had anticipated and that the Yankee garrison's strength was greater than he had previously supposed.31 As the division commanders received their final instructions, Smith felt a strange premonition that overpowered his usual optimism on the eve of bat­ tle. He drew aside Colonel Alonzo Slayback and spoke seriously, saying that he felt sure that he would die the following day. As always, his thoughts turned homeward, and he asked Slayback for a solemn promise to see that lit­ tle Harry would receive a good education. Slayback agreed, asking only that Smith do the same for his daughter in the event of his own death.32 The two shook hands, and Major Smith sat down with pen and ink to attempt to tell Sue everything that filled his heart at that fateful moment. The letter later passed through the Union lines under a flag of truce.

31 Edwin C. Bearss, "The Battle of Helena, July 4, 1863," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 20 (autumn 1961): 288-289. 32 Alonzo W. Slayback, statement in memoranda book, 15 July 1863, box 1, fol. 7, Smith- Mendenhall Family Papers.

Both from St. Joseph, comrades Alonzo Slayback and Robert Smith knew each other prior to the war.

State Historical Society of Missouri 368 Missouri Historical Review

At Supper 5 Miles from Helena, July 3d/63 Marmaduke's Div.

My Dearest Darling Wife, In a few minutes we start toward Helena to take position to attack the Federals at Daylight tomorrow morning. I cannot refrain from writing you a line or two before going into this fight. It may, My Darling, be the last thought transcribed to paper in this encounter from your loving Husband. I cannot think of going into such a contest without again, Sue, reassuring you that my love for you this day is more ardent, if possible, tha the day you gave me your love in return. And home I again will call upon my God to take my darling wife and precious baby boy into his peculiar care and keeping and remember, Love, that though listening to the booming roar of artillery and the keen crack of the rifleman's bright piece and the groaning of the wound­ ed soldier, I have an ear that is stretching far over mountains, hills, prairies and rivers that hears the petition that ascends to the throne of God for an absent husband, and methinks that I often hear the throbbing heart and the low sigh for the one that loves you better than his own soul. If I fall do not think harshly of me, for I think that I have your approbation to fight for lib­ erty rather than live as a slave, to drag my family down, down to the lowest depths of slavery and misery by such an enemy. Teach my boy to hate the fanatical principals that rule the Yankee race. Raise him virtuous, honest, and generous. Give him a finished education rather than gold. Tell him that it was his father's last request that he, above all things, take to himself honest principals and a thorough education. The General calls to mount and I must go—oh, how I would like to write a volume—I act as his aide-de-camp. Remember, your Husband has never, nor never will, disgrace you and his name. I now, my love, commend you to almighty God. May he keep, guide, protect, and at last take you and my Baby Boy home to himself, is the constant prayer of your loving and devot­ ed husband.33

Marmaduke's division received the assignment of attacking the garrison from the north, and throughout the night the cavalrymen struggled through swamps and tangled forests to reach their appointed place. To their horror, the troopers found that all of the approach roads had been obstructed by fall­ en trees placed by the enemy, forcing the men to dismount and struggle through the underbrush the remaining two miles to the town. The scouts became lost, and Marmaduke's command could not move until early morn­ ing light revealed the way.34 Meanwhile, the other divisions of Holmes's army had made the same discovery regarding the fallen trees, and General Price had confused his

Smith to wife, 3 July 1863, box 1, fol. 5, ibid. Bearss, "The Battle of Helena," 268, 293. A Diminished Landscape 369 orders to mean that his command should launch their assault at sunrise. As a result, Marmaduke's attack met stiff resistance from the onset as the Union gunners in a fort on Rightor's Hill poured a terrible storm of canister and grape upon the advancing rebels. A levee ran along the Mississippi River to the left of Marmaduke's line, and a force of Union soldiers took position there to enfilade the Southerners. Marmaduke called repeatedly in vain for General Marsh Walker to clear the threat to his left, and as the day pro­ gressed, Walker's failure would indirectly result in the death of Major Robert Henry Smith.35 Smith remained with his commander throughout the morning, supervis­ ing the dismounted attack with his usual recklessness. The Southern artillery, which had been painstakingly advanced by hand, attempted to sup­ port the doomed assault even though the guns occupied an untenable position fully exposed to the flanking fire of the enemy on the levee. When a few of the gunners had been hit and the rest withdrew, Smith called for volunteers and ran forward to man one of the cannons. Just as they resumed firing, Marmaduke rode up and ordered them to leave the gun, saying that it could not sufficiently affect anything to compensate for the danger. "One more shot, General," Smith cried out as he waved his bullet-riddled hat, "one more shot." Marmaduke granted the request before riding on, and at that moment two bullets from the levee simultaneously struck the major, one through his shoulder and another through his heart. Smith died instantly.36 Marmaduke's division retreated after Smith fell, but not before more vol­ unteers sprang forward to rescue the fieldpieces and drag the major's body to safety. The other divisions attacking the western and southern ends of the city melted back into the forest as well, abandoning the field by 2:00 P.M. At Polk's farm, the mangled Confederate army regrouped, and the next day Marmaduke's staff buried their much-lamented comrade in the family plot. Rankled by Walker's lackluster support during the attack and grieving over the loss of his subordinate, Marmaduke personally informed Sue of the tragedy.

Camp near Helena, Ark. July 6, 1863

My Dear Madam, Your husband was killed in battle at Helena July 4th -63. He died instantly, receiving two wounds from minnie balls, both through the chest. He was at the time of his death and for many months previous on my staff. I have seen him on many battlefields. He was ever the soldier, the bravest of the brave. You have lost a husband, the country a valuable officer, and I a devoted

Ibid., 288-289. Moore, "Major Henry Ewing," 1-14; O. R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: 437. 370 Missouri Historical Review

friend. Major Smith, before his death, desired me to write to you in case he fell and asked me [to] not forget, should I survive this contest, his darling wife and precious son. Be assured I cannot and will not. I will write again in a few days more fully concerning his life with me and his glorious death. His very many friends supply sympathies with you in his loss.

Sincerely your friend,

J. S. Marmaduke37

As Smith's widow struggled with her personal agony after receiving Marmaduke's letter, the major's death continued to affect the cause for which he had died. The Southerners retreated from eastern Arkansas, preparing themselves to face the certain advance of the Union army as it moved toward Little Rock later that summer. Marmaduke stewed over the events at Helena, angered by Walker's failure, which he blamed for the repulse. "I have every reason to believe that my troops would have carried it [Fort Rightor] had it not been for the force on my left and rear," he sputtered in his report to General Holmes, adding that the enemy force on the levee "could have been driven from it by General Walker's brigade."38 Unfortunately, Walker ranked Marmaduke, and during the subsequent campaign against Little Rock, the Missouri general found even more reason to rail against his commanding officer. On August 27, 1863, Marmaduke's command participated in a delaying action at Reed's Bridge, which spanned the Bayou Meto east of Little Rock. Once again Marmaduke observed what he felt to be halfhearted support from Walker's troops, and he afterward angrily demanded to be placed under the command of another officer. To fur­ ther exacerbate the situation, the general loudly proclaimed Walker to be a "damned coward" in front of his staff, and one of the officers present relayed the charge to Walker's quartermaster, Major John Ragland. An angry exchange of letters between the two generals and their seconds followed, cli­ maxing with a demand for satisfaction from Walker on September 4. Once the duel arrangements had been settled, Marmaduke and Walker met on the north side of the Arkansas River, seven miles below Little Rock, to settle the matter of honor at dawn on September 6. Two Colt navy revolvers were fully loaded and handed to the combatants, who took their positions based on a fateful coin toss. While the Union army continued their relentless advance on the Arkansas capital, two of the defender's highest ranking officers faced one another and fired. The first shots from both men missed, but Marmaduke cocked his revolver and fired again, dropping Walker with a bullet in the

37 John S. Marmaduke to Mary Susan Smith, 7 July 1863, box 1, fol. 6, Smith-Mendenhall Family Papers. 38 O. R., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1:437. A Diminished Landscape 371

On September 6, 1863, Lucius Walker (right) died in a duel with John Sappington Marmaduke. [Photos from the State Historical Society photograph collection]

spine. Walker had recovered his honor at the cost of his life.39 The diminished landscape wrought by one man's loss is impossible to measure in its entirety. For Sue Smith, the loss of her husband had obvious repercussions. The $3,018 in Confederate money left in the hands of Alonzo

39 Emma Siggins White, Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker ofWigton, Scotland (Kansas City: Tiernan-Dart Printing Company, 1902), 540-550. This work contains a verbatim transcription of an article written by Colonel Robert H. Crockett of the Eighteenth Arkansas Infantry in an unidentified newspaper, circa 1890. Crockett, a friend of Walker's, acted as his second in the duel. Leo E. Huff, "The Last Duel in Arkansas: The Marmaduke-Walker Duel," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 23 (spring 1964): 36-49. The latter article reprints the full exchange of the letters between the principals and their seconds. 372 Missouri Historical Review

Slayback after Smith's death proved worthless by the war's end, and in 1869, Sue and little Harry immigrated to the Montana Territory with her sister's family in search of a new beginning. She married her brother-in-law's busi­ ness partner in 1870. Still, she carefully preserved the precious letters that had managed to reach her from Smith. Harry overcame both his father's death and a childhood illness that robbed him of his hearing. He eventually grew to manhood in Bozeman, Montana, achieving success in the manage­ ment of his stepfather's business and the various properties in which his fam­ ily invested. When he died in 1941 at the age of eighty, he was remembered particularly for the loving care he had shown to his mother and his generous contributions to children's and orphans' homes.40 The link of Smith's death in the chain of events leading up to Marmaduke's duel with Walker is harder to gauge. Surely the Union army's capture of Little Rock on September 23, 1863, would have occurred regard­ less of the fatal quarrel, but the distraction caused by the fight and the subse­ quent murder charge faced by Marmaduke certainly did nothing to forestall the inevitable federal victory. One naturally wonders what, if anything, could have been accomplished had not Marmaduke's simmering outrage over the death of his quartermaster contributed to his injudicious remark about Walker's courage. The story of a single Missouri Confederate soldier can illustrate some of the reasons why so many men from the border state chose to fight for the South and some of the consequences of that decision. The letters of Robert Henry Smith give testimony to the awful isolation endured by Missouri men who might never see home again and yet continued to fight for a cause they believed to be just. The tragedy of Smith's life and death in the Confederate army, like those of his fellow soldiers, also suggests that no individual sacri­ fice is without repercussions broader than the sorrow of family members. The comrades who remained also grieved, as perhaps best expressed in verse by Alonzo W. Slayback:

His blade leaps not at the long, loud cry, Nor starts and streams with the crimson dye, No more shouts "Charge" and the brave line leads, For he sleeps in the grave of his glorious deeds.41

Bozeman (Montana) Courier, 28 March 1941. Slayback, statement in memoranda book, 15 July 1863. The Wild Missouri Grape

and

Nineteenth-Century

Viticulture

BY SIEGMAR MUEHL* State Historical Society of Missouri

Early nineteenth-century observers of virgin forests in the Missouri River Valley west of St. Louis often commented upon the abundance of wild grapes. Friedrich Muench, a German pioneer settler in the Dutzow- Marthasville area, wrote of this natural bounty, "In all rich lowlands are to be found vines of gigantic growth, often as thick as a man's body, and reaching over the tops of the highest trees, the fruit of which consists in small, thin- skinned and spicy, but very sour berries, generally palatable only after a frost."1 A few miles farther west on the hilly south bank of the river in the Hermann area, another German settler, Martin Husmann, noted a similar phe­ nomenon. His son George, who later became one of Missouri's leading pomologists, recalled from his youth how his father "always contended that grapes should succeed well here, as the woods were full of wild grapes, some of very fair quality."2 Franz von Loeher, a German traveler exploring the rugged wilderness terrain bordering the Gasconade River west of Hermann with his local hosts,

* Siegmar Muehl is a professor emeritus of the College of Education at the University of Iowa, Iowa City. He received the M.A. degree from the University of Chicago and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Iowa.

1 Friedrich Muench, School for American Grape Culture, trans. Elizabeth H. Cutter (St. Louis: Conrad Witter, 1865; reprint, n.p., n.d.), 13-14. 2 George Husmann, The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American Wines (New York: F. W. Woodward, 1868), 17.

373 374 Missouri Historical Review wrote: "We walked deep into the majestic forest, guns ever at the ready. One gigantic tree after another lifted its massive crown of limbs and foliage. Virgin wild grapevines hung on the trunks in tangled webs."3 A more detailed account of this flourishing wild growth appeared in two 1845 articles in the Wochenblatt, Hermann's German-language newspaper. The editor, Eduard Muehl, expressed regret "that we have not given more attention to the great variety of wild grapes that grow in Missouri." These grapes, he noted, "were distinguishable by shape, time of ripening, taste and the soil in which they grow." He described three varieties found in the area. The "island grape," so-called because it grew on sandy river islands, pro­ duced clusters of sour, pea-sized fruit ripening in late June; locals used the juice to make vinegar. A second variety grew in the surrounding forests. Although clusters were often sparsely filled out, the berries were "of unusu­ al length and pleasant taste." The third, more like a cultivated grape, bore thickly berried clusters with edible fruit.4 In the fall, after the first hard frosts had sweetened the forest grapes, local inhabitants trekked to the surrounding woodlands to harvest large quantities to press for juice. Frequently, they cut down ancient trees to gather the fruit. Hermann-area residents, especially wine-loving Germans, used wild grape juice not only for vinegar but also for wine. In the settlement's early years, the harvest was scant from cultivated vines. Party occasions that began with wine toasts shortly had to tap a beer barrel to continue the festivities.5 According to editor Muehl, juice from a bushel of wild grapes yielded "two gallons and a decanter of wine." Some residents drank this wine undiluted; some mixed it with wine made from cultivated grapes to improve the flavor or to extend the supply. The editor also vouched for the wild grape wine's quality: "Here in Hermann several individuals have pressed between 7 and 8 barrels. We thought it would be half vinegar, but found it highly pleasant. One five-week old sample was completely clear and had a dark red, Burgundy color. Another was outstanding in its sweetness."6 Wild grapes had potential that went beyond the short-term domestic pro­ duction of wine and vinegar. The wild vines offered a propagation resource for improving and expanding the few varieties of grapes under cultivation at the time.7 Missouri growers, however, only slowly came to this realization.

3 Frederic Trautmann, "Missouri Through A German's Eyes: Franz Von Loher on St. Louis and Hermann," Missouri Historical Review 77 (July 1983): 385-386. 4 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 17, 24 October 1845. Articles translated by the author. 5 Siegmar Muehl, "Winegrowing in the Hermann Area: Early Years' Chronicle," Missouri Historical Review 87 (April 1993): 238. 6 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 17 October 1845. 7 Husmann, Cultivation, 22. The Wild Missouri Grape 375

In the early years, they imported vine stock for cultivation from other geographical areas, mainly from Nicholas Longworth in Cincinnati, who had established his Ohio River Valley vineyards in the 1820s. Longworth encour­ aged growers elsewhere to send stock from grapes native to their areas for propagation experiments in his Ohio vineyards.8 The wild grape articles in the Hermann paper evidenced this relationship. The editor wrote in conclu­ sion: "We wish that these few lines attract the attention of vineyard growers, especially in the State of Ohio which we rightly regard as father of American grape culture. Perhaps experimentation with our wild Missouri grapes would lead to useful and surprising results similar to those already achieved in Ohio."9 Early attempts to establish vineyards in the Missouri River Valley met with mixed success. Local conditions often adversely affected imported vine stock. Funguses—mildews and rots—developed on the vine leaves and the fruit during the long spells of hot and humid weather common to Missouri summers. These infestations could destroy a crop in a few days. Early on,

8 Linda Walker Stevens, "Old Nick, Cincinnati Winemaker," Timeline 13 (March-April 1996): 27. 9 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 24 October 1845.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Friedrich Muench, who settled in Warren County, established one of the area's early vineyards. 376 Missouri Historical Review no effective treatment existed for these diseases.10 For example, the Catawba grape, Longworth's premium Cincinnati variety, was an early import to the Hermann area. For a time, it proved to be a heavy producer. By 1852, how­ ever, Muench, who had developed a vineyard on his Dutzow farm, reported that rot had destroyed his Catawbas at blooming time. "I can advise for the present no one to take further trouble with it."11 In addition to vine diseases, frosts often damaged late-ripening fruit, and winter freezes sometimes killed exposed vines. These problems gave impetus to Missouri winegrowers finally undertak­ ing their own propagation experiments with hardy native vines to find grape varieties uniquely suited to Missouri's climate and soil. From observation, they knew that many of these wild grapes resisted disease. Moreover, the vines could have advantageous characteristics if cultivated. As described in the Hermann paper, some vines ripened their fruit during summer months, well ahead of frosts. Others, late ripeners, not only remained undamaged by frost but used the cold snap to set the fruit's sugar, making the sour berries palatable and suitable for wine making. In 1851, Alexander Kayser, an enthusiastic St. Louis promoter of wine­ growing in the state, recognized the need for local propagation experiments. At his May statewide wine competition in St. Louis, he commissioned Muench, whose wine entry had won a second prize, to travel through the Ozarks "to observe the wild grapes growing there and afterwards to propa­ gate samples from these grapes."12 Kayser's choice of Muench was not surprising. A former Lutheran pas­ tor turned religious rationalist, Muench possessed many talents. Writing under the pseudonym "Far West," he published widely in newspapers and journals on religion, philosophy, and politics. Through this exposure, Muench had become a well-known and respected man of letters among German Americans. He also wrote more locally on the subject of wine-

10 Muench, School, 88; George Husmann, American Grape Growing and Wine Making, 4th ed. (New York: Orange Judd Company, 1904), 67-69; Andrew Fuller, The Grape Culturist: A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Native Grape (New York: Orange Judd Company, 1894), 231. 11 Quoted in Muehl, "Winegrowing in the Hermann Area," 245. 12 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 21 November 18*1. Kayser, a German immigrant and well- known St. Louis lawyer, organized a series of annual wine competitions beginning in 1847. For more on Kayser see Richard Edwards and M. Hopewell, Edwards's Great West and Her Commercial Metropolis, Embracing a General View of the West, and a Complete History of St. Louis . . . (St. Louis: Edwards's Monthly, 1860), 564-565. The Wild Missouri Grape 311 growing, practical accounts based on vine propagation and wine-making activities on his Dutzow-area farm.13 Given $50 by Kayser for travel expenses, Muench undertook the Ozark trip in the fall of 1851. He made a two-week journey on horseback from his farm to Springfield and back. Upon his return, he published "A Report Concerning Ozark Vines" in the St. Louis German-language newspaper Anzeiger des Westens. Excerpts from the account follow:

I started my journey October 20, despite having a fever, since there was no time to lose. G. Busch of Franklin county, grape grower like myself, accompanied me. On the map an old road leads to Springfield via Union, Steelville and Waynesville. However, we were advised to choose the com­ pletely new state road that runs considerably to the west of the old road because it is shorter and better supplied with water. Except for Libanon [sic] in Laclede county, this road passes no other towns. . . . On our second day of traveling, we crossed the Gasconade. This river is crystal clear, rather wide and has a strong current, yet we could ride through it at this season. The river's surroundings are quite hilly and have a wild, romantic aspect. From that point, we had to climb steeply and often traveled for ten or so miles without seeing a single human being. Very soon we reached the watershed of the Osage river where we rode along clear, alder-lined brooks and through pleasant valleys. . . . Local inhabitants live by raising cattle and cultivating gardens. They require little from the outside world. . . . The farther one goes through this Ozark region the more the countryside loses its mountainous aspect. . . . Cultivated land becomes more abundant and wooded areas less in evidence until we found ourselves on the summit of the mountain in Springfield overlooking a plain that stretches as far as the eye can see. ... It took us six tiresome days of riding before we reached Springfield. Every day we were on the road we saw wild grapes growing around us. Most of these were so poor in quality that we almost lost heart. However, once we reached Springfield, we were taken on excursions into the sur­ rounding countryside. Here the scene changed markedly. Just a few hun­ dred paces from the town we came across a thicket of pin oaks and other trees literally roofed with grape vines. Every vine, despite a similar outward appearance, turned out to be a different variety. The berries, though not very large, were in such compact bunches so as to resemble ears of corn. The clusters were sound throughout with no imperfections and rot. Their taste

13 For references to Muench's literary and other accomplishments see Siegmar Muehl, "A Brief Encounter between Friedrich Muench, German-American Rationalist in Missouri, and Theodore Parker, New England Transcendentalism" Yearbook of German-American Studies 28 (1993): 13-32; Siegmar Muehl, trans, and ed., "Friedrich Muench: Man of Letters on the Missouri Frontier," (typescript, 1994). The latter source is on file in the State Historical Society of Missouri Library, Columbia, and the Missouri Historical Society Library, St. Louis. 378 Missouri Historical Review

varied from a very strong muscat on through a range of other flavors. Those with thin skins were especially spicy. The latter were dark in color. A wine made from them will be like a darker Burgundy, but more aromatic. With the help of our obliging innkeeper, General Smith, we found more different varieties. One was a vine with lighter blue, large-berried grapes. Because this was an earlier maturing grape, most of the fruit had been picked or had dried up, so we could not taste it for flavor. This variety along with the others produce every year. On our return trip we had the luck to discover two more important wild grape varieties in the vicinity of Libanon. One was a blue, large-berried fruit which the locals dried for raisins. The other had red berries with a clear, very sweet juice. This grape promised to make a superior white wine. Altogether, we brought back with us root stocks, cuttings and seed of five different varieties. These could be given the following names: 1. Big Ozark, 2. Little Ozark, 3. Ozark Muscat, 4. Libanon, 5. Red Libanon. Although successful experiments have been made in our vicinity to grow wild grapes, those grapes we came upon in our Ozark travels are much supe­ rior. If all does not miscarry, which is not to be expected, we may hope eventually for a significant outcome with these new varieties. As soon as possible—hopefully after the first of the year—I will make a report to the public. But this will not be the end of the matter. What is most important lies ahead. We must undertake trials over a long period in all parts of our great West. The seeds must be sent out far and wide. I will be grate­ ful to all my countrymen who support me in this endeavor.

State Historical Society of Missouri The Wild Missouri Grape 379

From travelers we met, we hear that in Barry county and near the border of Arkansas, grapes grow with even larger berries than those of our best vari­ eties. Others have also reported seeing white grapes. Still others assured us that in the neighborhood of Ft. Leavenworth wild grapes of a superior kind grow in great abundance. . . . Our return trip took us through Hermann. This year's harvest of grapes in that area has so far been disappointing because of the rot. The same has been so with us in the Marthasville area. . . . On November 5,1 finally returned home, satisfied that the tiresome exer­ tions on the trip of 440 miles were worth the effort.

Marthasville, Warren Co., 7 Nov. 1851, Friedrich Munch.14

If Muench wrote the promised follow-up report, it seems to have disap­ peared. Eight years later, in 1859, however, he published an article on grape culture in the St. Louis Mississippi Handelszeitung. Subsequently translated into English, the article appeared under the title School for American Grape Culture.15 The first chapter opened with a discussion of wild grapes: "Since the culture of the grape, in this country, must be chiefly founded upon the indigenous varieties of vines (or, at least we find it so, thus far), and since we certainly have not finished our most valuable discoveries, it is not unimpor­ tant to learn the general peculiarities of our different species of forest vines."16 Muench noted that Old and New World vines differed in their fruiting characteristics. All the former produced both male and female blossoms and bore fruit. This was not the case for indigenous vines. Some bore blossoms and fruit, and some produced no blossoms and no fruit. Others, though blos­ soming, lacked the female part or pistil so that no fruit appeared. He further classified native vines into "winter" and "summer" grapes. The former were sour, becoming palatable only after frost. Pleasing wine could be made from the sour juice by "Gallicizing," a process that involved diluting the juice with water to reduce acidity and adding sugar to increase the alcohol content after fermentation. By "Gallicizing," Muench claimed, "there will no longer be any bad wine."17

14 Reprinted in Hermanner Wochenblatt, 21 November 1851. Translated by the author. For the full text about Muench's trip see Siegmar Muehl, "Ozark Journey in the Year 1851," Missouri Magazine (winter 1993/1994): 17-20. 15 Muench, School, 5. The author's search of Anzeiger des Westens issues for November- December 1851, and all of 1852 failed to locate Muench's earlier promised report. 16 Muench, School, 13. 17 Muench referred to a book by "Louis Gall" with the title garbled in translation. Muench, School, 14. The correct name and title are Ludvigh Gall, Practical Guide for Making Very Good Middling Wines in U.S. Patent Office Report, Agriculture, 1860 (Washington, D.C, 1861), 323-356. See National Union Catalog Pre-1956 Imprints (London: Mansell Information/Publishing Limited, 1972), 189: 402. 380 Missouri Historical Review

Summer grapes came in "numberless varieties and sub-varieties," with the fruit differing in size, juice color, skin texture, and flavor. Muench listed several cultivated summer grape varieties. The "Hermann Prolific" came from the woods near that town, where it had been found by George Husmann. Muench himself had cultivated a wild vine found growing in his own vine­ yard, the "Wine Home." His vineyard also included vines collected on his Ozark trip: "Little Ozark" found near Springfield, "Ozark Seedling" and "Big Ozark" from the mountains. Muench characterized the latter vine as the best of the four varieties.18 In addition to mentioning their local availability and abundance, Muench noted that most Missouri wild grape varieties did not have the "foxy," some­ times disagreeable, taste associated with wild grapes from eastern states. He urged continued experimentation in home gardens with wild vines, especial­ ly those bearing large fruiting clusters. "By grafting and re-grafting, cutting and pruning, the improvement should begin. . . . We have procured our best varieties in this way."19 No historical account of wild or native American grapes would be com­ plete without mentioning their role, and the major contribution of Missourians, in salvaging European viticulture devastated by Phylloxera in the latter decades of the nineteenth century.20 Beginning in the 1850s, grape growers in thi^ country observed an insect gall infesting vine leaves. Since, in most instances, the gall did not seriously bother the indigenous vine stock, the infestation received little attention. During this period, 1858 to 1863, French and other European winegrowers imported native American vine cut­ tings for grafting and hybridizing with European vines, the latter an entirely different species of grape than American vines (Vinifera). Within a few years, a deadly infestation appeared in European vineyards, especially in France. Jules-Emile Planchon, a French botanist, found that the disease was caused by a new species of plant louse, Phylloxera, that fed on vine roots and eventually destroyed the plant. To explore this scourge further, European root stock was imported to the United States for first-hand study. Beginning in 1871, Charles V. Riley, the Missouri state entomologist, worked for two years with infected plant mate-

18 Muench, School, 106-107. In a later publication, Muench noted that all four of these wild vines "produce a good red wine, and year after year bring in a good crop. The fruit, how­ ever, could be juicier. For that reason these varieties are not frequently grown." Friedrich Muench, The State of Missouri, Described With Particular Regard to German Immigration (St. Louis: E. Buhler and Company, 1859), 143. Chapter 15, "Viticulture," translated by Siegmar Muehl. 19 Muench, School, 14. 20 Bush & Son & Meissner, Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines. A Grape Growers' Manual, 4th ed. (St. Louis: R. P. Studley and Company, 1895), 5-6; Fuller, Grape Culturist, 226-231; Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "Phylloxera." The Wild Missouri Grape 381

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State Historical Society of Missouri rial at the Bushberg vineyards in St. Louis. In tracking the Phylloxera life cycle, he discovered that the American leaf gall and the European root louse were two forms of the same insect. Native to the American continent, Phylloxera had traveled abroad on exported vine cuttings. Unlike native American vines whose tough roots resisted the invasion of the root louse, European vine roots lacked this capacity. For his part in this discovery, Riley received "a grand gold medal" from the French minister of agriculture.21 Following Riley's findings, Europeans requested shipment of huge quan­ tities of P/zy/Zo^ra-resistant native American vine cuttings. Grafting European vines onto root stock grown from these cuttings was considered one of the best methods for overcoming the infestation. Not wishing to get involved in a business transaction, Riley found established Missouri viticul- turalists more than willing to provide this plant material. Three Missouri growers stood in the forefront of this rescue effort: Isidor Bush in St. Louis, Herman Jaeger in Neosho, and George Husmann in Sedalia. Bush, a Prague immigrant with a wide-ranging involvement in St. Louis business and political affairs, had bought land in 1865 bordering the Mississippi River near St. Louis. There he established the Bushberg vine­ yards.22 As a result of Riley's findings at his vineyard, Bush sent, gratis, native vine cuttings to France for early experimental trials. Later, his vine­ yard exported several hundred thousand cuttings of two wild species native

21 "Missouriana," Missouri Historical Review 32 (April 1938): 378-387; Floyd G. Summers, "Charles V. Riley, Benefactor of Agriculture," Missouri Historical Review 19 (July 1925): 611- 621. The latter source fails to mention Riley's work on Phylloxera. 22 United States Biographical Dictionary, Missouri Volume (New York: U.S. Biographical Publishing Company, 1878), 37-39; Jacob Furth, "Sketch of Isidor Bush," Missouri Historical Society Collections 4 (1914): 303-308. 382 Missouri Historical Review to Missouri: the "riverside" grape (Riparid) and the "frost" or "possum" grape (Cordifolia). Since such quantities were not available in the vineyard itself, the Bush employees reported they "had to look about for them far and wide."23 Twenty-five years earlier, Muehl, the Hermann newspaper editor, had described these two types of wild grapes growing near the town. Jaeger, a Swiss immigrant, established a vineyard at Neosho in south­ west Missouri also in 1865. Like Muench, Jaeger experimented extensively with propagating and hybridizing the native species found in his area. These included the "frost" grape mentioned above and the "summer" grape (Aestivalis).24 According to one account, at the time of the European Phylloxera troubles, Jaeger "took a bundle of Missouri wild grapes to France" for grafting purposes. Another account reported that the Neosho viticulturist sent "carloads of grape cuttings" from his vineyard. Whatever the case, the French so appreciated his contribution in overcoming their

23 Bush & Son & Meissner, Catalogue, 24. Cuttings from two other native vines are also referenced in the Catalogue as being sent to France—the "sand" grape (Rupestris), native to Missouri, and the Concord, native to the East Coast, but extensively grown in Missouri. Ibid., 17, 25. The Concord did not serve well as root stock in all French locations. 24 Ibid., 142-143.

State Historical Society of Missouri

In addition to his vineyards, Herman Jaeger was noted for his scholarship on grape growing; he contributed arti­ cles to both European and American journals. The Wild Missouri Grape 383

Phylloxera crisis that the government awarded Jaeger the Legion of Honor in 1888.25 German immigrant George Husmann became involved in viticulture on a farm near Hermann, where his father, Martin, had settled in 1840. It was the older Husmann who had earlier seen promise for grape culture in the area because of the abundance of wild grapes. Over the years, George, following his father's lead, expanded his knowledge of viticulture through hands-on experience and experimentation and wrote extensively on the subject. In 1869 he established the Bluffton Wine Company and served as its president for three years. When the company failed in 1871 due to low prices for wine and grapes, Husmann moved to Sedalia, where he founded the Husmann Nurseries. Although sources indicate that Husmann shipped vine cuttings to France from his Sedalia nursery, the specific kinds of plant material remain unknown. In 1865 following the Civil War, when Husmann still had his vine­ yard in Hermann, Isidor Bush had sent his son Raphael to his friend Husmann to learn first-hand the skills involved in grape culture.26 The French still remember the Missouri viticulturists' help during the Phylloxera infestation. In 1990 a group of Missourians visited French vine­ yards. Their host at one stop recalled how the French "sent to America, to Missouri, to get the 'bois Americain, the stick.' They put the French vine on the Missouri 'stick.' Thus the 'bois Americain' saved our French vine­ yards."27 George Husmann credited Dr. George Engelmann of St. Louis with the first scientific attempt to classify native grape varieties.28 In 1860, Engelmann published "Notes on the Grape-vines of Missouri"; a revised classification appeared in 1883.29 A few years later, in 1890, T. V. Munson,

25 "Honored Ozark Grafter," Kansas City Times, 10 December 1915; Kay Hively, "How Possum Grapes Saved the Wine Industry," Ozarks Mountaineer 32 (July-August 1984): 34; "Grapevines from Ozarks Saved French Wine Industry," Missouri Historical Review 49 (January 1955): 154-155; Tom Ladwig, "Herman Jaeger's Legacy," Missouri Life 10 (November-December 1982): 47-48. 26 Henry D. Hooker, "George Husmann," Missouri Historical Review 23 (April 1929): 357. For an account of Husmann's early years see Linda Walker Stevens, "The Making of a Superior Immigrant: George Husmann, 1837-1854," ibid. 89 (January 1995): 119-138. For Bush reference see U.S. Biographical Dictionary, 38. 27 Phyllis Meagher, "Merci Missouri," Missouri Wine Country Journal 1 (summer 1990): 6-8. 28 Husmann, American Grape Growing, 4. 29 George Engelmann, "Notes on the Grape-vines of Missouri," Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis (St. Louis: George Knapp and Company, 1860), 1: 660-662; George Engelmann, "The True Grape-Vines of the United States," in Bush & Son & Meissner, Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines. A Grape Growers' Manual, 3d ed. (St. Louis: R. P. Studley and Company, 1883), 9-20. For more on Engelmann's life see William G. Bek, "George Engelmann, Man of Science, Part I," Missouri Historical Review 23 (January 1929): 167-206. 384 Missouri Historical Review a viticulturist in Denison, Texas, updated Engelmann's classification. In Texas, Munson established vineyards containing all the leading varieties and hybrids of native American grapes collected during his extensive travels or sent to him by other growers. He named one of his own hybrids, the "Muench," to honor his colleague in Missouri.30 During the Phylloxera crisis, Munson had sent large quantities of vine cuttings to France. Like Riley and Jaeger, he too received the French Legion of Honor. Munson's collection of native vines has been preserved for pos­ terity. One portion is in the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C, another in the Munson Memorial Vineyard in Denison, Texas.31 At present, grape varieties deriving from native American vines still play an important role in grape culture east of the Rocky Mountains. In Missouri vineyards, the Concord and the Catawba, native to the East Coast, are exten­ sively cultivated.32 Both were among the first nineteenth-century imports into Missouri. Although Missouri winegrowers are experimenting with European varieties, the Vinifera species, some growers have great expectations for an old favorite, the Norton or Virginia Seedling.33 Although native to Virginia, cultivation of the Norton in Missouri dates back to 1845 when it was intro­ duced into the Hermann area. In their time, both Friedrich Muench and George Husmann praised the Norton. Muench recognized the dual qualities of this vine when he stated, "From it a dark red wine is made of very pecu­ liar excellence, which at the same time, in some of the diseases peculiar to this climate, is of the greatest service." Husmann judged the Norton as "the great variety for red wine. . . . Here it seems to have found the soil in which it flourishes best."34 Wanderers today who venture into the woods and have an interest in growing things can still observe wild grape vines climbing into treetops. Sometimes their dangling vines serve adventurous children as Tarzan-like swings. These wild vines even invade and flourish in the midst of manicured, chemically treated suburban yards. Bird-planted seedlings sprout and grow in fence lines and undisturbed yard areas. To the informed mind and eye, these hardy volunteers witness a historical past and nature's amazing reach, endurance, and adaptability.

30 T. V. Munson, Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild Grapes of North America, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Bulletin No. 3 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1890), 1; a shorter version appeared in Bush & Son & Meissner, Catalogue (1895), 19-21. For the Muench hybrid see ibid., 159. 31 Lucie T. Morton, Winegrowing in Eastern America (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1985), 31, 126. 32 Ibid., 137-138. 33 Linda Walker Stevens, "Amazing Grapes," Missouri Wine Country Journal 1 (fall/win­ ter 1990): 33-34. 34 Muench, School, 104; Husmann, Cultivation, 19-20. State Historical Society of Missouri Christian Von der Ahe, the St. Louis Browns, and the World's Championship Playoffs, 1885-1888

BY LARRY G. BOWMAN*

Between 1885 and 1888, the St. Louis Browns of the recently formed American Association were one of the more successful teams in baseball. During the short life span of the American Association, from 1882 through the 1891 season, the Browns won the pennant four times, finished in second place three times, finished third twice, and only once, in 1882, played under .500 baseball. Over the ten-year period, the team compiled a composite record of 784 wins and 425 losses for a sparkling winning percentage of .648, a remarkable achievement.1 In addition to the team's success on the diamond, the Browns featured a colorful collection of talented individuals. Memorable players on the club's roster in those glory years included men such as first baseman Charles

*Larry G. Bowman is a history professor at the University of North Texas in Denton. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1 John Thorn and Pete Palmer, eds., Total Baseball (New York: HarperPerennial Publishers, 1993), 1894, 1896, 1898, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1914.

385 386 Missouri Historical Review

Comiskey, the future owner of the Chicago White Sox; William Gleason, an outstanding shortstop; and Walter "Arlie" Latham, known as "The Freshest Man on Earth." Comiskey was an empire builder whose Chicago team is per­ haps best remembered as the "Black Sox" for fixing the 1919 World Series. Gleason was a journeyman baseball player who dazzled St. Louis fans with his defensive play, and Arlie Latham was just noisy and an unforgettable third baseman. Pitchers Bob Caruthers and Dave Foutz, both of whom also played in the outfield, won 198 games in the seasons spanning 1885 through 1888.2 Curt Welch and Tip O'Neill, who batted .435 in 1887, also played in the out­ field and provided impressive firepower as hitters. Loaded with talent in the mid-1880s, the Browns dominated the American Association and were known for their fine defensive play and speed on the base paths. The team's owner, Christian Von der Ahe, also contributed to the Browns' aura. By far the most colorful of the baseball entrepreneurs of his era, his antics occasionally upstaged his team. Von der Ahe, a native German who spoke with a heavy accent, was only marginally acquainted with the intricacies of baseball, and accounts of his nominal understanding of the game were legion. One, for example, allegedly occurred in 1882 when he took fellow American Association owners on a tour of his new ballpark at Grand Avenue and Dodier Street in north St. Louis. As he led the owners to the mound, the proud Von der Ahe reportedly stated, "Look around chentle- men [sic], because this the largest dimundt in the welt ist."3 Charles Comiskey, the Browns' player-manager, tactfully reminded his boss that all diamonds were the same size, and Von der Ahe quickly corrected himself, "Vot I meant to say vas this the larchest infield in the welt ist." Newspaper editors in the 1880s, unconcerned with the strictures of political or cultural correctness, often reported Von der Ahe's utterances in dialect to amuse their readers. Although the newspaper accounts of his activities sometimes made the portly owner appear a bit clownish, nearly everyone who carefully observed the day-to-day operation of the team realized that he was a shrewd man and an innovative marketer of baseball. The Browns' successes on the diamond, their individualism, and Von der Ahe's own eccentricities fascinat­ ed the growing number of professional baseball fans in St. Louis and created a wonderful era in the emerging story of major league baseball. Christian Von der Ahe watched the development of the American Association with keen interest from its inception in the winter of 1881-1882. At the time, Von der Ahe made his living by selling beer and liquor in his popular Golden Lion saloon in St. Louis, and he realized that a ballpark could be an excellent venue to sell alcoholic beverages. Early in 1882, St. Louisan Alfred Spink, who went on to great success when he established the weekly

Ibid., 1421, 1427. Quoted in Richard Egenriether, "Chris Von der Ahe: Baseball's Pioneering Huckster," The St. Louis Browns 387 sports journal, The Sporting News, encouraged Von der Ahe to buy the St. Louis franchise in the American Association. Von der Ahe, who did not need much persuasion, purchased the franchise in the spring of 1882 for $1,800.4 The two men quickly formed a team to represent St. Louis in the American Association by acquiring a local team called the Browns. It was an indepen­ dent professional team that Spink had backed, and it became the nucleus of Von der Ahe's entry into the American Association. The acquisition of a team that Spink, a shrewd judge of baseball talent, had helped to form proved exceedingly fortunate for Von der Ahe. One of the special assets of the Browns was Spink's foresight to recruit Charles Comiskey, a talented first baseman for a team in Dubuque, Iowa, to the Browns and to make him the team's playing manager. Von der Ahe may have been ignorant of baseball, but Comiskey was not. Comiskey provided the leadership and insight that Von der Ahe lacked when it came to baseball, and Von der Ahe provided the marketing know-how for the business end of the game. Together, the two men made a powerful com­ bination. Von der Ahe, although headstrong and president of the club, usual­ ly heeded Comiskey's baseball advice during the glory years of the 1880s. Few who watched the St. Louis team in action doubted that the manager's

Ibid., 28; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 June 1913. State Historical Society of Missouri

Alfred Spink played a key role in the Browns' early success. 388 Missouri Historical Review judgment of baseball talent and the correct deployment of that talent con­ tributed greatly to the Browns' success in the mid-1880s. The Browns did not have a good season their first year in the American Association. St. Louis finished fifth in the league, but Comiskey and Von der Ahe steadily improved the team, and by 1885, the Browns were the best club in the association. Inevitably, as the American Association commenced play, baseball fans compared it to the older National League and speculated as to which played better ball. At first, the National League tried to ignore and to deride the new association, but that strategy soon failed. Owners in both leagues realized that a play-off between the circuits offered the potential for significant financial gain. As a result, the "World's Championship of Baseball" was born. Unlike modern day play-offs and the World Series, which are tightly reg­ ulated by the league presidents and the commissioner of baseball's office, the owners of the two teams participating in the postseason play arranged the play-offs in the 1880s.5 As a result, the format of the World's Championship games differed from one year to the next. In 1884 the play-offs ran only three games, with all three played in New York City. In the 1887 play-offs, the teams played fifteen games in nine cities. The number of games, the sites, and other incidentals varied according to the whims of the owners who orga­ nized the postseason contests. In 1884 the National League's Providence Grays, behind the strong arm of Hoss Radbourn, who pitched and won all three games in the series on con­ secutive days, convincingly defeated the New York Metropolitans of the American Association.6 In the hope that a large city would promote greater gate receipts, they played all three games in New York City. Even though the Grays easily won the series in the first two games, the last game was played on a cold and blustery day. The players were unenthusiastic about the game, and only a few fans came out in the cold weather to see the contest. Nevertheless, the entire series was staged, and the owners pocketed the mod­ est gate receipts. The National League certainly looked to be the stronger league at the end of the first championship series. Some eastern newspapers billed the games as the "Championship of America," but The Sporting Life, the premier sports journal of the mid-1880s, touted the victorious Providence Grays as the "Champions of the World."7 No large professional baseball leagues operated outside the United States in

5 Harold Seymour, Baseball: The Early Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), 186. 6 The Sporting Life, 29 October 1884, 3; New York Daily Tribune, 24 October 1884; New York Times, 26 October 1884; David L. Hoist, "Charles G. Radbourne: The Greatest Pitcher of the Nineteenth Century," Illinois Historical Journal 81 (winter 1988): 255-268. There are sev­ eral versions for the spelling of Radbourne's last name. During his career in baseball, Hoss spelled it both "Radbourn" and "Radbourne." Andrew Kull, "Baseball's Greatest Pitcher," American Heritage 36 (April-May 1985): 103-108. 7 The Sporting Life, 29 October 1884, 3. The St. Louis Browns 389

State Historical Society of Missouri Christian Von der Ahe

1884, so the title of "Champions of the World" was not all that far-fetched. As the play-offs continued in the 1880s, journalists followed the practice of characterizing the annual event as the "World's Championship of Baseball." The owners quickly seized upon the idea when they realized that the sports- minded public enjoyed being associated with "world-class" events and ath­ letes and that by promoting the games as the world championship play-offs, attendance would be improved. As the 1885 season progressed, the St. Louis Browns ran away with the pennant in the American Association. They compiled a season record of 79 wins and 33 losses for an impressive winning percentage of .705 and finished sixteen games ahead of the second-place Cincinnati Reds.8 By mid-summer, the Browns had clinched the American Association's pennant race, and Von der Ahe, his players, and the baseball "cranks" (the term for baseball fans in the late nineteenth century) in St. Louis watched the National League race

8 Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 1896-1897. 390 Missouri Historical Review

with great interest and anticipated the upcoming clash with that league's champion. The National League season featured a titanic struggle between the Chicago White Stockings and the New York Giants. The Chicago team, the product of the efforts of the formidable Albert Goodwill Spalding, was led by the redoubtable Cap Anson. All summer, the two teams stayed close to each other in the standings, and finally, the White Stockings won the pen­ nant with a remarkable winning percentage of .777, only two games ahead of the Giants, who compiled a winning percentage of .759.9 In early October, as the season came to an end, Von der Ahe and Spalding began negotiations to arrange the play-offs between the two leagues. While the profit potential motivated both men, each also possessed a huge ego and sought to gratify it by being the owner of the "World's Champions." Baseball fans in Chicago and St. Louis watched the development of the upcoming series with fascination. Since a rivalry already existed between the two thriv­ ing midwestern cities, the possibility that one would soon boast the title fur­ ther sweetened the event. Von der Ahe and Spalding agreed to expand the play-offs from three games to nine, with one game in Chicago and three in St. Louis, where the Exposition would be underway and help to inflate gate receipts. Weather permitting, other games were scheduled in Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Louisville, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.10 Each club would put up $500 for a purse, with the winner taking all. The gate receipts would pay the expenses of the teams, and any profit would be divid­ ed by the two owners. The format now appears curious. Chicago had only one home field game in the series, and over half the games were scheduled in towns not directly involved in the championship. Von der Ahe and Spalding fully recognized Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and the others as good baseball towns and speculated that the gate receipts would be rewarding. Although the owners were staging a "World's Championship," the notion that they should also put on an exhi­ bition partly influenced their moving from city to city. Regardless of the format, the play-offs promised to match two stellar clubs with vastly different styles of play. The St. Louis Browns and their fans had a reputation for rowdyism. Bill James, a historian of that era, comment­ ed on the team's tactics:

The center of rowdyism in the 1880s was the St. Louis team in the American Association, led by Arlie Latham (The Freshest Man on Earth) and manag­ er Charles Comiskey. This great team—and many think them to be the greatest team of the nineteenth century—employed the strategy of driving

9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., 330; Jerry Lansche, The Forgotten Championships: Postseason Baseball, 1882-1981 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1989), 9-13; The Sporting Life, 7 October 1885, 1; Peter Levine, A. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball: The Promise of American Sport (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 35. The St. Louis Browns 391

their opponents off their game with constant verbal abuse. Since they won, others imitated them. Players acting as coaches ran up and down the base­ lines hurling abuse and obscenities at the pitcher; this led to coach's boxes being established in 1887. Latham was known for his talent and enthusiasm as an antagonist, leading to constant fights. The Association would fine them and Chris Von der Ahe, the owner, would pay the fines, believing such tactics to encourage attendance.11

Not only did baseball fans expect a clash of powerful teams on the field, they also wanted the games to carry an entertaining undercurrent of tension. The champions of the more dignified and sedate National League were about to do battle with one of the brashest teams in professional baseball, all of which promised to be a promoter's delight. The St. Louis-Chicago series began in Chicago on October 14, 1885, and the first game served as a portent for the entire play-offs. A disappointing crowd of only two thousand turned out to see the game and the festivities pre­ ceding it. Several players from both teams entered contests such as ball throwing (Chicago's Ned Williamson won by throwing the ball a little over 133 yards) and base running (Fred Pfeffer of the White Stockings won by cir­ cling the bases in 15.75 seconds) and other events to amuse the gathering crowd.12 The game finally started at 3:00 P.M. and ended in a 5-5 tie after eight innings. The late start and a slowly played game, partly brought on by twelve errors, forced the game to end indecisively in the evening darkness.13 Neither team played well, but the White Stockings stunned their partisans by making ten errors in the game, getting only six hits, and playing in a lack­ adaisical manner. Chicago manager Cap Anson became so annoyed with his team's performance that he suspended outfielder George Gore and left him in Chicago when the club departed for St. Louis to continue the series. According to the Chicago Tribune, Anson accused Gore of indifferent play and overindulging in alcoholic stimulants the night before the first game.14 Anson may have simply wished to prod his team to better effort in the future, but the suspension seemed to reveal that the National League team perhaps took the Browns and the play-offs a bit lightly. Neither Spalding nor Von der Ahe saw a single game of the series. Both men were in New York City serving on a committee put together by the National League and the American Association to draw up an agreement that, among other things, would govern their future relationship. The leagues had just finished a war with the now-defunct Union Association that had caused an escalation in players' salaries, and the owners created the committee to

11 Bill James, Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract (New York: Villard Books, 1988), 23. 12 Chicago Tribune, 15 October 1885. 13 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 October 1885. 14 Chicago Tribune, 16 October 1885. 392 Missouri Historical Review restore what they saw as order and sanity. In their opinion, the committee succeeded: it established a salary cap that forbade paying a player more than $2,000 per annum and limited the bargaining power the players had enjoyed during the brief war among the three major leagues.15 The players were aware of the negotiations in New York. Some of them, especially on the White Stockings' roster, were not highly motivated to do their best while Spalding led the group colluding to strip the players of some of their hard- won gains in salary and working conditions. Unbeknownst to the men on the two rosters in the series and to most other major league players, a movement to counter the owners' offensive against the ballplayers had begun. While the owners were drawing up an accord to con­ trol salaries and to reaffirm the reserve clause in players' contracts, John Montgomery Ward, the star shortstop for the New York Giants, secretly orga­ nized a local chapter of the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players in New York.16 Ward proposed to form an agency through which the players could bargain with management and seek redress of grievances. The 1880s was a tur­ bulent time for the labor movement in the United States, and Ward feared the public might react negatively if he labeled the organization as a union, so he chose to call it a brotherhood. The brotherhood finally became a public orga­ nization in late 1886 and steadfastly remained aloof to the invitations of such organizations as the Knights of Labor that offered membership to the players. Had most of the White Stockings and the Browns known of the brother­ hood in October 1885, they would have applauded its birth. After being con­ tacted, most of the players joined, and the brotherhood's membership grew rapidly. Major league players, through the brotherhood under Ward's lead­ ership, finally created an ill-fated Players' League in 1889-1890 that went to war with the owners.17 The players were restive in 1885, and as far as most could see, the play-offs benefited only the owners. Von der Ahe's and Spalding's absences from the games meant that the two managers, Cap Anson and Charles Comiskey, made all the immediate decisions regarding their clubs' activities on and off the field. Both were experienced, but Anson was not well regarded by some of his players, and without Spalding's intim­ idating presence, he may not have gotten the best out of the team. After the game in Chicago, the series shifted to St. Louis, which was in the midst of the annual Exposition. The city was in a festive mood when the

15 New York Times, 18 October 1885; The Sporting Life, 21 October 1885, 1; Dean A. Sullivan, ed., Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825-1908 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 139-140. 16 Robert F. Burk, Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 96; Harry Clay Palmer et al., Athletic Sports in America, England and Australia (Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers Publishers, 1889), 144; The Sporting Life, 4 August 1885, 4. 17 Daniel M. Pearson, Baseball in 1889: Players vs. Owners (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993), 186-190. The St. Louis Browns 393 teams arrived, and local baseball fans wanted to see their beloved Browns gain an upper hand in the three-game set scheduled for October 15-17 at Sportsman's Park. The Exposition entertained local residents and hundreds of visitors, and victories in a World's Championship play-off would con­ tribute to the city's ongoing celebration. Game two proved more controversial than the opening contest. In the bottom of the sixth inning with the White Stockings leading 5-4, an irate Comiskey pulled his team off the field in protest of an umpire's decision. The umpire later declared the game a forfeit and awarded it to Chicago by a score of 9-0.18 The Browns won the next two games, and the series then moved to Pittsburgh for game five. Chicago won in Pittsburgh, and the teams traveled to Cincinnati for two more contests. Chicago won again in the first game, and by October 24 the series stood at St. Louis with two wins and Chicago with two wins and one forfeit. The crowds had been small since the teams left St. Louis, and the weather had gotten colder. With the owners in New York and none too popular with their players at this juncture, the White Stockings and the Browns supposedly agreed before the October 24 contest that the second game in Cincinnati would end the series and that the forfeited game would be dropped from the count.19 That meant that the October 24 game in Cincinnati would decide the series winner. St. Louis won the game 13-4, and Von der Ahe and his players imme­ diately claimed the title of "World's Champions." The dismal game, marred by fourteen errors, was called at the end of eight innings because of darkness. Spalding, however, did not accept the decision that his players had made prior to the second game in Cincinnati. He declared the series tied at three games apiece. Eventually the controversy became so acrimonious that the board of arbitration created by the newly adopted national agreement ruled the series a tie, refunded the money the teams had advanced as a purse, and left the 1885 play-offs undecided.20 The series did not glisten with enthusiastic crowds and sparkling play: only about 13,200 spectators attended; three of the games were suspended in the eighth inning due to darkness; and the teams played poor baseball. Chicago and St. Louis combined for a total of seventy-eight errors in the seven games.21 The only redeeming aspect of the play-offs, as far as the par­ tisans of the St. Louis Browns could see, was that the National League had not run roughshod over their team. In 1884 the Providence Grays had rout­ ed the American Association's team in the play-offs; now the association had gained a balance with its rival. A powerful team, the Browns would have to be reckoned with next year.

Chicago Tribune, 16 October 1885. Ibid., 25 October 1885. Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 13. Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 330. 394 Missouri Historical Review

National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown, N.Y.

Charles Comiskey

Chicago and St. Louis met again in the 1886 play-offs. When Spalding and Von der Ahe negotiated the format for the second meeting of their teams, they changed aspects of the play-offs. With neither owner satisfied by the 1885 arrangement, they agreed to a seven-game series—the first three to be played in Chicago and the last four in St. Louis. It would be a best-of-seven series, and when one team won four games, the series would end.22 Frequent complaints about the quality and objectivity of the umpires in 1885 led to a different selection method. In 1885 the teams had chosen local figures to call the games, and this led to charges of biased umpiring, especially in the St. Louis games.23 After St. Louis won game four by a score of 3-2, the Chicago

22 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 October 1886; Chicago Daily News, 9 October 1886; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 14. 23 Chicago Tribune, 17 October 1885; The Sporting Life, 28 October 1885,4; St. Louis Post- Dispatch, 17 October 1885. The St. Louis Browns 395

Tribune reported that Chicago

. . . was robbed of today's game by the umpire, who narrowly escaped vio­ lence at the hands of Sunday and McCormick [two White Stockings play­ ers]. This morning Anson was introduced to a ball crank named William Medart, who is an ardent admirer of the home team. The Chicago captain did not know this, and upon the advice of several acquaintances concluded to allow him to umpire the game. The result was disastrous. Every close decision was given in favor of the home team until even the audience, whose sympathy was with the Browns, became disgusted at the robbery and cried out against it.24

After the 1885 series concluded, The Sporting Life reported that a National League official who had witnessed the games in St. Louis called them ". . . simply robberies, and the St. Louis papers bear this out. The St. Louis men were bound to win by hook or crook for the glory of beating the league champions, and the local umpires were bound to help them."25 To avoid similar distractions in 1886, Spalding and Von der Ahe each agreed to nominate two umpires. All four umpires would be available at each game, and the man to call the game would be chosen by lot. The owners selected John Kelly, John McQuaid, Grayson Pearce, and Joseph Quest, and the four men, experienced umpires from the National League and the American Association, performed well in the play-offs. The umpires agreed to accept a payment of one hundred dollars each and expenses for the series.26 The play-offs again opened in Chicago. On October 18, 1886, the White Stockings defeated the Browns 6-0 in nine innings before six thousand exu­ berant fans.27 Present for the game, Spalding and Von der Ahe were pleased with the crowd. The 1885 opening game in Chicago had drawn only two thousand spectators. Prior to the series, Spalding and Von der Ahe had agreed that, once the teams' expenses had been deducted from the receipts, the winner would take all. Healthy crowds meant healthy returns, and the beginning of the series augured well for someone. The Chicago Tribune declared: "It was a good game, well played by both sides, and chiefly remarkable for the coaching of Latham, a sawed-off Brown with a voice that would put to shame the most ambitious fog-signal on the lakes. His inces­ sant howling and jumble of catch phrases was funny for about fifteen min­ utes. Then it grew tiresome, and before the fourth inning he universally was

24 Chicago Tribune, 18 October 1885. 25 The Sporting Life, 28 October 1885, 4. 26 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 October 1886; Chicago Daily News, 18 October 1886; James M. Kahn, The Umpire Story (New York: J. P. Putnam's Sons, 1953), 235-242; St. Louis Post- Dispatch, 25 October 1886. 27 Chicago Tribune, 19 October 1886; Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 331. 396 Missouri Historical Review conceded to be the worst thing ever inflicted upon a Chicago audience."28 The Browns remained the same raucous team, and Latham still annoyed the Chicago press, but the game ended without incident. The White Stockings had won an impressive opening game. The next day, led by Bob Caruthers's two-hit shutout and Tip O'Neill's two home runs, the Browns defeated Chicago 12-0. On the third day, the teams agreed to experiment with a new umpiring system. For the first time in play-off history, three umpires called a game. Spalding had recently sug­ gested the system, and it was relatively simple in concept. When the Chicago team was at bat, Quest positioned himself behind home plate and called the balls, the strikes, and the play on the bases. When the Browns were hitting, McQuaid called the game, and during each inning, Kelly, who served as the referee, located himself behind the pitcher. If either team appealed a call by the home plate umpire, Kelly made the final ruling on the play.29 The White Stockings won game three without incident by a score of 11-4. Game five also featured the experimental three-umpire system so the Browns' fans could see it and the baseball experts assess it a second time. The Chicago games proved successful. Approximately twenty thousand fans turned out for the three-game series.30 Now the teams moved to St. Louis. The Browns won game four in St. Louis before eight thousand fans and evened the series count at two games apiece amidst a sea of rumors that the White Stockings were throwing or "hippodroming" the play-offs. No evi­ dence survives to suggest that the Chicago team fixed any of the games, but their twenty-five errors in the first four games of the series aroused the St. Louis public's suspicion about the White Stockings' performances.31 Spalding and Von der Ahe issued a statement denying any knowledge of gam­ blers fixing games, and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported:

In view of the fact that the cry of "hippodrome" in connection with the base ball games of the world's championship has become universal, Messrs. Spalding and Von der Ahe have declared themselves ready to do all in their power to prove to the public that the games are played on a perfectly square basis. Mr. Von der Ahe said last night that the last thing possible for him to do would be to make an affidavit that the games were not hippodrome and that he was only too willing to do that. Mr. Spalding said that any man with a grain of sense in his head who had witnessed all the games will know with­ out being told that they were played for blood.32

28 Chicago Tribune, 19 October 1886; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 14; Chicago Daily News, 30 October 1886; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 October 1886. 29 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 October 1886; Chicago Daily News, 20 October 1886. 30 Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 331. 31 Chicago Tribune, 22 October 1886; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 14-15; Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 331. 32 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 October 1886. The St. Louis Browns 397

The rumors of tainted games persisted. It was common information that many of the White Stockings, especially catcher Mike "King" Kelly, were on bad terms with their owner, and some fans believed that the players might be using the games to enrich themselves at Spalding's expense. One other con­ troversy occurred before the series came to an end. On October 20, while the White Stockings and the Browns played the first games of the series, Spalding announced that he had signed Mark Baldwin, a left-handed pitcher, to a contract for the 1887 season. A promising young pitcher, Baldwin had enjoyed considerable success with Duluth, Minnesota, in the Northwestern League during the 1886 season. Although supposedly acquired for the fol­ lowing season, Baldwin began immediately to work out with the Chicago team, and when the series moved to St. Louis, he accompanied the club. Then, during game six of the play-offs, with St. Louis leading three games to two, Spalding tried to insert Baldwin into his lineup as the starting pitcher. Von der Ahe protested vigorously at Spalding's duplicity, and a long quarrel over Baldwin's eligibility preceded the game. Spalding finally capitulated to Von der Ahe's strenuous protest, and Baldwin did not play. The Browns won game six 4-3 in the tenth inning when Curtis Welch scored from third base on a passed ball. Welch was attempting a steal at home, and the ball got by catcher King Kelly, who later told the press that he had signaled for a pitch low and outside and that the pitch came in high and inside and he simply missed it. Whatever the situation, the Browns won the championship. Welch's play was sometimes referred to as the $15,000 slide since the Browns took the series and the gate receipts minus expenses when they won the sixth game.33

33 Chicago Tribune, 20 October 1886; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 October 1886; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 18.

Sportsman's Park in St. Louis

State Historical Society of Missouri 398 Missouri Historical Review

Spalding left St. Louis in an angry mood and, according to legend, refused to pay his players' expenses home.34 The Chicago owner, who believed that Kelly had engaged in too much dissipation to play well in the series, later shocked the baseball world when he sold the catcher to Boston for the astonishing sum of $10,000.35 An elated Von der Ahe gave half the proceeds from the games to his players to divide among themselves.36 Each of the Browns netted about $580; the White Stockings earned nothing but the ire of their owner, and the play-offs ended with some bitterness between Spalding and Von der Ahe. The series drew a total of about forty-six thou­ sand spectators, and despite darkness halting four of the six games in late innings, the play-offs were a flawless spectacle.37 St. Louis repeated as American Association champions in 1887 and faced a new adversary, the Detroit Wolverines, in the play-offs. In 1884 the Detroit team had finished last in the National League with a dismal record of 28 wins and 84 losses, and Michigan baseball fans had despaired of the team's future. The next year, after finishing the season with 41 wins and 67 losses, the club's new president, Frederick Kimball Stearns, reversed the team's fortunes when he purchased four players from the roster of the falter­ ing Buffalo, New York, team that simply collapsed at the end of the season and disappeared. Stearns obtained four players that he particularly wanted, including Dan Brouthers, a hard-hitting first baseman; Deacon White, a fine third baseman; Jack Rowe, a shortstop; and Hardy Richardson, who could play either in the infield or the outfield.38 Stearns's bold strategy worked; the Wolverines rose to second place in the National League in 1886 and won the pennant in 1887. When compared to St. Louis, Detroit matched up against the Browns reminiscent of the White Stockings. Detroit had more hitting power, and the Browns' pitchers had a lower earned run average than their National League opponent. In late September 1887, The Sporting Life reported to its readers that Stearns and Von der Ahe had arranged the details of a play-off between the two teams even though the season had another ten days before completion.39 The 1887 series proved to be the most unique of all the play-offs staged

34 Charles C. Alexander, Our Game: An American Baseball History (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1991), 42; Levine, A. G. Spalding, 36; Egenriether, "Chris Von der Ahe," 29. 35 Benjamin G. Rader, Baseball: A History of America's Game (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 47. 36 Chicago Tribune, 24 October 1886; Chicago Daily News, 30 October 1886; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 October 1886. 37 Adrian C. Anson, A Ball Player's Career (Chicago: Era Publishing Company, 1900), 137; Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 331. 38 Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 1897; Burk, Never Just a Game, 87; Seymour, Baseball, 170; David Quentin Voigt, American Baseball: From Gentleman's Sport to the Commissioner System (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), 1: 110. 39 The Sporting Life, 21 September 1887, 1. The St. Louis Browns 399

between the National League and the American Association. Stearns and Von der Ahe decided that the series would comprise fifteen games, all of which would be played even if a team won eight games prior to the comple­ tion of the play-offs.40 They further agreed that after deducting the play-off expenses from the gate receipts, the two owners would equally divide the proceeds. As with the 1885 series, Stearns and Von der Ahe perceived the play-offs as a World's Championship and an exhibition tour for which they expected to receive substantial financial returns. Stearns, not noted for gen­ erosity to his players, apparently had no intention of sharing his profits with the Wolverines, and Von der Ahe, angry at his players for their lack of grati­ tude for his financial generosity after the 1886 series, made it clear that he did not intend to divide his share of the profits with the Browns. Regarding his decision not to share the receipts with his players, Von der Ahe declared: "My men have been dissatisfied because I would not give them a share of the receipts, as I did in the Chicago series, but I will not do it. Last year [1886] I gave them $625 each, and they used the money against me and refused to sign contracts." The St. Louis owner erred in his assessment of the previous year—the players each received about $580—but he did accurately state that some of his star players tried to hold out for higher salaries. Stearns proved nearly as stingy as Von der Ahe when he rewarded each of his players with a silk hat at the end of the play-offs.41 When the Wolverines arrived in St. Louis to begin the series on October 10, 1887, the Detroit team entered the play-offs without star first baseman Dan Brouthers. Three days earlier, in a meaningless, season-ending National League game in Indianapolis, Brouthers had sprained an ankle while stealing second base, and he had not recovered from the injury when the series opened.42 The loss of Brouthers was a major one; in 1887 he had hit .338 and driven in 101 runs. The Browns, the favorites by virtue of their status as the winner of three consecutive pennants and their play-off experience, appeared to have gained an important advantage when Brouthers proved unable to start in the first game. The first baseman's badly sprained ankle allowed him to play in only one of the fifteen games, and in that game, while he had two hits in three times at bat, he did not drive home any runs.43 The series began in St. Louis with two games. The Browns won the opener, and the Wolverines the next. After the second game on October 11, both teams boarded a special train for Detroit, where they played game three the next afternoon. Detroit won the contest by a score of 2-1 in thirteen innings.44 At that point, the Wolverines took the lead in play-off games won

40 Ibid.; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 19. 41 Detroit Evening News, 19 October 1887; Detroit Free Press, 29 October 1887. 42 Detroit Free Press, 9 October 1887; Detroit Evening News, 10 October 1887. 43 Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 332. 44 Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 20; Detroit Free Press, 13 October 1887; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 October 1887. 400 Missouri Historical Review and never surrendered that advantage. The Browns out hit the Wolverines thirteen to six in the game, but they had committed seven errors and failed to drive in runs at critical junctures. They left the Detroit field in disarray. Many of the Browns were already disgruntled over Von der Ahe's decision not to share profits with them, and tensions brewed among the players. On the train from Detroit to Pittsburgh, the Wolverines retired early, but a poker game got underway in the St. Louis car. About 11:00 P.M. a fight broke out between second baseman Yank Robinson and outfielder Curt Welch. No one had noticed the poker players consuming liquor, but the St. Louis Post- Dispatch reported: Robinson and Welch became mysteriously imbued with an overflow of spir­ its. They were very noisey [sic] and began quarreling over the cards. One hot word led to another, and finally Welch hit Robinson, and "Robby" coun­ tered on Welch's already bruised nose, which thereupon assumed a more livid complexion. It should be explained that Welch had been nursing a bruised probo is, [sic] the result of a previous encounter. The fighting "champs" were pulled apart by other members of the team before any fur­ ther damage was done.45 Not present at the time of the scrap, Von der Ahe did not learn of the incident until well after the completion of the play-offs. The Browns lost the game in Pittsburgh by a score of 8-0. They got only two hits, committed six errors, and played a sluggish game. The incident on the train and the poor showing in Pittsburgh seemed to typify the Browns' attitude during the remainder of the series. They did not fix games, but they clearly seemed nonchalant about the outcome of the play-offs.

45 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 October 1887.

State Historical Society of Missouri

St. Louis Browns Shortstop William Gleason The St. Louis Browns 401

The series moved to Brooklyn, New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Washington, D.C, and Baltimore. On October 22, in game eleven in Baltimore, Detroit defeated the Browns for the eighth time and claimed the title of "World's Champions."46 Four games remained, and each was played regardless of the meaning to the outcome of the series. The owners, who expected the tour of the "World's Champion" Detroit Wolverines to draw people and to inflate the gross receipts, still cared about the remaining games. Game twelve was played in Brooklyn, where 6,796 fans had watched game five on October 14. As the teams returned to Long Island, the tour went into a marked decline. The title had been decided, the weather turned bitter cold, and the players were even colder. The Detroit Free Press reported the six- inning contest in Brooklyn with the observation that "a blizzard howled around Washington Park and a dizzy crowd of 800 people turned out." Everyone, fans and players alike, lost interest in the series, yet the tour doggedly made its way toward St. Louis with a game in Detroit, where a large crowd of fans appeared to greet their heroes, and games in Chicago and St. Louis, which drew crowds of 378 and 659 respectively.47 The series final­ ly ended on October 26 in St. Louis with the Wolverines victorious in ten of the fifteen games. Stearns and Von der Ahe had scheduled too many games. The continua­ tion of the series after Detroit won the title was a mistake. Except for the game in Detroit where the Wolverines' adoring home folk welcomed the team's return, the remaining games were played in cold and nearly empty ballparks, and the relationships among the players and the owners became downright rancorous. The exhibition aspect of the series also failed. Except for the personality conflicts among the Browns, the 1887 play­ offs were rather sedate. The Wolverines dominated the Browns; there were few close plays; and the turmoil among the Browns as they groused their way around the play-off circuit proved the most exciting aspect of the whole affair. John Kelly and John Gaffney served as the umpires for all fifteen games, and they performed well. Gaffney, the manager of the Washington team in the National League, and Kelly, who managed the Louisville team in the American Association, called the games with ease.48 Kelly and Gaffney alternated with one behind the plate one game and the other calling balls and strikes the next. Both were highly respected baseball men, and no contro­ versy arose over the umpiring. By simply scheduling the games an hour ear­ lier than the starting time in 1886, Stearns and Von der Ahe nearly avoided curtailing games in the late innings due to darkness. In 1886 six games had ended early for this reason. Only one game in 1887 was called before nine

Detroit Free Press, 22 October 1887; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 October 1887. Detroit Free Press, 23 October 1887; Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 332. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 October 1887; Detroit Evening News, 5 October 1887. 402 Missouri Historical Review innings owing to darkness, and one, the final game in St. Louis, ended after six innings because of extremely cold weather.49 From a business point of view, the 1887 play-offs proved successful for Stearns and Von der Ahe. Even though the last few games did not draw well, the series attendance totaled 51,455, with estimated receipts of $40,000. After paying about $15,000 in expenses, the two owners divided about $25,000 for a tidy profit of more than $12,000 apiece.50 Since neither shared any of the income with their players, the owners did well financially. Von der Ahe accepted the loss of the "World's Champions" title somewhat stoically, and Detroit fans were ecstatic over the Wolverines' feat. St. Louis made a final appearance in the postseason play-offs against the New York Giants in 1888. Time had begun to take its toll on the Browns. Many of the mainstays of the Browns' early dynasty no longer played on the team. Shortstop Bill Gleason, nearing the end of his career, had been traded to Philadelphia; catcher Doc Bushong, also near retirement, had been traded to Brooklyn; tempestuous Curt Welch now played in the outfield for Philadelphia; and pitchers Bob Caruthers and Dave Foutz had been traded to Brooklyn, where Caruthers won twenty-nine games in 1888.51 The Browns easily repeated as American Association champions in 1888, but the team was in decline. Comiskey, Latham, O'Neill, and second baseman Yank Robinson, leaders of the last Browns' championship team, were on the down­ hill sides of their careers. Time and quarrels with Von der Ahe had depleted the awesome club. Unaware of their team's ebb, of course, the Browns faced their last moment in glory as they prepared to battle the powerful Giants. Von der Ahe and Giants owner John B. Day chose to follow the path of combining a "World's Championship" play-off and an exhibition tour. They agreed to play a complete schedule of ten games. Four of the games would be played in New York at the Polo Grounds, one in Brooklyn, one in Philadelphia, and four in St. Louis. Why Von der Ahe and Day chose a ten- game format remains unclear. If the series had been a nine-game set, they could have hoped for the last game to decide the championship and draw a good gate. Under any circumstances, game ten would be superfluous. The series opened in New York City on October 16, 1888, where the Giants' pitcher, Tim Keefe, fashioned a masterful one hitter and defeated the Browns 2-1. Nearly five thousand fans turned out to see the contest, and Keefe, already somewhat of a celebrity in New York, won thunderous applause from the spectators. The pitcher became the hero of the 1888 play­ offs, winning four games and posting an earned run average of 0.51. The Giants and the Browns played five games over the next six days in New York City, Brooklyn, and Philadelphia. The series went poorly for the Browns,

Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 23-25; Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 332. The Sporting Life, 2 November 1887, 5. Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 1427. The St. Louis Browns 403

National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown, N.Y

New York Giants Pitcher Tim Keefe with the Giants winning four of the five games and taking a lead of five games to one.52 Keefe beat the Browns three times in a five-day span, and St. Louis committed twenty-seven errors in the first six games. By the time the series arrived in St. Louis, the Browns were in dire straits, and a newspaper quoted Von der Ahe as saying that he was no longer president of "der boss club [sic], and that distinction belongs to Mr. John Day of New York." John Kelly and John Gaffney, so efficient in the 1887 play­ offs, repeated as umpires in 1888. This year, however, the two men, who were above reproach, became the focus of an unpleasant episode. When the train carrying the teams, owners, and umpires to St. Louis from Philadelphia stopped in Pittsburgh to allow the weary travelers to exercise a bit, the local press and former Brown Curt Welch were waiting. Welch had apparently lost some heavy wagers on his former teammates, and he accused umpire John Kelly of favoring the Giants.53 As the fracas escalated in a barrage of news-

52 Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 28; New York Times, 17 October 1888; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17-22 October 1888. 53 New York Times, 23 October 1888; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 32. 404 Missouri Historical Review paper accounts, the Associated Press reported that Von der Ahe believed both umpires were betting on the Giants.54 Von der Ahe's comments outraged Kelly and Gaffney, and the next morning, after the teams had arrived in St. Louis, they resigned. A meeting called later the same morning in the Lindell Hotel attempted to settle the matter and to mollify the irate umpires. Von der Ahe, Day, and Giants manager Jim Mutrie met with Kelly and Gaffney. After a heated dis­ cussion, the St. Louis owner took the easy way out of the quarrel: he simply denied the Associated Press release and apologized to Kelly and Gaffney for the unhappiness they had experienced. The matter was closed, although Gaffney remained resentful of Von der Ahe's foolishness. The series contin­ ued without interruption, and the Browns won the first game in St. Louis. On the next day, October 25, however, Keefe beat St. Louis for the fourth time, giving the Giants their sixth victory in the play-offs and the championship as well.55 Even though New York had won the series, the teams played the remain­ ing games. Several of the Giants regulars, most notably star shortstop John Montgomery Ward, first baseman Roger Connor, and catcher Buck Ewing, either left town after the eighth game or did not play in the final two games. Connor and Keefe sat in the right-field stands and watched the last two games.56 St. Louis won both contests. Games nine and ten, both poorly played, drew a total of 1,123 paid admissions. The first eight games averaged 5,273 in attendance; the last two averaged 561. Finishing the full ten-game span proved an essentially profitless exercise. The Giants soundly defeated Von der Ahe and his players in the series. None, of course, realized that it was their final appearance in an event that had become nearly routine to them and the residents of St. Louis. Along with the Browns' decline, the American Association also faced numerous perils arising from the instability of its franchises. In 1884, for example, the asso­ ciation comprised thirteen teams; by its last year in 1891, only nine remained. When the American Association finally died after the 1891 season, the National League took four of the association teams, the Browns among them. Von der Ahe's tenure as an owner in the National League proved fairly short. Several of the owners, including the ever-active Spalding, disliked him. Spalding led a movement that forced Von der Ahe to sell his control of the St. Louis team late in 1897.57

54 New York Times, 25 October 1888. 55 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 October 1888; New York Times, 25 October 1888; Lansche, Forgotten Championships, 33. 56 New York Times, 27 October 1888. 57 Thorn and Palmer, Total Baseball, 2258; Douglass Wallop, Baseball: An Informal History (New York: W W Norton and Company, 1969), 65. The St. Louis Browns 405

Christian Von der Ahe and his St. Louis Browns posted a fascinating chapter in the history of baseball and in the evolution of the concept of a sea­ son-ending "World's Championship" series for major league teams. The Browns' feat of winning four consecutive pennants was a remarkable achievement. Overall, the St. Louis club compiled a creditable record in the four play-offs. They claimed one championship (although it remained a tied series in the record book) and won another outright; they won sixteen games, lost twenty-one, and had one tie against the best competition of the time. Certainly they, and their opponents, did a great deal to develop baseball fans' acceptance of the notion of a World Series. The Browns and their owner, a colorful, competent, and quirky group of baseball figures, made a significant contribution to the lure of baseball as a form of entertainment.

Courage and Good Taste Too

Unionville Putnam Journal, November 14, 1902. Consider what the world might have lost if "the man that ate the first oyster" hadn't hap­ pened to like it.

Different Fads

Laclede Blade, April 23, 1915. "I'm an eclectic on hypnotic occultism." "I ain't. I'm a teetotaler."

The Society has recently published Index to Missouri Military Pensioners, 1883, compiled by reference specialist Marie Concannon. The index lists in alphabetic order all Missouri citizens who received a pension from the federal government as of January 1, 1883. Included in the list are the aged, infirm, and handicapped veterans of the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Union army and dependent widows, children, or parents that received pensions in lieu of deceased soldiers. The spiral- bound volume is available for $7.00 postpaid. Please direct requests to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. State Historical Society of Missouri

The Governor's Mansion, 1890s Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple: Lawrence "Lon" Vest and Margaret Nelson Stephens Part 2

BY MARIAN M. OHMAN*

In his January 11, 1897, inaugural address, Governor Lon Stephens announced the direction he intended for his term: "My chief ambition is to make this administration distinctively a business administration, and I pray you to make this legislature in the strictest sense a business legislature."1 Stephens probably equated executive oversight of state government with a cost-effective, efficient operation—objectives commonly associated with pri­ vate enterprise and with which he was familiar. But Stephens assumed office during a dark era when immoral lawmakers arrived at decisions undermined

*Manan M. Ohman received the B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia. From 1973 until 1988, she worked in the Extension Division at the University; she is now a freelance researcher and writer.

1 Sarah Guitar and Floyd C. Shoemaker, comps. and eds., The Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia: State Historical Society of Missouri, 1926), 8: 285.

406 Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 407 by unethical conduct and avarice. Charles Fred Busche, state senator from St. Louis, 1888-1898, testified in 1903 before a grand jury that he had accept­ ed boodle practically from the first week of the 1889 session and that legis­ lators were offered bribes on most important issues.2 The newly elected gov­ ernor also entered a contentious arena. He faced not only hostile Republicans but also alienated Democrats piqued during the monetary debate that had dri­ ven the campaign of 1896. At the turn of the century, Missouri's population of 3,106,665 ranked it fifth among all states. St. Louis had experienced a remarkable surge of growth; by 1900 it numbered more than 575,000 residents, making it the fourth largest city in the nation. Rapid industrialization and urbanization generated social and economic needs, and the public increasingly turned to government for assistance and intervention. Stephens correctly anticipated rising state expenditures and additional government agencies. The task at hand would be to identify possible revenue sources. At the time, the state derived three-fifths of its income from St. Louis, but Stephens envisioned extracting more, especially from large holdings of undervalued and tax- exempt property such as public franchises, which he regarded as tangible property, and therefore taxable.3 Patronage is one of the great powers available to the governor. By effec­ tive performance, recipients of these trophies can enhance a governor's image. Malfeasance, on the other hand, will tarnish a reputation or even bring disgrace upon an administration. Stephens sorted through hundreds of applications for each of the thousand positions he filled during the first seven months of his term. Constituents advised him about rewarding party faithful. Especially coveted were those appointments that carried little responsibility and minimal supervision of staff, such as coal oil inspectors and excise com­ missioners, whose offices were funded by mandatory fees that generated windfalls in heavily populated areas.4 If the fees generated more than $3,000

2 "In 1897 I received $1,000 for voting for the school text-book bill. In 1899 I was paid $250 for refusing to call up a resolution demanding that certain bills be reported. I got $500 for my vote on the St. Louis Transit Bill. I received a salary from the lobby to take care of rail­ road and other legislation, usually amounting to about $700 for the session. As near as I can figure, I made about $15,000 out of my legislative experience. . . . Money was offered on pret­ ty nearly everything of importance. The steam and street railway interests were always very active and their representatives paid us." "More Corruption Exposed in Missouri," The Outlook, 23 May 1903, 201-202. 3 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 352, 360. 4 Sturgeon Leader article reprinted in Jefferson City State Tribune, 1 August 1899. Appointments available to the governor included coal oil inspector; insurance commissioner; warden and physician of the penitentiary; adjutant general; commissioner of labor statistics; police board members in St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City; tobacco inspector; recorder of voters; and members of the state boards of pharmacy and health. Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 3 January 1889. Stephens reminded those who accused him of nepotism that the mayor of St. Louis placed sixty-five relatives on the payroll while the governor had only one kinsman paid by the state, his secretary and brother-in-law, Paul Moore. Fees furnished the salaries of all others. 408 Missouri Historical Review per year, Stephens proposed making them salaried positions. Under the existing system, he pointed out, a single officer in St. Louis whose duties were no more responsible or irksome than those of a county clerk could reap more than the combined salaries of Missouri's seven supreme court judges.5 But since the appointments remained the governor's prerogative, he acted. The most profitable posts he handed to friends and relatives, occasionally under pressure.6 Although some of his appointees behaved improperly, Stephens stood by them. Political observers regretted his charitable attitude toward undeserving men, and journalist William M. Reedy noted, "He was betrayed shamefully by men he trusted, and vilified by men in whom he reposed confidence."7 In the final decade of the nineteenth century, St. Louis citizens were not well served by their business community or their government. The city's rapid growth had produced multiple needs, and industrialists and commercial entrepreneurs stood ready to make capital investments. Politicians, elected officials, the governor's appointees, and the business community, however, crafted and controlled government policies to benefit themselves. Edward R. Butler, a blacksmith by trade and a nominal Democrat, guided the machina­ tions, casually brushing aside party loyalty whenever expedient. Butler con­ trolled a combine representing both St. Louis legislative bodies—the council and the house of delegates. Although he held no elective office, he exercised phenomenal power and served as the major conduit through which money passed to influence legislation. For example, Butler could help interested parties procure city franchises worth millions of dollars at a fraction of their worth.8 In his 1899 biennial message, Governor Stephens called for an investi­ gation into the often-heard charges of official corruption and mismanagement in St. Louis: "For a long period corruption and the grossest mismanagement

5 Jefferson City Weekly Tribune, 20 January 1897. 6 The Kansas City Journal reported that Stephens wrote Judge E. L. Scarritt stating that J. M. Nelson, Stephens's father-in-law, would make a new will and cut off Mrs. Stephens with a dollar if the governor did not appoint T. W Russell (Margaret's half-brother) as coal oil inspector. Stephens allegedly said he would break with all his Jackson County friends rather than withstand the displeasure of his wife's father. Margaret's diary discloses that Russell's mental problems were serious enough to require hospitalization. Lon's brother Speed advised him against making the appointment. The Journal said Lon should heed party interests more and family interests less. Kansas City Journal, 27 September 1897. The Kansas City Times printed a similar article the following day in which Stephens acknowledged that Nelson had recommended Russell's appointment. 7 St. Louis Mirror article reprinted in Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 1 February 1901. 8 James Neal Primm, Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Company, 1981), 370-376; Edward C. Rafferty, "The Boss Who Never Was: Colonel Ed Butler and the Limits of Practical Politics in St. Louis, 1875-1904," Gateway Heritage 12 (winter 1992): 54-73; David March, "Butler: Boss of St. Louis," 1948, typescript in possession of author. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 409 of its public affairs have been openly charged by its citizens and press. . . . [I]t is for you, the members of the chief law-making power of the State, to consider and act upon the charges of official corruption and mismanagement. . . . There is no adequate remedy for the evils that exist in the public affairs of the City of St. Louis, except intervention at your hands." Legislators appointed a committee of four Democrats and two Republicans to investigate the alleged corruption.9 St. Louis newspapers labeled this team the "Lexow Commission," a term popularized by New York State Senator Clarence Lexow's investigation of corruption in New York City.10 The committee's initial investigation found both political parties engag­ ing in unethical or suspect practices. The panel checked the excise commis­ sioner's sizable income, sought additional information, and subpoenaed the commissioner, Charley Higgins, a Stephens appointee and friend. From the estimated $20,000-$40,000 in fees he collected, Higgins retained 60 percent for his salary, making it possibly the richest paying office in the United States—even greater than the presidency, the St. Louis Star reported.11 The

9 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 352-353. 10 Journal of the Senate of the 40th General Assembly of the State of Missouri, 1899 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Company, 1899), 17, 162-177; St. Louis Star, 29 December 1898-12 January 1899. 11 St. Louis Star, 2 February 1899. According to rumors, Higgins received only about one- third of his fees, with the rest going to a friend of the governor. Higgins contributed $2,000 to the Democratic campaign fund. Ibid., 7 January 1899. The Star estimated that the city had lost

This cartoon depicting Stephens's problems with the legislative committee investi­ gating fraud in St. Louis appeared in the St. Louis Star on March 13, 1899.

State Historical Society of Missouri 410 Missouri Historical Review committee demanded all his records, but Higgins first stalled, then claimed some were missing. The investigative team did learn that Higgins had made several large payments to Lewis Nelson, the governor's brother-in-law, and had placed substantial sums in Nelson's bank. Speculation then began about Higgins's profitable side ventures and reached a feverish pitch.12 Big city investigations of this order frequently led to the low life associ­ ated with drinking, gambling, prostitution, and bribery. Nelson, a prominent St. Louis banker, public officials, and some Stephens appointees held stock in a Kentucky liquor company, and one of the police commissioners manu­ factured "Home Beer," a beverage widely promoted in St. Louis bars. Saloonkeepers were advised to patronize these companies, as were those applying for licenses or expecting police protection. The St. Louis Mirror called the police machine the most "scandalous, infamous, corrupt, odorous and odious" institution in St. Louis.13 By law, women were not permitted in St. Louis bars, but adjacent "wine rooms" served women of questionable reputation at tables with men. Even though this arrangement defied the law, the police could be bribed. The St. Louis Star denounced the immorality of such places. "Worse than a broth­ el," the paper said. It called them shameful rooms, designed as resorts for disreputable characters that also snared the innocent. Stephens promised leg­ islation to close such operations, but irate reformers reminded him that such legislation already existed—it merely needed enforcement. A disclosure revealed that although Governor Stephens preached morality, he owned prop­ erty housing a saloon and "wine room" that had been the site of a recent mur­ der-suicide. The governor weakly explained that his real estate broker had taken the property in trade as a good paying investment at 8 percent.14 The unraveling revelations scathed Democrats as well as Republicans, and after less than four months work, the legislature's committee concluded that St. Louis's grievous situation spread far beyond their purview. The gen­ eral assembly backed off and made a few inconsequential reforms.15 The magnitude of Missouri's situation attracted the attention of muck- rakers Lincoln Steffens and Claude Wetmore, who exposed the disgrace of St. Louis, along with that of other major metropolitan areas, to a national audience. Such dire conditions existed, Steffens maintained, because people

$200,000 because of maladministration during the previous two years. Ibid., 27 February 1899. Ed Butler claimed that Stephens had first offered his son, Jim Butler, the position of excise commissioner in exchange for 30 percent of the revenue but that the younger Butler had declined the appointment. Stephens vehemently denied ever making such an offer, but Butler stood firm and demanded the governor sign a statement to that effect. Each accused the other of untruthfulness. Ibid., 10, 29, 31 March 1899. 12 Ibid., 1, 2 February, 11 March 1899. 13 Ibid., 2 February 1899; St. Louis Mirror, 1, 15 September, 8 December 1898. 14 St. Louis Star, 3, 22 February 1899. 15 Ibid., 19 April 1899. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 411

State Historical Society of Missouri

Editorial cartoonists castigated Stephens for his support of relatives and polit­ ical appointees associated with the St. Louis scandals. tolerated them. So long as venal decision makers held office or positions of power, shadowy figures representing unconscionable business interests stood ready with tainted money. Steffens warned his readers about the resulting incumbent societal burden. In Missouri it remained for Joseph W. Folk, who became circuit attorney of the eighth district in April 1900, to mount a dogged, breakthrough investigation.16

16 See Louis G. Geiger, Joseph W. Folk of Missouri (Columbia: Curators of the University of Missouri, 1953). See also Lincoln Steffens, "The Shamelessness of St. Louis," McClure's Magazine 20 (March 1903): 545-560; Lincoln Steffens, "Enemies of the Republic," ibid. 22 (April 1904): 587-599; and Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens, "Tweed Days in St. Louis," ibid. 19 (October 1902): 577-586. 412 Missouri Historical Review

As trusts and monopolies proliferated across the nation toward the end of the century, they resulted in the concentration and abuse of economic power while reaping extraordinary wealth. Gross injustices led to the feder­ al government's 1890 Sherman antitrust law, which prohibited practices that restrained competition. Almost ten years later, Missouri's general assembly passed legislation that permitted the consolidation of street railway lines in St. Louis. Governor Stephens's signature on the bill seemed to contradict his previously declared opposition to monopolies. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch accused both the governor and the legislators of being paid agents of the rail­ way syndicate.17 From the outset, dissenters feared the detrimental effects of this amalgamation. The governor saw no reason for concern and no impend­ ing threat of a trust, pool, or monopoly. Due to the widespread negative reac­ tion, he justified his approval of the bill: it violated no law, and others had similar rights (steam railroads, telephone and telegraph companies, for exam­ ple); the new organization promised improved equipment and service, including transfers; the people to be affected had voiced their approval; the bill passed by a majority in the general assembly; and with one exception, all members from St. Louis had voted for it.18 The consolidation, completed by September 30, 1899, combined all but one of the existing street railway companies into the St. Louis Transit Company, operating about eight hundred cars. The company promised, but failed to provide, line extensions, improved service, and car repairs. The Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees of America asked the company for higher wages, shorter hours, and recognition of union labor to no avail. After months of failed negotiations, more than thirty-three hun­ dred workmen struck on May 8, 1900. It proved to be an ill-fated strike that paralyzed the city.19 Management hired strikebreakers from northern Missouri and out-of- state, guaranteeing them protection and permanent employment. Ten thou­ sand union members marched in protest, and citizens rallied about them. Angry, shouting crowds lined the streets; aggressive women, some openly confrontational, joined the hectoring throng. Boycotters walked to work, sometimes in groups, or rode in improvised public conveyances.20 The governor ordered the police to protect the railways and permitted nonstriking employees to carry weapons. Violence erupted, followed by

17 Steven L. Piott, "Modernization and the Anti-Monopoly Issue: The St. Louis Transit Strike of 1900," Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society 35 (October 1978): 4. 18 The house vote was 91-37; the senate, 23-7. Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 547-552. Attorney General Edward C. Crow had warned the legislators that the bill was a trust proposition and potentially harmful. Piott, "St. Louis Transit Strike," 4. 19 For Stephens's account of the strike see Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8:469-471,547-552. 20 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 May 1900; Piott, "St. Louis Transit Strike," 10. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 413 shots fired into the crowd. Antagonism festered between Harry B. Hawes, the head of the Board of Police Commissioners and a Stephens appointee, and the Republican mayor, Henry Ziegenhein. St. Louis citizens pleaded with the governor to send the militia. He would not. He pleaded lack of funds and contended the responsibility for resolution rested with St. Louis authorities.21 When the local police seemed incapable of providing adequate protection, Stephens advised the sheriff to increase his posse comitatus to twenty-five hundred men and cooperate with the police. Infuriated St. Louisans hanged both the governor and police in effigies. Stephens received a death threat.22 On June 10 the reinforced posse killed three men and wounded fourteen. During a two-month period, fifteen men were killed and hundreds wounded. The ferment sparked national condemnation. Harpers Weekly thought that deplorable and pernicious political influence, emanating from the animosity between the Republican mayor and the Democrat governor, had fueled the strike.23 Repeated attempts at resolution came to naught, and the company

21 Stephens believed that "the police powers conferred upon the municipal officials, if properly invoked, were fully equal to the suppression of all lawlessness and the restoration of peace and good order, and that military force should only be applied as a last resort." Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 470. 22 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 5, 7 June 1900. 23 Harpers Weekly, 23 June 1900, 586.

State Historical Society of Missouri 414 Missouri Historical Review rejected arbitration. Ultimately, the energy and resources of the strike force weakened, and the impasse dribbled to an end in September when the union capitulated. Stephens's ineffectiveness in dealing with the prolonged con­ frontation seriously scarred his reputation.24 Contemporary accounts of Missouri's participation in the Spanish- American War reveal more embarrassment than glory. Several episodes involving the governor, military officers, and volunteers unfold as humiliat­ ing evidence of ego-driven pettiness and contests pitting one man's will and power against another's. Before the Spanish-American War, neither the gen­ eral assembly nor Stephens evidenced much concern about the state militia; the annual operating fund totaled a mere $10,000, ranking it thirty-second among state militia appropriations.25 Missouri men appear to have been more dedicated to military operations than Missouri government officials. When the federal government called for additional volunteer troops, the state's response exceeded the need. But the soldiers' initial enthusiasm subsided as insufficient funds, questions about authority, and dissension among leaders precluded marshalling any cred­ itable force. Men stationed at Jefferson Barracks renamed it Camp Stephens, some contended to honor the governor, others thought it a contemptuous reminder of the governor's parsimonious and tardy consideration of their needs. Stephens tried to shift responsibility to the federal government for supplying Missouri's volunteers with necessities, adding to the erosion of troop morale.26 The governor fell under harsh criticism when he seemingly took pride in having spent so little for an operation that numbered more than eight thou­ sand troops. Irresponsible frugality, critics scolded. The Salem Monitor described him as "proud in warwind but poor in war funds."27 Stephens engaged in ludicrous arguments with military personnel; one officer brought

24 Historian Steven Piott contended that the summer debacle produced a newfound sense of community empowerment among St. Louisans and succeeded in raising consciousness about the franchise holder's responsibility toward the citizenry it served. Piott, "St. Louis Transit Strike," 15. On June 24, 1900, William T Conley, in New York City, wrote his mother in Columbia: "The St. Louis strike has about finished whatever good opinion New York people have had of Missouri and Governor Stephens is considered here now the vilest of criminals, for not using his power to restore order." Conley-Miller Family Papers, fol. 36, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia (hereinafter cited as WHMC- Columbia). 25 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 20 November 1898; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23-30 May 1898; Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 304-311. See also Ruby W Waldeck, "Missouri in the Spanish American War, Parts I and II," Missouri Historical Review 30 (July 1936): 365-400; ibid. 31 (October 1936): 25-56. 26 Waldeck, "Missouri in the Spanish American War," 379-380, 394. See also Henry W. Webb, comp. and ed., The Story of Jefferson Barracks (n.p., n.d.), 114-116. 27 Quoted in Waldeck, "Missouri in the Spanish American War," 380. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 415 a libel suit for $50,000 against him.28 Disregarding the perception of his lack­ luster performance as commander in chief, Stephens noted in his official report, "[I]n war with a foreign foe, which has been brought to a speedy ter­ mination, we have won honor and success."29 The collateral inheritance tax, holdover legislation from the previous administration, set aside a tax on inheritances, whether by will or by intes­ tate, for Missouri State University, but because of imprecise wording, the Missouri Supreme Court had declared it unconstitutional. Stephens signed the corrected version on April 19, 1899, which the court accepted on February 26, 1901. The levy amounted to $5 on each $100 of the clear mar­ ket value of such property, a real, albeit fluctuating, income. Years later, Walter Williams, dean of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, wrote Stephens that the benefits from the tax figured significantly in trans­ forming the institution from a college to a university.30 In all matters that crossed his desk, the governor stressed rigid economy, not only because he viewed it as morally right, but also because of the exi­ gencies confronting the state. When evaluating state institutions, he careful­ ly weighed benefits against costs, often comparing Missouri's expenditures to those of other states and taking pride in the low figures. In the 1890s, private sponsors established two homes for indigent veter­ ans of the Civil War and their families: the Confederate Soldiers Home at Higginsville in 1891 and the Federal Soldiers Home at St. James in 1896. When the original founders could no longer sustain the institutions, the state assumed financial and managerial responsibility for both homes on March 1, 1897, and improved the facilities.31 During Stephens's term, legislation cre­ ated two new hospitals: one at Marshall for children needing special care and education opened in 1901; another at Farmington for mental patients began operations in 1903.

28 See Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 20 November 1898; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23- 25, 29 May, 8 June 1898. Colonel Edwin Batdorf, commander of the First Regiment, and Stephens argued over who had the authority to make appointments. Batdorf claimed that Stephens had damaged his character as a gentleman and a military man. Jefferson City State Tribune, 22 September 1899. 29 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 293. 30 "Revenue: Collateral Inheritances, etc., for Educational Purposes," Laws of Missouri Passed at the Session of the Fortieth General Assembly, Regular Session (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Company, 1899), 328; Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 355-356; Williams to Stephens, 12 July 1907, Record Group 3, Governors Papers, Lon V. Stephens, Correspondence (Public) 1870-1919, box 48, fol. 6, Missouri State Archives, Jefferson City (hereinafter cited as Stephens Correspondence (Public)). 31 David D. March, The History of Missouri (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1967), 2: 1220-1221. At the conclusion of Stephens's term, there were 144 residents in the Confederate soldiers home and 120 in the Federal soldiers facility. Stephens noted that the maintenance cost for each resident amounted to about twenty-one cents per day. Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 422-443. 416 Missouri Historical Review

Health care underwent dramatic changes after the Civil War. Education and training improved, and some students pursued graduate studies in Europe. Medical doctors, often called allopaths, showed greater interest in scientific research and specialization.32 As their reputations grew, so did their authority; they dominated the state board of health and headed every state hospital at the beginning of Stephens's term. The medical community con­ tended that only medical school graduates should be licensed to practice. Alternative health care providers, notably homeopaths and osteopaths, sought wider public acceptance and lobbied for equal recognition through licensing, thereby becoming eligible for prestigious appointments. A bill regulating and licensing the practice of osteopathy had passed the general assembly under the previous administration, but because of the narrow mar­ gin, Governor William Stone vetoed it. Reintroduced in the thirty-ninth gen­ eral assembly, it passed the house by a vote of 101 to 16 and the senate, 26 to 3. Satisfied by the generous majority, Stephens signed the bill on March 4, 1897.33 Dr. D. H. Young, chairman of the board of managers at the Fulton asy­ lum, wished to be superintendent of that institution, but his alignment with Goldbug Democrats antagonized the governor. Stephens broke tradition and named homeopath Dr. James T. Coombs as superintendent in April 1897.34 The appointment alarmed members of the medical society, who regarded homeopaths as unscientific, but Stephens dismissed their rebuff, noting that allopaths "despise the homeopaths and all others who differ with them."35 Stephens justified his action not on the basis of his personal preference for health care, but as a reasonable response to what Missourians apparently desired, as confirmed by the legislature's vote. Stephens believed that those people who preferred alternative medical services should be entitled to them since they paid an estimated one-fourth to one-third of the state taxes. After the Linton District Medical Society censured him for putting a homeopath in charge of the Fulton facility, the incensed governor threatened, "[I]f the allo­ pathic doctors continue to amuse themselves by passing slanderous resolu­ tions against me because of this action I will be forced to turn over instead of one institution to the homeopaths every institution in the State to them with­ in the next two years."36

32 John C. Crighton, The History of Health Services in Missouri (Omaha, Nebr.: Barnhart Press, 1993), 143-145. 33 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 1 May 1897, 29 July 1898. See also Georgia W. Walter, The First School of Osteopathic Medicine: A Chronicle (Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press, 1992), 32. 34 Donald H. Ewalt, Jr., "Patients, Politics and Physicians: The Struggle for Control of State Lunatic Asylum No. 1, Fulton, Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 11 (January 1983): 173, 180, 183. 35 Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 1 May 1897. 36 Ibid., 7 May 1897, 29 July 1898. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple All

The personal involvement of relatives, however distant, further inflamed the matter. Coombs was rumored to be the brother-in-law of Paul Moore, Stephens's brother-in-law and personal secretary. Malcontents hailed this appointment as yet another example of the governor's wrongheaded patron­ age.37 Two months after Coombs assumed his post, two members of the recent­ ly created board of charities and corrections visited the facility, made glow­ ing evaluations, and offered impressive statistical evidence. Scandal racked the institution, however, when allegations of drunkenness and sexual mis­ conduct on the part of Coombs surfaced in February 1898.38 The board of managers called for his resignation, which Coombs submitted, enraged that his integrity could be questioned or judged upon such flimsy evidence. The superintendent's many supporters doubted that the incidents took place; they questioned the reliability of the informants; and some even suspected a con­ spiracy or blackmail. Stephens intervened, and Coombs briefly returned to

37 St. Louis Star, 14 May 1899; Ewalt, "Patients, Politics and Physicians," 172. 38 Ewalt, "Patients, Politics and Physicians," 183-186. Female attendents at the facility reported twice seeing Coombs late at night leaving the room of a female staff member who wore a night robe. Fulton Gazette, 4 March 1898. On May 12, 1899, the St. Louis Star stated that Coombs's use of intoxicating liquors made him unfit for the superintendence

Fulton State Hospital for the Insane State Historical Society of Missouri 418 Missouri Historical Review his post but retired in 1900. Thereafter, homeopathy declined as a viable health care option. The challenge evidenced by Coombs's appointment ener­ gized Missouri's medical community into an even stronger, better organized political force.39 Throughout the nineteeth century, administration after administration grappled with questions regarding the appropriate punishment for convicts and sound management of the state penitentiary in Jefferson City.40 Stephens took great pride in improvements and an addition to the physical facility. He commended the performance of warden Jack D. Starke, who, Stephens believed, treated prisoners with kindness and appealed to man's higher instincts. The 1899-1900 biennial inspection report echoed Stephens's rosy perspective and invited comparison with sister states.41 Historian Blake McKelvey's study from the 1970s contradicts these evaluations and describes Missouri's penitentiary in the 1890s as "the most wretched prison in the country." One governor, McKelvey reports, labeled it "the largest school of crime" in America.42 The population was among the largest of any single prison in the United States, the facility overcrowded, and the expenditure per inmate among the lowest in the nation.43 Inmates during these years pub­ lished horror stories about their confinements.44 To generate income, keep the inmates occupied, and teach prisoners use­ ful trades, Stephens followed the experimental practice of operating the prison as an industrial enterprise. He authorized utilizing inmates for con­ tract labor. Predictably, organized labor railed against the unfair competition,

39 Fulton Gazette, 4 March 1898; Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 14 March 1900; Ewalt, "Patients, Politics and Physicians," 188. 40 See Gary R. Kremer and Thomas E. Gage, "The Prison Against the Town: Jefferson City and the Penitentiary in the 19th Century," Missouri Historical Review 14 (July 1980): 414- 432. 41 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 302. The biennial inspection reported: "The health and discipline of the inmates of the Penitentiary have been carefully looked after, and we believe its sanitary and disciplinary condition is equal to that of any sim­ ilar institution in the country. The convicts have been well fed and clothed, and at a cost to the State which invites the most favorable comparison with the prisons of our sister States." Missouri State Penitentiary: Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors, Warden, Physician and Chaplain, 1899-1900 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Tribune Printing Company, 1901), 4. 42 Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1977), 179. 43 Missouri officials boasted about the low cost of keeping inmates. During the first two years of Stephens's administration, the cost was twenty-five cents per day per inmate; in the second two-year period, the cost averaged slightly less than twenty-eight cents per day. In December 1900, there were 2,116 inmates in the state penitentiary. Missouri State Penitentiary: Biennial Report. . . 1897-1898, 8; Missouri State Penitentiary: Biennial Report . . . 1899-1900, 8. See also Donald Schroeger, "The Course of Corrections," Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1983-1984 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Von Hoffman Press, n.d.), 8-9. 44 See J. B. Johnson, Buried Alive, or, Eighteen Years in the Missouri Penitentiary (Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company, 1903), and Walter Hamilton, The Legions of Purgatory and Hell, Being the True Story of Missouri's Penitentiary (n.p., n.d.). Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 419 but Stephens asked, "What is the threat of 1,200-1,500 convicts to an orga­ nized labor force of 3,500,000?" He urged them to judge the success: for the past two years, penitentiary operation had not cost the taxpayers one cent but had netted the state more than $5,000. Independent and union laborers' resentment persisted, and trouble loomed ahead for Stephens's successors. In the 1920s, the Jefferson City Tribune reported that the prison had wrecked more administrations than any other state department.45 Motivated by their Christian faith and belief in repentance, the Stephenses demonstrated their compassion for prisoners by visiting the insti­ tution, where the governor gave inspirational speeches. Women, acting on behalf of inmates, appealed directly to the first lady as an intermediary. The governor granted audiences to hear pleas for pardons but declared it the most time-consuming, onerous duty of his office and encouraged formation of a board of pardon.46 To those who accused him of granting an inordinate num­ ber of paroles, Stephens offered no apologies; he was simply responding to pleas from judges, prosecuting attorneys, and other interested officials.47 Stephens vetoed legislation that designated the state penitentiary as the site for all executions. He contended that the guilty should pay for their crimes in the area where they had been committed since the main purpose of capital punishment was deterrence. Besides, he added, for the state to assume such responsibility would be too costly.48 The governor promoted immigration and anticipated the capital invest­ ments it might bring to the state. He especially encouraged farmers to come because of the many benefits to be gained from productive land. Missouri offered an abundance—five hundred thousand acres of government land and five million acres of vacant tillable soil. To make horticulture more produc­ tive and profitable, the state established a fruit experiment station in Mountain Grove in 1899. Stephens boasted that it would be the only such station devoted exclusively to fruit farming interests in the United States.49

45 Unidentified newspaper clipping, Margaret Stephens scrapbook, [55], in private collec­ tion, Ravenswood Farm, Bunceton, Missouri; Jefferson City Tribune, 26 March 1926. For ear­ lier nineteenth-century experiments to profitably employ prison labor see Bruce Reynolds, "Convict Labor, The Montserrat Experience," Missouri Historical Review 11 (October 1982): 47-63. 46 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 347-349. Margaret did relay messages to the governor and probably influenced some of his decisions. Unidentified news­ paper clipping, Margaret Stephens scrapbook, [27]. 47 A Jefferson City newspaper was "reliably informed" that Stephens had received over seven hundred applications for executive clemency, all recommended by trial judges and pros­ ecuting attorneys. Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 1 April 1897. During his first two years as governor, he pardoned seventy-five convicts, commuted the sentences of forty-eight, and issued pardons to twenty-eight sick and dying inmates. Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 303-304. 48 Guitar and Shoemaker, Messages and Proclamations, 8: 483-487. 49 Ibid., 8: 439, 505. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Governors frequently inherit unfinished work from their predecessors. While in office, Governor David R. Francis had taken special pleasure in planning the 1904 World's Fair and Louisiana Purchase Exposition and con­ tinued working on the project after his term ended. Stephens tended to rele­ vant details pertaining to these events. With ever the vigilant eye for econo­ my and practicality, he proposed that buildings erected for the St. Louis event should be made of steel so the parts could be disassembled and reused in con­ struction at the recently designated Missouri State Fair site in Sedalia.50 Stephens devoured accounts of his administration. He regularly received 126 Missouri newspapers and several out-of-state publications. Curiosity about national coverage prompted his subscribing to the New York City- based Henry Romeike clipping service.51 Stephens's background should have alerted him to the importance of skilled public relations and a sympathetic press, yet he appeared unwilling to nurture an amiable relationship. Criticism incensed him, triggering vituperative fusillades. He dubbed St. Louis Globe-Democrat employees a "tandem team of rollicksom liars and yellow journalists," partisan in their editorial columns as well as news report­ ing. He accused the newspaper of hiring only men willing to prostitute them­ selves, submerging their individuality to malign, slander, and libel Democratic officials.52 Stephens's prickly personality and thin skin rendered him an easy target for devilish reporters who deliberately poked him hoping for such retorts to enliven their copy. For one so attuned to journalism, he seemed strangely insensitive to the damage he brought upon himself. The press took aim at Margaret as well: "Is Missouri Run by a Governess?" headlined the St. Louis Star, questioning if the pretty and per­ suasive Mrs. Stephens in practice acted as chief executive. "Mrs. Stephens is tactful and persuasive and Mr. Stephens is too obedient." A journalist open­ ly measured her strength: "[T]he Democratic party nominated the lesser man of the two."53 Margaret denied influencing the governor's decisions: "I can truthfully say that I am timid about advising him, for I recognize that he has the better judgment in business and public affairs."54 George Garrett of the

50 For a history of the state fair see Mary K. Dains, "The Missouri State Fair: A Struggle to Begin," Missouri Historical Review 73 (October 1978): 23-53. Amid controversy, the fair received official sanction on April 19, 1899. Several towns contended for the site: Centralia, Chillicothe, Marshall, Mexico, Moberly, and Sedalia. Sedalia was the home of George Vest, a friend and an antebellum law partner of Stephens's father, and the governor had close ties to other friends and family there. Some persons believed that Stephens had exerted undue influ­ ence upon the state board of agriculture to select the Sedalia site, but the sixteen members of the board signed a statement denying the allegation. Lon Stephens Scrapbooks, vol. 8, Missouri Historical Society Library, St. Louis. 51 Lon Stephens Scrapbooks, vol. 7: 1. 52 Jefferson City State Tribune, 21 August 1899. 53 St. Louis Star, 8 July 1897. 54 St. Louis Chronicle article quoted in Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 July 1897. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 421

When the press questioned her role, Margaret denied advising Lon on guber­ natorial matters.

State Historical Society of Missouri

St. Louis Chronicle drew her into conversation about her role and influence, eliciting this response:

What distresses me most is the intimation that I am what is called, I believe, a strong-minded woman—a believer in woman's rights—that is, an advo­ cate of the theory that my sex has as much right to govern and direct public affairs as have men. The very idea of such a state of affairs is to me abhor­ rent. ... I presume I must bury my former ideas . . . but not for the world would I disabuse my mind of the belief that modesty, timidity and affairs of the home are graces more to be sought by a woman than the unfeeling strife of business and the trying affairs of state.55

Incredibly, Margaret permitted the St. Louis Post-Dispatch to publish excerpts from her personal diaries, including a few entries from Lon's pen. The selections exposed thoughts and words that should have been kept pri­ vate, sentiments too sweet and cloying for outsiders to peruse. Across the state, Missourians howled with disrespectful hilarity. The flood of criticism and biting humor that appeared in newspapers shocked the editors of the Post-Dispatch\ "That they [her thoughts] should be bandied about with bru­ tal cynicism and malice is a reflection on the manhood of Missouri newspa­ per men."56

55 Ibid. 56 The excerpts first appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on November 14, 1897. Responses reprinted from other newspapers appeared on November 20, 21, 23, 1897. 422 Missouri Historical Review

Throughout his term, the press tormented Governor Stephens. Cartoonists sometimes portrayed him as a small, serious, effeminate, or mincing caricature. Commentators could depict a tougher side: the Butler Times described him as a hard hitter, asking no quarter of his enemies and granting them no favor. One onlooker suggested, "[H]e must have more of the oil of hypocritical graciousness to lubricate the rough places of official life." But Stephens either did not know how, or chose not, to chart a diplo­ matic course. As he left office, he mourned, "I go out from the governorship with scarcely enough friends to bury me."57 Several factors coalesced to diminish the effectiveness of the Stephens administration. The governor's inherent nature did not follow in the wake of his father's reputed affability. He acknowledged his belligerency and said that family tradition thought it due to the effects of war upon his childhood. His grandmother attributed his pugnacious disposition and scrappy nature to his Irish ancestry. Regardless of the cause, his contentious personality fos­ tered a personal demon.58 Undoubtedly, the recurring eye condition intensified his irritability. Without elaborating, Stephens claimed that his health deteriorated while gov­ ernor and after leaving office he "broke down." His sometimes questionable judgment and unreasonable behavior can perhaps, in part, be attributed to his prolonged reliance on powerful pain-relieving drugs and his known use of morphine.59 Other obstacles also hindered his performance. Circumstances forced him to deal with amoral people. His narrow focus and obsession with a fru­ gal budget led him to neglect or ignore issues deserving attention. The respected credentials and work experiences that Stephens brought to his posi­ tion bore little relation to the unforeseen crises that arose during his tenure. The specter of his flawed legacy haunted him for years. When denounc­ ers vilified the 1913-1917 administration of Governor Elliot W. Major, Stephens reportedly said, "Thank God they no longer can say I'm the worst governor Missouri ever had."60

57 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 1 February 1901. 58 In Lon's words: "[TJhere is a family tradition that I was born when the cannon was booming out on the Eastern cliffs of the Vine Clad [Boonville], and civil war was raging, and that accounted for my belligerency. But I thank God, I have always fought the battles of friends, loved ones, and the people. The night was never so dark or cold, that I wasn't ready to go into the breach for one who called." In the same interview, he recalled: "Early in life I evinced a pugnacious disposition. My father's mother . . . who had considerable Irish in her blood, looked upon me as her favorite grandson, because she said I was all Irish, and was never happier, than when in a scrap." Newspaper clipping reprinted in Boonville Weekly Advertiser, [1908], Lon Stephens Papers, Recommendations for Comptroller of the Currency, box 1, fol. 3, Ravenswood. 59 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 August 1918, supplement. Margaret's diary documents repeated use of morphine and other unnamed "quieting pills" for both of them. 60 Stanley B. Botner, "The Office of Governor of the State of Missouri" (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri, 1963), 68, n. 26. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 423

State Historical Society of Missouri Cartoonists often portrayed Stephens in less than flattering ways. This caricature appeared in the Kansas City Times on June 13, 1898.

A few months after leaving office, Stephens submitted to a surgical pro­ cedure. Several oculists had forewarned him that without it he would cer­ tainly lose his sight. A respected and well-trained Boonville physician, Dr. Cornelius H. Van Ravenswaay, performed two operations on each eye.61 Visually impaired thereafter, the former governor could not read; a succes­ sion of readers kept him informed. Both Stephenses felt strong emotional ties to Boonville and visited fre­ quently, but they apparently never purchased property there. Although Lon purported identity with the country or small towns and Margaret truly loved her sister's country home near Bunceton, their intention for many years had been to establish a permanent residence in St. Louis. In 1903 they purchased a handsome house on Cabanne Street, near Forest Park, where Margaret cre-

Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 August 1918, supplement. 424 Missouri Historical Review ated a gracious setting for receiving a constant flow of friends, relatives, col­ leagues, and clergy. Lon avidly followed baseball, and together they attend­ ed musical and theater presentations.62 Lon took care of financial matters and regularly clipped coupons at the bank. His personal investment portfolio reflected diversity: Hugla Oil in California, Rock Island Railroad, insurance, wheat, American Cotton Separator Company, real estate, and others. He acted as a consultant for some professional financial endeavors, briefly served as an officer for sever­ al banks and trust companies, but refused other opportunities. He was a trustee for Barnes Hospital in St. Louis and a curator for several educational institutions, usually those affiliated with the Methodist church. In gratitude for his generosity to Central Methodist College in Fayette, the museum was named in his honor.63 Stephens's well-publicized wealth brought many requests for financial assistance, most for relatively small amounts, but on July 12, 1907, Dean Walter Williams solicited $100,000 to establish the "Lon Vest Stephens College of Journalism" at the University of Missouri. It would be a fitting and enduring tribute, Williams wrote the former governor, buying him immortality, but Stephens declined.64 Lon and Margaret spent long vacations at resort hotels, often traveling with a young woman as their guest. They chatted with other guests on the verandas, attended musical performances, watched social dancing to live orchestras, shopped (she was an inveterate shopper), and dressed for dinner. It pleased them when people recognized Lon, and occasionally they con­ versed with other governors or high-level politicians known from the past.65

62 The Stephenses may have considered permanent residence in St. Louis as early as 1887 when Lon worked there. By April 1903, the couple occupied 5836 Cabanne Street. Margaret oversaw their home and garden and supervised several servants and a chauffeur, some of whom lived in quarters on the property. She once likened her role to that of mistress of a plantation, an image with which she seemed comfortable. She preferred black staff members and so spec­ ified in newspaper advertisements. Some servants accompanied them when traveling. Margaret Stephens diary, 1 June 1919, 2 January 1927, Ravenswood. 63 Missouri State Archives Manuscript Collection, Lawrence "Lon" Vest Stephens Collection, #MS0113, (Microfilm M93), Correspondence (Personal), box 92, no. 5; Stephens Correspondence (Public), box 49, fol. 8, 13. 64 Williams to Stephens, 12 July 1907, Stephens Correspondence (Public), box 48, fol. 6. Stephens had long shown an interest in the university. In his inaugural message, he had called for quality education at the institution; he wanted Missouri youth to attend the state school rather than to go to eastern colleges; and he trumpeted the school's progress in his closing bien­ nial message. Stephens received an honorary LL.D. from the university in 1897. Columbia Missouri Herald, 4 June 1897. 65 They vacationed in Chicago; New York; Washington; Atlantic City and Asbury Park, New Jersey; Asheville, North Carolina; El Paso, Texas; Santa Barbara and Pasadena, California; and Hot Springs, Arkansas—a favorite. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 425

Historian Stanley Botner researched the careers of Missouri governors up to the 1960s and found that, for many, the governorship marked the pin­ nacle of and terminated their formal political service, both through elected and appointed positions.66 Such was the case with Stephens, although he did participate in political discourse, wielded behind-the-scenes influence, and occasionally campaigned. He contributed $1,500 to Joseph W. Folk's candi­ dacy for governor in 1903 but openly opposed him by 1909. Folk's biogra­ pher, Louis Geiger, believes the withdrawal of support came after Folk reject­ ed Stephens's preferred candidate for warden of the penitentiary.67 Friends repeatedly encouraged Stephens to run for the U.S. Senate, but elective office no longer appealed to him. He did, however, covet one appointment. Many years earlier when his name surfaced for U.S. comptroller of the currency, he had regarded it as a flattering compliment. But in 1912, in spite of his visual impediment, he earnestly solicited the appointment from presi­ dent-elect Woodrow Wilson. Lon wrote his friend and political ally, Champ Clark, a longtime congressman and the speaker of the house:

I have one more ambition in life. While fifty three years of age, I am not yet ready to lay down. I may not be worthy, but the ambition is there, just the same. I have means, influence and health. But that is not enough. I cant be idle. I would like to be "Comptroller of the Currency." I am sure had you been President you would give it to me. Wilson does not owe me much, still next to you I was for him, as I can pr[o]ve. . . . Im [sic] don't want it for the salary in it, or for the prestige it will give me. My wife and I would like to be in Washington four years while you are Speaker. I can get ample endorsements, but first of all I would want you to make it personal with President Wilson. Would you object to doing it?68

Clark did speak to Wilson on Stephens's behalf, and Stephens solicited about fifteen hundred supportive letters from political and business associ­ ates. He contacted his alma mater, Washington and Lee University, and even though not personally acquainted with Stephens, the president of the school questioned the wisdom of aggressively soliciting testimonials.69 Nonetheless, Stephens asked friends to speak on his behalf to William G. McAdoo, the secretary of the treasury. When he learned that McAdoo leaned toward a per­ sonal friend, Stephens wrote to the secretary, pledging his loyalty and faith-

66 Botner, "Office of the Governor," 54-57. 67 Geiger, Joseph W. Folk, 61, 94, 137. 68 Stephens to Champ Clark, 8 November 1912, Clarence Cannon Papers, fol. 5, WHMC- Columbia. 69 Henry Louis Smith to Stephens, 6 January 1912 [sic], Stephens Papers, Recommendations for Comptroller of the Currency, box 1, fol. 3, Ravenswood. 426 Missouri Historical Review

Champ Clark

State Historical Society of Missouri fulness.70 The post he so earnestly sought went to another in spite of many glowing recommendations, which did indeed resemble the "piling on" he had been cautioned against. One known dissenter, Ovid Bell from Fulton, casti­ gated Stephens in a letter to Wilson, accusing the former governor of drunk­ enness and becoming "the habitue of saloons and the companion of depraved persons."71 A few years later when questioned about the appointment, Stephens belittled the office.72 In the summer of 1916, scandal wracked the Central National Bank of Boonville, where Lon's younger brother, Alex, held a responsible position. Joseph M. Logan, chief of the national bank examiners of the Eighth Federal Reserve District, came to the bank and discovered fraudulent certified checks, grossly mismanaged bank affairs, and Alex so intoxicated he could not respond to questions. The examiner ordered the bank's liquidation.

70 "I can safely say, that should you decide upon me for this place, you will find that no friend could be more loyal and faithful, or one who would strive harder to cooperate with you and the administration. I trust I have not been too insistent in pressing my claims upon you." Stephens to McAdoo, 14 April 1913, Record Group 3, Governors Papers, "Lon" V. Stephens, Correspondence relating to Stephens's candidacy for U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, box 1, fol. 3, Missouri State Archives. Stephens had previously written McAdoo on March 30, 1913. 71 Bell to Woodrow Wilson, 25 January 1913, Ovid Bell Papers, fol. 63, WHMC- Columbia. 72 Stephens extolled the office in his application but years later sullied the position when he claimed the comptroller "took things pretty easy and about all he did was to draw his salary, and I thought I could do that work as well as he could." It had been the honor that was impor­ tant to him, he confessed, the salary was a mere pleasantry. Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 August 1918, supplement. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 421

According to Logan, Lon collapsed when he heard the news.73 It should have come as no surprise. For several years the family had known of Alex's prob­ lem, placed him in rehabilitation centers, but ignored doctors' warnings about the seriousness of his condition. Lon's failure to intervene and possibly avert this catastrophe is inexplicable. He may have been reluctant or incapable of a confrontation with immediate family.74 The bank closed on September 12, 1916, and reorganized as the National Bank of Boonville.75 Repercussions traumatized business, family, and per­ sonal relationships, some irreparably. Sundry stockholders (including two Stephens sisters) filed suit against the officers of the bank for mismanage­ ment.76 During depositions taken by referee Forrest C. Donnell in St. Louis in 1918, Stephens described his paternalistic attitude toward the bank from which he had resigned as vice president in 1894 but had served as a director since 1901. He enumerated the numerous benefits he had brought to the institution through the years: designating it a depository for the Fifth National Bank of St. Louis when he was receiver and naming it a state depos­ itory while he was state treasurer, for which the bank paid low interest and in turn made loans at 8 percent. Although he had repeatedly tried to extricate himself from any official responsibility, Stephens claimed, the family insist­ ed that he remain because of the prestige attached to his name. Lon lamely attempted to absolve himself of any wrongdoing before begrudgingly assum­ ing some guilt for his failure to play a larger role in Alex's teenage years.77 His was a pitiable and tragic figure moving close to the window for added light while holding the paper two to three inches from his left eye to verify his signature on some of the documents. Margaret sat nearby, frequently hav­ ing to prompt his memory.78

73 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 July 1918. 74 Two of Alex's longtime physicians maintained that the family had been unwilling to leave him confined in alcohol and drug abuse rehabilitation centers long enough to affect change and his relapses became more frequent than his rational periods. A report from the director of Woodson's Clinic in St. Joseph censured the family's poor judgment. In February 1915, Alex was taken to St. Vincent's, an alcohol treatment center in St. Louis, by his person­ al physician. C. A. Russell to Francis M. Wilson, U.S. Attorney, 15 September 1917, and C. R. Woodson to Wilson, 19 September 1917, Stephens Correspondence (Public), box 49, fol. 11. 75 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 27 October, 3 November 1916. 76 Repercussions from the bank's liquidation continued into 1922, with Lon's sisters still pursuing legal recourse. Margaret wondered how they could do such an injustice to him when he had always worked for their interests as well as the bank's. Stephens Correspondence (Public), box 49, fol. 13; Margaret Stephens diary, 19 August 1922, Ravenswood. 77 Alex, ten years Lon's junior, apparently spent most of his youth away at school. One of Alexander's uncles acted as guardian until Lon was appointed. Lon partly blamed himself for Alex's regrettable life and wondered if he should have played a stronger role in raising him: "I was away a good deal, and I had no boys of my own, and I reckon I didn't know how to raise boys. ... I don't think he lived with me. We had him at school most of the time." Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 August 1918, supplement. 78 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 July 1918. 428 Missouri Historical Review

Alex pleaded guilty in March 1917 and received a sentence of eleven months in the Henry County jail, but two months earlier, on January 26, 1917, he had been committed to the hospital for the insane at Nevada, Missouri, because of toxic psychosis due to alcoholism and the use of nar­ cotics. Lon initiated a procedure for pardon in June 1919, which President Wilson granted the following September.79 Recurring family problems and Lon's failing health marked the final chapters of the couple's years together. After an evening at the theater, Margaret confessed, "I shed tears not over the play altogether but felt my air castles were to be shattered." Even though many came to talk politics, Lon's interest lacked vigor, and by the 1920s he must have felt alienated from his party. In the November 1922 election they voted Republican. "Think of it!" Margaret exclaimed, lamenting the passing of the "old time Democratic party."80 Lon and Margaret were ideally suited marriage partners. They came from similar backgrounds where ambitious fathers forged empires in the wilderness. Their small-town, southern heritage and Protestant upbringing molded their class and ethnic consciousness and prejudices.81 Behind their assured public images, insecurities evidently gnawed at their egos. Perhaps Lon's defensiveness shielded his self-esteem from possible wounds. His dogmatic positions and aggressiveness may have masked frustration over his inability to manage the government as effectively as his father and father-in- law had handled their private endeavors. Margaret's constant need for med­ ical attention, fluttering from doctor to doctor, and consumption of inordinate amounts of medication might have veiled an emotional disorder, as did her yearning for compliments, approval, and attention reflected in entry after

79 Stephens Correspondence (Public), box 49, fol. 11; Jefferson City Democrat-Tribune, 5 September 1919. Bennett Clark said that his father, Champ Clark, with others, exerted the influence that kept Alex out of the penitentiary. Bennett Clark to Genevieve Clark, 10 May 1922, Champ and Bennett Champ Clark Papers, fol. 620, WHMC-Columbia. 80 Margaret Stephens diary, 25 February 1919, 7 November 1922, Ravenswood. 81 While both Stephenses were comfortable with African Americans and intrigued by their culture, they judged diversity by their own cultural bias. Although they found the black culture appealing, their appreciation was one of amusement. Margaret noted that attending African- American church services and conferences was always interesting. "[Their] reading of all things is comical." Ibid., 7 October 1897. The governor, imitating a well-known St. Louis cakewalker, once appeared in blackface for a masquerade party at the mansion. Newspapers immediately printed cartoons illustrating him attempting the dance. One St. Louis newspaper chastised him for insensitivity, and church members were horrified. St. Louis Star, 25 February 1899. In 1897 he addressed an African Methodist Episcopal Zion conference in Jefferson City and told an inappropriate joke in dialect. Jefferson City Daily Tribune, 14 September 1897. Margaret commented about the Jewish presence at resort hotels and private parties. When a close friend's fiance visited a rabbi in St. Louis, she was curious, concerned, and not pleased. Margaret Stephens diary, 23 January, 25 May 1919, Ravenswood. Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple 429

Lon Stephens reached the pinna­ cle of his political career as gov­ ernor of Missouri. Health and family problems marred his later years.

State Historical Society of Missouri entry in her diaries. Throughout their life together, Lon's comfort and secu­ rity came from Margaret; the homes she lovingly created provided him sanc­ tuary. She understood him, defended him, cared for him, and loved him unconditionally. He adored and protected her and provided the authoritative, male image she expected from her partner in marriage. They remained con­ stant companions, rarely separated for more than a few hours and unsettled when apart. Their bliss ended on January 10, 1923, at their home early in the morn­ ing when Lon died from a heart attack. Two bishops who were personal friends conducted funeral services at the Cabanne Methodist Church in St. Louis. First interred in a private vault in St. Louis's Valhalla Cemetery, his remains were brought to final rest in Boonville's Walnut Grove Cemetery on November 20, 1923.82 After Lon's death, Margaret spent winters in Florida. In 1926, Myron Davy designed a Spanish-style house for her, which was constructed on the

82 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 January 1923; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 23 November 1923. 430 Missouri Historical Review tip of Pinellas Point outside St. Petersburg. She was still frequently troubled by health complaints, although her Florida physician tried to reassure her in November 1927, insisting that he found nothing organically wrong. Be free and happy, he advised, and then suggested a change of environment might be beneficial.83 Happiness came that Christmas season after Margaret met John W. Johnson, who had been dating one of the young women spending the holi­ days with her, perhaps her niece. Three months later Margaret and John mar­ ried; she was sixty-eight years of age, he about twenty-nine.84 Little is known about Johnson. His father had been a sporting goods dealer in Fargo, North Dakota, but died in Florida shortly before the wedding. Johnson had served in the navy, and at the time Margaret met him, he was working as a salesman for a St. Petersburg clothing store.85 The couple shared little more than a year together. Margaret died in Florida on April 17, 1929, after an illness of sev­ eral months. Johnson accompanied the body first to St. Louis for funeral ser­ vices and then to Boonville for burial, where, in death as in life, she remains close to Lon.86

83 Margaret Stephens diary, 27 November 1927, Ravenswood. 84 A newspaper clipping announcing the wedding gave his age as twenty-nine. Margaret first mentioned Johnson's age as thirty in her diary, but at some point she tried to erase it and overwrote forty. Margaret Stephens diary, 28 December 1927, Ravenswood. Perhaps she recalled an event that she had witnessed almost thirty years earlier in Washington, D.C., and recorded in her diary: "[T]he dressy old white headed lady from Colorado has a devoted youth of about twenty-one who is her shadow—she gives him money and is devoted to him—a strange case! She allowed him to dance with the girls last night." Margaret Nelson Stephens Diary, 21 January 1900, typescript, fol. 3, WHMC-Columbia. 85 Unidentified newspaper clipping, [28 March 1928], vertical file, Missouri Historical Society Library; Boonville Advertiser, 30 March 1928. 86 Boonville Advertiser, 19 April 1929.

Making a Quick Job of It

Unionville Putnam Journal, August 1, 1902. N. Chew, a second deputy auditor in the postoffice [sic] department, Washington, does lit­ tle but sign his name for about eight hours every day. It is said that he owes his appointment largely to his having a signature containing but five letters and that can be written with great rapidity. 431

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Society Receives George Caleb Bingham Portrait

Harlan Cramer of Center, Missouri, recently donated to the State Historical Society an oil portrait of Jeremiah Byers Smith painted by noted artist George Caleb Bingham in the 1830s. The painting, given in memory of Cramer's wife, Dorothy Susan Rice Cramer, measures 28" x 23 lh" and is the twenty-seventh Bingham portrait in the Society's collection. Smith was the maternal grandfa­ ther of Mrs. Cramer. Born in Virginia in 1803 to Jesse and Nancy Hendricks Byers Smith, he lived in New Orleans before immigrating to Ralls County. He was married four times. His first wife, Sarah A. Hughes, with whom he had five children, died in New Orleans. Smith then married Lucinda H. Phillips, who died en route to Missouri and is buried in St. Louis; two children were born to this union. His third wife, Elizabeth Green, died on the way from Kentucky to Missouri. He married Susan Mary Howard in 1855, and the couple had at least eight children. Smith died in 1882 and is buried in Salem Cemetery in Ralls County. Society Has Site on World Wide Web

The State Historical Society now maintains a site on the World Wide Web. The page, created by Society student assistant Jessica Krumme, includes infor­ mation about each of the libraries and collections, membership information, a list of the Society's publications, guides of assistance to genealogists, links to other online resources on genealogy and the history of Missouri, and e-mail links to the Society and its staff members. The site can be found at http://www.sys- tem.missouri.edu/shs.

SOCIETY TO PUBLISH CENTENNIAL HISTORY

The State Historical Society, as a part of the celebration of its upcoming centennial in 1998, will publish a volume recounting the history of its first one hundred years. In an effort to determine the press run, the Society would appreciate knowing how many Missouri Historical Review readers might be interested in obtaining a copy of this history. Readers who anticipate purchasing a copy of this volume are asked to contact Dianne Buffon, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298; (573) 882-7083. An affirmative answer at this time in no way obligates the respondent to purchase a copy of the book. 432

State Historical Society of Missouri

In this Schmidt photo, c. 1921, a radio receiver installed above the Gmelich and Schmidt Jewelry store on Main Street provided Boonville residents with a play-by-play account of a Giants-Yankees baseball game. While listening to the game, the operators would light up the bulbs on the board to demonstrate the plays.

THE MAXIMILIAN E. SCHMIDT PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION

In 1991 the Society received a large glass and flexible negative collec­ tion from Charles and Gertrude Schmidt Malone of Boonville. The collec­ tion features the work of Maximilian E. Schmidt, Mrs. Malone's grandfather and a well-known Boonville jeweler who took up photography around 1896 "as a recreation for out door life." To preserve the fragile glass negatives, the Society has placed the images on microfilm, which is now available for patron use. Prints made from the flexible negatives, which are not on the microfilm, will soon be processed and added to the collection. Maximilian Schmidt captured Boonville inhabitants and their environ­ ment on film from 1896 to the early 1930s. The collection includes images of Missouri River floods; panoramas of the riverfront and Boonville streets; Chouteau Springs; formal and informal portraits of area residents; and Kemper Family School buildings and student events. The microfilm is orga­ nized primarily in two sections: images of Cooper County and biographical images, or portraits. Patrons may view the Schmidt prints and microfilm in the Editorial Office at the Society, Monday through Friday, 8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M. The photo collection is closed on Saturdays. The Maximilian E. Schmidt Collection microfilm may also be obtained through interlibrary loan. For further infor­ mation regarding the collection contact Christine Montgomery at (573) 882- 2476. All questions regarding the interlibrary loan process should be direct­ ed to Loucile Malone at (573) 882-1180. 433 NEWS IN BRIEF

The Society's Art Gallery currently fea­ Revolution, Columbia Chapter, held at Jack's tures selections from the Frederick Shane Gourmet Restaurant in Columbia. collection, including many of the artist's orig­ inal drawings and studies. A noted regional- Over two hundred people attended the ist, Shane taught art at the University of annual conference of the Missouri Alliance Missouri-Columbia for thirty-seven years. for Historic Preservation, held April 18-20 at Patrons can view the exhibit Monday-Friday, Stephens College in Columbia. The weekend 8:30 A.M.-4:00 P.M. event explored current issues in historic preservation through lectures by nationally Society staff member Ara Kaye discussed recognized speakers, educational workshops, research materials available in the Newspaper and tours of historic sites in the Columbia Library at the March 4 meeting of the area. The State Historical Society of Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, Missouri, the Boone County Historical held at the Walters-Boone County Historical Society, the Missouri State Historic Museum in Columbia. Preservation Office, and the Department of Art History, University of Missouri- The Kansas City Museum celebrated Columbia, cosponsored the conference. Women's History Month on March 8-9 with a weekend of demonstrations and lectures on The thirty-ninth annual Missouri a variety of topics concerning local women's Conference on History, hosted by the history, including suffrage; women scientists, University of Missouri-St. Louis, was held in poets, and jazz artists; and the eighty-fifth St. Louis on April 24-26. Henry Glassie, pro­ anniversary of the Girl Scouts. The Jackson fessor of folklore at the University of Indiana, County Historical Society and the Mid- gave the keynote address, "Bringing Time to Continent Council of Girl Scouts cospon­ Earth: The Practice and Purpose of History." sored the event. Linda S. Pickle, a professor at Westminster College, Fulton, was awarded the 1997 book The Center for International Studies at the prize for her Contented among Strangers: University of Missouri-St. Louis presented Rural German-Speaking Women and Their "The Truman Doctrine and its Impact on Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest. Greece: A 50th Anniversary Reassessment," a The recipient of the annual article prize was public conference held at the university on Martha Kohl, editor of the Montana March 21-22. Speakers included Truman Historical Society Press. Her article, "From historian Alonzo Hamby, internationally Freedom to Franchise: The Debate over renowned Greek and American foreign poli­ African American Enfranchisement, 1865- cy experts, and leading Greek politicians. 1870," appeared in the spring 1996 issue of Gateway Heritage. James Goodrich and Lynn Wolf Gentzler attended the conference on Lynn Wolf Gentzler, associate director of behalf of the Society. Goodrich is the 1997- the Society, described and showed slides of 1998 president of the organization, and the George Caleb Bingham artworks in the Gentzler was reelected to the steering com­ Society's collection at the monthly meeting mittee. Goodrich also gave the keynote of the Genealogical Society of Central address, "Ravages and Controversies: Missouri held in the Walters-Boone County Missouri and Missourians in the 1840s," at Historical Museum in Columbia on April 1. the Missouri regional conference of Phi Alpha Theta, held in conjunction with the Society reference specialist Laurel Missouri Conference on History. The 1998 Boeckman presented a slide-enhanced lecture Missouri Conference on History, sponsored entitled "The Revolutionary War in St. Louis" by the State Historical Society as a part of its at the April 12 gathering of the National centennial celebration, will be held in Society of the Daughters of the American Columbia on April 16-18. 434 Missouri Historical Review

The Northeast Missouri Genealogical Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Society welcomed Reference Library staff Oklahoma, and the greater Midwest. The member Marie Concannon to its April 26 meet­ Society's biannual journal, Mid-America ing in Quincy, Illinois. Concannon sold Folklore, publishes articles relating to the oral Society publications to interested genealogists. traditions, customs, and crafts of the region. Yearly membership dues are ten dollars. The Museum Computer Network will Persons interested in joining the organization hold its annual conference on October 15-18 should contact W. K. McNeil, Ozark Folk in St. Louis. For information contact Center, Box 500, Mountain View, AR 72560. Michelle Devine, Museum Computer Network, 8720 Georgia Avenue, Suite 501, The 1997/98 Directory of the Silver Spring, MD 20910; (301) 585-4413; Genealogical Speakers Guild was published e-mail: [email protected]. in May. The new volume lists areas of exper­ tise, lecture topics, and contact information The Missouri Folklore Society invites for the guild's one hundred members. Copies academics, folk artists, and the interested are available to genealogical societies upon public to attend its annual meeting on request for $2.00, the cost of postage. The October 23-25 at the Community Center in public may purchase the volume for $12.00. Stockton. The weekend conference will To order contact the Genealogical Speakers include papers, arts and crafts demonstra­ Guild, 2818 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite tions, music, and storytelling. Those interest­ 159, Washington, D.C. 20007. ed in presenting a paper or demonstration or in mounting a display should submit a brief The Heritage League of Greater Kansas City proposal to Peter Nichols, Route 2, Box is sponsoring the 1998 Collections Care and 1250, Stockton, MO 65785; (417) 276-5573; Maintenance Training Program. The purpose of e-mail: [email protected]. the program is to improve the care of collections in museums and historic sites by providing cur­ The James J. Hill Reference Library will rently employed museum professionals with award grants of up to two thousand dollars in information, hands-on training, and skills in car­ support of research in the James J. Hill and ing for collections. The six-week program, lim­ Louis W. Hill papers. The papers offer a rich ited to only fifteen participants, is scheduled in source of information on the railroad indus­ two sessions, Monday through Friday, with a try, tourism, Glacier National Park, agrono­ four-month intersession during which partici­ my, and many other topics concerned with pants work on a practicum project at their own the upper Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, institutions. Participants attend both sessions, and western Canada. The deadline for appli­ February 8-27, 1998, and July 13-31, 1998. For cations is November 1, 1997. For more infor­ more information and application materials con­ mation contact W. Thomas White, Curator, tact Jean Svadlenak, Program Director, James J. Hill Reference Library, 80 West Collections Care & Maintenance Training Fourth Street, Saint Paul, MN 55102; fax Program, Heritage League of Greater Kansas (612) 222-4139; e-mail: [email protected]. City, 202 Cockefair Hall, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499; (816) 235-1333; The Mid-America Folklore Society pro­ e-mail: [email protected]. The deadline motes research in the folk cultures of for applications is October 15. 435 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society slides and briefly recounted the history of The museum is open from 1:00 to 4:00 on each house. Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday afternoons. Bates County Historical Society Affton Historical Society The Society meets monthly on the second New Society officers include Virginia Thursday at 7:30 P.M. in the Stagecoach Theobald, president; Georgianna Gerber, vice Depot, Butler. president; Neathery Fuller, secretary; and Bernice Guerke, treasurer. The Society Belton Historical Society meets on the second Thursday of each month Bill Stevick portrayed Mark Twain at the at 7:00 P.M. in the Oakland House. April 27 meeting. The Society holds quarter­ ly meetings in January, April, July, and Andrew County Museum October in the Old City Hall. and Historical Society The 1997 spring exhibit season featured Benton County Historical Society five exhibits concerning Plains, Woodland, The new president is Jerald Moulton of and Southwest Indian tribes. The museum Cole Camp. Meetings are held on the second also displayed Navajo and Mexican weaves. Thursday of each month at 7:00 P.M. in the Members and guests previewed the exhibi­ Boonslick Regional Library in Warsaw. tion during a private party on April 25. Hours for the museum are 1:00-4:00, Museum hours are Mondays to Saturdays, Tuesday to Sunday. 9:00-4:00, and Sundays, 1:00-4:00. Bollinger County Historical Society Audrain County Historical Society Lorena Shell Eaker spoke at the April 13 The Prairie Pine Quilt Guild arranged a meeting held in the old Lutesville gymnasi­ quilt show at the museum in Mexico from um in Marble Hill. Eaker authored a May 8 to May 18. genealogical series titled Shoe Cobbler's Kin and currently conducts family history Ballwin Historical Society research. The Society met on March 11 and April 8 at the Government Center to discuss Society Boone County Historical Society business. At the April 20 meeting, held in the Walters-Boone County Historical Museum in Barry County Genealogical Columbia, Jerena East Giffin spoke about her and Historical Society book, First Ladies of Missouri. Spring Members congregate monthly on the third exhibits included Images of Missouri Past and Monday at 7:00 P.M. in the Cassville Present, which featured paintings by Jerry Community Building. The Society now has a Berneche; a mixed media collage by Christine home page on the World Wide Web: Doerr; paintings by Tracy Montminy; and http://www.rootsweb.com/~mobarry/barry.htm. Maplewood, Inside and Out, a photo exhibit by Columbia high school students. Barton County Historical Society The April 13 meeting in the Lamar United Boone-Duden Historical Society Methodist Church Law Chapel featured a At the Society's February 24 meeting slide presentation about Victorian houses in held at St. Johns United Church of Christ in Lamar, Liberal, Golden City, and Lockwood. Cappeln, Diane Kern Wilson presented Society president Bob Douglas presented the "Organizing Your Photos." 436 Missouri Historical Review

Brown County Historical Association Lois Waninger used slides to compare houses The Society meets at the Sweet Springs and businesses featured in the Souvenir of Baptist Church on the second Tuesday of Carondelet booklet published in 1893 with each month except for June, July, and how the properties appear today. At the spring August; meetings will resume in September. luncheon on April 27, members discussed the Society's thirtieth anniversary celebration and Brush and Palette Club watched a program about the Civil War by At the Club's annual meeting on February Gina Mills, who appeared in costume. 2, members elected the following officers: Members held an open house on May 17-18 at Lois Puchta, president and treasurer; Horace the Carondelet Historic Center, the restored site Hesse, vice president; and Helen Nagel, sec­ of the first continuous public school kinder­ retary. Plans for marketing the newly revised garten. Displays at the museum included mate­ ninth edition of Hermann Cook Book Fine rial on the various schools of Carondelet, chil­ Old Recipes were discussed. dren's toys, and an old-time grocery store. A slide show entitled "Carondelet in the Golden Butler County Historical Society Era of the 1890's" was also presented intermit­ New Society officers include Thelma tently throughout the weekend. Sanders, president; Jim Vernon, vice president; Linda Frye, secretary; and Rose Brown, trea­ Cass County Historical Society surer. At the May 9 meeting, members viewed At the Society's February 23 meeting, a slide show about the May 9, 1927, tornado. Harris Stevens presented "Austin Bean Eatin' On May 18 members took a bus tour of some History." Donald Lewis Osborn, author of historic houses in and around Poplar Bluff. Tales of Amarugia Highlands, spoke at the April 27 meeting. Members meet monthly in Camden County Historical Society Pearson Hall in Harrisonville. A play entitled Camden County: Our Heritage, Our Hope, written and directed by Chaffee Historical Society Society members Helen and Bob Branyan, On May 4 members held a townwide was performed April 18-19 at the museum in membership drive to promote interest in the Linn Creek. On May 3 the Lake Area year-old Society. Meetings are held on the Orchestra performed at the museum. The second Tuesday of each month at 7:00 P.M. in Society meets after a potluck dinner at 6:30 the organization's new headquarters, 112 on the third Monday evening of each month North Main Street, Chaffee. at the community building in Camdenton. Chariton County Historical Society Campbell Area Genealogical The Society met on April 20 at the muse­ and Historical Society um in Salisbury to hear Gary Prange of Cairo The Society meets the third Monday of present a program on marbles. He displayed each month at 7:00 P.M. at the library. his collection and described the various types of marbles and the materials from which they Campbell House Museum are made. The museum is open for the sum­ The Museum and the Landmarks mer season from 2:00 to 4:00 P.M., Tuesdays Association of St. Louis cosponsored a tour through Sundays (except Fridays). of Columbus, Indiana, on April 11-13. Chouteau Society Carondelet Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting on The February 23 meeting in the historic February 4 at Tatsu's French Restaurant in center featured "Carondelet in the Gay 90's." Kansas City. New officers include Charles E. Historical Notes and Comments 437

Hoffhaus, president; Ward H. Haylett, Jr., and month at 2:00 P.M. at the museum in Kahoka. Octave Merveille, vice presidents; Bernadette Weber, secretary; and Gordon Robertson, Clay County Archives treasurer. and Historical Library On March 1 the library hosted an open Civil War Round Table of Kansas City house to display genealogical and historical The Round Table's February 25 gathering materials available for public use. Members featured David G. Meyers, M.D., who dis­ conducted tours, served refreshments, and cussed medicine in the Civil War. Charles E. assisted researchers. Heller presented "Portrait of an Abolitionist: A Biography of George L. Stearns, 1809-1867" Clinton County Historical at the March 25 meeting. On April 22 mem­ and Genealogical Society bers heard author Don Frazier of McMurry The May meeting was held in the restored University, Abilene, Texas, discuss "A Walnut Grove one-room schoolhouse on the Continental Civil War: The Invasion of New Lathrop Antiques grounds. Former rural Mexico and a Confederacy Sea-to-Sea." The teachers conducted the program. Round Table meets monthly at the Leawood Country Club in Leawood, Kansas. Cole County Historical Society The February 16 meeting featured three Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Jefferson City High School students who Civil War writer and historian William shared their Missouri History Day prize-win­ Garrett Piston spoke at the March 26 meeting ning research. Hugh A. Sprague III and Anne about the controversy surrounding Lieutenant Gue spoke on "Genealogy—How to do the James Longstreet during Reconstruction. research and what sources the Cole County The April 23 dinner meeting featured author Historical Society Library has available" at Clark B. Hall, who discussed his forthcoming the March 16 meeting. Missouri Humanities book, Sabers Across the Rappahannock: The Council speaker Jeffrey E. Smith gave a first- Battle of Brandy Station. Hall explained his person monologue entitled "The Rich Die efforts to preserve the fields of Brandy Disgraced: An Evening With Andrew Station in Culpeper County, Virginia. Carnegie" on April 13. Monthly meetings are held at the Two Hearts Banquet Center in St. Louis. Commerce Historical Society At the February 23 meeting at the muse­ Civil War Round Table um, a report on preservation issues in of Western Missouri Commerce was given, and Joan Caldwell On March 11-12 the Round Table wel­ read an article concerning "golden treasures" comed Max and Donna Daniels, who por­ hidden in the town. On March 23 the Society trayed Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln. met at the Doc Blackledge house to discuss The April 9 meeting featured an open Round the cemetery cleanup on April 4-5. Caldwell Table discussion. Members meet monthly at also spoke on how to start family history Truman High School in Independence. research. The museum is open the third weekend of each month, 1:00-4:00 P.M. Clark County Historical Society Officers elected at the April 22 meeting Concordia Historical Institute include Kristy Fishback, president; Doris An exhibit commemorating the five hun­ Walker, vice president; Edith Johnson, secretary; dredth anniversary of the birth of Philipp and Bonnie Sheffler, treasurer. Meeting dates Melanchthon, a friend of Martin Luther and the have been changed to the fourth Sunday of each author of the Augsburg Confession, features 438 Missouri Historical Review rare books and documents from the Reformation Friends of Arrow Rock era. The exhibit can be viewed 8:30-12:00 and On February 22, Gary Kremer presented 1:00-4:30 weekdays through November at the the first program in the series "The World We museum. For information on organized group Have Lost: The African-American tours call (314) 505-7900. Community in Arrow Rock" at the Arrow Rock State Historic Site. Kremer, a professor Cooper County Historical Society of history at William Woods University, At the February 9 meeting at the Lamine Fulton, focused on the town's black schools. Baptist Church, Bob Betteridge and Bill New officers elected at the annual meeting in Claycomb spoke about the history of Pleasant the Old Tavern on May 4 include Barbara Green. On March 9 the Society met at the Quinn, president; Bill Lovin, vice president; West Boonville Evangelical Church to hear and Mary Burge, treasurer. Kremer spoke on Sylvia Forbes discuss the history of bustles the history of African-American religion in and the bustle factory in Fayette. Forbes is Arrow Rock at the meeting. The Friends' the coauthor of The "Best" Bustle in Fayette. black history project received partial support The April 13 meeting in the Pleasant Green from the State Historical Society's Richard S. Methodist Church featured Dorothy Bass, Brownlee Fund. who described her experiences with genealogical research. Friends of Historic Augusta On April 10, Lindell Nadler discussed his Crawford County Historical Society thirty years on the Katy Railroad. In con­ At the March 20 meeting, the Society junction with Nadler's reminiscences, the elected the following officers to serve in museum featured railroad displays. The 1997: Dorothy Presson, president; Myra Friends meet in the museum on the second Henry, vice president; Jennie Sauders, secre­ Thursday of each month; the facility is open tary; and Opal Bell, treasurer. Members meet on to visitors on Saturday afternoons from 1:00 the third Thursday of each month at 2:00 P.M., to 5:00. 112 North Smith Street, Cuba. Friends of Historic Boonville DeKalb County Historical Society The Friends sponsored the Big Muddy Officers for the 1997-1999 term include Folk Festival on April 4-5 at Thespian Hall. Ruth Owen, president; Carl Minor, vice pres­ Festivities included live folk music and a tra­ ident; Betty Vinson, secretary; and Vola ditional arts apprenticeship program. On Castle, treasurer. The Society used a Local April 26 the Friends presented a tour of Records Preservation Grant awarded by the Thespian Hall that highlighted the current Missouri State Archives to purchase a new preservation efforts. Jazz pianist Leighton microfilm reader/printer. The museum and Roden performed at the event. genealogical library are open weekdays 9:30 to 3:30 until November 1. Friends of Jefferson Barracks A World War II exhibit running through Douglas County Historical January features uniforms, photographs, and and Genealogical Society artifacts from the Battle of the Bulge. New officers include Tommy Roberts, pres­ Admission to the exhibit, held in the Old ident, and Barbara Breshears, secretary. The Ordnance Room at Jefferson Barracks, is Society meets monthly on the third Monday at $1.00 for adults and $.50 for children. On 6:30 P.M. in the museum in Ava. The museum April 26 a World War II Canteen Dance was is open Saturdays from 10:00 to 3:00. held at Jefferson Barracks. Historical Notes and Comments 439

Friends of Keytesville museum on May 4. The museum is open on At the February 9 meeting in the commu­ Tuesdays and Sundays, 1:00-4:00. nity center, the Friends installed the follow­ ing new officers: Sarah Weaver, president; Grandview Historical Society Ann Parks and Cecelia Richards, vice presi­ On March 17 members celebrated St. dents; Janet Weaver, secretary; and Mary Ann Patrick's Day with the annual "Green Morris, treasurer. The annual fashion show- Dinner" potluck. The Society meets the first luncheon took place on May 1 at the Chariton Monday evening of each month at 7:30 in the County Courthouse. Depot Museum.

Gasconade County Historical Society Greene County Historical Society Carol Diaz-Granados, anthropology The county chapter of the Sons of the instructor at Washington University and art American Revolution presented a program professor at Maryville University, St. Louis, honoring George Washington and the found­ spoke on Missouri's prehistoric rock art at the ing fathers at the Society's February 27 meet­ Society's April 27 meeting held at the St. ing. The March 27 meeting introduced the James United Church of Christ. The first-place winners of the seventh district Missouri Humanities Council sponsored the History Day competition. Michael Glenn of program. The Society presented a historical the Springfield-Greene County Library display in honor of the 150th anniversary of showed a video about the legendary Yocum Owensville's founding on April 18-19 during silver dollar at the April 24 meeting. The the annual Tulip Festival. Society meets on the fourth Thursday of each month at Mrs. O'Mealey's Glenstone Glendale Historical Society Cafeteria in Springfield. The March 13 meeting at city hall fea­ tured a slide show entitled "The Thomas Grundy County Historical Society Sappington House—Since 1808." New offi­ The Society holds monthly meetings on cers include George Vallar, president; Roger the second Monday at 2:00 P.M. in the muse­ Zimmermann, vice president; Karen Dowell um in Trenton. The museum is open on and Donna Lykens, secretaries; and Marion weekend afternoons from 1:00 to 4:00 until Dowell, treasurer. the last weekend in October.

Golden Eagle River Museum Henry County Historical Society Members held a luncheon meeting at the The museum's April exhibit, Railroads on Cafe Victorian and Steamboat Pub in Parade, featured displays on railroad history Kirkwood on March 23. The Museum in the county as well as six Lionel 027 gauge opened for the season on May 1 and held an trains. The Society has undertaken renova­ open house on May 4. The program high­ tion of the former Henry County Bank build­ lighted Captain E. W. Gould, author of 50 ing in Clinton. Years on the Mississippi. Hickory County Historical Society Grand River Historical Society At the Society's meeting held at the The Society met on April 8 in the Hermitage Care Center on March 29, folk- American Legion building, Chillicothe, to lorists Adolf and Rebecca Schroeder spoke introduce new members. Judith Shoot of the about French and German culture in Missouri. Livingston County Library discussed histori­ Officers for 1997 include Dale Pitts, president; cal and family history research on the Leo Pitts, vice president; Tammy Lytle, secre­ Internet. The spring tea was held at the tary; and Jessie Miener, treasurer. 440 Missouri Historical Review

Harvey J. Higgins Historical Society Jackson County Historical Society During summer afternoons, the Society's As part of its Adult Education Forum historical depot will be open for visitors to series, the Society hosted the following pre­ view an exhibit on Higginsville's railroad sentations: "History of Kansas City Jazz" at history. Monthly meetings are held on the the Bruce R. Watkins Cultural Heritage second Monday at 7:00 P.M. in the depot. Center on February 13; "Prohibition and Women's Suffrage" at the Arthur Mag Center Historic Madison County on March 7; "Rise of the Kansas City On March 4 members gathered at the Economy" at the Arthur Mag Center on April Fredericktown Senior Center. The Society 3; "Resources for Genealogy Research" at met for the first time in their new facility, the the Westminster Hall of the First Presbyterian Historic Madison County Jail, in Church on April 10; and "Men in That Rebel Fredericktown on April 1. At the May 6 Paradise, Montana,' Women in Limbo on the meeting, the local Rotary Club and Home Frontier: Gold Rush Widows and the University of Missouri Extension sponsored Civil War" at the Plaza Library on May 13. a program by Mel Zielinski, who spoke about his recent trip to India. Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society The Society met on April 6 at Jefferson Historical Society of Oregon County College to elect new officers. At the Society's May 15 meeting at the County Cottage in Thayer, Mike Crawford Jennings Historical Society discussed his book, The Irish Wilderness On May 18 the Society participated in a Settlement, which concerns an early settle­ bus tour of the Bellefontaine Cemetery spon­ ment in Oregon County. sored by the Historical Societies of St. Louis County, an informal group of interested soci­ Historical Society of Polk County eties that meets biannually. Bolivar High School English students read poetry by the late Julia Pursley at the Johnson County Historical Society March 27 meeting in the museum in Bolivar. At the May 4 meeting at the old court­ The Society meets bimonthly on the fourth house in Warrensburg, Lucille Gress, author Thursday at 7:30 P.M. in the Gold Room of of An Informal History of Black Families of the museum. The museum is open through the Warrensburg, Missouri Area, discussed Labor Day weekend; hours are 1:00-4:00, local African-American history. Monday through Saturday. Kansas City Westerners Huntsville Historical Society The Posse's monthly dinner meetings at At the March 18 meeting at the museum, the Hereford House Restaurant featured the several fourth graders from Western following speakers and subjects: Major Elementary School shared what they had Frederick Jr. Chiaventone on "The learned about the history of Randolph Ceremonial Campaign of the Little Big County. The museum is open 1:00-5:00, Horn" on February 11; Ron Miriani on "The Monday to Friday, through October 26. Trouble with Ken Burns' West" on March 11; Bill Nicks, Jr., on "Octave Chanute" on April Iron County Historical Society 8; and G. P. Schultz on his book, Gully Town: Bob Pollock provided the keynote address A Novel of Kansas City, on May 13. about Russell Cemetery at the Society's annual meeting on April 21 in the First Kimmswick Historical Society Baptist Church, Ironton. Kenneth Peck showed slides of "Old Historical Notes and Comments 441

World Wisconsin," a living history museum Meramec Valley Genealogical run by the state of Wisconsin, at the March 3 and Historical Society meeting. On April 7, Darline Spink led a tour At the March 19 meeting in the Scenic through the Burgess-How Museum and dis­ Library, Pacific, members discussed a field cussed the history of the 160-year-old log trip to the St. Louis County Library. On April cabin. Members met for lunch on April 19 at 30 members toured the new temple of the the Old House Restaurant to honor Lucianna Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Gladney Ross, who initiated restoration work in St. Louis County. in Kimmswick. A tour of the new temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table Saints in St. Louis County was conducted for The Round Table met at the Walters-Boone members on May 9. County Historical Museum in Columbia on March 18 to hear Ralph Kreigh present a pro­ Kirkwood Historical Society gram on the development and use of ironclad The Society met on March 11 at Mudd's gunboats during the Civil War. Grove to hear Linda Holekamp present a pro­ gram on the historic trees of Kirkwood. The Miller County Historical Society annual tea and book review benefit was held at The Society's quarterly meeting on April Grace Episcopal Church on March 12. 13 featured a potluck luncheon and a demon­ Annabelle Renick discussed Eleanor of stration by Lorely Lather on framing and pre­ Aquataine and the Four Kings, by Amy Kelly. serving old family pictures. Newly elected officers include Jerome Brondel, president; Lawrence County Historical Society Eugene Keeth, vice president; Peggy Hake, The Society's March 16 meeting at the secretary; and Helen Gibson, treasurer. Jones Memorial Chapel in Mount Vernon fea­ Members met at the museum building in tured "Weather Lore and Weather Windies," a Tuscumbia. presentation by Fred Pfister sponsored by the Missouri Humanities Council. Moniteau County Historical Society James Denny, a historian with the Lee's Summit Historical Society Missouri Department of Natural Resources, The Society met on April 4 in the Lee Haven gave a slide presentation on the Manitou Community Building to hear Mary McPheeters Bluffs section of the Missouri River at the speak on the history of the Eby family. March 10 meeting. The Society met on April 14 to hear Red Cross representatives Susan Lincoln County Historical Green and Jean Vanderfeltz give a history of and Archeological Society the Red Cross in the county and state. Members gathered on April 9 for the rib­ Society meetings take place on the second bon-cutting ceremony of the recently Monday of each month at the Cultural acquired Britton house in Troy. Elmer Heritage Center in California. Gerding presented a program on old tools at the April 17 meeting in Troy City Hall. Montgomery County Historical Society At the annual dinner on April 20, Dorris Maries County Historical Society Keeven presented a program about the letters The Genealogical Research Room in the of a Civil War wife entitled "Letters Home." county courthouse opens every Wednesday Keeven appeared in period costume to dis­ morning from 9:00 to 12:00. The Old Jail cuss the correspondence between German Museum Complex is open each Sunday in immigrant Colonel Frederick Morsey and his June, September, and October. wife, Minna Bock Morsey. 442 Missouri Historical Review

Morgan County Historical Society 30. The Society hosted the eighth annual The Society held its annual pancake flip quilt show and luncheon at the Henry on March 31 at the Pioneer Restaurant in Elementary School on May 17-18. Versailles. Proceeds benefited the museum in Costumed members of the Older Women's the old Martin Hotel in Versailles. League portrayed outstanding women from the past during the luncheon. John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners Posse members meet at the Holiday Inn Osage County Historical Society Holidome in Columbia on the second The Immaculate Conception School in Thursday evening of each month at 6:00 for Loose Creek was the site of the February 24 socializing, dinner, and a guest speaker. On meeting. Robert Herman, a charter member February 13, Val Germann discussed the histo­ of the St. Louis World's Fair Society, pre­ ry of astronomy in mid-Missouri, comets, and sented a talk on the fair and displayed items the recent appearance of Hale-Bopp. The from his collection of memorabilia. March 13 gathering featured John Shopland, director of the University of Missouri's Overland Historical Society Horticulture and Agroforestry Research Center Members heard Joe and Kay O'Connell at New Franklin, who spoke on the history of Campbell describe life in St. Louis during the that unit. Olive and Frank Graham talked about 1880s at the March 10 meeting. The Society the architectural history of churches in Boone sponsored a bake sale booth at the Spring County on April 10. Bill Bates of Columbia Craft Fair on March 15 at the community presented a program on the Oregon Trail and center. On May 6, Fred R. Pfister of the cowboys at the May 8 meeting. College of the Ozarks portrayed Walt Whitman in a program titled "The Living New Santa Fe Historical Society Past." Bimonthly meetings are held in the The National Park Service-Santa Fe community center. National Historic Trail wayside exhibit was dedicated at New Santa Fe this past spring. Pemiscot County Historical Society The Society has adopted one and one-half The February 28 meeting at the American miles of the Santa Fe Trail Street in Kansas Legion building in Caruthersville featured City. The May meeting at Avila College fea­ Felix Mangrum, an ombudsman who dis­ tured author Jamie Parkison speaking on her cussed his work as a mediator between the book, Path to Glory, A Pictorial Celebration residents and the staff in nursing homes. W. of the Santa Fe Trail. F. James spoke at the March 25 meeting on "Farm Life in the Bootheel." Nodaway County Historical Society The museum, located at First and Main in Pettis County Historical Society Maryville, is open Sunday to Friday, 1:00- The Society met on March 31 in the 4:00 P.M. Renovation continues on the one- Yeater building at State Fair Community room Hickory Grove Country School that College, Sedalia. Former Society president was recently relocated near the museum. William B. Claycomb presented "Whiskey by Prescription: A Local Profile," a history of Old Trails Historical Society the prohibition movement and its effects on The April 23 meeting held at Manchester Sedalia. United Methodist Church featured a speaker from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Phelps County Historical Society Saints who prepared members for a tour of The Society held its spring meeting on April the new temple in St. Louis County on April 13 at St. Anthony's Catholic Church in Rosati. Historical Notes and Comments 443

Pulaski County Museum Scott County Historical Society and Historical Society Members debated the merits of computer The Society held an open house at its muse­ automation at the February 15 meeting in the um, located in the old courthouse in Waynesville Benton Library. At the Society's March 15 along historical Route 66, on May 18. meeting, Betty Sue Teague read an article about the youngest editor and publisher in the Raymore Historical Society United States, who lived in Benton during the Dale Brown, senior environmental spe­ early 1900s. Edison Shrum also discussed cialist at Allied Signal, spoke on the history natural disasters. of the federal environmental programs at the March 11 meeting. On April 9, Sons of the Shannon County Historical American Revolution members James and Genealogical Society Coonrod and Sterling E. Goddard appeared The Society, formerly the Winona in full uniform to discuss the flags of the Historical and Genealogical Society, has cen­ American Revolution. Meetings take place sus, marriage, and cemetery records for sale. in the museum located in the lower level of For listings write P.O. Box 335, Winona, MO the Cullen Funeral Home. 65588. Monthly meetings are held on the second Thursday at 4:00 P.M. in the Winona Raytown Historical Society Public Library. Spaghetti Day was held at the Knights of Columbus Hall on March 22. Tom Scahill gave Shelby County Historical Society his rendition of a conversation between George The Society has been entrusted with the Bums and Gracie Allen at the Society's quarter­ preservation of sports trophies won by ly meeting held on April 23 at the museum. Shelby County teams. Awards include the During May, the museum featured an exhibit of second-place trophy from the Missouri State puppets, marionettes, and related paraphernalia Class "B" competition won by the 1952 from the Greater Kansas City Puppet Guild. Shelbyville High School basketball team, The Music/Arts Institute Marionette Troupe which included Norm Stewart, current head staged a show for youngsters on May 3. coach of the University of Missouri- Columbia men's basketball team. Ripley County Historical Society The April 13 meeting in the community Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray room in Doniphan featured representatives Civil War Round Table from the Northern Cherokee Nation of the Old On February 16, James Curram presented Louisiana Territory. Paul and Pieter Seabaugh a video entitled West Point Classmates. The discussed the history of their organization as Round Table met on March 16 to hear Sally well as the customs and crafts of their tribe. Tennihill and George Hinshaw discuss "The Beefsteak Raids of 1864." At the April 20 Sappington-Concord Historical Society assembly, members viewed The Battle of Author Roger Taylor reviewed his latest Gettysburg—The High Water Mark of the book, Born in the Country, at the Society's Confederacy. Meetings are held in the April 23 meeting in the Anne Morrow Maryville Public Library. Lindbergh room at Lindbergh High School in St. Louis. South Howard County Historical Society The Society held a fund-raiser at the Senior Scotland County Historical Society Center in New Franklin on April 20 to benefit The museum is open Wednesday through pioneer cemeteries in the county. A committee Saturday, 1:00-4:00 P.M. is working on a book about the area. 444 Missouri Historical Review

Stone County Historical Society cussed the Fort Benton Restoration Project, The Society met on April 1 at the old an organization attempting to purchase prop­ Christian Church in Galena. A quilt, craft, erty at Patterson that includes an earthen fort and bake sale was held April 17-19 at dating from the Civil War. Claybough Plaza in Galena, where the Society also sold books, T-shirts, and post­ Wentzville Community Historical Society cards. Members met on May 4 in the Blue Members congregated on March 17 at the Eye Elementary School. Green Lantern Senior Center to see Dorris Keeven portray German immigrant "Minna" Texas County Missouri Genealogical Morsey in period costume. Keeven shared and Historical Society Civil War stories involving Morsey's hus­ Author and teacher Christine Hadley's band, the commander of the Third Missouri program at the March meeting in the court­ Cavalry Regiment in the Union army. house in Houston offered organizational tips for genealogical records. At the April meet­ Westport Historical Society ing, Ellen Gray Massey spoke about her fam­ At a dinner meeting held at the Woodside ily tree quilt. Racquet Club on February 21, KMBZ news­ caster Dan Verbeck discussed the "Ghosts of Vernon County Historical Society Leavenworth." At the Society's annual meeting in the Nevada Park Care Center meeting room on White River Valley Historical Society February 23, members discussed expansion The quarterly meeting of the Society was plans for the Bushwhacker Museum. held on March 9 in the Friendship House at Officers elected include Joe C. Kraft, presi­ the College of the Ozarks in Point Lookout. dent; Jean Edwards, vice president; Vicky Michael Wenig, president of the Hollister Headley and Patrick Brophy, secretaries; and Chamber of Commerce, presented the pro­ Suzie Richardson, treasurer. In preparation gram, "Reflections of a New Ozarker." for the Downtown Arts and Crafts Festival on Wenig worked for the American Broadcasting April 12, members held a cleanup day at the Company for thirty-five years. museum on April 5. Winston Historical Society Washington Historical Society The Society meets on the first and third As part of a history awareness program, Thursdays of each month at 7:30 P.M. in the Ralph Gregory spoke at the museum on depot. March 24 about Stanley Wilke's contribu­ tions to the history of the town. At the April Wright County Historical Society 8 meeting, Society members voted on addi­ Three new volumes of material have been tions to the bylaws. released by the Society: a compilation of obituaries from the 1960s; a sourcebook of Wayne County Historical Society Union veterans from Wright County; and a The Society met on March 3 at the sourcebook of Confederate veterans from Patterson Community Building to hear Wright County. For more information con­ Harlan H. Holladay's reminiscences about tact the Wright County Historical Society, his youth in the county. Members also dis­ P.O. Box 66, Hartville, MO 65667. 445

GIFTS

Larry L. Amos, Oakton, Virginia, donor: C. G. Loesch Collection. (M)* Blue Springs Historical Society, Blue Springs, donor, through Karol Witthar: History of Blue Springs, Mo., and A Pictorial History of Blue Springs, Missouri, by Vicki Beck and Karol Witthar; several historical articles about Blue Springs. (R) Chouteau Grotto, Columbia, donor, through Kevin Feltz: The Foresight, vol. 32, no. 4. (R) Donald Christisen, Columbia, donor: Donald M. Christisen Papers; Missouri Prairie Foundation, Records, 1970s-1980s. (M) Jerry and Jackie Concannon, Kirkwood, donors: Greater St. Louis telephone directory, 1997. (R) Alex Cooper, Hayti, donor: Delmo Saga, by W Wilder Towle. (R) Martha L. Cooper, Maryville, donor: Suffrage Comes to the Women of Nodaway County, Missouri, by the donor. (R) Betty R. Darnell, Mount Washington, Kentucky, donor: Family lineage charts for the Rolwing, Newcum, Thompson, Little, Bowles, and White/Whyte families. (R) Daughters of the American Colonists, John Corbin Chapter, Columbia, donor: Scrapbooks of the chapter, 1980-1982, 1988-1991. (M) Daughters of the American Colonists, Osage Chapter, Excelsior Springs, donor: Scrapbooks of the chapter, 1987-1988, 1990-1991. (M) Marjorie Zumwalt Dawson, Columbia, donor, through Esther Hepple: Zumwalt Family Papers. (M) Dorothy B. Duffin, La Grange Park, Illinois, donor: Copy of the article, "A Burial of Convenience? The Story of the Pinckney W. Sublette Graves," by the donor. (R) First Christian Church, Columbia, donor, through Kathy Dains: Correspondence, research notes, oral history recordings, drafts, and other research mate­ rials used in compiling Guided by the Hand of God: The History of First Christian Church, Columbia, Missouri, 1832-1996, by Kathy Dains. (M) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor: 1996 church publications, bulletins, and minutes. (M) & (R) Tom Fisher, Starkville, Mississippi, donor, through Mary Ana Borgelt: Pioneer Missouri Farmer from Virginia: Ancestors and Descendants of James Alfred Halley and Susan Ellen Deal, by the donor. (R) Louise Foster, Moberly, donor: Photographs from the 1910 Moberly High School yearbook; miscellaneous clippings from the Moberly Monitor-Index, November 1996; Moberly Public Schools Spears and Shields, December 1996. (E) & (R)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (M) refers to Manuscripts; (R), Reference Library; (A), Art Collection; (E), Editorial Office; (N) Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; and (B), Bay Room. 446 Missouri Historical Review

Grand River Historical Society, Chillicothe, donor, through Sue Jones: Chula Missing Link, May 28, 1898; assorted issues of the Chula News 1922, 1923, 1977, and the Chula Chronicle, 1923-1925, 1928, loaned for copying. (N) Lucille D. Gress, Warrensburg, donor: An Informal History of Black Families of the Warrensburg, Missouri Area, by the donor. (R) Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donor: Hannibal region telephone directories, 1993-1997. (R) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: History and Directory of Springfield and North Springfield, 1878, by George Smith Escott; Clippings of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri, Newspapers for 1924 with an Index to the Principal Names; Clippings of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Newspapers: the Springfield Republican and the Springfield Leader for 1925 with an Index to the Principal Names, both by the donor. (R) Hannibal Free Public Library, Hannibal, donor, through Ann Sundermeyer: St. Louis Tri-Weekly Missouri Republican, two 1849 issues. (N) William Marion Harlan, Columbia, donor: Randolph County, Missouri Marriage and Death Notices, 1900-1909, by the donor. (R) Historic Florissant, Florissant, donor: The Gittemeier House Cookbook, by the donor. (R) Kenny Hulshof, Washington, D.C, donor: Official congressional portrait, 1997. (E) Iron County Historical Society, Ironton, donor: Postcard view of Missouri Baptist Hospital, St. Louis. (E) Kirkwood Public Library, Kirkwood, donor: Assorted issues of the Kirkwood Monitor, 1915-1918, the Kirkwood Messenger, 1928, 1929, 1954, and the Kirkwood Advertiser, 1951-1961. (N) Lawrence County Historical Society, Mount Vernon, donor, through Kathy Fairchild: Mount Vernon County Telegram, January 14, 1892, loaned for copying. (N) John Lyng, Hannibal, donor: Eight issues of the St. Louis Missouri Republican, 1852, 1855, and 1856. (N) Thomas McCormick, Chicago, Illinois, donor: Frederick Shane Collection. (M) Mary Beth Marquardt, Columbia, donor: A Brief History of St. Johns Lutheran Church, Meta (Babbtown), Missouri, 1871-1996. (R) Thomas Marrero, Columbia, donor: Win-Win: An Informal History of Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., by Russ Holt. (R) Emory Melton, Cassville, donor: Emory Melton Papers, 1972-1996. (M) Missouri Music Teachers Association, Columbia, donor, through Janice Wenger: Missouri Music Teachers Association Records, 1981-1996. (M) Missouri Office of the Adjutant General, Jefferson City, donor, through T. A. Johnson: Jefferson City Senior Times, March 1997; program, State of Missouri Inaugural Ceremonies, 1997. (R) Missouri State Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, donor, through Joan McKee: "Maple Hollow Hiking Trail, Cape Girardeau, Mo., North Cape County Park," a trail guide. (R) Siegmar Muehl, Iowa City, Iowa, donor: Photographs of the James E. Meritt family and the Thuisko and Louisa Bresser Muehl family, Rhineland, Missouri. (E) Historical Notes and Comments 447

Lisa A. Nunn, Williamsburg, donor: Gore Family Papers. (M) James F. O'Gorman, Wellesley, Massachusetts, donor: Paul J. O'Gorman Papers. (M) Marian Ohman, Columbia, donor: Photograph of the Madison County Courthouse. (E) Opal Lee Pay ton, Piedmont, donor: Wayne County, Missouri, Collection, audio recordings of interviews with county residents regarding local history. (M) Walter and Beverely Pfeffer, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous publications and brochures from a variety of Columbia area business, civic, cultural, charitable, educational, and political organizations and associations. (M) & (R) Peggy Platner, Columbia, donor: Various publications from businesses and cultural organizations in the Columbia area. (R) Lucile Wiley Ring, Selah, Washington, donor: Breaking the Barriers: The St. Louis Legacy of Women in Law, 1869-1969, by the donor. (R) Mary Rose estate, Columbia, donor, through Michael Kateman: Several photographs of Alexander E. Douglass and Cornelia Collins. (E) Route 66 Association of Missouri, Lake St. Louis, donor, through C. H. Curtis: Show Me Route 66, vol. 1, no. 1-vol. 8, no. 3. (R) St. Louis Mercantile Library, St. Louis, donor, through John Neal Hoover: The Waterways Journal Index, 1891-1900; A Guide to the John W. Barriger III Papers in the John W. Barriger II National Railroad Library. (R) Palmer W. Scheperle, Jefferson City, donor, through L. T. Shelton: The History of the Scheperle (Schepperle) Family of America, by the donor. (R) Elenore Schewe, Vandalia, donor: Items for the Barnes family file. (R) Katheryn Renee Scott, Mobile, Alabama, donor, through Lillian A. Angle: The Kellys . . . From Georgia to Alabama to Missouri: Descendants to Present Day of John Jackson and Tabitha Hill (Gaines) Kelly, by the donor. (R) Severance Book Review Club, Columbia, donor, through William H. Elder: Severance Book Review Club, Columbia, Records, 1931-1995. (M) Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sterling Price Camp No. 145, Chesterfield, donor, through James L. Speicher: The Early History of the Missouri Division Sons of Confederate Veterans, 1898-1932, from the Pages of the Confederate Veteran Magazine, by L. Eugene Dressel. (R) James A. Tharp, Lee's Summit, donor: Linn County Rural Resident Directory, 1972, 1979, 1984. (R) Gene Truesdell, Clark, donor: Several photographs of Dry Cutoff, hunters in the Moberly area, and Dalton during the 1993 flood, loaned for copying. (E) Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, donor: Guide to Historical Materials in the Harry S. Truman Library. (R) Kenneth E. Weant, Arlington, Texas, donor: Montgomery County, Missouri: 4468 Deaths & Chronological Index To Selected Articles, 3 September 1875 to 13 October 1899, as reported in the Montgomery Standard; Montgomery County, Missouri: 2004 Deaths Reported In & Chronological Index To Selected Articles From The Montgomery City Standard, 2 January 1931 to 29 December 1939, vol. 4; Callaway 448 Missouri Historical Review

County, Missouri: 2612 Deaths Reported In & Chronological Index To Selected Articles From Auxvasse Review, 3 January 1889 to 26 December 1912, vol. 4; Cole County, Missouri: 1617 Deaths Reported In & Chronological Index To Selected Articles From The Cole County Democrat, 7 June 1884 to 25 July 1907, vol. 1, all by the donor. (R) Louise White, O'Fallon, donor: Several issues of the O'Fallon News Times, 1996, and the O'Fallon Scoop Newspaper, 1996-1997. (N) Kathleen Wilham, Shelbyville, donor: Typescript of "The Journal of Mary Francis Warren Dickson Francisco," 1862-1876; Mail Routes, State of Missouri, 1845, loaned for copying. (R) Carl Williams, Thomasville, donor: The Loves of Ivy, by the donor. (R) Robert Gail and Margie McDaniel Woods, Palmyra, donors: Miscellaneous newsletters, brochures, and programs for various Missouri Protestant churches and church organizations. (R)

Fair Enough

Hannibal Daily Journal, March 26, 1853. A party of wits once supped at a tavern. When the feast was over one of the number called in the hostess. "Angelique," said he, "I am going to give you a lesson in astronomy. Have you not heard of that great platonic year, when everything must return to its first condition? Know, then, that in sixteen thousand years we shall be here again, on the same day and at the same hour.—Will you give us credit till then?" The hostess, however, had her reply. "I am perfectly willing," she retorted; "but it is just sixteen thousand years since you were here before, and you left without paying; settle the old score, and I will trust you on the new."

Willing To Swear

St. Louis Melting Pot, February 1918. The lawyer had a somewhat difficult witness, and finally asked if he was acquainted with any of the men on the jury. "Yes, sir," replied the witness, "more than half of them." "Are you willing to swear that you know more than half of them?" demanded the lawyer. "Why, if it comes to that, I'm willing to swear that I know more than all of them put together."—The Optimist. 449

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Brunswick Brunswicker August 22, 1996: "Tuskegee of the Midwest," Dalton Vocational School in Chariton County, by Patrick J. Huber and Gary R. Kremer. January 2, 1997: "Old [Chariton County] county jail accepted to National Register" of Historic Places.

Cameron Citizen Observer February 6, 1997: "If this house could talk . . . The Story of the St. Munchin's Catholic Church Rectory" in Cameron, by Clela Fuller Morgan.

*Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian January 28, 1997: "Black History Month Cape Girardeau Style," by Tamara Zellars Buck. February 23: "Memories of past: Cape [Girardeau] woman [Anna Jenkins] reflects on changes of past century," by Scott Moyers.

Carthage Press January 29, February 12, 1997: "Mills were the centers of pioneer life" in the Ozarks, parts 1 and 2, by Marvin VanGilder.

Cassville Democrat February 26, 1997: "Ranger Station in Cassville dates back to New Deal era," by Lisa Schlichtman.

Chillicothe Constitution- Tribune March 28, 1997: "Then & Now: Discover Livingston County," entire section about local history.

Columbia Daily Tribune February 16, 1997: "Protecting History: City Takes Another Look at [the Daniel] Boone building's features," by Leslie Wright.

Dexter Daily Statesman March 30, 1997: "Morlan Megacenter" car dealership opened in 1925.

Ellington Reynolds County Courier February 20, 1997: "Remembering The Past," a series by Gerald Angel, featured Hunts Bridge in Reynolds County.

Fulton Sun Gazette February 19, 1997: "After 69 Years, show goes on at Fulton Cinema," by Jena White. March 1: "Secrets of the Past," the underground railroad in northeast Missouri, by Ann Pierceall.

Glasgow Missourian January 30, 1997: "Crossing the Missouri River at Glasgow," the Louis Friemonth fami­ ly ferryboating business.

^Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 450 Missouri Historical Review

Goodman News Dispatch April 2, 1997: "Coy, Mo., came and went; memories remain," by Pauline Carnell.

Independence Examiner February 28, 1997: "The Examiner Changes," a special section devoted to local history.

Jackson Cash-Book Journal March 5, 12, 1997: "Missouri History Series," a column by Matt Chaney, featured "Delta cotton sharecroppers: early civil rights fighters" in 1939 Sikeston, parts 1 and 2.

Jefferson City News & Tribune February 16, 1997: "Some excerpts from diaries of Kate Weathers."

Joplin Globe March 9, 1997: "Fire sweeps hangar, planes at city airport 50 years ago," by Charles Gibbons.

Kansas City Pitch Weekly March 13-19, 1997: "Black Hair: An Individual, Cultural, Beauty, and Business Statement," featured St. Louis entrepreneur Madame C. J. Walker, by Anita J. Dixon.

Kansas City Star February 21, 1997: "Black Health Care in Kansas City," by Julius A. Karash. March 17: "In KC, Irish tradition runs deep," by Brian Burnes. April 3: "Finding a historical treasure," the original manuscript of William M. Paxton's 1897 Annals of Platte County discovered at the Kansas City Public Library, by Bill Graham.

Kirksville Daily Express & News January 26, 1997: "Old 'Nefy' [Store] Suggests 19th Century Mormon Presence In Adair County," by Dean Linder.

Marshall Democrat-News February 28, 1997: "Van Dyke [and Company insurance agency] enters 126th year of ser­ vice," by Marlene Darnell.

Maryville Daily Forum March 16, 1997: "Hopkins Christian Church celebrates 115 years of . . . Heritage," by Susan Porterfield. March 22: "A long history of education in rural Missouri," a pictorial essay of area schools.

Moberly Monitor-Index & Evening Democrat April 6, 1997: "The Moberly Wabash Railroad Hospital," by Joe Welschmeyer.

Owensville Gasconade County Republican February 12, 1997: "Franciscan Sisters once taught at Immaculate Conception Church" in Owensville. February 19: "Precious Blood Sisters recall teaching school in Immaculate Conception Parish from 1936-38." This and the above article by Joe Welschmeyer. Historical Notes and Comments 451

Ozark Christian County Headliner-News March 2, 1997: "Peek Into The Past: Historic Images Of Christian County," the 1909 Finley River flood.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner March 13,1997: Alice "Jones Remembers 1925 Annapolis Cyclone," by Kimberly A. Gibson. March 20: "Historical Wayne County: The [Old Piedmont] American Hotel About 1925."

Pineville McDonald County News January 29, 1997: "Former Anderson resident [Charles Burris] completes 257-year fam­ ily history," entitled In Search of Moses—A Chronological History of the Burris Family, 1738- 1995, by Gerald Elkins.

Portageville Missourian-Review March 13,1997: "History of one-room schools in [New Madrid] county now being compiled."

Republic Monitor February 6, 1997: "Perry County Album: Point Rest [Lutheran] Church—Circa 1905."

Richland Mirror March 13, 1997: "The Swedes of Swedeborg," by Joe Welschmeyer.

Rolla Daily News March 14, 1997: "Madge Lenox Clemmons: St. Pat's Queen 1930," by Lynda Carnes. April 2: "Herrman Do it Best Lumber Co. started with a figuring man," Charles Edward Herrman, by R. D. Hohenfeldt.

St. Charles Journal February 28, 1997: "Glimpses of the Past," 305 Chauncey Street, St. Charles, was the first hospital in the county.

St. Clair Missourian January 8, 15, 22, 29, February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, 26, 1997: "Gleanings from the Past... & Present," a series by Sue Cooley, featured respectively: William King and Ethel Short King; Richard Gilbert King and Cleona Jewell Lewis King; the 1863 lynching of August Dole; Josiah J. Duckworth and Elizabeth Stovall Duckworth; Buren Duckworth and Nora Beasley Duckworth; Webster Duckworth; Margie Bartle Duckworth; William Henry Duckworth, parts I-III; Carolyn Kay Duckworth; Rayne Rogers and the Alfred Rogers and Emily Jones Rogers family.

St. Joseph News-Press January 26, 1997: "City has ties to notorious gangster," St. Joseph police arrested Fred "The Killer" Burke in Milan in 1931, by Marisa Agha. March 7: "Buried treasure beckons," uncovering sunken steamboats on Missouri rivers, by Fred Slater.

St. Joseph Telegraph March 13, 1997: St. Joseph's "Hyde Park Pharmacy holds fond memories," by Joseph A. Glenski. 452 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 25, February 1, 15, March 8, 29, April 5, 1997: "St. Louis Q&A," a series by Jerry Berger, featured respectively: Mario Salvador, Polar Wave icehouse, Carondelet Park's bear pits, Free Bridge; Three Fountains Restaurant, floods in the River des Peres area, burial mounds around St. Louis; Wepprich's Wine Garden, Delmar Garden Theater, Luxemburg/Lemay, Missouri; Webster Public School, Westlake Amusement Park, Southern Hotel, Frankie Lane and the 400 Club, Betty Grable; Benton Park, Schiller Verein Society; Bartholomew-Herrington house, St. Louis nightclubs during World War II, Jazz Central. January 26: "An Automotive Legacy: Horseless Carriage Club Exhibit Highlights St. Louis' Historic Importance." February 23: "Family History: Preserving Town's Past," Virginia Huston and the African- American community of Penny town. April 14: "A Symphony of Sorrow," Post-Dispatch reporter Carlos F. Hurd's firsthand account of the sinking of the Titanic, by Sue Ann Wood.

Ste. Genevieve Herald January 29, 1997: "The Changing Face of Ste. Genevieve's History." March 5: "Historical Dating: How Important Is It In The Long Run?" accurately dating Ste. Genevieve's buildings. This and the above article by Mark Evans.

Salisbury Press-Spectator October 3, 1996: "Centennial celebration Sunday for Mt. Zion Methodist Church." February 27, 1997: "Historic Landmark Destroyed by Fire," the first house in Forest Green, by Mrs. David D. Heiman; "History of the Chariton County Poor Farm," by Blake Sasse.

Seneca News-Dispatch March 27, 1997: "Missouri History Series," a column by Matt Chaney, featured "Unheralded Waynesville threatens mighty Puxico," the 1951 Missouri Class B High School Basketball Tournament.

Sikeston Standard-Democrat March 9, 1997: "Resident [Judy Bowman] researches [Frisco and Missouri Pacific] rail­ roading history."

Springfield News-Leader January 25, 1997: "A tale Tom Persell lived to tell," police officer kidnapped by Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow in 1933, by Robert Edwards.

Stockton Cedar County Republican April 9, 1997: "The Wests' 1929 Model A: It took them to California and back," Ruby and John West.

Thayer Oregon County Times January 30, 1997: "A look back by a local [World War II] veteran," Paul Hackworth.

Troy Free Press January 29, 1997: "A father's stories told to his son," Ira L. Russell's memories of Troy, by Charles R. Williams. Historical Notes and Comments 453

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram-Sentinel March 13, 20, 1997: "Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured the Elijah and Amy Dyer family and Louisa Ellen Stone.

Washington Missourian January 4-5, 1997: "Early Franklin County Residents . . . The Mintrup Family: The Descendants of Joseph and Amy Mintrup, Part 2," by Sue Cooley.

Wellsville Optic-News February 26, 1997: "History of Martinsburg," by Agnes Fennewald.

* Wentzville Messenger Journal March 14, 1997: "Glimpses of the Past," Moerschel Brewing Company in St. Charles.

Party of Two

Canton Weekly Press, August 28, 1862. A country magistrate noted for his love of the pleasures of the table, speaking one day to a friend, said: "We have just been eating a superb turkey; it was excellent, stuffed with truffles to the neck, tender, delicate, and of high flavor; we left only the bones." "How many of you were there?" asked his friend. "Two," replied the magistrate. "Two?" "Yes, the turkey and myself."

Ceremonial Left T\irn

Columbia Missourian, May 12, 1996. . . . [H]ere's one to add to the category of things you'd find in the middle of the road: new­ ly weds. . . . Candy Key and Clyde Rothtrammel of Smithton chose to exchange vows on the left- turn lane of Missouri 50 in Sedalia. . . . Rothtrammel proposed to his fiance on the ramp, and the two are motorcycle afficionados. Does that help explain things? The wedding party witnessed the ceremony, which was not sanctioned by the Missouri Highway Department, from the bed of a monster truck. . . . The entire ceremony took about three minutes, and was conducted by the Rev. Gary Byler. ... "I would have never done this if (the groom) wasn't my cousin," Byler said. 454 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Art Review April, 1997: "Thomas King Baker: His Secret Life," by Henry Adams.

America's Civil War May, 1997: "William Clarke Quantrill was the most successful—and the most ruthless— guerrilla leader in the Civil War," by Richard F. Welch.

Ancestor's Unlimited Quarterly, Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society February, 1997: "John A. M'Cluer," reprinted; "Marbut School 1929," by Mildred Roden.

Augusta Neighborhood News November, 1996: "Early Settlers' Christmas." January, 1997: "Augusta Public School, 1917." March, 1997: "History of the Town's Cemetery" in Augusta. All articles by Anita Mallinckrodt.

Bates County Museum of Pioneer History News Spring, 1997: "Songs of the Civil War."

Boone's Lick Heritage, Boonslick Historical Society March, 1997: "A Brief History of the Manitou Bluffs Section of the Missouri River," by James Denny; "Boonville at the Turn of the Century: Letter from Lilburn Kingsbury," January 9, 1981; "Excerpts from the Lilburn Kingsbury-Charles van Ravenswaay Letters," spring, 1934.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society April, 1997: "What About Burtville?" by Mary L. Rainey; "100 Years Ago In Holden," by Lorene Birdsall Graham.

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April, 1997: "Big Show Tonight! The Story of Moore's Opera House," by Marjorie Goss; "Nevada Doctors, 1920's," by Mae Hawks Hughs; "Early Times in Vernon County," by Franklin P. Norman.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1997: "General History of Keytesville"; "Who Was Aaron B. Haskins and Why Was He Buried in Keytesville," by Jane Haskin Helander; "Mt. St. Mary's Is 'Wien,'" reprint­ ed; "Historic Corinth Church," reprinted.

Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1997: "Leemon, Missouri: On Indian Creek," by K. J. H. Cochran; "Old Apple Creek Church and Its Early Membership," by John A. Hope, reprinted.

Commerce Historical Society Newsletter January-February, 1997: "Retaliation," September 6, 1861, letter from Thomas C. Reynolds, acting governor of Missouri, to Union General John C. Fremont, reprinted.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Winter, 1996: "Trends in the Missouri Synod As Reflected in The Lutheran Witness, 1960-Early 1990s," by Leland Stevens. Historical Notes and Comments 455

Conestoga Newsletter, Joplin Genealogical Society March, 1997: "The Town That Jack Built': Early History of Joplin, Missouri," by Dwain Brixey.

County Lines, Boone County Historical Society April-May, 1997: "Red Top Christian Church," by Bobby D. Bedsworth.

DeKalb County Heritage April, 1997: "One of the Last Survivors: John Haley of Amity One of the Few Saved from Fated Ship," the Civil War era steamboat Sultana, reprinted; "Cline Family," by Helen Cline Matter.

Despatch, Sarshall Cooper's Company of Missouri Rangers and Captain Eli B. Clemson's Company of 1 st United States Infantry March-April, 1997: "The Coming Storm: The Sauk and Fox Indians, Part V," by Mike Dickey.

The Diggings, Old Mines Area Historical Society Winter, 1997: "Ancient Cemetery Restoration Project: The Lamarque Family Make Their Marque in La Vieille Mine," by Kent Beaulne; "La Guillonnee: A French Holiday Custom in the Mississippi Valley," by Rosemary Hyde Thomas.

Florissant Valley Quarterly April, 1997: "Deshetres or Dehetre" family, by Francis P. Hardaway; "Vouziers" mansion.

Friends of Arrow Rock Spring, 1997: "Freedom Meant Education: Obtaining it Took Courage," excerpts from a presentation on Arrow Rock's African-American history, by Gary Kremer; "An Honor Roll of Arrow Rock's Black Teachers," by Pam Parsons.

Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1997: Gasconade "County Farm: A haven for the poor," by Randolph E. Puchta.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1996-97: "True Confessions: The University of Missouri Sex Questionnaire Incident of 1929," by Mary Ann Fitzwilson; "A Match Made in St. Louis: Andrew Carnegie and the Eads Bridge," by Jeffrey E. Smith; "Spreading the Trouble Around: Floods, Rats, and the Allocation of St. Louis's Environmental Hazards," by Andrew Hurley.

The Herald, Grand River Historical Society and Museum April, 1997: "The Civil War & Livingston County," by Carolyn Leffler and Sue Jones.

Historic Madison County March, 1997: "Amos Lewis Acquitted of Mrs. [Emma] Cole Murder" on March 31, 1932, reprinted.

Historical Society News, Stone County Historical Society March, 1997: "USS Missouri:'

The History and Genealogy Research Letter, Daniel Boone and Frontier Families Research Association Vol. 1, No. 4, 1996: "Historic Sites in 'The Daniel Boone Historical Area of Missouri' Part I—The Sites in Southern St. Charles and Warren Counties," by Ken Kamper. 456 Missouri Historical Review

Huntsville Historical Society Newsletter March, 1997: "More about Coal Mining" in Randolph County, by Ralph Gerhard, reprinted.

Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1997: "Yoacham's Tavern, the first hotel in Westport," by Fred L. Lee; "The Little Gods: Union Provost Marshals in Missouri 1861-1865" and "Sold Down the River: The sad story of Theresa Cockrell," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Saga of the Connell Family," by Susan Robinson; "Snodgrass Family of Grain Valley," by Julia Slemons Riedel; "The Boys All Got Home: Henry, Paul and Richard Calmes," letters of William Calmes and Paul J. Evans; "The Letters: Charles Lee & James A. Rogers," edited by Marjorie Rogers Fahey; "Gone But Not Forgotten: Major Mortimer Dearing, early hotel owner," by Fred L. Lee.

KETC Guide, Channel 9, St. Louis March, 1997: "Fire!" St. Louis, 1849.

Kirkwood Historical Review Spring, 1997: "Jane Gould Remembers Early Kirkwood: The Pollard Family," by Marian Phelps; "Kirkwood Mayor [Marge Schramm] Reveals All."

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1997: "Missouri Government in Exile, 1863-65: Seven Flags Over Marshall, Texas," by J. Dale West.

The Looking Glass, Ray County Historical Society March, 1997: "Dorton Round House" in Orrick.

The Lutheran Witness April, 1997: Entire issue dedicated to the history of the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod.

The Maries Countian Spring, 1997: "Who Was Uncle Dan Johnson," by Jay Hoyle Mayfield.

Mid-America Folklore Fall, 1996: "Silas Turnbo's Ozark Voices," by Lynn Morrow.

Mid-Missouri Black Watch Spring, 1997: "Women Composers of Sedalia," L. Viola "Lady" Kinney and M. Minniola Jackson; "Frankie's Old Sad Song," Frankie Baker, Albert Britt, and the origin of the song "The Ballad of Frankie and Johnnie"; "Josephine Baker: The St. Louis Years."

Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly January-March, 1997: "The 1997 MAS [Missouri Archaeological Society] Field School at the Brown Lodge/Caldwell Pottery Site" in Arrow Rock, by Timothy E. Baumann.

Missouri Conservationist February, 1997: "Beavers and Boomtown: Remembering the St. Louis Fur Trade," by Kathryn Sergeant Brown.

Missouri Magazine Spring, 1997: "Erasing Manilla," Missouri, by Sharon Smith; "Amid the Amish" com- Historical Notes and Comments 457

munities at Bowling Green and Clark, by Jason Best; "Walt Disney's Missouri Roots," by Dan Viets; "Promenade through the past," traditional dancing in the Ozarks, by Nina Elder; "A let­ ter from home," jazz musician and Lee's Summit native Pat Metheny, by Bill Bell, Jr.

Missouri Supreme Court Historical Journal March, 1996: "The Judicial System of Missouri: 1952-1996," by Charles B. Blackmar; "Judge Ronnie L. White Appointed to Supreme Court"; "Supreme Court Judge [Elwood L.] Thomas Dies"; "A Conversation with Judge Paul W. Barrett," by E. A. Richter. March, 1997: "The Judicial System of Missouri: 1952-1996," part 2, by Charles B. Blackmar; "Judge Henry I. Eager Remembers."

Mizzou, University of Missouri Alumni Association Spring, 1997: "Home in the Heartland," restoration of the Hickman House near New Franklin.

Montana, The Magazine of Western History Spring, 1997: "Punishing the Elephant: Malfeasance and Organized Criminality on the Overland Trail," by John Phillip Reid.

National Genealogical Society Quarterly March, 1997: "An African-American Odyssey through Multiple Surnames: Mortons, Tapps, and Englishes of Kansas and Missouri," by Rudena Kramer Mallory.

Nebraska History Spring, 1997: "Eugene Field and the 'Hayes Saloon' in Omaha: An Episode of 1885," by Lewis O. Saum.

*The New Yorker March 10, 1997: "Ms. Ulysses," reporter Emily Hahn.

Newsletter, Boone-Duden Historical Society March-April, 1997: "Femme Osage Township."

Newsletter, Cass County Historical Society April, 1997: "History of the Town of Austin."

Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April, 1997: "John Sutton, Sr., of Iron County, MO," by Russell Sutton.

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1997: "Winkelman School—No. 52." March, 1997: "Perriguey/Enterprise School—No. 15." April, 1997: "McKinley School, No. 70"; "Meta Bank Completes Restoration."

Newsletter, Scott County Historical Society February, 1997: "The Marshall-Emory-McMullin Co."; "R. N. McFarland"; "Sikeston"; "John Foley"; "John Kaiser."

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society April, 1997: "From Knobview to Rosati," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.; "Rosati Since 1935," by Leo Cardetti.

* Indicates magazine not received by the State Historical Society. 458 Missouri Historical Review

Newton County Roots, Genealogy Friends of the Library March, 1997: Excerpts from James A. "Fertig's Journal," 1898, 1899, reprinted.

Newton County Saga Spring, 1997: "The Champion Iron Fence"; "Nation-wide Search Underway for Paintings of Neosho Man," William Monor Cush Quesenbury, by Michael Dougan; "Old Neosho Hotel Razed," St. James Hotel, reprinted.

Novinger Renewal News April, 1997: "History of the Growth of Novinger, Missouri 1879-1903," by Gary G. Lloyd.

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1997: "Trinity Lutheran Church—1874, Freistatt, Missouri, Lawrence County," by George T. Harper; "Green Ridge School, Camden County, Missouri," part 1, by John Gifford and Bob Barr.

Ozarks Mountaineer February, 1997: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Neosho's Daring Young Man in his Flying Machine," Hugh Armstrong Robinson, by Kay Hively; "Ozarks Burial Customs: When the Strong Structure of Community Showed Through," by Joan Gilbert; "The Mystery of Sycamore Pond," the 1907 murder of Harvey Hobart near Richville, by James E. Gentry, Jr.; "Remembering Minister U. G. Johnson," by Jerry and Phyllis Braden. April-May, 1997: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Getting By In The Years Of Silver And Gold," a special section featuring octogenarian Ozark natives, included "Oren [Austin] and Honsel [Benegar]," by Susan Young, "Cleva [Douglas] and Clora [Nichols]," by Patricia Heck, "Mae [Morris] and Mabel [Housley]," by Mabel Carver Taylor.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly Winter, 1997: "Chester Brooks," by Edsel E. Dawson; "The Dry Bayou Baptist Church," by Janie Turner; "Caruthersville Fire Department," by Charlie Jones; "History of the Steele Public Library, 1935-1996," by Ruth Samford. Spring, 1997: "Thomas D. Ham" and "Richard Lee Euell," by Edsel E. Dawson; "Bader- McClanahan" families, by Robert Everett Trantham; "Early Farm Life in the Bootheel of Missouri," by Willard F. James.

Perry County Heritage Vol. 14, No. 4, 1996: "Mary Mamie Henneke Taylor, 1893-1990"; "Circuit Court File #969 March 21, 1846: State of Missouri vs. Bill a slave belonging to Mary Ann Waters," a case involving arson on the property of Brazile Hiney near Saline Creek.

Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin December-January-February-March, 1996-97: "Histories of Iatan, Mo. Churches," by T. J. Beach; "Sailings School" and "Walnut Grove," by Laverne Taulbee.

Preservation Issues, Missouri Department of Natural Resources January-February, 1997: "Slave Memories Inspire Project," archaeology of the Miller Plantation in Platte County, and George Washington, an escaped slave; "The First Free Will Baptist Church of Pennytown—Born Again," restored African-American church in Saline County. Historical Notes and Comments 459

Randolph County Historical Report January-February-March, 1997: "The Story of Ebenezer Baptist Church," by Madeline Swetnam; "Dr. Thomas Fleming's Letters to WWII Soldiers."

Ray County Reflections December, 1996: "Journey West—1863: The Wagon Train of Lucinda Duncan," by Carolyn L. Stewart; "Early Days in Missouri," by Judge Joseph Thorp.

Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri March-April, 1997: "Prairie Fire! From John W. Robinson's Boyhood Recollections," reprinted; "Civil War Incidents: Evading Militia Service," Tom Jones and Edwin R. Bullard, by Alicia Towster.

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1997: "High Times in Bolivar," pre-Prohibition taverns, by Verna Lunceford Peterson.

Ridgerunner, West Plains High School Spring, 1996: "The Ozarks Past to Present," the origin of the region's name, by Monica Cline; "Ma Barker in the Ozarks," by Chad Dixon and Megan Carlson; "Bly, Missouri: A Town of the Past," by Karissa Morris; "PFC James J. Henry," by Jim Henry; "Railroad Depots," by Sandy Schmidt; "Forage Crops in Missouri," by Pam Martinez; "The Battle of Wilson Creek," by Krista Tate; "Jack's Fork River," by Monica Cline; "A Photo Album of Early Settled Homes" in the Ozarks, by Pam Martinez; "A Treasure in the Attic," history of Center School in West Plains, by Grace Vautrain and Kacie Swindle; "Bakersfield Movie Theater," by Karissa Morris; "West Plains Dance Hall Explosion" in 1928, by Chad Martin; "Houston, Missouri" and "Emmett Kelly," by Shavaun Burke; "John Edgeller," by Sandy Schmidt; "Who Murdered Belle Star?" by April Barbour; the Reinerius and Margaret "Adolf Family," by Pam Martinez. Spring, 1997: "White River Railway" and "Thayer: A Railroad Town," by Sandy Schmidt; "Kellett Hall: SMSU-West Plains Campus' First Permanent Home," by Martha Parrott; "How Fruitville Almost Became Missouri's Capital," by Shavaun Burke; "Koshkonong in its Making," by Jymme-Lyn Payne; "Charley Morrison in the Depression," by Chris Morrison; "Howell County's Only Surviving World War I Veteran," Sam Pitman, by Lea Cozort; "The Last One: Guy Wilson," survivor of the 1928 West Plains Dance Hall explosion, by Chad Martin; "West Plains Monument Company's 100th Anniversary," by Melissa Sherwood; "Carl Williams Expresses The Loves of Ivy," about Ivy Paty Amonette of Thomasville, by Sandy Schmidt; "A Bit of Mayberry in Missouri," the Dillard brothers' blue- grass band, by Chad Dixon; "Clarence Dodson: A Dedicated Minister," by April Barbour; "Diana Danford: Pioneer Female Jockey," by Megan Carlson and Alina Alaimo; "Making Wheat to Flour at the Topaz Mill" in Vanzandt, by Shavaun Burke.

Ripley County Heritage December, 1996: "Fairdealing Community and Academy," reprinted; "A Rural School Teacher in the 1890's" in Towles, by Thomas J. Stewart, reprinted; "Shiloh Spring," by Grace Burlison; "Tucker Community," by Sam W. Pulliam.

Rural Missouri March, 1997: "No Reason to Change: Mules still haul timber in the Ozarks," by Jeff Joiner.

St. Charles Heritage April, 1997: "Famous Winery Flourished," St. Charles Wine Cellar, by Edna McElhiney 460 Missouri Historical Review

Olson, reprinted; "Margaret Hall, Lindenwood's Conservatory of Music During the 1920's," by Louis Launer; "Years of Transformation: 1956-1957, St. John's [United] Church [of Christ]," by Christa Ciecalone; "Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women in the Presbyterian Church," by Shannon Ostendorf.

Sappington-Concord Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1997: "Eddie!! Who?" fur trapper Thomas Eddie.

Sentimental Journey March, 1997: "Where They Get That Name?" Bootheel place-names.

Show Me Route 66, Route 66 Association of Missouri Winter, 1996: Entire issue dedicated to the history of Route 66 in the St. Louis area.

Springfield! Magazine March, 1997: "Midtown Neighborhood Association: A Group That Just Won't Quit!" by Mabel Carver Taylor; "First Ladies Of Springfield: Ethel Strainchamps" and "Springfield Traditionally Is a City Of Churches, Part I," by Robert C. Glazier; "Speedy Haworth: 65 Years of Picking & Grinning . . . and the show isn't over yet! Part III," by Sherlu Walpole; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part 93—The Cowden-Hatfield-Dicke House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. April, 1997: "Springfield Traditionally Is a City Of Churches, Part II," by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part 94—The Severson-Sizell House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Speedy Haworth: 65 Years of Picking & Grinning . . . and the show isn't over yet! Part IV," by Sherlu Walpole; "First Ladies of Springfield: Betsey Scruggs," by Elizabeth Stanfill. May, 1997: "Springfield Traditionally Is a City Of Churches, Part m," by Robert C. Glazier; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part 95—The Appleby/Green/Miller House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "First Ladies of Springfield: Lizzie Sittler: Queen City's First Lady Photographer," by Sherlu Walpole.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association February, 1997: "Early Jackson County, Missouri, and the Santa Fe Trail," by Pauline S. Fowler and Eric Fowler.

Washington Historical Society Newsletter April, 1997: "The Great Palm Sunday Fire," March 28, 1920, reprinted.

Waterways Journal March 10, 1997: "Society [Golden Eagle River Museum] Has Model, Portrait Of [the steamboat] Belle Of Calhoun." April 14, 1997: "Steamboat Bill's [William Heckmann] Story Told In New Book." This and the above article by James V Swift.

Western States Jewish History April, 1997: "Remembering Isidor Bush: Pioneer St. Louis Jewish Community Leader, Publisher, Patriot," by Burton Boxerman.

Whistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Vol. 25, No. 1, 1997: "A Belated Admission To The Bar: Harry S. Truman, Attorney At Law," by Randy Sowell. Historical Notes and Comments 461

White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1997: "The Hardings in the 1890s," a letter by Clara May Drake Harding; "A Confederate Diary (August 1, 1861-January 9, 1862), Part II," by Captain John Wyatt; "The Wilderness Road, 1876," a petition by Greene County residents to continue the road from Christian County into Greene County.

Having More Pie

St. Louis Melting Pot, February 1917. Hostess (at party)—Does your mother allow you to have two pieces of pie when you are at home, Willie? Willie (who has asked for a second piece)—No, ma'am. "Well, do you think that she'd like you to have two pieces here?" "Oh," confidently, "she wouldn't care. This isn't her pie!"

Well Defined

Unionville Putnam Journal, October 24, 1902. In a school lately a number of scholars were asked to explain the meaning of the term "righteous indignation." One little chap replied: "Being angry without swearing."

Major and Minor Excitement

Macon Republican, April 29, 1871. Mrs. Partington looks at the news from California in this light. In hearing that gold was found in quartz, the old lady wanted to [know] if any had yet been found in gallons. She thought when they came to finding it by the hogshead, she would go out there herself. Her jewel of a son, Isaac, has been sick with the gold fever ever since, and thinks the gold [mines] just the place for minors.

Simple Math

Knob Noster Gem, September 13, 1878. "Six into four you can't," as the shoemaker mildly suggested to a lady customer. 462 IN MEMORIAM S. E. LEE and Thomas P. Lee of Oshkosh, S. E. Lee, retired editor and publish­ Wisconsin; and four grandchildren. er of the Savannah Reporter, died in St. Joseph on March 29, 1997. Lee was born November 26, 1918, in Savannah to BARNES, LAKENAN CLARK, Mexico: Samuel E. and Lilah Townsend Lee. He February 11, 1907-November 18, 1996 married Bonnie Jean Herron in 1942. BRYANT, VAUGHN M., SR., Pearcy, Lee received a bachelor's degree in Arkansas: February 28, 1916-October 20, 1996 journalism from the University of CALLAWAY, BOBBIE L., Monett: Missouri in 1941 and then returned to June 22, 1927-July 31, 1996 Savannah to work for the family news­ CALLENTINE, HELEN L., Jefferson City: paper. His career was briefly interrupted July 2, 1916-November 22, 1996 when he served in the U.S. Army's Sixth CREIGHTON, MRS. J. H., Boonville: Photo Squadron during World War II. April 20, 1909-November 6, 1996 Lee became publisher of the Reporter in DAVIDSON, ROY A., Houston, Texas: June 1943 and retired in 1983. 19, 1907-August 17, 1996 Active in the Andrew County HAWKINS, FRANK L., Evansville, Indiana: Historical Society, Lee served as vice March 10, 1908-January 13, 1997 president for the 1988-1989 term and as HEARNE, JEFF, Holts Summit: a director of the board in 1990. He was January 22, 1951-November 23, 1996 HOOD, CLYDE B., Shell Knob: also a charter member and past president November 29, 1904-August 6, 1996 of the Savannah Lions Club, a past pres­ JAMES, JESSE DEAN, Kansas City: ident of the Northwest Missouri Press April 18, 1913-June 4, 1996 Association, and an honorary member of PICKEL, HELEN HAWKINS, Areata, the Savannah Chamber of Commerce. California: March 8, 1911-February 26, 1997 Lee is survived by his wife; two sons, WATERSTON, JOHN E., St. Louis: Edward M. Lee of River Forest, Illinois, September 26, 1921-October 17, 1996 463

BOOK REVIEWS Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek. By William Riley Brooksher (Washington, D.C: Brassey's, 1995). xi + 278 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $24.95.

This monograph is clearly a "labor of love" for its author, a retired Air Force brigadier native to the far side of our Ozark "Lapland." William Riley Brooksher, however, has in mind more than just a historic confrontation on Wilson's Creek. He also offers a lively narrative of the Border War of the 1850s and the struggle for Missouri in 1860-1861. As a result, two-thirds of the text will have passed before the reader finds himself on that "Bloody Hill" below Springfield. The action along Wilson's Creek—claiming the lives of more than five hundred Union and Confederate participants—is aptly described here as "a preview of the coming horror" of the world's bloodiest war in the nineteenth century (p. 236). The author provides frequent phase-maps and order-of-bat- tle charts essential to the reader's grasp of the ebb and flow of the struggle, and the style of writing brings to life successive events and maneuvers and the personalities of key figures in the drama. Sterling Price, Ben McCulloch, Nathaniel Lyon, John C. Fremont, and Franz Sigel are introduced in a man­ ner especially helpful to the novice. Sigel, that "'odd combination of ineptitude and ability'" (p. 108), is han­ dled quite in keeping with modern scholarship that has long vindicated Harvey DeWeerd's judgment of generals trained in Europe's prewar acade­ mies. After four long years of bloody experience (DeWeerd wrote two gen­ erations ago), Union army corporals understood field fortifications better than a "Prussian field marshal." To Sigel, whose butter-fingered flanking maneuvers finally demoralized his own high command, Brooksher offers a heaping portion of the blame for that unearned Confederate "victory" south of Springfield. The author's style of narration is refreshingly "modern," emphasizing parallel construction, economy of expression, and avoidance of the trite or bizarre. Even so, there are occasional misspellings (Henry "Borenstein," p. 62, and "Munroe" Parsons, p. 103) and pronouns in such profusion that the reader can lose his frame of reference. And it seems a trifle odd to this reviewer, whose formative years were spent along the Marais des Cygnes River, to see it called a "creek" (p. 20). Many contemporary military historians, upon learning of the subject matter of Bloody Hill, will probably react with disbelief that another account of Wilson's Creek is needed. The present reviewer would counsel the lower­ ing of such arched brows, for we have here a delightfully readable specimen 464 Missouri Historical Review of "up-to-date" historiography. The author and his publisher merit our con­ gratulations.

Central Missouri State University Leslie Anders

Rebel against Injustice: The Life of Frank P. O'Hare. By Peter H. Buckingham (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996). xii + 276 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliographic Essay. Index. $39.95.

How does an individual earn a place in history? Can the whole of a per­ son's life be greater than the sum of its parts? These questions nag the read­ er of this study of Frank P. O'Hare, socialist, editor, salesman, inventor, hus­ band, and ex-husband of a famous wife. O'Hare embraced socialism in 1900 and married the redoubtable Kate Richards in 1902. As a young man in St. Louis, he initially pursued a busi­ ness career and enjoyed some hard-won success. At age twenty-three, he abruptly rejected the ideology of capitalist individualism and set out to mas­ ter Marxist principles of economics and social history. Decades later he destroyed personal papers that might have illuminated this early transition in his life. Buckingham's biography chronicles, but fails to explain, this crucial change in direction. As a student at a training school for Socialist Party organizers in Girard, Kansas, O'Hare met his future wife, a tall, plain, intellectually exciting woman. For the next twenty years, Frank and Kate Richards O'Hare criss­ crossed the country, stumping for a better society based on human compas­ sion and cooperation. Unsure and unpolished at first, Kate soon eclipsed her husband as an orator and a writer. Frank accepted and promoted his wife's gifts while developing his own talents as a promoter and an editor. He edit­ ed the National Rip-Saw and managed the speaking tours that made his wife famous. Their optimistic socialism and their passionate, but tense, marriage foundered after 1917 when they protested United States involvement in World War I. Kate paid the terrible price of imprisonment for speaking against the war. Frank worked hard to expose the conditions she endured in the Missouri State Penitentiary. After her release in 1920, they enjoyed a brief second honeymoon. Soon, however, their marriage collapsed. After World War I, O'Hare's career suffered from the general troubles of American socialism and the ups and downs of the economy. In the 1920s, he and Kate led a successful crusade to free antiwar protesters imprisoned dur­ ing World War I. Family troubles and fights with neighbors ended their brief stay in a communistic colony in Louisiana in the mid-1920s. Frank hoped to save the marriage long after Kate had abandoned him and asked for divorce. Finally, in 1928, the couple split and found other marriage partners. Like Book Reviews 465 many others, O'Hare suffered a long period of unemployment in the 1930s. He worked on numerous inventions and held several short-lived jobs in the business world but never abandoned his leftist principles. A genial man, he had many friends in St. Louis and wrote numerous arti­ cles for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. His support of American efforts in World War II brought him briefly into the mainstream of public opinion. During the last two decades of his life, the 1940s and 1950s, he wrote, main­ tained relationships with his grown children, and enjoyed a reputation as an eccentric, slightly anachronistic, St. Louis character. Buckingham succeeds in defining O'Hare as a complex and neurotic, but well-meaning and sympathetic man. The book is less successful in plac­ ing him in the context of America's twentieth-century politics. This was an interesting life. What did it mean? The book leaves that question unan­ swered.

Southeast Missouri State University Bonnie Stepenoff

Island No. 10: Struggle for the Mississippi Valley. By Larry J. Daniel and Lynn N. Bock (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996). xi + 202 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $24.95, paper.

"Island No. 10," so named because it was the tenth island in the Mississippi River below its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois, no longer exists—having become part of the Missouri shore as a result of shifting river currents. It was a bit south of the northern boundary of Tennessee, about equidistant from the towns of Hickman, Kentucky, and New Madrid, Missouri. During the first two years of the Civil War, espe­ cially in the Western theater, control of the rivers—more so than of the rail­ roads—was the key to success. The Confederate loss of Island No. 10 on April 7, 1862, opened the way for the Federals to advance upon Vicksburg; just seven weeks after the island's occupation, the first Federal vessels appeared before that city. Daniel and Bock surely provide all that anyone possibly could want to know about the taking of the island. To illustrate that they are offering something significant about an aspect of the Civil War that has been sadly assigned to relative oblivion by most his­ torians, Daniel and Bock point out that this reviewer and his colleagues in their book Why the South Lost the Civil War relegate the campaign to a sin­ gle sentence. At least we mention it, something that Allan Nevins, Page Smith, and William C. Davis did not do in their extensive histories. Readers, other than those who feel a genuine thirst for the topic, however, might be forewarned—I still think we had it about right. 466 Missouri Historical Review

Clinging to their assertion that "the surrender of the island proved a seri­ ous defeat for the Confederates," Daniel and Bock nonetheless admit in the same sentence that "it was not a catastrophe on the scale of Fort Donelson" (p. 148). Yet—and here in macrocosm one might question whether the authors are not engaging overall in a bit of special pleading—they opined at the outset that "the seige of Island No. 10 was every bit as large as and in sev­ eral respects more significant than the Port Hudson campaign" (p. ix). Nothing in their book convinces this reviewer of that. Tactically, the campaign illustrated that the Federal flag officer, Andrew H. Foote, had a faulty conception for the best use of ironclads. He thought they should be employed as defensive devices, when in truth, Daniel and Bock say, they were "the most effective offensive weapon in the Federal arse­ nal" (p. 148). The clear loser was Confederate Brigadier General John P. McCown, and perhaps his superiors should be faulted for failing to cashier him. He was instead promoted to major general, had a number of significant later assign­ ments, failed at nearly all of them, and finally on March 16, 1863, was court- martialed and relieved of rank and pay. One good thing about tackling an arcane topic is that it allows the men­ tion—and in this work also the illustration—of various personalities and inci­ dents that are not badly shopworn. There are some good, seldom-seen fig­ ures herein, and the maps are well done and beneficially instructive. The scholarship is certainly sound and thorough, and the writing style is suffi­ ciently facile. The authors have a sense of humor, and they sprinkle quite a few delightfully amusing anecdotes into their never-flippant narrative.

University of Missouri-Kansas City Herman Hattaway

Well Supplied

Maysville Weekly Western Register, April 8, 1869. It is estimated that there are 255,000 threshing machines in the United States, without counting the "school-marms."

Spread the Word

Unionville Putnam Journal, August 1, 1902. Lillian Russell has been arrested for fast driving in an automobile. Does the poor, over­ worked press agent get no vacation? 467 BOOK NOTES

Maries County, Missouri, A County Pictorial/Family History, Volume 3. (Vienna, Mo.: Historical Society of Maries County, 1995). 520 pp. Illustrations. Index. $60.00, plus $5.00 for shipping.

The Society's third volume of Maries County history emphasizes the townships of Jefferson, Johnson, Spring Creek, Dry Creek, Miller, Boone, and Jackson. Hundreds of illustrations, conveying the spirit of this rural county and its residents, accompany the text. Copies can be ordered from the Historical Society of Maries County, P.O. Box 289, Vienna, MO 65582.

Concordia, Missouri: A Heritage Preserved, Essays on Cultural Survival. Edited by Adolf E. Schroeder (Columbia, Mo.: Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 1996). vii + 69 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendix. $10.00, paper, plus $.70 for sales tax (Missouri residents only).

The culmination of a two-year project, the publication examines aspects of Old World German culture still found in the Concordia community today. Schroeder's article provides an overview of Concordia's customs and dis­ cusses how the social and political climate of early nineteenth-century Germany influenced immigration movements. Articles by Laurel E. Wilson and William D. Keel address textile production—including quilting, lace making, weaving, and embroidery—and the low German dialect persisting in Concordia. The book can be ordered from the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia, 23 Ellis Library, Columbia, MO 65201.

Lost Caves of St. Louis. By Hubert and Charlotte Rother (St. Louis: Virginia Publishing Company, 1996). 143 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Notes. Index. $9.95, plus $2.55 for tax and shipping.

In the early 1960s, spelunkers Hubert and Charlotte Rother made a hobby of exploring the extensive limestone cave system beneath St. Louis. Their new book presents the history of the most famous St. Louis caves, including their use by pre-Prohibition breweries for lagering and storing beer. A series of detailed street maps shows the approximate location of the caves. This book is available in bookstores.

Majoring in the Minors: A Glimpse of Baseball in a Small Town. By John G. Hall (Stillwater, Okla.: Oklahoma Bylines, 1996). xvi + 432 pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Sources. $47.50, paper, plus $2.74 for shipping. 468 Missouri Historical Review

The book presents highlights of minor league baseball in Carthage through newspaper accounts and interviews with veteran players. From 1938 to 1951, Carthage ball clubs participated in the Arkansas-Missouri League, the Kansas-Oklahoma-Missouri League, and the Western Association. Four major league teams—the Pittsburgh Pirates, the St. Louis Browns, the St. Louis Cardinals, and the Chicago Cubs—sponsored farm teams in Carthage. The book is available through John G. Hall, 1109 Rainwood Place, Columbia, MO 65203.

Wit & Wisdom of Missouri's Country Editors. Compiled by William H. Taft (Columbia, Mo.: Pebble Publishing, 1996). vii + 149 pp. Illustrations. Index. $14.99, plus $1.96 for sales tax and shipping.

In this volume, Taft has compiled over seven hundred humorous quips from nineteenth-century Missouri newspaper editors. Chapters are orga­ nized around such themes as marriage, politics, money, and medicine. The book includes a foreword by Kansas City Star reporter Bill Tammeus and drawings by Peggy Guest. Copies may be obtained from Pebble Publishing, P.O. Box 431, Columbia, MO 65205.

Pineville Early Days. By Jean Helm (Pineville, Mo.: n.p., 1996). 105 pp. Illustrations. $25.00, spiral-bound, plus $3.00 for shipping.

Through genealogies of pioneer Pineville families, this volume traces the history of the community from its establishment in the 1840s. Transcriptions of primary documents, such as diaries, census materials, and school and church records, are included throughout the work. One brief sec­ tion offers a time line of occurrences in the Pineville area during the Civil War. Other chapters are devoted to school and church history. Copies are available from Jean Helm, Box 694, Pineville, MO 64856.

A Century of Praise: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Cole Camp, Missouri: Still Faithful in the World, 1896-1996. (Cole Camp, Mo.: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, 1996). 120 pp. Illustrations. Index. Appendixes. $25.00, plus $4.00 for shipping.

A chronicle of church life beginning with Trinity Evangelical's found­ ing in 1896, the book also offers biographies of pastors and congregation members and histories of the parish school and church auxiliary groups. Appendixes list births, marriages, and deaths occurring in the church com­ munity throughout its one hundred-year history. The volume may be pur­ chased through Darlene Fajen, P.O. Box 10, Cole Camp, MO 65325. Book Notes 469

Life on the Edge of the Great Dark Cypress Swamp: The Brownwood, Missouri Community History. By Peggy Ashcraft Jensen (n.p., n.d.). 464 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Index. $30.00, plus postage.

A history of the small Stoddard County village of Brownwood, the lat­ ter half of the book is composed of biographies of past and present members of the community. Chapters on the railroad and sawmill industries, the Little River Drainage Project, and bootlegging during Prohibition prove especially interesting. Copies are available from Peggy Ashcraft Jensen, 568 South Third Street, Lander, WY 82520.

The Community of Spickard, Missouri: 125 Years of History, 1871-1996. (Marceline, Mo.: Spickard History Committee, 1996). 213 pp. Illustrations. $40.00, plus $4.00 for shipping.

A well-illustrated compilation of local family histories, the book also offers narratives about businesses, schools, and churches in Spickard. A short history of Middlebury, a small nineteenth-century settlement in Grundy County, is also included. Orders can be placed through the Spickard History Committee, P.O. Box 94, Spickard, MO 64679.

History of Lafayette County Missouri Schools. (Higginsville, Mo.: Lafayette County Historical Society, 1996). 232 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $20.00.

This history surveys the small, rural schools established in Lafayette County since the early 1800s. Period photographs of past classes accompany lists of schoolteachers and pupils. Information about African-American schools before desegregation is included. Copies can be ordered from Loberta Runge, Lafayette County Historical Society, 1107 Main Street, Higginsville, MO 64037.

INDEX TO VOLUME XCI COMPILED BY ELIZABETH BAILEY

tornado, 1925,451 Abramowitz, Bernard, 243 Anson, Cap, 390 Academy of the Sacred Heart, St. Charles, 338 Appleby-Green-Miller house, Springfield, 460 Adair County Historical Society, 91, 195, 435 Archaeology, 220, 345-346 Adair County, Mormons, 450 Brown Lodge, Arrow Rock, 456 Adair, Joseph, 336 Caldwell Pottery site, Arrow Rock, 456 Adolf family, 459 Fort Belle Fontaine, 216 Affton Historical Society, 195, 319, 435 Ice Age, 337 African Americans, 104, 109, 110, 111, 214, 218, 337, Miller plantation, Platte County, 458 342,350-351,457,469 Pineville site, McDonald County, 218 Arrow Rock, 455, 456 St. Louis, Forest Park, 104 Bootheel, 69-70 Archambault, Auguste Pierre, 109, 217 Cape Girardeau, 449 Archie, Mo., 110 churches, Boone County, 216 Architecture Civil War soldiers, 218 Bootheel, 76-84 Kansas City, 295-315,450 Howard County, 108 lynching, Maryville, 342 St. Louis County, 350 Pennytown, 452, 458 Arrow Rock, Mo. Perry County, 458 African Americans, 455, 456 Pike County, 109 Brown Lodge/Caldwell Pottery site, 456 Platte County, 458 newspaper museum, 110 St. Louis, 109, 342 Artists, Boonslick, 216, 335 schools, Columbia, 331 Ashcroft, J. Robert, 336 teachers, Arrow Rock, 455 Asia Cafe, St. Louis, 106 underground railroad, 106, 449 Asians, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, St. Louis, University of Missouri, 342 335-336 women, 217, 342; composers, Sedalia, 456 Assumption Catholic Church, O'Fallon, 214 Agriculture, 459 Atchison County Historical Society, 195 Bootheel, 52-85, 458 Athens, Mo., Civil War battle, 213 Civil War, 107 Audrain County Historical Society, 195, 435 Ozarks, 107 Augusta, Mo. Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, sculptures, Jefferson City, 342 cemetery, 454 Albany, Mo., Old American Insurance Company, 103 public school, 454 Allen, Walter, 182, 183 Aull, William, III, 182 Alley Spring State Park, 123-124, 126 Aullville, Mo., 212 Ambrose, Stephen E., Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Ault, Dick, 103 Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the Austin, Mo., 457 American West, 347-348 Austin, Oren, 458 American Association (baseball), 385-405 Authors, St. Louis, 333 American Association of University Women, Ava, Mo., United Methodist Church, 336 Kirksville branch, 43-44, 48 Aviators, St. Louis, 333 Amerman Hospital, Nevada, 216, 335 Amish, 103; Pike County, 456-457 B Amonette, Ivy Paty, 459 Bacon, Adele Roussin, 333 Anderson, Andy, 221 Bader family, 458 Anderson Farms, Gideon, 53 Bader's Tavern, Bloomsdale, 106 Anderson, Frank P., house, Nevada, 279 Bagnall, Norma Hayes, On Shaky Ground: The New Andrew County Museum and Historical Society, 91, Madrid Earthquakes of 1811-1812, 349 195, 435 Bagnell Dam, Camden County, 217 Angerer, Frederick, family, 333; store, St. Clair, 333 Bailey, Beetle, statue, Columbia, 211 Angerer, Harriett Elizabeth Gorg, family, 333 Baker, Charles B., 57 Angerer Store, St. Clair, 333 Baker, Frankie, 456 Annan, Thomas B., 336 Baker, Josephine, 456 Annapolis, Mo. Baker, Thomas King, 454 Jackson Family Store, 337 Bakersfield, Mo., movie theater, 459

471 472 Index

Baldwin Piano Company, St. Louis, 214 Belton Historical Society. 91, 196, 319. 435 Ball, David, 268 Benegar, Honsel. 458 'The Ballad of Frankie and Johnnie," 456 Bennett family, 340 Ballwin Historical Society, 195, 435 Benton, Mo., community house, 219 Bank of St. Clair, 214 Benton County Historical Society, 91, 196. 319. 435 Bank of Sullivan, 349-350 Benton Park, St. Louis, 452 Banner Buggy Company, St. Louis, 106 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 3, 7, 17, 18. 19. 23, Barker, Ma, 459 335 Barnes, Charlie, 110 Berkley, Roger G.. obit., 113 Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 182, 187 Berninghaus, O. E., 335 Barnes, Goah, 332 Bertram, Henry, 216 Barnes, Jesse, 221 Betteridge, Ann Beckner, 90, 181; Discover Cooper Barnes, Lakenan Clark, obit., 462 County By Looking Back: A Cooper County History Barnett, Katherine L., obit., 113 for Elementary Students, 227 Barns, 81-84 Bierman, Lawrence, 106 Barrett, Paul W., 457 Big Spring State Park, Carter County, 123. 124, 126 Barron family, 337 Billings-Affolter house, Springfield, 221 Barrow, Clyde, 452 Binaggio, Charles, 180 Barry County, 216; Marbut School, 454 Bingham, George Caleb, 216, 220, 221. 431 Barry County Genealogical and Historical Society, 195, Bingham-Waggoner Historical Society. 196 319,435 Binswanger, Augustus, 232, 233 Bartholomew-Herrington house, St. Louis, 452 Bishop, Charles M., 281,282 Barton County Historical Society, 195, 319, 435 Bishop, Glen, 104 Bartram, Darius "Dan," 28, 30; Ozark Gift Shop, Black Drug Store, Fairport, fire, 1921, 335 Basketville, 34 Black Elag: Guerrilla Warfare on the Western Border Baseball, 106,385-405 1861-1865, by Thomas Goodrich, 114-115 American Association, 385-405 Black Jack School, St. Charles, 111 Carthage, 467-468 Black, Robert. 332 Holcomb Cardinals, 1949, 213 Blakeley, Gale R., 218 Independence Yankees, 1947, 336 Bland, Richard P. "Silver Dick," 265, 267 St. Louis Browns, 385-405 Blankemeier, Louis, family, 336 Walker's, Harry, All Stars, 1949, 213 Bloch, Albert, 335 World's Championship playoffs, 1885-1888, 385-405 Bloody Hill: The Civil War Battle of Wilson's Creek, Basketball by William Riley Brooksher, 463-464 Missouri Class B High School tournament, 1951, 452 Bloomsdale, Mo., Bader's Tavern, 106 St. Charles High School, 1957, 338 Blue Mills, Mo., 218 Basketmaking, 26-27, 32-33 Bluffton Wine Company, Hermann, 383 Basketville. Mo., 24-34 Bly. Mo., 459 Bartram, Darius "Dan," Ozark Gift Shop, 28, 34 Bock, H. Riley, 181, 182, 186 Fisher, Roy G., gas station and grocery store, 28 Bock, Lynn N., co-auth.. Island No. 10: Struggle for "Basketville and the Roadside Craftspeople on Route the Mississippi Valley, 465-466 66," by Elbert I. Childers and John F. Bradbury, Jr., Bodmer, Karl, 335 24-34 Boeckman, Laurel, 181, 433 Bastian, Mildred E., 333 Bohanon, Lee, 301,304 Bates County Historical Society, 91, 195, 435 Bolivar, Mo., taverns. 459 Baxes, Jim, 336 Bollinger County Historical Society, 435 Baxter. Gladys, 106 Bolton, Ida, 149 Bayou Belle (towboat), 106 Bolton, Martha, 142 Beck, Helen Gould. See Rand, Sally Book Notes. 118-119.227, 349-351, 467-469 Becker, Carl, store, Hooker, 28 Book Reviews, 114-117, 223-226, 343-348, 463-466 Becker, Marion Rombauer, 337 Boone County Becker, William, 175 churches, African-American, 216 Beckett, Bruce H., 182 Red Top Christian Church, 455 Beers Hotel, St. Louis, 106 Boone County Historical Society, 91, 196, 319, 435 Belcher family, 109 Boone, Daniel, building, Columbia, 449 Belle of Calhoun (steamboat), 460 Boone, Daniel, historic sites, 455 Belmont, Mo., Civil War battle, 333 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 91, 196, 435 Belton, Mo., 331 Boone Hospital, Columbia, 103 Index 473

Boone, John William "Blind," 218 Brockfeld, Dave, store, Truesdale, 107 Boonslick, artists, 216, 335 Brockmeyer, Henry, 151, 152 Boonslick Historical Society, 91, 196 Brooks, Chester, 458 Boonville, Mo., 161,251,454 Brooksher, William Riley, Bloody Hill: The Civil War Central National Bank, 253, 256, 258, 426-429 Battle of Wilson's Creek, 463-464 Civil War, 252 Brophy, Patrick, 182, 183; "Weltmer, Stanhope, and the Elliott, Laura Speed, High School, 164 Rest: Magnetic Healing in Nevada, Missouri," 275-294 Gmelich and Schmidt Jewelry Store, 432 Brosius, Samuel T, 142, 145, 147 Kemper Military School, 110 Brown, Charles B., 182 Stephens, Joseph Lafayette, house, 254 Brown, Cornelius, 104 Boonville Weekly Advertiser (newspaper), 255-256 Brown County Historical Association, 436 Booth, Lucy Ellett, family, 214 Brown, Daniel, 186 Booth, Richard W., family, 214 Brown Lodge, Arrow Rock, 456 Boothe, Charles Benton, 214 Brown, Margaret Kimball, co-auth., Tlie French Colony Bootheel in the Mid-Mississippi Valley, 118 African Americans, 69-70 Brown-Byrne, Linda, 192 agriculture, 52-85, 458 Brown-Kubisch, Linda, 192, 193 cotton production, 62-63, 64, 65 Brownwood, Mo., 469 floods, 1937, 67-68 Bruce, Henry Clay, The New Man: Twenty-nine Years place-names, 460 a Slave, Twenty-nine Years a Free man: Recollections sharecroppers strike, 1939, 70 ofH. C Bruce, 350-351 Borgman, Kathy, 183 Brush and Palette Club, 91, 436 Boucher family, 212 Bryan, William Jennings, 104 Boutros, David, co-ed., A Legacy of Design: An Bryant, Vaughn M., Sr., obit., 462 Historical Survey of the Kansas City, Missouri, Bryson building, Hale, 104 Parks and Boulevards System, 1893-1940, 224-225 Buck, Donald E., co-ed., The 1849 California Trail Bowles, Robert Warren, obit., 222 Diaries of Elijah Preston Howell, 225-226 Bowling Green, Mo. Buckingham, Peter H., Rebel against Injustice: The Amish community, 456-457 Life of Frank P. O'Hare, 464-465 St. Clement Catholic Church, 332 Buehlman, Franz, family, 217 Bowman, Larry G., "Christian Von der Ahe, the St. Buffalo, Mo., Clayton, Fred, shoe shop, 331 Louis Browns, and the World's Championship Playoffs, Buffon, Dianne, 192 1885-1888," 385-405 Buford, Martin, family, 331; house, Ellington, 331 Boxerman, Burton A., "The Jewish Hospital of St. Bull, John, 6, 7 Louis: Its Formative Years," 229-249 Bull Shoals Dam, 338 Bradbury, John F, Jr., 183; co-auth., "Basketville Bulla, William, Sr., 104 and the Roadside Craftspeople on Route 66," 24-34 Bullard, Artemus, rock house, St. Louis, 106 Bradley, Bill, 219 Bullard, Edwin R., 459 Bragg City, Mo., 52-85 Burch, N. C, 164 Brassieur, C. Ray, '"From Two Mules to Twelve-row Burchell, Clifford "Humpy," 109 Equipment': An Oral History Interview with Maxwell Burial customs, Ozarks, 458 Williams, Bootheel Farm Manager," 52-85 Burk, Vera E, 182 Breeden, Ted J., obit., 113 Burke, Fred "The Killer," 451 Breweries, St. Louis, 106 Burlington Junction, Mo., 105 Bridges Burris, Charles, family, 451 burnings, Civil War, 359 Burtville, Mo., 454 Cuivre River wagon, Lincoln County, 107 Bush, Isidor, 231, 232, 381, 382, 460 Eads, St. Louis, 455 Bush, Raphael, 383 Hunts, Reynolds County, 449 Bushong, Doc, 402 1-70, St. Charles, 111 Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada, 182 Union Covered Bridge, Monroe County, 103 Businesses. See also individual business names Briegleb, Charles Frederick, family, 214 African-American, Columbia, 332 Briegleb, Drusilla Boyd, family, 214 Jackson County, 109 Briegleb, Emma Anthes, family, 214 Butchering, 216 Briegleb, John, family, 214 Butler County Briegleb, Philip Anthes, 214 Civil War, 108 Bright family, 212 Morocco community, 335 Britt, Albert, 456 Butler County Historical Society, 436 474 Index

Butler, Edward R., 408 Caruthersville, Mo., fire department, 458 Butterfield Stage, markers, 216 Cash, Joe, 339 "By the Eater" (poem), by Eugene Field, 163 Cass County, courthouse, Harrisonville, 219 Byrd. R. A., 340 Cass County Historical Society, 92, 319, 436 Cass, Lewis, 10, 12 Cassville, Mo., ranger station, 449 Cabet, Etienne, 116-117 Caves, St. Louis, 106,467 Cabool, Mo. Cay nor, John H., Tobacco Company, 217 Ozark Hillbilly Village, 211 Cemeteries Strain Tourist Garage, 211 Columbia, Boone County, 108 Cabool Ice Plant and Bottling Company, 211 Deepwood, Vernon County. 182 Cagle family, 212 Edwards, Christian County, 108 Caldwell County Historical Society, 197, 319 Owl Creek, Gentry County, 104 Caldwell Pottery site, Arrow Rock, 456 Pleasant Grove, Platte County, 220 Callao, Mo., C-8 School, 213 Union Williams, Clinton, 211 Callaway, Bobbie L., obit., 462 Centenary Church, Canton, 103 Callaway County, West School, 104 Center School, West Plains, 459 Callentine, Helen L., obit., 462 Central High School, St. Louis, 214 Calmes, Henry, 456 Central Junior High School, Kansas City, 299 Calmes, Paul, 456 Central Methodist College, Fayette, 112 Calmes, Richard, 456 Central National Bank, Boonville, 253, 256, 258, Calmes, William, 456 426-429 Camden County, Green Ridge School, 458 Central Senior High School, Kansas City, 298-301, 306 Camden County Historical Society, 319, 436 Central Wesleyan College, Warrenton, 334 Cameron, Mo., St. Munchin's Catholic Church Rectory, Centralia Historical Society, 197 449 A Century of Praise: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Camp Jackson, St. Louis, massacre, 337 Church, Cole Camp, Missouri: Still Faithful in the Camp Lewis, St. Louis, 109 World, 1896-1996, 468 Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical Society, Chaffee Historical Society, 197, 436 91-92,436 Chambers family, 109 Campbell House Foundation. 92, 197, 436 Champion Store. Douglas County, 109 Canton, Mo. Chanley, Lafayette, 338 Capps Store, 103 Chapman, Carl, 346 Centenary Church, 103 Chariton County Culver-Stockton College, Henderson Hall, 211 Corinth Church, 454 Hawkins Mercantile Company, 103 jail, 449 ice harvesting, 331 Mount St. Mary's Church, 454 Johann, Carl, Library, 103 poor farm, 452 Canton Festival Theatre, 103 Chariton County Historical Society, 92, 197, 319, 436 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 127, 129, 130, 449 Chautauqua, Springfield, 219 African Americans, 449 Cherokee Indians, 349 Civil War, 216, 335 Chesterfield Club, Kansas City, 175 steamboats, 112 Childers, Andrew, 31 Cape Girardeau County, Old Apple Creek Church, 454 Childers, Edith, 30 Cape St. Combs, Perry County. 220 Childers, Elbert I., co-auth., "Basketville and the Capps Store, Canton, 103 Roadside Craftspeople on Route 66," 24-34 Carender-Smith Drug Store, Stockton. 214 Childers family, 26-34 Carnegie, Andrew, 455 Childers, Henry Jasper, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33 Carney family, 211 Childers, Lorena, 30 Carollo, Charles, 180 Childers, Margaret E., 31 Carondelet Historical Society, 92, 197, 319, 436 Childers, Raymond, 30 Carondelet Park, St. Louis, bear pits, 452 Childers, Roy, 30 Carter County Childers, Sarah Ann, 30 Big Spring State Park, 123. 124 Childers, William F, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33 courthouse, 128 Childers's Artful Woodwork, Phelps County, 34 Carter, W. H., 332 Chillicothe, Mo., Ritz Theater, 331 Carthage, Mo., 467-468 Chinese Americans, Kirksville, 35-51 Caruthers, Bob, 386, 396, 402 Chinese, World's Fairs, 1876-1904, 336 Index 475

Chippewa Indians, 5 Clemmons, Madge Lenox, 451 Chitwood, Martin B. "Uncle Baty," 338 Cline family, 455 Chouteau Society, 436-437 Clinton, Mo., Union Williams Cemetery, 211 Christensen, Lawrence O., 182, 183 Clinton County Historical and Genealogical Society, 93, Christian County 198, 437 Edwards Cemetery, 108 Cockrell, Theresa, 456 Finley River flood, 1909, 451 Cohen, Louis, 242 "Christian Von der Ahe, the St. Louis Browns, and the Cole Camp, Mo. World's Championship Playoffs, 1885-1888," by Larry Kreisel Hardware Store, 103 G. Bowman, 385-405 Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, 468 Churches. See also individual church names Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 320 Boone County, African-American, 216 Cole County Historical Society, 320, 437 Platte County, 458 Cole, Emma, 455 Springfield, 460 Columbia, Mo. Churchill, Winston, 218 African-American businesses, 332 Cicardi's Cafe, St. Louis, 333 Boone, Daniel, building, 449 Civil rights movement, Kansas City, 295-315 Boone Hospital, 103 Civil War, 104, 107, 109, 214, 219, 456, 459 Columbia Cemetery, 108 African-American soldiers, 218 East Campus neighborhood, 337 agriculture, 107 schools, 331 battle of Athens, 213 The Shack, 211 battle of Belmont, 333 Stephens College, women aviators, 216 battle of Cane Hill, Ark., 362 Columbia Art League, 45, 108 battle of Helena, Ark., 366-369 Comiskey, Charles, 386, 387-388, 392, 393, 394 battle of Island No. 10, 107, 465-466 Commerce Historical Society, 198, 320, 437 battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., 358, 359 Commercial Hotel, St. Clair, 333 battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., 362 The Community of Spickard, Missouri: battle of Wilson's Creek, 216, 459, 463-464 125 Years of History, 1871-1996, 469 Boonville, 252 Concannon, Marie, 89, 194, 318, 434 Butler County, 108 Concordia, Mo., 103 Camp Jackson massacre, 337 Concordia Historical Institute, 198, 437-438 Cape Girardeau, 216, 335 Concordia, Missouri: A Heritage Preserved, Essays on diaries, 335, 340 Cultural Survival, ed. by Adolf E. Schroeder, 467 Fifth Missouri Infantry Regiment (C.S.A.), 115-116 Conkin, Robert A., obit., 113 guerrilla warfare, 114-115, 357, 454 Connell family, 456 Livingston County, 336, 455 Connor, Roger, 404 Missouri State Guard, 353-372 Contributors to Missouri Culture Reynolds County, 333 Johnson, Belle, inside July back cover songs, 454 Rand, Sally, inside April back cover Twenty-First Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 108 Reedy, William Marion, inside January back cover Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 92, 197, 320,437 Swarthout, Gladys, inside October back cover CM War Round Table of St. Louis, 92, 197, 320,437 Coombs, James T, 416, 417 Civil War Round Table of Western Missouri, 92, Cooper County, 227; Woodland farm, 106 197-198, 320, 437 Cooper County Historical Society, 93, 198, 438 Claire, Bernice, 106 Cooper, Sarshall, Company, Missouri Rangers, 455 Clark, Mo., Amish community, 456-457 Cordell, Jacob, family, 105 Clark, Champ, 425-426 Corinth Church, Chariton County, 454 Clark County Historical Society, 92, 437 Cottey College, Nevada, 213 Clark family, 211 Cotton production, Bootheel, 62-63, 64, 65, 85 Clark, William, 347-348 Courthouses. See individual counties Clarksdale, Mo., 335 Cowden-Hatfield-Dicke house, Springfield, 460 Clay County, 213 Cox, Inez, 105 Clay County Archives and Historical Library, 198, 437 Coy, Mo., 450 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 93, 320 Cramer, Dorothy Susan Rice, 431 Clay County Savings Association, Liberty, robbery, 220 Cramer, Harlan, 431 Clayton, Fred, shoe shop, Buffalo, 331 Crase, Len, 336 Clemens, Samuel L. See Twain, Mark Crawford County, Dowler Mill, 214, 334 Clementine, Mo., 25, 27. See also Basketville, Mo. Crawford County Historical Society, 93, 198, 320, 438 476 Index

Creighton, Mrs. J. H., obit., 462 Dehetre family, 455 Creve Coeur Park, St. Louis, lookout tower, 106 DeKalb, Mo., 357 Crews, Monte, 216 DeKalb County Historical Society, 93, 321, 438 "Criminal Aspects of the Pendergast Machine," by Delisle, Alphonso, 332 Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston, 168-180 Delisle, J. J., 332 Crittenden, Thomas, 134, 135, 139, 143, 144, 152 Delmar Garden Theater, St. Louis, 452 Crocker, Mo., 219 Democratic Party, Missouri, 1890s, 265-267 Cronan, J. Michael, "Trial of the Century!: The Dennis, John S., 214 Acquittal of Frank James," 133-153 Dennis, Lewis, 214 Crozier, George, 137, 150 Deppe, Robert F, obit., 113 Crutcher, Dub, 129 Descher School, Osage County, 219 Cuba, Mo., schools, 331 Deshetres family, 455 Cuban Gardens, Kansas City, 174 Dexter, Mo., Morlan Megacenter (business). 449 Cuivre River wagon bridge, Lincoln County, 107 Diamond Tlie Gem City: A History of Diamond, Missouri Cultivating Cooperation: A History of the Missouri and Marion Township, ed. by Larry A. James and Farmers Association, by Raymond A. Young, 187, Linda Petty James, 349 223-224 Dias-Granados, Carol, 104 Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Henderson Hall, 211 Dierker, John, 338 Cummins, Jim, 148-149, 151 Dillard family, 459 Current River, 121-132 "A Diminished Landscape: The Life and Death of Major Current River Hotel, Ripley County, 220 Robert Henry Smith," by Kim Allen Scott, 353-372 Curty, David Nelson, 339 Discover Cooper County By Looking Back: A Cooper County History for Elementary Students, by Ann D Beckner Betteridge, 227 Dace, Ruth, co-auth., A History of Sullivan, Missouri Disney, Walt, 457 and the Bank of Sullivan, 349-350 Dodson, Clarence, 459 Dale, Robert S., obit., 341 Dogwood Canyon, Stone County, 112 Dallas County Historical Society, 198, 320-321 Dole, August, 451 Dalton, Mo., Vocational School, 449 Dorton Round House, Orrick, 456 Danford, Diana, 459 Douglas, Cleva, 458 Daniel, Larry J., co-auth., Island No. 10: Struggle Douglas County, 109 for the Mississippi Valley, 465-466 Champion Store, 109 Darling, Mrs. Marion C, obit., 222 Diamond School, 336 Daughters of the American Revolution Library, Missouri East Fairview School District No. 46, 336 State Society, State Historical Society of Missouri, fires, 109 Columbia, 87-88 schools, 109 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Smith, Eula Evelyn, house, 109 1861-1865, Julia Dent Grant Tent No. 16, St. Louis, tornadoes, 109 193-194 Douglas County Historical and Genealogical Society, 199, David E. Jackson: Field Captain of the Rocky Mountain 321,438 Fur Trade, by Vivian Linford Talbot, 351 Dowler Mill, Crawford County, 214; school. 334 Davidson, Roy A., obit., 462 Doyle, Susan Badger, co-ed.. The 1849 California Davis, Bob, 111 Trail Diaries of Elijah Preston Howell, 225-226 Davis and Chapell Dry Goods store, Monett, 105 Drew, Mo., 212 Davis, Ilus W., 299, 300, 302, 303, 306, 312; obit., Dry Bayou Baptist Church, Pemiscot County, 458 222 Duckworth, Buren, 451 Davis, Sparkie, 111 Duckworth. Carolyn Kay. 451 Dawson, Donald, 337 Duckworth, Elizabeth Stovall, 451 Day, John B., 402-404 Duckworth, Josiah J., 451 De Andreis High School, St. Louis, 106 Duckworth, Margie Bartle, 451 Dean, Henry Clay, 140, 141 Duckworth, Nora Beasley, 451 Dean, Lawrie Cena, co-auth., The French Colony in the Duckworth, Webster. 451 Mid-Mississippi Valley, 118 Duckworth, William Henry, 451 Dearing, Mortimer, 456 Duden, Gottfried, 334 Decker, Elva Jane, 112 Duemler, Anna, family, 214 Deepwood Cemetery, Vernon County, 182 Duemler, August, family, 333 Deerfield Pottery, Vernon County, 108 Duemler, Elizabeth Baker, family, 333 Deguire, Austin, 336 Duemler, Frederick, family, 214 Index All

Duemler, John Henry, family, 214 Evans, Paul J., 456 Duemler, Ursula Reis, family, 214 Ewing, Buck, 404 Duke, Basil Wilson, 220 Executions, 156, 158; Lebanon, 219 Dun, Fwu Taring, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48 Eye, Timna, 103 Dun, Sze-Kew, 35-51 Dun, Weysan, 43, 47, 49 Duncan, Lucinda, 459 Fair Play School, Marshall, 105 Dunklin County, 338 Fairbanks, Angie Bowker, 112 Four Mile, 111 Fairdealing Academy, Ripley County, 459 Possum Trot, 111 Fairdealing community, Ripley County, 459 Dyer, Amy, family, 453 Fairport, Mo. Dyer, Elijah, family, 453 Black Drug Store, fire, 1921, 335 Dyer, Thomas G., 184 Hudson and Hill General Store, fire, 1921, 335 Fairy Airdome movie theater, St. Louis, 106 Falstaff Brewing Corporation, St. Louis, beer caves, Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 455 106 Eager, Henry I., 457 Fancher store, Hooker, 28 Earngey, Bill, Missouri Roadsides: The Traveler's Farbman, Harry, 106 Companion, 118 Fayette, Mo., Central Methodist College, 112 Earnshaw, Donald C, obit., 222 Femme Osage Township, St. Charles County, 457 Earthquake, New Madrid, 1811 -1812, 349 Fender, Harry, 333 Easley, Mo., Guardian Rock Wool Factory, 109, 217 Ferguson Historical Society, 199, 321 East Fairview School District No. 46, Douglas County, Ferguson-Howitt house, Springfield, 112 336 Ferries, Missouri River, 338, 449 East Lynne, Mo., 110 Fertig, James A., 458 Ebenezer Baptist Church, Randolph County, 459 Field, Eugene, 154-167,457; "By the Eater" (poem), 163 Ebenezer Lutheran Church, Franklin County, 105 Fifth Missouri Infantry Regiment (C.S.A.), 115-116 Eckert, Opal E., ed., Nodaway County, Missouri: A Finley River, flood, 1909, 451 Pictorial History, 1910-1994, 118 Fires Eddie, Thomas, 460 Hannibal, 212 Edgeller, John, 459 Joplin, airport, 1947, 450 Edina, Mo., St. Joseph School, 104 St. Louis, 1849,456 Edwards Cemetery, Christian County, 108 Washington, 1920, 460 The 1849 California Trail Diaries of Elijah Preston First Ladies of Missouri, by Jerena East Giffen, 192 Howell, edited by Susan Badger Doyle and Donald E. Fisher, Roy G., gas station and grocery store, Buck, 225-226 Basketville, 28 Eiseman, David, 237, 242, 245 Fitz's Root Beer Stand, St. Louis, 333 Elections Fleming, Thomas, 459 gubernatorial, 1896, 270-271 Floods Kansas City, 1936, 172, 176-177 1909, Finley River, 451 Missouri, 1902, 342 1937, Bootheel, 66-68 Perry County, 1892,220 1951, Kansas City, 217 Eleven Point River, 124, 125 River des Peres area, St. Louis, 452 Ellington, Mo. Florissant, Mo., 335 Buford, Martin, house, 331 Meyers, John Henry, house, 217 Jefferson Hotel, 331 Vouziers mansion, 455 Elliott, Laura Speed, High School, Boonville, 164 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 199, 321 Ellsinore, Mo., school, 214 Floyd, Charles "Pretty Boy," 175 Elm Spring Baptist Church, Holden, 332 Foley, John, 457 Elmo, Mo., 105 Foley, Red, 112 Elsberry, Mo., 332 Foley, William E., 182, 183 Engelmann, George, 383 Folk, Joseph W., 411 English family, 457 Folklore, Ozarks, 456 Erb, Louis, 107 Football Erie, Mo., 103 Lexington, 1946, 212 Esquire Theater, St. Louis, 333 Saint Louis University, 339 Euell, Richard Lee, 458 Foote, Andrew H., 466 Eureka School, Nevada, 284 Ford, Charles, 142, 151 478 Index

Ford, Robert, 135, 142 cinema, 449 Forest Green, Mo., first house, 452 Jones, Jefferson F. and Sally Ann, house, 212 Forest Park, St. Louis, 104 Missouri School for the Deaf, 218 The Highlands amusement park, 333 Pratt's Theatre, 331 Jewel Box, 106 State Hospital for the Insane, 212, 416-417 roller coaster, 106 Funke, Herbert C, 333 Fort Belle Fontaine, archaeological dig, 216 Fur trade, 351; St. Louis, 456 Fort Belle Fontaine Historical Society, 93 Furth, Jacob, 232, 233, 235 Fort Zumwalt, St. Charles County, 338 400 Club, St. Louis, 452 Four Mile, Dunklin County, 111 Gaffney, John, 403 Foutz, Dave, 386, 402 Garner, C. F, 145 Fox, Bill, 158 Gasconade County Fox Indians, 455 county farm, 455 Fox, Tim, ed., Where We Live: A Guide to St. Louis courthouses, 335 Communities, 119 schools, 109, 218 Francis, David R., 260, 265 Gasconade County Historical Society, 94, 200, 321, 439 Franciscan Sisters, Owensville, 450 "Gastbitter" (wedding invitations), German, 332 Frank, August, 236, 237, 238, 240, 245 Gatewood, Mo., 220 Frank, Nathan, 236 Gault, Isa Benda, family, 333 Franklin County, 105 Gault, John Jacob, family, 333 circuit court judges, 107 Gay '90's Melody Museum, St. Louis, 106 Ebenezer Lutheran Church, 105 General American Life Insurance Company, 53, 54, Holy Martyrs Catholic Parish, 333 57, 63, 65, 66, 76 Franklin County Historical Society, 93, 199 Gentry, Allie, 166 Franklin, Rex, obit., 341 Gentry County, Owl Creek Cemetery, 104 Franklin School, St. Louis, 333 Gentry, William, 165, 166 Franklin Township, Howard County, 110 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 186, 194, 433 Frazier, Jesse, 219 German Americans, 332 Frazier, Morris, 219 Concordia, 467 Frazier, Noah, 219 Hermann, 332 Frazier Wagon Factory, Phelps County, 219 in Missouri, 331, 334,338 Free Bridge, Mo., 452 St. Louis, 109 Free Will Baptist Church, Pennytown, 458 Gideon-Anderson Lumber Company, 85 Freistatt, Mo., Trinity Lutheran Church, 458 Giebler, Eberhardt, family, 105 Fremont, John Charles, 339, 454 Gierke, Victor Albert, obit., 113 The French Colony in the Mid-Mississippi Valley, by Giffen, Jerena East, First Ladies of Missouri, 192 Margaret Kimball Brown and Lawrie Cena Dean, 118 Gifts, 100-102, 208-210, 328-330, 445-448 French Village, Madison County, 217 Gilbert, Joan, The Trail of Tears across Missouri, 349 Friedman, Jacob, 234, 240 Gillreath, Lorenzo W., 151 Friemonth, Louis, family, ferryboat business, Glasgow, Giuseppe's Restaurant, St. Louis, 106 449 Glasgow, Mo., Friemonth, Louis, ferryboat business, 449 Friends for La Plata Preservation, 199, 321 Gleason, William, 386, 400, 402 Friends of Arrow Rock, 93, 183, 199, 438 Glendale, Mo., 108 Friends of Historic Augusta, 438 Mary Queen of Peace Church, 217 Friends of Historic Boonville, 93, 199, 438 train robbery, 1879, 138 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 94, 199, 321, 438 Glendale Historical Society, 94, 200. 321, 439 Friends of Keytesville, 199, 439 Globe building, St. Louis, 106 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 94, 199-200, 321 Glover, John M., 145 Friends of Rocheport, 200 Gmelich and Schmidt Jewelry Store, Boonville, 432 '"From Two Mules to Twelve-row Equipment': An Oral Gobler, Mo., Mercantile Company, 339 History Interview with Maxwell Williams, Bootheel Godlove, Lewis, 234 Farm Manager," by C. Ray Brassieur, 52-85 Goforth, Thomas J., 336 Fruit industry, Ozarks, 107 Golden Eagle River Museum, 94, 200, 321-322, 439, Fruitville, Mo., 459 460 Fuller, Oscar, 332 Goodhope, Mo., Job High School, 109 Fulton, Mo. Goodman, Charles, 136, 137, 144, 151, 152 Churchill, Winston, visit, 1946, 218 Goodrich, James W, 89, 182, 184, 186, 187, 192, 194, Index 479

318,433 Harrison, Richard "Dick," 216 Goodrich, Thomas, Black Flag: Guerrilla Warfare on Harvey, Hardin, 109 the Western Border, 1861-1865, 114-115 Harvey House Restaurant, St. Louis, waitresses, 334 Goodwin, J. West, 154-167 Haskins, Aaron B., 454 Goodwin, Mark, 155, 164, 167 Haskins, John, 104 Gorg family, 334 Haskins, Mellisa, 104 Gould, Harlan A., obit., 222 Hatfield family, 217 Governor's Mansion, Jefferson City, 318, 406 Hawkins, Frank L., obit., 462 Grable, Betty, 452 Hawkins Mercantile Company, Canton, 103 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 342 Haworth, Speedy, 339, 460 Graff, Velma Strickland, 339 Hayti Heights, Mo., 110 Grain Valley Historical Society, 94, 322 Hearne, Jeff, obit., 462 Granada Theater, St. Louis, 333 Heckmann, William, 460 Grand Prairie, Mo., 215 Hedden, Robert, 129 Grand River Historical Society, 94, 200, 322, 439 Heer-Weaver-Reiser house, Springfield, 221 Grandview Historical Society, 94, 322, 439 Helbig-Bowman house, Springfield, 339 Grant, Ulysses S., 333 Helena, Ark., battle of, 366-369 Grapes, 373-384; Phylloxera infestation, 380-384 Hellman-Godlove Mercantile Company, St. Louis, 234 Gratiot Street military prison, St. Louis, 106, 360 Helm, Jean, Pineville Early Days, 468 Graydon Springs, Mo., 103 Hemphill, Carol A., ed., Webster Groves Centennial: The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (movie), 333 1896-1996, The First One Hundred Years, 227 Green Ridge School, Camden County, 458 Henry County Historical Society, 94, 200, 322, 439 Greene County Henry, James J., 459 Caynor, John H., Tobacco Company, 217 Hermann, Mo. Wilderness Road, 461 Bluffton Wine Company, 383 Greene County Historical Society, 94, 200, 322, 439 Germans in, 332 Grimes, Burleigh, 336 Herrman, Charles Edward, 451 Grundy County Historical Society, 200, 322, 439 Herrman Do it Best Lumber Company, Rolla, 451 Guardian Rock Wool Factory, Easley, 109, 217 Hert, Mary Elizabeth, obit., 341 Guerrilla warfare, Civil War, 114-115, 357, 454 Hewlett family, 212 Gunn, Raymond, 342 Hibbeler, Henry D., family, 215 Hibbeler, Rosa Gruenewald, family, 215 H Hicklin, J. F, 145 Hackworth, Paul, 452 Hickman, Thomas, house, New Franklin, 193, 211, 331, Hadley Technical High School, St. Louis, 106 457 Hahn, Charles H., Sr., family, 220 Hickory County Historical Society, 439 Hale, Mo., Bryson building, 104 Hicks, Jacob T, 332 Haley, John, 455 Higgins, Charley, 409 Hall, John G., Majoring in the Minors: A Glimpse of Higgins, Harvey J., Historical Society, 322, 440 Baseball in a Small Town, 467-468 The Highlands amusement park, Forest Park, St. Louis, Halpern, Abraham, 246 333 Ham, Thomas D., 458 Highways Hamby, Alonzo L., 433; Man of the People: A Life of Highway 19, 106 Harry S. Truman, 343-345 Interstate 55, 214 Hamilton, Julius, 312 Route 66, 24-34, 460 Hamilton, William P., 145, 150 Hilkemeyer and Company building, Westphalia, 213 Hamlin-Leslie-Carlson house, Springfield, 111 Hillbilly Store, Hooker, 28, 29 Hannibal, Mo. Hilton family, 220 bandstand, 218 Himmel, Mo., 331 fires, 212 Hinchey, William, 104 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 217 Hindoo School, Nevada, 284 Harding family, 461 Hiney, Brazile, 458 Hardy Studio, Iron County, 337 Historic Lemay: 1700-1945, by Vernon G. Schertel, 119 Harmonie Club, St. Louis, 232, 233 Historic Madison County, 200, 322, 440 Harper, Roy, 127 Historical Society of Maries County, 94, 200-201, 322 Harpold, Grant, 283 Historical Society of New Santa Fe, 201 Harrison, James, log cabin, Phelps County, 26 Historical Society of Oregon County, 440 Harrison, Leon, 238, 245-246 Historical Society of Polk County, 94, 201, 322, 440 480 Index

Historical Society of University City, 95 Hunter. Audreay, 181 History of Lafayette County Missouri Schools, Hunter School, Van Buren, 214 469 Hunts Bridge, Reynolds County, 449 The History of St. Clair County, Missouri, Families, Huntsville Historical Society. 201, 322, 440 Volume 1, 1995, 350 Hurd, Carlos F, 452 A History of Sullivan, Missouri and the Bank of Husmann. George, 373. 381, 383, 384 Sullivan, by Darlene Schatz and Ruth Dace, 349-350 Husmann, Martin. 373. 383 Hite. Clarence, 135, 136. 142 Husmann Nurseries, Sedalia, 383 Hite. George B., 144 Huston, Virginia. 452 Hite. Robert Woodson "Wood." 136, 142, 144, 145, 152 Hyde Park Brewery. St. Louis, 106 Hobart. Harvey, 458 Hyde Park Pharmacy, St. Joseph, 451 Hocker, Nicholas Butler. 336 Hysinger, Barney, 233 Hodgson Mill, Ozark County, 219 Hoester, Robert G. J., 336 I Holcomb Cardinals (baseball team), 1949, 213 Iatan, Mo., churches, 458 Holden, Mo., 454; Elm Spring Baptist Church. 332 Iberia, Mo., Academy, 219 Holidays Icariens. 116-117 Christmas, pioneer, 454 Ice harvesting. Canton, 331 Fourth of July, Franklin County. 105 Ilasco, Mo., cement workers, 109 Missouri Day, 213 Illig and Hartman engraving company. St. Louis. 214 St. Patrick's Day, University of Missouri-Rolla. Immaculate Conception Church, Owensville, 108,451 Franciscan Sisters. 450 Hollenbeck, T. S., 332 In Memoriam. 1 13, 222. 341. 462 Holmes. Theophilus C, 366-367 Independence. Mo., 218. 336, 450; Yankees Holt County Historical Society, 95, 201 (baseball team), 1947. 336 Holy Martyrs Catholic Parish, Franklin County. 333 Independence 76 Fire Company Historical Society. 95. Holy Name Catholic Church, Kansas City. 302. 305 201, 322-323 Homestown, Mo., 69 Indian Springs. Mo.. 103.219 Honey War, 1839, 337 Indians. See Native Americans Hood, Clyde B., obit., 462 Interstate Highway 55, construction of, 214 Hood Methodist Church, Republic. 333 Irish. Kansas City, 104,450 Hood, William "Billie," 262 Iron County. Hardy Studio, 337 Hooker, Mo., 25, 32 Iron County Historical Society, 95, 201. 323. 440 Becker, Carl, store, 28 Iron County Security Bank, Ironton. 337 Fancher store, 28 Irving, Henry, 157 Hillbilly Store, 28, 29 Island No. 10. battle of. 107, 465-466 Ray, Charley, store, 28 Island No. 10: Struggle for the Mississippi Valley, Wells. Clarence, shop, 28 by Larry J. Daniel and Lynn N. Bock. 465-466 Hopkins, Mo.. 213; Christian Church, 450 "It Finally Happened Here: The 1968 Riot in Kansas Hornsby, William Pennington. 218 City, Missouri," by Joel P. Rhodes. 295-315 Horseshoe Bend School, Osage County. 337 Ivy Terrace (house), Jefferson City, 263-264 Hospitals St. Charles, 451 St. Louis, 229-249 "J. West Goodwin of the Bazoo: Friend and Foil of Wabash Railroad, Moberly, 450 Eugene Field," by Lewis O. Saum. 154-167 Houses. See also individual house names Jacks Fork River. 124-126. 459 sharecropper, Bootheel, 76-81 Jackson, Claiborne, 355-356 Housley, Mabel, 458 Jackson County, 460 Houston, Mo., 459 archives. 104 Howard County, architecture, 108 businesses, 109 Howell, Elijah Preston, 225-226 cholera, 1846,218 Hoxie, Vinnie Ream. 335 Jackson County Historical Society, 95. 201-202. 323. Hudson and Hill General Store, Fairport, fire, 335 440 Hudson, Mark, 181 Jackson, David E., 351 Hughes, William Morrison, 216 Jackson Democratic Club, 168 Hulston, John, 184 Jackson Family Store, Annapolis, 337 Hulston, Nancy J., co-auth.. "Criminal Aspects of the Jackson, James P., 336 Pendergast Machine," 168-180 Jackson, M. Minniola, 456 Index 481

Jaeger, Herman, 381, 382, 383 Jones, A. Clifford, obit., 222 James, Frank, 133-153; jury, 150 Jones, Alice, 451 James, Jesse, 133, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144, 146; Jones, Andrew Jackson, 336 photographs, 227 Jones, Jefferson F. and Sally Ann, house, Fulton, 212 James, Jesse Dean, obit., 462 Jones, Tom, 459 James, Larry A., co-ed., Diamond The Gem City: A Joplin, Mo., 455; airport fire, 1947, 450 History of Diamond, Missouri and Marion Township, Joplin Globe (newspaper), 212 349 Joplin Historical Society, 202, 323 James, Linda Petty, co-ed., Diamond The Gem City: A History of Diamond, Missouri and Marion Township, K 349 Kahn, Rebecca, 236, 237, 245, 246 James, Reggie, 181 Kaiser, John, 457 Jarboe family, 334 Kansas City, Mo., 112 Jasper County Historical Society, 95, 323 African Americans, 295-315, 450 Jayne, Mitch, 219 boulevards, 224-225 Jazz Central, St. Louis, 452 businesses, 308-309 Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, 106; National Cemetery, Central Junior High School, 299 194 Central Senior High School, 298-301, 306 Jefferson City, Mo. Chesterfield Club, 175 Aitken, Robert Ingersoll, sculptures, 342 civil rights movement, 295-315 Governor's Mansion, 318, 406 Cuban Gardens, 174 Ivy Terrace (house), 263, 264 elections, 1936, 172 Lewis and Clark expedition, 339 flood, 1951,217 state penitentiary, 418-419 Holy Name Catholic Church, 302, 305 Jefferson County, schools, one-room, 104 Irish, 104, 450 Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society, 95, 440 Methodist inner-city parish, 337 Jefferson Hotel, Ellington, 331 Missouri Repertory Theatre, 342 Jefferson, Thomas, 347-348 Nelson Art Gallery, 332 Jenkins, Anna, 449 parks, 224-225 Jennings Historical Society, 440 Pendergast machine, 168-180 Jensen, Peggy Ashcraft, Life on the Edge of the Great Pendergast, T J., Wholesale Liquor Company, 170 Dark Cypress Swamp: The Brownwood, Missouri Ready-Mixed Concrete Company, 170 Community History, 469 riot, 1968,295-315 Jesuit Retreat House, St. Louis, 334 Union Station Massacre, 1933, 176 Jewel Box, Forest Park, St. Louis, 106 Western Gallery of Art, 332 Jewish Hospital Aid Society, St. Louis, 236 Kansas City Westerners, 95, 323, 440 Jewish Hospital Association, St. Louis, 232, 234, 235 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854, 18, 19, 20 "The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis: Its Formative Karlin, Mo., 338 Years," by Burton A. Boxerman, 229-249 Kaye,Ara, 181, 192,433 Jewish Hospital School of Nursing, St. Louis, 240 Kayser, Alexander, 376 Jewish Infirmary and Hospital Association, St. Louis, Keefe, Tim, 403 233, 235 Kelley, Clarence, 299, 300 Job High School, Goodhope, 109 Kelly, Emmett, 459 Job schools, 105 Kelly, J. H., 278, 279, 281 Johann, Carl, Library, Canton, 103 Kelly, John, 395, 396, 400, 403 Johnson, Belle, inside July back cover Kelly, Mike "King," 397, 398 Johnson, Charles P., 140, 145 Kemper Military School, Boonville, 110 Johnson County Kennish, John, 172-173 courthouse, 107, 216 Kessler, George, 224-225 Pertle Springs, 267 Keytesville, Mo., 454 train wreck, 1908,216 Kimmswick Historical Society, 95, 202, 323, 440-441 Johnson County Historical Society, 202, 440 King, Cleona Jewell Lewis, 451 Johnson, Dan, 456 King, Ethel Short, 451 Johnson, Herman, 300 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 299 Johnson, John W., 430 King, Richard Gilbert, 451 Johnson, Kathaline, obit., 341 King, William, 451 Johnson, U. G., 458 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 323 Jolliet, Louis, 220 Kingsbury, Lilburn, 454 482 Index

Kingsland Theater, St. Louis, 333 Old Jail Museum, 219 Kinney, L. Viola "Lady," 456 Lee, Janice, co-ed., A Legacy of Design: An Kirk, Jesse, 41 Historical Survey of the Kansas City, Missouri, Kirksville, Mo., 35-51 Parks and Boulevards System, 1893-1940, 224-225 American Association of University Women, Lee, John M., 218 43-44, 48 Lee, S. E., obit, 462 Sojourners Club, 47 Leemon, Mo., 454 Kirksville College of Osteopathy and Surgery, 42 Lee's Summit, Mo., 212 Kirkwood, Mo., 109, 218, 336, 456 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 96, 202, 324, 441 Kirkwood Historical Society, 95, 202, 323, 441 A Legacy of Design: An Historical Survey of the Knob Noster, Mo., 106 Kansas City, Missouri, Parks and Boulevards System, Knobview, Mo., 457 1893-1940, ed. by Janice Lee, David Boutros, Kohlenberg, Gilbert C, obit., 341 Charlotte R. White, and Deon Wolfenbarger, 224-225 Kohler, Evelyn Moore, 334 Lemay, Mo., 119, 452 Kohn, Ida, 236, 237 Lemp-Cherokee beer caves, St. Louis, 106 Kosher Hospital Association, St. Louis, 241-242 Les Icariens: The Utopian Dream in Europe and Koshkonong, Mo., 459 America, by Robert P. Sutton, 116-117 Kostedt, William "Beau," 186 Lesser, Julius, 245 Kreisel Hardware Store, Cole Camp, 103 Levy, Jacques, 236 Kremer, Gary R., 182 Lewis, Amos, 455 Kuemmel, Cornelia, 216 Lewis and Clark expedition, 339, 347-348 Kympton's Gift Shop, Phelps County, 26 Lewis County, slavery, 331 Lewis, Meriwether, 347-348 Lexington, Mo., high school football team, 1946, 212 "La Guillonnee" (French holiday custom), 455 Liberty, Mo., 213 Laas, Virginia, 182, 183 Clay County Savings Association, robbery, 220 LaBarge family, 221 Hicks, Jacob T, photographer, 332 LaBarge, Joseph, 112 Liddil, Dick, 135, 141-142, 143, 144, 146, 147, Laclede County, 212 148, 151-152 Laclede County Historical Society, 95, 202 Life on the Edge of the Great Dark Cypress Swamp: Ladd, JackT, obit, 341 The Brownwood, Missouri Community History, by Lafayette County Historical Society, 324 Peggy Ashcraft Jensen, 469 Lafayette County, schools, 469 Limbaugh, Rush H., Sr., 128, 339 LaFont family, 332 Limbaugh, Stephen N., 181, 187-188; "The Origin and Lagonda, Mo., 335 Development of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways Lamar, Mo., Twentieth Century Reading Club, 212 Project," 121-132 Lamar, Kirby, obit, 341 Lincoln, Abraham, 1-2 Lamarque family, 455 Lincoln County, Cuivre River wagon bridge, 107 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 96, 202, 324 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological Society, Lane, Frankie, 452 96,202,324,441 Lane, Rose Wilder, 335 Lindenwood College, St. Charles, Margaret Hall, 460 Lange, John, Jr., 218 Ling, Huping, "Sze-Kew Dun: A Chinese-American Lanton, Mo., school, 215 Woman in Kirksville," 35-51 Largent, W. W., 332 Linn, Lewis F, 9 Larsen, Lawrence H., co-auth., "Criminal Aspects of Little River Drainage District, 62, 66, 331 the Pendergast Machine," 168-180 Livingston County, 217, 449; Civil War, 336, 455 Larson, Sidney, 194 Local Historical Societies, 91-99, 195-207, 319-327, Latham, Walter "Arlie," 386, 390-391 435-444 Laughlin, David, 90 Long, Lee, 332 Lawrence County Historical Society, 324, 441 Lost Caves of St. Louis, by Hubert and Charlotte Lazia, Johnny, 174, 175, 176, 180 Rother, 467 Lea, Pleasant, 212 Lough, Charlie, family, 105 "Leaky Roof railroad, Phenix, 211 Lough, Nora McDonald, family, 105 Leasburg Missouri Historical Society, 96 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, St. Louis, 104, Least Heat-Moon, William, 218 105, 106,221,335-336 Lebanon, Mo. Love, Betty, 221 Daily Record (newspaper), 332 Low, M. A., 139 hanging, 219 Lucas Hardware store, Shelbina, 107 Index 483

Lumbering, Madison County, 336 The Many Faces of Jesse James, by Phillip W. Steele Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod, 456 with George Warfel, 227 The Lutheran Witness (magazine), 335, 454 Mar-Be's Variety store, Maysville, 335 Luxemburg/Lemay, Mo., 452 Marbut School, Barry County, 454 Lynchings Margaret Hall, Lindenwood College, St. Charles, 460 Lebanon, 219 Maries County, 219 Maryville, 342 Maries County Historical Society, 219, 324, 441 St. Clair, 1863,451 Maries County, Missouri, A County Pictorial/Family Lyon, Nathaniel, 355 History, Volume 3, 467 M Marion Township, Newton County, 349 M'Cluer, John A., 454 Marmaduke, John Sappington, 362, 363, 364, 365, McAnulty, J. M., 283 368-369; duel, 1863,370-371 McClanahan family, 458 Marquette, Jacques, 220 McClurg, Joseph W., trading post, Seymour, 107 Marr, H. H., 332 McCormack, Susan, 89 Marshall, Mo. McCracken, Reitha, ed., St. Mary Catholic Church, Fair Play School, 105 Seneca, Missouri: A History, 1884-1994, 118 Van Dyke and Company Insurance, 450 McCue, George, 186 Marshall-Emory-McMullin Company, Scott County, 457 McDannald, Henry, 214 Marshall, Tex., Missouri Confederate government, 456 McDonald County, 103 Martin, Charles "Shugg," 312 Old Hack Road, 103 Martin family, 336 Pineville archaeological site, 218 Martinsburg, Mo., 453 McDougal, Henry Clay, 139, 151 Mary Queen of Peace Church, Glendale, 217 McElroy, Henry, 169 Maryville, Mo., 213; lynching, 342 McFarland, R. N., 457 Mathes, Gertrude, 237, 245 McHaney family, 339 Maxwell, Harriet, 56 Mcintosh, E. W., 103 Maxwell, Jesse, 56 McKinley School, Osage County, 457 Mayo, James R., 182 McKinney, George, 312 Maysville, Mo., 335 McKinney, George, Jr., 312 Mar-Be's Variety store, 335 MacLachlan family, 221 United Methodist Church, 108 McMillan, Frank, 135, 136, 142, 148 May view, Mo., 104 McMurray, W. Grant, 182 Meatte, W. P., 332 McNatt, Mo., 103 Meeks family, murder, 218 McPherson, Adeline Brewer, 335 Melsheimer's Restaurant, St. Louis, 333 Macon County Historical Society, 96 Melton, Emory, 186, 187 Macon, Nathaniel, 14 Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society, 96, Maddinboro, Mo., 219 324, 441 Madison County, 217 Meredith, James, 127-130 French Village, 217 Mesmerism, 276-277 lumbering, 336 Meta, Mo. Silver Mines Dam, 217 bank, 457 Magnetic healing, 275-294 school, 110 Mahler Ballroom, St. Louis, 333 Metheny, Pat, 457 Mail delivery, rural, 211 Mexico, Mo., St. Brendan School, 104 Majoring in the Minors: A Glimpse of Baseball in a Meyer, Minnie, 337 Small Town, by John G. Hall, 467-468 Meyers, John Henry, house, Florissant, 217 Malone, Charles, 432 Michael, Elias, 237 Malone, Gertrude Schmidt, 432 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 96, 202-203, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman, by 324, 441 Alonzo L. Hamby, 343-345 Middlebury, Mo., 469 Mandrell, Barbara, 111 Midtown Neighborhood Association, Springfield, 460 Mangan-Bush house, Springfield, 339 Mikado Theater, St. Louis, 106 Manilla, Mo., 456 Mike, Mo., 108 Manitou Bluffs, Missouri River, 454 Miller, Albert, 313 Mann family, 212 Miller County, 227 Mann, Nell, 104 mills, 339 Mansfield, Mo., Wilder, Laura Ingalls, house, 219, 220 poor farm, 339 484 Index

Trade Right store, Richwoods Township, 338 Missouri History in Magazines, 108-112, 216-221, Miller County Historical Society, 96, 203, 324, 441 335-340, 454-461 Miller, John, 5 Missouri History in Newspapers, 103-107, 211-215, Miller, John G., 251 331-334,449-453 Miller plantation, Platte County, 458 Missouri, Kansas, and Texas depot, Wentzville, 215 Miller, Thomas L., Sr., 182 Missouri Repertory Theatre, Kansas City, 342 Miller, Verne C, 175 Missouri River, 218, 221, 338; Manitou Bluffs. 454 Milligan, Maurice, 177, 178 Missouri Roadsides: A Traveler's Companion, by Bill Mills Earngey, 118 Dowler, Crawford County, 214 Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton, 218 Hodgson, Ozark County, 219 Missouri School of Mines. See University of Miller County, 339 Missouri-Rolla Mount Vernon Roller, Lawrence County, 213 Missouri Southern Railroad, 333 Ozarks, 449 Missouri State Guard, Civil War, 353-372 Schlict's, Pulaski County, 219 Missouri State Hospital for the Insane, Fulton, 416-418 Topaz, Vanzandt, 459 Missouri State Life Insurance Company. See General Mine Au Breton, Mo., 213 American Life Insurance Company Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 203, 324 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, 418-419 Mining, Missouri, 215, 219, 338, 456 Missouri Supreme Court Historical Society, 110 Mintrup, Amy, family, 453 "Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century First Couple: Lawrence Mintrup family, 334 'Lon' Vest and Margaret Nelson Stephens," by Marian Mintrup, Joseph, family, 453 M. Ohman, 250-274, 406-430 The Mirror (magazine), St. Louis, inside January back Moberly, Mo. cover Wabash depot, 221 Mississippi River, 214 Wabash Railroad Hospital, 450 Missouri Moerschel Brewing Company, St. Charles, 453 African Americans in, 104, 109, 110, 111, 118, 214, Monett, Mo., 213 218,337,342,350-351 Davis and Chapell Dry Goods store, 105 Amish, 103,456-457 Stone Hotel, 105 archaeology, 104, 217, 218, 220, 337, 345-346, Wilson's Opera House, 105 456, 458 Moniteau County Historical Society, 96, 203, 324, 441 Bootheel, farming, 52-85 Monroe County Appeal (newspaper), Paris, Norman Confederate government, Marshall, Tex., 456 Rockwell painting of office, 332, 337 elections, 270-271, 342 Monroe County, Union Covered Bridge, 103 first state capital, St. Charles, 213 Monsanto fertilizer plant, Mount Vernon, explosion, Germans in, 331, 334, 338, 467 1966, 332 Governor's Mansion, 318, 406 Montevallo, Mo., 335 Honey War, 1839,337 Montgomery, Christine, 90, 192 interstate highway system, 213 Montgomery County Historical Society, 203, 441 judicial system, 1952-1996, 457 Moody family, 212 legislature, 1821, 211 Moore, Charles Ludwig, 105 mining, 215, 219, 338, 456 Moore, David, 181 Mormons, 110, 450 Moore, James, II, 105 northeast, exploration, 1673, 220 Moore, James, III, 105 paleontology, 331 Moore's Opera House, Nevada, 454 pioneer days, 459 Morgan County Historical Society, 442 Platte Purchase, 1-23 Morlan Megacenter (business), Dexter, 449 soldiers' homes, 415 Mormons, 110; Adair County, 450 state hospitals, 415-418 Morocco community, Butler County, 335 statehood, 211 Morre General Store, St. Clair, 333 Supreme Court, 110 Morre, William, Jr., 333 underground railroad, 106, 449 Morris family, 212 wineries, 111 Morris, Mae, 458 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, cyclone, 1896, Morrison, Charley, 459 110 Morton family, 457 Missouri City, Mo., 218 Morton, John D., 184, 187 Missouri Farmers Association, 223-224 Moselle, Mo. Missouri Historical Society, 96, 203, 214, 221 bank, 333 Index 485

St. Mary's Church, 337 The New Man: Twenty-nine Years a Slave, Twenty-nine Moss Hollow School, 212 Years a Free Man: Recollections ofH. C. Bruce, by Mossman, Kathleen, 111 Henry Clay Bruce, 350-351 Mount St. Mary's Church, Chariton County, 454 New Santa Fe Historical Society, 442 Mount Vernon, Mo., Monsanto fertilizer plant, Newkirk, Dave, 336 explosion, 1966, 332 News in Brief, 89-90, 192-194, 318, 433-434 Mount Vernon Roller Mill, 213 Newspapers. See also individual newspaper names Mount Zion Methodist Church, Salisbury, 452 humor, 468 Mountain Grove, Mo., fruit experiment station, 419 museum, Arrow Rock, 110 Mountain View, Mo., St Francis Hospital, 334 Newton County, 338, 458; Marion Township, 349 Muehl, Siegmar, "The Wild Missouri Grape and Newton County Historical Society, 96, 203, 325 Nineteenth-Century Viticulture," 373-384 Nichols, Clora, 458 Muench, Friedrich, 373, 375, 376, 377-379 Nifong, Shirley, 336 Mules, 71-76; Ozarks, 459 Nightclubs, St. Louis, 452 Munson, T. V., 383-384 Nodaway County, 118; rural schools, 450 Murphy, Michael E., 86 Nodaway County Historical Society, 96, 442 Museums. See individual museum names Nodaway County, Missouri: A Pictorial History, 1910-1944, ed. by Opal E. Eckert, 118 N Nordstrom, Algot, 90 Nash, Frank, 175 Norman, William Franklin, 108 National Farm, Pulaski County, 219 Novinger, Mo., 458 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 220 O Native Americans O'Brien, Michael J., Paradigms of the Past: The Story Cherokee, 349 of Missouri Archaeology, 345-346 Chippewa, 5 O'Fallon, Mo., Assumption Catholic Church, 214 Fox, 455 O'Fallon Historical Society, 96 Ottawa, 5 O'Hare, Butch, 109 Potawatomi, 5; Trail of Death, 217 O'Hare, Frank P., 464-465 Sauk, 455 O'Hare, Kate Richards, 464-465 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, 96, 203, O'Neill, Tip, 386, 396 325, 442 O'Neill-Ward house, Springfield, 339 Nelson Art Gallery, Kansas City, 332 Oaks, Wayne I., obit, 113 Nelson, James Martin, 256 Ohman, Marian M., "Missouri's Turn-of-the-Century Nelson, Lewis C, 269 First Couple: Lawrence 'Lon' Vest and Margaret Neosho, Mo., 382 Nelson Stephens," 250-274, 406-430 St. James Hotel, 458 Ohrvall, Charles Warren, obit., 341 Vickery house, 219 Old American Insurance Company, Albany, 103 Nevada, Mo., 275-294 Old Apple Creek Church, Cape Girardeau County, 454 Amerman Hospital, 216, 335 Old Bailey School, Cuba, 331 Bushwhacker Museum, 182, 183 Old Hack Road, McDonald County, 103 Cottey College, 213 Old Jail Museum, Lebanon, 219 doctors, 454 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 203 execution, 1883, 158 Old Piedmont American Hotel, Piedmont, 451 jailbreak, 1888, 216 Old Trails Historical Society, 97, 203, 325, 442 magnetic healers, 275-294 Oliver, William Nicholas, 354 Moore's Opera House, 454 Olson, James C, 182 Stanhope Sanitarium and School of Magnetic Healing, On Shaky Ground: The New Madrid Earthquakes of 285 1811-1812, by Norma Hayes Bagnall, 349 Weltmer Institute, 275-294 100th Anniversary: Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Weltmer, Sidney A., house, 293 Church, Russellville, MO 1895-1995, by Erna R. Nevada Medical and Surgical Sanitarium, 335 Raithel, 119 New Franklin, Mo., Hickman, Thomas, house, 193, 211, Orchid, Mo., 104 331,457 "The Origin and Development of the Ozark National New Madrid, Mo. Scenic Riverways Project," by Stephen N. Limbaugh, Chamber of Commerce, 1909, 332 121-132 earthquake, 1811-1812,349 Orrick, Mo., Dorton Round House, 456 New Madrid County, schools, 451 Osage County Historical Society, 97, 203, 325, 442 486 Index

Osage County, schools, 110, 219, 337, 457 The Past in Our Presence: Historic Buildings in St. Osage River Country: A History of the People and the Louis County, 350 Places of Miller County, Missouri, 227 Path to Glory: A Pictorial Celebration of the Santa Osborn, Caroline Tiplett, family, 333 Fe Trail, by Jami Parkison, 351 Osborn, Ellen M., family, 333 Paxton, William M., Annals of Platte County, 1897, 450 Osborn, John, family, 333 Pea Ridge, Ark., battle of. 358, 359 Osborn, Rebecca Richardson, family, 333 Pecan Joe's gift shop, Phelps County, 26 Osborn, Tabitha Wilkinson, family, 333 Pemiscot County Osborn, William, family, 333 African Americans, 69-70 Ottawa Indians, 5 Dry Bayou Baptist Church, 458 Otto, Susan Carolyn Woodruff Donohue, 111 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 97, 204, 325, 442 Overland Historical Society, 97, 204, 325, 442 Pendergast, James, 176, 179-180 Overland trails, 225-226, 351, 457 Pendergast, James "Big Jim," 168, 172 Owen, Earl E. "Gene," obit, 113 Pendergast, T. J., Wholesale Liquor Company, Kansas Owens, James L., 105 City, 170 Owensville, Mo., Immaculate Conception Church, 450 Pendergast, Thomas Joseph, 168-180 Owl Creek Cemetery, Gentry County, 104 Pendergast, Thomas Joseph, Jr., 180 Ozark County Pennytown, Mo. Hodgson Mill, 219 African Americans, 452 Pippin homestead, 111 Free Will Baptist Church, 458 place-names, 219 Perriguey/Enterprise School, Osage County, 457 Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society, 204, Perry County, 458 325 Cape St. Combs, 220 Ozark Hillbilly Village, Cabool, 211 elections, 1892, 220 Ozark National Scenic Riverways, 121-132 Point Rest Lutheran Church, 451 Ozark National Scenic Riverways Commission, 126 St. Cosme-Cinque Homme Creek, 220 Ozarks, 111,219,340,350,458 slaves, 458 burial customs, 458 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 204 crafts, 24-34 Persell, Tom, 452 dancing, 457 Pertle Springs, Johnson County, 267 description, 1851, 377-379 Pettis County Historical Society, 97, 442 folklore, 456 Pharris, Lois, 213 fruit industry, 107 Pharris, Raymond, 213 houses, 459 Phelps County, 24-34 mills, 449 Frazier Wagon Factory, 219 mules, 459 Kympton's gift shop, 26 railroad depots, 459 Pecan Joe's gift shop, 26 rivers, 121-132 Taber School, 26 springs, 111 Phelps County Historical Society. 442 thong trees, 112 Phenix, Mo. Kiel Hall, 211 "Leaky Roof railroad, 211 Pacific, Mo., 221 rock quarry, 211 Paine, Christopher M., "The Platte Earth Controversy: school, 211 What Didn't Happen in 1836," 1-23 Phenix Marble Company, 211 Paleontology, 331 Philips, John F, 137, 139, 140, 145-148, 153 Palmer, Charlie, family, 338 Phillips, Lucinda H., 431 Paradigms of the Past: The Story of Missouri Phillips, Richard F, obit., 1 13 Archaeology, by Michael J. O'Brien, 345-346 Pickel, Helen Hawkins, obit, 462 Paris, Mo., Monroe County Appeal (newspaper), 332, Pickering, Mo., 213 337 Pie suppers, 109 Park, Lanhei Kim, 43 Piedmont, Mo., Old Piedmont American Hotel, 451 Park, No-Yong, 42 Pike County, African Americans, 109 Parker, Bonnie, 452 Pike County Historical Society, 97, 204 Parkison, Jami, Path to Glory: A Pictorial Pikey, Sam, 332 Celebration of the Santa Fe Trail, 351 Pine, Mo., 220 Parmer, Allen, 144 Pineville, Mo., 468; archaeological site, 218 Parmer, Susan, 144 Pineville Early Days, by Jean Helm, 468 Index 487

Pinion, Ralph Dixon, 338 Quesenbury, William Monor Cush, 458 Pinkley, T. C, 332 Pippin homestead, Ozark County, 111 Pitman, Sam, 459 Raaf, Alphonse, family, 215 Place-names Raaf, Mathilda Hibbeler, family, 215 Bootheel, 460 Rafferty, Milton D., comp., Rude Pursuits and Rugged Ozark County, 219 Peaks: Schoolcraft's Ozark Journal, 350 Platte County Railroads, 333. See also individual railroad names Miller plantation, 458 depots, Ozarks, 459 Pleasant Grove Cemetery, 220 Knob Noster, 106 Pleasant Grove Church, 220 mail service, 336 schools, 220 robberies slaves, 458 Glendale, 1879, 138 Stillings School, 458 Winston, 1881, 135-136 Walnut Grove School, 458 Thayer, 459 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society, 97 wrecks "The Platte Earth Controversy: What Didn't Happen in Johnson County, 216 1836," by Christopher M. Paine, 1-23 Warrenton, 1904, 334 Platte Purchase, 1-23 Raithel, Erna E., 100th Anniversary: Trinity Pleasant Grove Cemetery, Platte County, 220 Evangelical Lutheran Church, Russellville, MO Pleasant Grove Church, Platte County, 220 1895-1995, 119 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 97, 204, 325 Rand, Sally, inside April back cover Point Rest, Mo., 220 Randolph County, 220 Point Rest Lutheran Church, Perry County, 451 coal mining, 456 Polar Wave icehouse, St. Louis, 452 Ebenezer Baptist Church, 459 Polk County, South Ward Grade School, 111 Yates Baptist Church, 111 Pollard family, 456 Randolph County Historical Society, 97, 204, 220, 325 Pony Express, 218 Rathburn, Elon G., 338 Pope, Preston W., 281 Raven wood, Mo., 213 Portland, Mo., St. Mark's Episcopal School for Boys, Ray, Arnim L., obit., 113 212 Ray, Charley, store, Hooker, 28 Possum Trot, Dunklin County, 111 Ray County Historical Society, 97, 204, 326 Potawatomi Indians, 5; Trail of Death, 217 Raymore, Mo., schools, 110 Potosi, Mo., 213 Raymore Historical Society, 97, 204, 326, 443 Potts, Jonas, 142 Raytown Historical Society, 97, 204, 326, 443 Powell, Claudia, 193 Ready-Mixed Concrete Company, Kansas City, 170 Powellville, Mo., 26 Rebel against Injustice: The Life of Frank P. Prairie Grove, Ark., battle of, 362 O'Hare, by Peter H. Buckingham, 464-465 Prairie Home, Mo., Baptist Church, 211 Red Top Christian Church, Boone County, 455 Pratt's Theatre, Fulton, 331 Reed, George Marcellus Hamilton, 219 Precious Blood Sisters, Owensville, 450 Reed, Mabel, 333 Presbyterian church, women in, 460 Reed, Silas, 214 Price, Albert M., 183, 184 Reedville, Mo., 214 Price, Martha Head, 221 Reedy, William Marion, inside January back cover Price, Sterling, 355-358 Regency Manor nursing home, St Louis, 106 Priddy, Bob, 183 Reim, Robert G., 218 Proskauer, Adolph, 234 Reinert, Paul C, 221 Pruitt family, 212 Renfrow, Gordon R., obit, 113 Pulaski County, 25, 219 Republic, Mo., Hood Methodist Church, 333 county farm, 218 Revelle, Levi W., 336 Schlict's Mill, 219 Rexall Drug Company, St. Louis, 106 Pulaski County Museum and Historical Society, 204, Reynolds County 325, 443 courthouse, Civil War attack, 333 Puxico, Mo., high school basketball, 1951, 452 Hunts Bridge, 449 Reynolds County Genealogy and Historical Society, 97 Q Reynolds, Thomas C, 111, 454 Quantrill, William Clarke, 212, 216, 454 Rhodes, Joel P., "It Finally Happened Here: The 1968 Quarry School, Warrensburg, 214 Riot in Kansas City, Missouri," 295-315 488 Index

Rich Fountain, Mo., Sacred Heart Parish, 212 Russell, Ira L., 452 Rich Woods, Mo., 105 Russellville, Mo., Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Richetti, Adam "Machine Gun," 175 119 Richwoods Township, Miller County, Old "Trade Right" Ryan, Bill, 138. 144, 146 store, 338 Rider, Solomon A., 234 Riley, Charles V., 380-381 Sacred Heart Parish, Rich Fountain, 212 Riot, Kansas City, 1968, 295-315 St. Agatha Catholic Parish, St. Louis, 214 Ripley County St. Aloysius Catholic Church, Spanish Lake, 214 Current River Hotel, 220 St. Ann Catholic Church, Warsaw, 332 Fairdealing Academy, 459 St. Brendan School, Mexico, 104 Fairdealing community, 459 St. Catherine of Alexandria Catholic Parish. St. Louis, Pine community, 220 333 schools, 220 St. Charles, Mo.. 104, 111,220 Shiloh Spring, 459 Academy of the Sacred Heart, 338 Shirley Township, 220 Black Jack School, 111 Tucker community, 459 first state capital, 213 Ripley County Historical Society, 204-205, 326, 443 high school, basketball team, 1957. 338 Ritchey, Mathew H., 108 hospital, first. 451 Ritz Theater, Chillicothe, 331 1-70 bridge, 111 Rivers. See also individual river names Linden wood College, Margaret Hall, 460 Ozarks, 121-132 Moerschel Brewing Company, 453 sunken steamboats, 451 St. John's United Church of Christ. 460 Roads Smartt Airfield, 220 Route 66, St. Louis, 460 St. Charles County Wilderness, Greene County, 461 Boone, Daniel, historic sites, 455 Roaring River, 111 wine industry, 220 Robertson, Maude Spurlock, 336 St. Charles County Historical Society. 98, 205, 326 Robinson, Hugh Armstrong, 338, 458 St. Charles Wine Cellar, 459 Robinson, John W., 459 St. Clair, Mo. Robinson, Yank, 400, 402 Angerer Store. 333 Robnett, Katherine Goodson, obit., 222 bank, 214 Rock-Wool plant, Easley, 109, 217 Commercial Hotel, 333 Rockwell, Norman, painting, Monroe County Appeal lynching, 1863,451 (newspaper) office, Paris, 332, 337 Morre General Store, 333 Rogers, Alfred, family, 451 Wall, Annie L., boardinghouse, 105 Rogers, Charles Lee, 456 St. Clair County, 350 Rogers, Emily Jones, family, 451 St. Clair County Historical Society, 205. 326 Rogers, James A., 456 St. Clement Catholic Parish, Bowling Green, 332 Rogers, Rayne, 451 St. Cosme-Cinque Homme Creek. Perry County, 220 Rolla, Mo., Herrman Do it Best Lumber Company, 451 St. Francis Hospital, Mountain View, 334 Rombauer, Irma S., 337 St. Francois County Historical Society. 205 Rookwood School, Shelbyville, 334 St. Francois County, jail, 333 Rosati, Mo., 457 St. James Hotel, Neosho, 458 Rosentreter, David, 234 St. Joachim Church cemetery, Washington County, Rost/Heradon School, Osage County, 110, 219 455 Rother, Charlotte, co-auth., Lost Caves of St. Louis, St. John's United Church of Christ, St. Charles, 460 467 St. Joseph, Mo. Rother, Hubert, co-auth., Lost Caves of St. Louis, Civil War, 358-359 467 Hyde Park Pharmacy, 451 Round Spring State Park, 123, 126 Salvation Army, 214 Route 66, 24-34; St. Louis, 460 Van Lear, Hardy and Company, 355, 359 Ruckman, Chester, 31 St Joseph Historical Society, 98, 326 Ruckman, George, 27, 31 St. Joseph Morning Herald (newspaper). 358-359 Ruckman, George, Jr., 31 St. Joseph School, Edina, 104 Rude Pursuits and Rugged Peaks: Schoolcraft's Ozark St. Joseph's Boys Home, St. Louis, 106 Journal, 1818-1819, by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 350 St. Louis, Mo., 106, 119,339 Rush, William M., Jr., 140, 141, 142 African Americans, 109; women, 217, 342 Index 489

Asia Cafe, 106 Lemp-Cherokee beer caves, 106 authors, 333 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, 104, 105, 106, aviators, 333 221, 335-336 Baldwin Piano Company, 214 Mahler Ballroom, 333 Banner Buggy Company, 106 Melsheimer's Restaurant, 333 Bartholomew-Herrington house, 452 Mercantile Library, 194 Beers Hotel, 106 Mikado Theater, 106 Benton Park, 452 Missouri Botanical Garden, 110 breweries, 106 nightclubs, 452 Browns (baseball team), 385-405 Polar Wave icehouse, 452 Bullard, Artemus, rock house, 106 political corruption, 1890s, 408-411 burial mounds, 452 Regency Manor nursing home, 106 Camp Jackson, massacre, 337 Rexall Drug Company, 106 Camp Lewis, 109 Route 66, 460 Carondelet Park, bear pits, 452 St. Agatha Catholic Parish, 214 caves, 467 St. Catherine of Alexandria Catholic Parish, 333 Central High School, 214 St. Joseph's Boys Home, 106 Cicardi's Cafe, 333 Santa Maria (boat), 106 Creve Coeur Park, 106 Schiller Verein Society, 452 De Andreis High School, 106 Socialists, 342 Delmar Garden Theater, 452 Soulard Market, 106 Eads Bridge, 455 Southern Hotel, 452 environmental hazards, 455 Southwest Bank, robbery, 1953, 333 Esquire Theater, 333 Sportsman's Park, 397 Fairy Airdome movie theater, 106 Stephens, Lawrence "Lon" Vest, house, 423-424 Falstaff Brewing Corporation, 106 street railway strike, 1900, 412-414 fire, 1849,456 symphony orchestra, 218 Fitz's Root Beer Stand, 333 Three Fountains Restaurant, 452 floods, River des Peres, 452 tornado, 1896, 106, 110,221 Forest Park, 104 underground railroad (slavery), 106 The Highlands amusement park, 333 Union Station, murals, 106 Jewel Box, 106 United Hebrew Relief Association, 233 roller coaster, 106 United Service Organization (USO) club, 333 400 Club, 452 Valley Furniture Company, 106 Franklin School, 333 Veiled Prophet Parade, 103 Free Bridge, 452 Washington University, 217 fur trade, 456 Webster Public School, 452 Gay '90's Melody Museum, 106 Weil Clothing Company, 106 German Americans, 109 Wellston Theater, 106 Giuseppe's Restaurant, 106 Wepprich's Wine Garden, 452 Globe building, 106 Westlake Amusement Park, 452 Granada Theater, 333 White House (Jesuit) Retreat, 334 Gratiot Street military prison, 106, 360 St. Louis American (newspaper), 221 Hadley Technical High School, 106 St. Louis Committee for Nuclear Information, 217 Harmonie Club, 232, 233 St. Louis County, architecture, 350 Harvey House Restaurant, waitresses, 334 St. Louis Exposition building, 106 Hellman-Godlove Mercantile Company, 234 "St. Louis Hop" (television show), 106 hospitals, 229-249 St. Louis Post Dispatch (newspaper), photo­ Hyde Park Brewery, 106 journalism, 333 Illig and Hartman engraving company, 214 St. Louis Street Car Company, 333 Jazz Central, 452 St. Louis Transit Company, 412-414 Jefferson Barracks, 106 Saint Louis University, 221; football team, 339 Jewish Hospital, 229-249 St. Louis Western Rowing Club, 333 Jewish Hospital Association, 232, 234, 235 St. Mark's Episcopal School for Boys, Portland, 212 Jewish Hospital School of Nursing, 240 St. Mary Catholic Church, Seneca, Missouri: A Jewish Infirmary and Hospital Association, 233 History, 1884-1994, ed. by Reitha McCracken, 118 Kingsland Theater, 333 St. Mary's Church, Moselle, 337 Kosher Hospital Association, 241, 242 St. Munchin's Catholic Church Rectory, Cameron, 449 490 Index

Ste. Genevieve, Mo., buildings, 452 Sedalia, Mo., women composers, 456 Sale, Samuel, 234, 238 Sedalia Daily Bazoo (newspaper), 154-167 Saline County Historical Society, 98, 205 Seneca, Mo., 110; St. Mary Catholic Church, 118 Salisbury, Mo., Mount Zion Methodist Church, 452 Severson-Sizell house, Springfield, 460 Salvador, Mario, 452 Seymour, Mo., 107 Salvation Army, St. Joseph, 214 McClurg, Joseph W., trading post, 107 Samuels, John T, 144 Webster County Citizen (newspaper), 334 Samuels, Zerelda, 144 The Shack, Columbia, 211 Sander family, 108 Shamberger, Marvin, obit, 341 Santa Fe Trail, 104, 336, 351, 460 Shanklin family, 217 Santa Maria (boat), St Louis, 106 Shanklin, J. H., 139, 145 Sappington-Concord Historical Society, 98, 205, Shannon County Historical and Genealogical Society, 326, 443 443 Sappington, John, 111 Shao, Bella, 42, 48 Sauk Indians, 455 Sharecroppers Saum, Lewis O., 183; "J. West Goodwin of the Bazoo: Bootheel, 64, 65, 69, 70, 450 Friend and Foil of Eugene Field," 154-167 strike, 1939, 70 Sawyer, Peter, 192 Sharpsburg, Mo., 110 Schatz, Darlene, co-auth., A History of Sullivan, Shelbina, Mo., Lucas Hardware store, 107 Missouri and the Bank of Sullivan, 349-350 Shelby County Historical Society, 205, 443 Schertel, Vernon G., Historic Lemay, 1700-1945, 119 Shelby, Joseph O., 143, 144 Schiller, Edith, 106 Shelbyville, Mo., Rookwood School, 334 Schiller Verein Society, St. Louis, 452 Shelpman, Ed, 112 Schlict's Mill, Pulaski County, 219 Sherwood, Donald O., 211 Schmidt, Maximilian E., 432 Shiloh Spring, Ripley County, 459 Schnell, Christopher, 183 Shirley Township, Ripley County, 220 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, Rude Pursuits and Rugged Shoenberg, Moses, 241, 243 Peaks: Schoolcraft's Ozark Journal, 1818-1819, 350 Shortline Railroad, Troy, 214 Schooling family, 212 Sigler, Victor, Jr., 338 Schools. See also individual school names Sikeston, Mo., 457 Columbia, 331 Silver currency debate, Democratic Party, 265-267, 269 Douglas County, 109 Silver Mines Dam, Madison County, 217 Gasconade County, 109, 218 Singer, Bernard, 232 Jefferson County, 104 Sittler, Lizzie, 460 job schools, 105, 109 Skelton School, Stoddard County, 213 Lafayette County, 469 Skidmore, Mo., 213 New Madrid County, 451 Slaughter, Enos, 106 Nodaway County, 450 Slaves and slavery, 342, 350-351, 458 one-room, 104, 219, 331 Civil War, soldiers, 218 Osage County, 110, 219, 337, 457 Lewis County, 331 Owensville, 450 St. Louis, 109 Platte County, 220 Slayback, Alonzo W., 362, 367, 371-372 Raymore, 110 Sleadd, Michael, 318 Ripley County, 220, 459 Slover, James H., 140 Schramm, Marge, 456 Smartt Airfield, St. Charles, 220 Schreiber, Mark, 181 Smith, Albert "Bert," 27 Schroeder, Adolf E., ed., Concordia, Missouri: A Smith, Elizabeth Green, 431 Heritage Preserved, Essays on Cultural Survival, Smith, Eula Evelyn, house, Douglas County, 109 467 Smith, Harry Lyon, 355, 372 Schweig, Frances S. F. Gait, obit, 341 Smith, Jeremiah Byers, 431 Scotland County Historical Society, 443 Smith, Jesse, 431 Scott County Historical Society, 205, 326, 443 Smith, John, 111 Scott County, Marshall-Emory-McMullin Company, 457 Smith, Lucinda H. Phillips, 431 Scott, Dale K., obit, 113 Smith, Mary Susan "Sue" Oliver, 354, 364, 371-372 Scott, Kim Allen, "A Diminished Landscape: The Life Smith, Nancy Hendricks Byers, 431 and Death of Major Robert Henry Smith," 353-372 Smith, Robert C, 182 Scruggs, Betsey, 460 Smith, Robert Henry, 353-372 Sears, Jim, obit, 341 Smith, Sarah A. Hughes, 431 Index 491

Smith, Seymour A., obit, 222 Stanhope, Leonard E., 284-289 Smith, Susan Mary Howard, 431 Star, Belle, 459 Smith, William A., 216 Starbuck, Grace, 48 Snider, Harriet, 105 Starbuck, Roy, 48 Snodgrass family, 456 Stark, Lloyd, 177 Snyder, Joe, 338 Starks, Richard S., obit, 113 Socialism, St. Louis, 342 State Historical Society of Missouri Sojourners Club, Kirksville, 44, 47 annual meeting, 181-189 Somers, Orlando, 338 Brownlee, Richard S., Fund, 86, 182-183 Songs, Civil War, 454 exhibits, 318 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Civil War History Day in Missouri, 89-90; Teacher of Merit, Round Table, 98, 205, 326, 443 86 Sons of Honor, 220, 221 Newspaper Library, 190-191 Sons of Union Veterans, Missouri Department, 193 Reference Library, Missouri State Daughters of the Soulard Market, St. Louis, 106 American Revolution Library, 87-88 South Howard County Historical Society, 205-206, 443 Schmidt, Maximilian E., photograph collection, 432 South Ward Grade School, Polk County, 111 Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, Southeast Missouri Tamony Collection, 316-317 agriculture, 52-85 Steamboats. See also names of boats architecture, 76-84 Cape Girardeau, 112 floods, 1937, 67-68 Missouri River, 338,451 sharecroppers strike, 1939, 70, 450 Stearns, Frederick Kimball, 398-402 Southern Hotel, St. Louis, 452 Steele, Mo., library, 214, 458 Southwest Bank, St. Louis, robbery, 1953, 333 Steele, Phillip W., co-auth., The Many Faces of Jesse Southwest City, Mo., monument, 338 James, 227 Southwest Missouri State University-West Plains Stephens, Alex, 426-428 campus, Kellett Hall, 459 Stephens College, Columbia, 161; women aviators, 216 Spalding, Albert Goodwill, 390, 391, 393-398, 404 Stephens, Joseph, 250-251 Spalding, Mrs. James A., obit, 222 Stephens, Joseph Lafayette, 251, 252-253, 254, 255, Spanish-American War, 414-415 256, 258, 259; house, Boonville, 254 Spanish Lake, Mo., St. Aloysius Catholic Church, 214 Stephens, Lawrence "Lon" Vest, 250-274, 406-430 Speed, Laura, 162 house, St. Louis, 423-424 Spickard, Mo., 469 Ivy Terrace (house), Jefferson City, 263-264 Spilman family, 212 Stephens, Margaret Nelson, 250-274, 406-430 Spink, Alfred, 386-387 Stephens, Permilla C, 221 Sportsman's Park, St. Louis, 397 Stephens, William Gibson "Gip," 252, 254, 255 Spradling, Lee Douglas, 214 Stephens, William Speed, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258, 259 Springfield, Mo., 334 Stephenson, Maimie, 108 Appleby-Green-Miller house, 460 Stephenson, Philip Daingerfield, 337 Billings-Affolter house, 221 Stewart, Billie, 111 chautauqua, 219 Stillings School, Platte County, 458 churches, 460 Stites, Marguerite, obit., 341 Cowden-Hatfield-Dicke house, 460 Stockstad, Alvin C, 38, 39 Ferguson-Howitt house, 112 Stockstad, Grace, 38, 39 Hamlin-Leslie-Carlson house, 111 Stockton, Mo., Carender-Smith Drug Store, 214 Heer-Weaver-Reiser house, 221 Stoddard County Helbig-Bowman house, 339 courthouse, Bloomfield, 214 Mangan-Bush house, 339 Skelton School, class of 1946, 213 Midtown Neighborhood Association, 460 Stone County, 211; Dogwood Canyon, 112 music, 111, 221 Stone County Historical Society, 98, 206, 326, 444 National Boulevard, 339 Stone Hotel, Monett, 105 O'Neill-Ward house, 339 Stone, Louisa Ellen, 453 Severson-Sizell house, 460 Strain, Earl, 211 Thompson-Daugherty house, 221 Strain, James, 211 Widner-Artale house, 112 Strain, John, 211 Wilson, Mary E., house, 112 Strain Tourist Garage, Cabool, 211 Stanberry, Mo., Civil War cannon, 104 Strainchamps, Ethel, 460 Stanhope, Eliza, 289-290 Strange, Curtis C, obit, 113 492 Index

Strickland, Arvarh E., 318 by J. Michael Cronan, 133-153 Strikes Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Cole Camp, 468 St. Louis, 1900,412-414 Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, Russellville, 119 sharecroppers, 1939, 70, 450 Trinity Lutheran Church, Freistatt, 458 Sugg, William, 338 ' Triplett, Beryl May, 216 Suggs, Don, 221 Troupe, Quincy, 217 Sullivan, Mo., bank, 349-350 Troy, Mo., 452; Shortline Railroad, 214 Sutherland, G. W., 332 Truesdale, Mo., Brockfeld, Dave, store, 107 Sutton, John, Sr., 457 Truman, Harry S., 178, 337, 340, 343-345, 460 Sutton, Robert P., Les Icariens: The Utopian Dream in Tucker, Avis G., 182, 186-187 Europe and America, 116-117 Tucker community, Ripley County, 459 Swarthout, Gladys, inside October back cover Tucker, Phillip Thomas, Westerners in Gray: The Men Swedeborg, Mo., 451 and Missions of the Elite Fifth Missouri Infantry Symington, Stuart, 342 Regiment, 115-116 "Sze-Kew Dun: A Chinese-American Woman in Tuholske, Herman, 238, 240-241 Kirksville," by Huping Ling, 35-51 Turnbo, Silas, 456 Twain, Mark, 110 Twentieth Century Reading Club, Lamar, 212 Taft, William H., comp., Wit & Wisdom of Missouri's Twenty-first Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 108 Country Editors, 468 Talbot, Vivian Linford, David E. Jackson: Field U Captain of the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade, 351 Uhlmann, Hugh, obit., 341 Tamony, Peter, Collection, Western Historical Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Manuscript Collection-Columbia, 316-317 Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West, by Taney County, 221 Stephen E. Ambrose, 347-348 Tapp family, 457 Underground railroad, 106, 449 Tarrasch, Ena, 111, 112, 221, 339 Underwood, George, 332 Taylor, Mary Mamie Henneke, 458 Union Covered Bridge, Monroe County, 103 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Union Station, Kansas City, massacre, 176 Society, 98, 206, 444 Union Station, St. Louis, murals, 106 Thayer, Mo., railroads, 459 Union Williams Cemetery, Clinton, 211 Thomas, Elwood L., 457 United Hebrew Relief Association, St. Louis. 232, 233 Thompson-Daugherty house, Springfield, 221 United Methodist Church, Ava, 336 Thompson, Harry, 27, 31 United Methodist Church, Maysville, 108 Thompson, M. Jeff, 355 United Service Organization (USO), St. Louis, 333 Thompson, Vernon, 297, 298, 301, 304 University of Missouri-Columbia Thong trees, Ozarks, 112 African Americans, 342 Threadgill, Jessee M., 221 Bailey, Beetle, statue, 211 Three Fountains Restaurant, St. Louis, 452 sex questionnaire, 1929, 455 Three-State Monument, Southwest City, 338 University of Missouri-Rolla, St. Patrick's Day Titanic (ship), 452 celebrations, 108, 451 Toennes, Richard, 216 USS Missouri (battleship), 338, 455 Topaz Mill, Vanzandt, 459 Tornadoes V Annapolis, 1925,451 Valley Furniture Company, St Louis, 106 Douglas County, 109 Van Buren, Mo. St. Louis, 1896, 106, 110,221 Ellsinore School, 214 "Trade Right Store," Miller County, 338 Hunter School, 214 The Trail of Tears across Missouri, by Joan Gilbert, Van Dyke and Company Insurance, Marshall, 450 349 Van Lear, Hardy and Company, St. Joseph, 355, 359 Trail of Tears State Park, Cape Girardeau County, 110 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, 454 Trails Vanzandt, Mo., Topaz Mill, 459 Oregon-California, 1849, 225-226 Veiled Prophet Parade, St. Louis, 103 overland, 225-226, 351,457 Verhoff School, Osage County, 337 Santa Fe, 104,336,351,460 Vernon County, 454 Treaty of Chicago, 1833, 5, 6, 7 Deepwood Cemetery. 182 Treaty of Prairie du Chien, 1830, 4, 8 Deerfield Pottery, 108 "Trial of the Century!: The Acquittal of Frank James," Vernon County Historical Society, 98, 206, 326, 444 Index 493

Verona, Mo., 213 Weil, Mrs. Julius, 236, 237 Vest, George Graham, 252, 260, 265, 268 Welch, Curtis, 386, 397, 400, 402, 403 Vickery house, Neosho, 219 Wells, Clarence, 30; store, Hooker, 28 Viticulture, 373-384 Wells, Sandra, 182 Von der Ahe, Christian, 385-405 Wells, Sterling, 28 Vonk, Hans, 218 Wellston Theater, St Louis, 106 Vouziers mansion, Florissant, 455 Weltmer, Beulah, 291 Weltmer, Ernest, 279, 280, 291 W Weltmer Institute, Nevada, 275-294 Wabash Railroad Weltmer, John, 279 depot, Moberly, 221 Weltmer, Molly, 291 hospital, Moberly, 450 Weltmer, Sidney A., 275-294; house, Nevada, 293 wreck, 1904, Warrenton, 334 Weltmer, Silas, 279, 291 Waldheim, Aaron, 241-248 "Weltmer, Stanhope, and the Rest: Magnetic Healing in Walker, C. J., 450 Nevada, Missouri," by Patrick Brophy, 275-294 Walker, C. Stewart, obit, 113 Weltmer, Stella, 291 Walker, James E., 339 Weltmer, Tracy, 279, 291 Walker, Lucius Marshall, 369-372 Wentzville, Mo., Missouri, Kansas, and Texas depot, Walker's, Harry, All Stars (baseball team), 1949, 213 215 Wall, Annie L., boardinghouse, St. Clair, 105 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 98, 206, 444 Wall, Isaiah, 105 Wepprich's Wine Garden, St. Louis, 452 Wall, Jim, 105 West Plains, Mo. Wall, John, 105 Center School, 459 Wall, John C, 105 dance hall explosion, 1928, 459 Wall, William Oches, 105 Southwest Missouri State University, Kellett Hall, 459 Wallace, William H., 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147, West Plains Monument Company, 459 148-149, 150, 152 West School, Callaway County, 104 Walnut Grove School, Platte County, 458 Western Gallery of Art, Kansas City, 332 Wangelin, H. Kenneth, 130, 131 Westerners in Gray: The Men and Missions of the Elite Warfel, George, co-auth., The Many Faces of Jesse Fifth Missouri Infantry Regiment, by Phillip Thomas James, 227 Tucker, 115-116 Warren County, Boone, Daniel, historic sites, 455 Westfall, William, 135 Warren County Historical Society, 98, 206 Westheimer family, 110 Warrensburg, Mo., Quarry School, 214 Westlake Amusement Park, St. Louis, 452 Warrenton, Mo. Weston Historical Museum, 206 Central Wesleyan College, 334 Westphalia, Mo., Hilkemeyer and Company building, train wreck, 1904, 334 213 Warsaw, Mo., St. Ann Catholic Church, 332 Westphalian Heritage Society, 206 Washington, Mo., fire, 1920, 460 Westport, Mo., 218; Yoacham's Tavern, 456 Washington County, St. Joachim Church cemetery, 455 Westport Historical Society, 98-99, 207, 444 Washington, George (slave), 458 Westville, Mo., 216 Washington Historical Society, 98, 206, 326, 444 Wharton, Mo., store and post office, 219 Washington University, St. Louis, 217 Where We Live: A Guide to St. Louis Communities, ed. Waters, Mary Ann, 458 by Tim Fox, 119 Waterston, John E., obit, 462 White, Charlotte R., co-ed., A Legacy of Design: An Watts, Addie, 331 Historical Survey of the Kansas City, Missouri, Wayne City, Mo., 218 Parks and Boulevards System, 1893-1940, 224-225 Wayne County Historical Society, 206, 444 White House Retreat (Jesuit retreat house), St. Louis, Waynesville, Mo., high school basketball, 1951, 452 334 Weathers, James L., 193 White Oak, Mo., 339 Weathers, Virginia "Kate," 331, 450 White River Railway, 459 Webb City, Mo., zinc mining, 215 White River Valley Historical Society, 99, 207, 326-327, Webster County Citizen (newspaper), Seymour, 334 444 Webster Groves Centennial: 1896-1996, The First One White, Ronnie L., 457 Hundred Years, comp. by Carol A. Hemphill, 227 Whitman, Ellen Olivia Webster, family, 333 Webster Groves Historical Society, 98 Whitman, St. Clair, family, 333 Webster Public School, St. Louis, 452 Widner-Artale house, Springfield, 112 Weil Clothing Company, St. Louis, 106 Wien, Mo., 454 494 Index

"The Wild Missouri Grape and Nineteenth-Century Young, Raymond A., Cultivating Cooperation: A Viticulture," by Siegmar Muehl, 373-384 History of the Missouri Farmers Association, 187, Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 213, 220; house, Mansfield, 219 223-224 Wilderness Road, Greene County, 461 Young, Virginia G., 182, 184, 187 Wiley, Jackson, family, 333 Younger family, 218 Wiley, Martha E. Beeler, family, 333 Williams, Mo., 218 Z Williams, Dorwin L., obit., 222 Zinc mining, Webb City, 215 Williams, Gus, 336 Williams, Harry, 336 Williams, Maxwell, 52-85 Willis, Belle Brooks, 337 Wilson, Guy, 459 Wilson, Lena, 105 Wilson, Mary E., house, Springfield, 112 Wilson, Maryhelen, obit., 341 Wilson Massacre, Civil War, 333 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 216, 459, 463-464 Wilson's Opera House, Monett, 105 Wine and wine industry, 111, 374, 379, 383; St. Charles County, 220 Winkelman School, Osage County, 457 Winn, Kenneth H., 182, 183 Winona Historical and Genealogical Society, 327 Winston, Mo., train robbery, 1881, 135-136 Winston Historical Society, 99, 327, 444 Winters, Clinton "Shifty," Jr., 338 Wit & Wisdom of Missouri's Country Editors, comp. by William H. Taft, 468 Wolfenbarger, Deon, co-ed., A Legacy of Design: An Historical Survey of the Kansas City, Missouri, Parks and Boulevards System, 1893-1940, 224-225 Women African-American, St. Louis, 342 aviators, Stephens College, 216 composers, Sedalia, 456 frontier, 103 photographers Monroe City, inside July back cover Springfield, 460 Presbyterian church, 460 Women's Auxiliary of the Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, 246 Wooden, McKinley, 219 Woodland farm, Cooper County, 106 Woods family, 212 Woodson, Charles Hugh, 107 World War II, nightclubs, St. Louis, 452 World's Fair, 1904. See Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, St. Louis Wormington family, 212 Wright County Historical Society, 207, 327, 444 Wyatt, H. B., 108 Wyatt, John, 461

Y Yates Baptist Church, Randolph County, 111 Yoacham's Tavern, Westport, 456 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XCI OCTOBER 1996-JULY 1997

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

KRISTIN KOLB ANN L. ROGERS Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1997 by The State Historical Society of Missouri CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME XCI, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

BOWMAN, LARRY G., professor, University of North Texas, Denton.

BOXERMAN, BURTON A., writer and historian, St. Louis.

BRADBURY, JOHN E, JR., senior manuscript specialist, University of Missouri-Rolla.

BRASSIEUR, C. RAY, oral historian, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia.

BROPHY, PATRICK, curator, Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada.

CHILDERS, ELBERT I., Hartsburg.

CRONAN, J. MICHAEL, attorney, Kansas City.

HULSTON, NANCY J., archivist, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.

LARSEN, LAWRENCE H., professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

LIMBAUGH, STEPHEN N., U.S. District Judge, Eastern and Western Districts of Missouri, St. Louis.

LING, HUPING, associate professor, Truman State University, Kirksville.

MUEHL, SIEGMAR, professor emeritus, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

OHMAN, MARIAN M., freelance researcher and writer, Columbia.

PAINE, CHRISTOPHER M., doctoral student, University of Kentucky, Lexington.

RHODES, JOEL P., doctoral student, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

SAUM, LEWIS O., professor, University of Washington, Seattle.

SCOTT, KIM ALLEN, special collections librarian, Montana State University, Bozeman. CONTENTS

VOLUME XCI, Nos. 1,2, 3, AND 4

BASKETVILLE AND THE ROADSIDE CRAFTSPEOPLE ON ROUTE 66. By Elbert I. Childers and John F. Bradbury, Jr. 24 CHRISTIAN VON DER AHE, THE ST. LOUIS BROWNS, AND THE WORLD'S CHAMPIONSHIP PLAYOFFS, 1885-1888. By Larry G. Bowman 385 CRIMINAL ASPECTS OF THE PENDERGAST MACHINE. By Lawrence H. Larsen and Nancy J. Hulston 168 A DIMINISHED LANDSCAPE: THE LIFE AND DEATH OF MAJOR ROBERT HENRY SMITH. By Kim Allen Scott 353 "FROM TWO MULES TO TWELVE-ROW EQUIPMENT": AN ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW WITH MAXWELLWILLIAMS, BOOTHEEL FARM MANAGER. By C. Ray Brassieur 52 IT FINALLY HAPPENED HERE: THE 1968 RIOT IN KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. By Joel P. Rhodes 295 J. WEST GOODWIN OF THE BAZOO: FRIEND AND FOIL OF EUGENE FIELD. By Lewis O. Saum 154 THE JEWISH HOSPITAL OF ST. LOUIS: ITS FORMATIVE YEARS. By Burton A. Boxerman 229 MISSOURI'S TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY FIRST COUPLE: LAWRENCE "LON" VEST AND MARGARET NELSON STEPHENS. PARTS 1 AND 2. By Marian M. Ohman 250, 406 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS PROJECT. By Stephen N. Limbaugh 121 THE PLATTE EARTH CONTROVERSY: WHAT DIDN'T HAPPEN IN 1836. By Christopher M. Paine 1 SZE-KEW DUN: A CHINESE-AMERICAN WOMAN IN KIRKSVILLE. By Huping Ling 35 TRIAL OF THE CENTURY!: THE ACQUITTAL OF FRANK JAMES. By J. Michael Cronan 133 WELTMER, STANHOPE, AND THE REST: MAGNETIC HEALING IN NEVADA, MISSOURI. By Patrick Brophy 275 THE WILD MISSOURI GRAPE AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY VITICULTURE. By Siegmar Muehl 385

CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE BELLE JOHNSON

For fifty-five years Belle Johnson—known to her friends and clients as "Miss Belle"—operated a successful photography studio in Monroe City. One of only a few women professional photographers in Missouri at the turn of the century, she not only earned local acclaim that drew clients from the northeastern region of the state but also Massillon Museum, Massillon, Ohio acquired national recognition for her creative photography. Largely self-trained, Johnson found her entree into the profession in 1890 when she accepted a position as a photographer's assistant at a local studio. Three weeks into the job, she purchased the studio and hired the previous owner to run the business for one year. Six months later, however, the arrangement ended, and Johnson assumed all responsibilities asso­ ciated with the studio. Johnson attended a photographic school in St. Louis and involved her­ self in professional organizations to expand her knowledge and contacts in the field. In 1894 she became a charter member of the Photographic Association of Missouri and submitted her first photograph, which won a third-place award, at the group's convention. Throughout her long career as a single businesswoman in Monroe City, the photographer enjoyed regional notoriety. Like most Massillon Museum, Massillon, Ohio small-town photographers of her time, Johnson was best known for portrai­ ture, but she often incorporated ani­ mals, props, and unorthodox poses to lend her work a distinctive mark. She signed each photograph: early photos use her title and name, Miss Belle Johnson, which she later shortened to Belle Johnson, and after firmly estab­ lishing herself in the profession, the signature simply reads, BJ. Johnson also garnered attention for her creative photography. At the 1906 Photographic Association of America convention in Niagara Falls, New York, she was the only woman invited to exhibit out of twenty-five photographers of national reputation. In years following, this organization awarded Johnson thirteen medals at invitational juried exhibitions known as salons. She remained an active pho­ tographer and businesswoman until her death in 1945 at the age of eighty.