MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE

Maritime and Coastal Heritage Introduction Sir Neil Cossons Chairman, English Heritage

New responsibilities for marine archaeology and partnerships across the maritime heritage sector are broadening our understanding of the seamless coastal historic resource.

The archaeology of Europe and the place Industrial Revolution: a chance combination we now call Britain serves to illustrate our of circumstances that came together in Britain communality with the continent, rather than in the th and th centuries and changed the our separateness, in the millennia before rising history of the world. It is also no surprise that sea levels severed us from the mainland, about many of the potential new World Heritage Sites , years ago. Since then, being on an island identified in England in  relate directly has been central to our identity. One of our to this period of our history. Liverpool – one most enduring national myths is the idea of of the first to be inscribed by UNESCO – is the sea-girt fortress protected from invaders the supreme example of a commercial port by a natural moat, an image that owes much developed at the time of Britain’s greatest to Shakespeare’s John of Gaunt and that has global influence, its distinctive architecture grown stronger with every successful resistance echoing (and in some cases pre-dating) that to invasion, from the Spanish Armada to the of the great cities of the American East Coast. Battle of Britain. This image is embodied in Manchester – the first major industrial city in the landscape by layer upon layer of coastal the world – developed as a result of the cotton fortifications – from the Saxon Shore forts of trade (and hence indirectly on the back of Roman Britain, through Henry ’s castles and slavery) and led to the creation of Britain’s the Martello Towers built as a defence against first industrial canal, the first mainline railway Napoleon, to Bawdsey and the chain home and the first industrial quarter dependent on radar stations of World War . steam power. Defence, though, is only part of the story. Chatham Naval Dockyard is the supreme The seas surrounding our coast have served as a example of a royal dockyard from the time highway as well as a barrier for many centuries, when Britain’s naval power was at its height and their numerous shallow estuaries have and dockyards were the largest industrial been as much an invitation as an impediment complexes in the world. In the th and th to sea-borne visitors, whether invader, trader centuries, the Cornish mining industry – then or immigrant. These maritime contacts have given England its name and a language and heritage that connect us with places on the other side of the North Sea. It is, for example, no surprise that the vernacular architecture of Great Yarmouth is more like the Netherlands Maunsell Forts, Shivering than inland East Anglia. These contacts have Sands, somewhere also been fundamental to the diversity of our between Southend-on-Sea English Heritage.NMR / SW Rawlings contemporary culture. © and Margate. Designed by The combination of maritime trade GA Maunsell, these army and naval power – and they are intimately forts were erected for

linked – produced both the Empire and the NMR AA002062 defence during 1941–2.

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Introduction

Fishing boat unloading at Broadstairs Harbour, Kent, 1890–1910. Children play on the tethering ropes while bathers (background) enter the changing booths, which can be moved to the water’s edge to allow them to enter straight into the water. Being ‘over-dressed’ for the beach was not an issue then. English Heritage.NMR © NMR OP00505

Victoria Pier, Blackpool, looking west, 1890–1910. The pier opened in 1863 to provide a promenade and entertainment for the increasing number of holiday-makers visiting Blackpool. English Heritage.NMR © NMR OP00487 the world’s greatest producer of tin and copper economics. Our maritime heritage also gave – developed new technologies of deep mining the world a distinctive (and distinctively that were exported throughout the world. frivolous) type of place: the seaside resort. Kew Gardens played a pivotal role in the Starting with George  at Weymouth, the development of the Empire’s natural resources, popularity of sea bathing meant that our resorts through the introduction of commercial crops soon rivalled and surpassed the inland spas of in the colonies and the compilation of many continental Europe. Their apogee coincided of the world’s floras. Even Darwin’s home and with the new mobility made possible by the workplace at Downe in Kent owes its world railway companies that eagerly promoted them. importance to the deductions Darwin made Attracting every shade of social class, from the from his observations during his voyage to the raffish to the genteel, the seaside alone could be Galapagos on HMS Beagle (–). used to write the social history of England over But heritage, like life, is not all war and the last  years.

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE

English Heritage and Maritime Archaeology The first three years Ian Oxley Head of Maritime Archaeology

English Heritage’s responsibility for the submerged historic environment of England’s Territorial Waters brings new challenges and opportunities.

The expansion of English Heritage’s remit New responsibilities to include the seabed off our coast to the -nautical mile Territorial Limit, through The National Heritage Act  harmonised the passing of the National Heritage Act the roles of the UK heritage agencies by , represents one of the most significant extending English Heritage’s remit into challenges the organisation has faced since its the marine zone below the low-water line, establishment. modifying the organisation’s functions to In spatial terms, the increase is include: approximately three-quarters as much again as • securing the preservation of ancient the land area of England. More importantly, monuments in, on, or under the seabed; the seabed contains an immense wealth of • promoting the public’s enjoyment of, archaeological sites and remains, potentially and advancing their knowledge of ancient without equal elsewhere in the world in terms monuments in, on, or under the seabed. of their number and diversity, including The  Act amended the definition of extensive inundated prehistoric landscapes as ‘ancient monuments’ in the National Heritage well as evidence of the exploitation of the sea in Act () and the Ancient Monuments and more recent times. Archaeological Areas Act () to include English Heritage has been given these new sites in, on or under the seabed (including responsibilities at a time when the interests those comprising the remains of vehicles, of the wider public, and specific stakeholders vessels, aircraft or movable structures) within in the marine and underwater heritage, have the seaward limits of the UK territorial waters risen to unprecedented heights – as seen in adjacent to England. the growth of television programmes and Another significant change allowed other media reports generally. This new role administrative responsibilities in support of the offers a unique opportunity to make a very Protection of Wrecks Act , on a UK-wide significant element of the nation’s historic and basis, to be transferred from the Department of archaeological resource accessible to Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) to English the wider community of our historically Heritage. English Heritage now administers ‘maritime’ nation. the DCMS Advisory Committee on Historic After the passing of the National Heritage Wreck Sites (ACHWS) and manages the UK Act , a Head of Maritime Archaeology Government’s contract for archaeological was appointed, and in the last three years the services in support of the  Act, currently Maritime Archaeology Team has expanded held by Wessex Archaeology. to include two more archaeologists and an administrative assistant. Paul Roberts and Designated Wreck Sites Stephen Trow’s Taking to the Water: English Heritage’s Interim Policy on Maritime Archaeology English Heritage has assumed responsibilities Designated Wreck Sites of () and English Heritage’s corporate for the physical management of the  historic the UK protected under objectives form the framework for the wreck sites in England’s waters, designated the Protection of Wrecks team’s work. under the Protection of Wrecks Act  Act 1973.

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : English Heritage and Maritime Archaeology

prior to the passing of the National Heritage development of management plans for each 1 Cattewater Act . site, in keeping with well-established practice 2 Mary Rose A staged approach to the investigation, for designated terrestrial sites and monuments. 3 Grace Dieu conservation and management of these Day-to-day management issues include 4 Amsterdam Designated Wreck Sites is based on the extensive liaison with all stakeholders, including 5 Mary 6 Needles 7 Dartmouth 8 Anne 9 Tearing Ledge 10 (revoked) 11 Rill Cove 12 (revoked) 13 South Edinburgh Channel 14 Church Rocks

��������������������������������� 15 Pwll Fanog �������������������������������� 16 Moor Sand 17 Coronation Offshore 18 Langdon Bay 19 Kennermerland 20 Tal-Y-Bont 21 Stirling Castle 22 Invincible 23 Bartholomew Ledges 24 Restoration 25 Northumberland 26 St Anthony 27 Shiedam 28 Brighton Marina 29 Yarmouth Roads 30 Studland Bay 31 Admiral Gardner 32 Hazardous 33 Coronation Inshore 34 Iona II 35 Gull Rock 36 Wrangels Palais 37 Erme Estuary 38 The Smalls 39 Duart Point 40 Girona 41 Royal Anne 42 Erme Ingot 43 Dunwich Bank 44 Resurgam 45 Hanover 46 Seaton Carew 47 Salcombe Cannon Site 48 HMS/m A1 49 Burtisland 50 Loe Bar English Heritage 100019088. 2005 51 Mingary Castle 52 Kinlochbervie 53 HMS Campania 54 HMS Colossus 55 The Diamond 56 Bonhomme Richard 57 Swash Channel

© Crown coptright. All rights reserved. 58 Holland No. 5

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : English Heritage and Maritime Archaeology

existing licencees, and cooperation with the Heritage by strengthening links with officers police in relation to cases of illegal fishing with coastal responsibilities in the regional and diving. offices and the centre; providing training, Specifically targeted commissioned work has desk instructions, information and a source included Desk Based Assessments on two sites of specialist advice; and factoring the marine with particular problems of erosion – HMS historic environment and maritime heritage Colossus in the Isles of Scilly and HMS Stirling generally in major English Heritage strategic Castle on the Goodwin Sands (Dunkley, –) and policy initiatives (for example, State of the – to clarify the conservation objectives that will Historic Environment Report  and Modern inform their future management. In addition, Military Framework Strategy ). a site stabilisation trial is being carried out on Effective and coordinated management of the Colossus because it is suffering unexpected the marine historic environment requires the lowering of the levels of protective covering ability to take a strategic level overview, whether sediments. Further proposals for marine the concern is to plan the future direction of environmental studies to help understand the conservation activity and funding, to provide processes causing change on such sites are also sustainable responses to development and being considered. other pressures for change, or to prioritise Other commissioned research includes research funding. The England’s Historic archive assessment and enhancement to bring Seascapes project (see Conservation Bulletin , together the disparate interests and highly Hooley, –), stimulated by the need for fully variable standards of work on Designated contextualised responses to marine aggregates Historic Wrecks over the past  years. extraction, aims to provide such an overview by GIS-mapping of marine historic character. Wind farm under Wider issues Wessex Archaeology has been commissioned to construction off the trial the project methodology in Liverpool Bay, Norfolk coast: one of the The future protection of the marine historic drawing together a range of marine cultural and many growing pressures on environment resource must involve central and natural environment datasets to understand the marine environment. local government, industry, other stakeholders and map the historic dimension of the wider By 2010, 10% of the and the general public, so a considerable environment, beyond the unevenly distributed energy used in Britain amount of time has been invested in building and variable data from previous archaeological should be generated by the required frameworks and relationships with work. This project’s GIS database will enable renewable sources, and at other government departments and agencies. us to participate fully in partnership with our least another 17 coastal Development control and wider consultation fellow agencies for the natural environment in wind farms are to be built duties are steadily increasing in parallel with the the Government’s development of an integrated over the next decade. Government’s promotion of broader Marine marine spatial planning system. Stewardship initiatives. English Heritage now receives, and comments on, approximately  consultations per month relating to all areas of the English marine zone: large-scale marine aggregate extraction, offshore wind- farm installations, gas pipelines, electric cables, coastal defence, and port and coast edge constructions. English Heritage now participates in various local and regional organisations with interests in the marine historic environment, such as the Dorset Coastal Forum, the North East Forum on Maritime Archaeology, and the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology. Commissioned work has been specifically targeted according to strategic priorities to promote under-studied or vulnerable areas. NMR / Damian Grady For example, basic site evaluation work has been commissioned on the Bouldnor, off the Isle of Wight, on a submerged prehistoric landscape that includes worked flints dating to © English Heritage.

approximately , . Similarly, a significant 1/15 effort is being made to increase the awareness

and capacity of all the teams of English NMR 2350

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  The natural environment affects the submerged historic environment: lobster burrowing on the Mesolithic site off Bouldnor, Isle of Wight. Hampshire & Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology © Reforming heritage protection relationship to assets such as historic ships, maritime museums and coastal properties; On  March  in Ramsgate Maritime • issues of jurisdiction, management and Museum, David Miles, then Chief administration (national, regional and local) Archaeologist for English Heritage, launched that cross the environmental divide of the the DCMS’s consultation paper, Protecting our low water mark; Marine Historic Environment: Making the System • increasing the capacity of the maritime Work Better. The paper set out the key issues archaeological sector in academia, contract and questions in relation to marine historic archaeology and local authorities; environment designation and sought to provide • promoting best practice in the existing • a positive approach to managing the maritime archaeology sector; marine historic environment, which will • increasing our understanding of the be transparent, inclusive, effective and maritime historic environment and of sustainable, and which will be central to relative preservation in different marine social, environmental and economic agendas burial environments; at both a local and national level; • understanding the numbers, potential and • a legislative framework that protects the nature of threats to existing sites, particularly marine historic environment but enables drowned prehistoric landscapes. appropriate management techniques to be The recent restructuring of the Archaeology applied and to evolve. and Historic Buildings Departments within The consultation period ended on  July English Heritage has offered the opportunity , and the DCMS is now reviewing the to take a more strategic approach in addressing responses prior to issuing its recommendations the marine historic environment and maritime to Ministers. heritage objectives, sharing tasks with teams other than Maritime Archaeology where The way ahead appropriate, thus making better use of limited resources. The Maritime Archaeology Team has made significant advances against a background REFERENCES of ever-expanding commercial development DCMS  Protecting our Marine Historic of the marine zone and a slowly growing Environment: Making the System Work Better. understanding of the archaeological potential London: Department of Culture, Media of what lies within it. However, it is clear that and Sport Roberts, P and Trow, S  Taking to the Water: there is a wider range of functions that we are English Heritage’s Initial Policy for the Management not yet able to carry out, either fully or in part, of Maritime Archaeology in England. London: because of resource limitations. Key omissions English Heritage (available from www.english- include: heritage.org.uk) Roberts, P and Trow, S  Taking to the Water: • development of appropriate research English Heritage’s Interim Policy on Maritime agendas; Archaeology. London: English Heritage • clarification of what actually comprises the maritime archaeological resource, and its

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE

Coastal Change and the Historic Environment Building the evidence base Peter Murphy Regional Advisor for Archaeological Science (East of England) Stephen Trow Head of Rural and Environmental Policy

Sea level rise and new approaches to coastal defence pose challenges for conserving our maritime heritage. Enhanced information is the key to informed management.

In the face of rising sea level, increasing also underpin development control functions, coastal erosion and the loss of important allow strategies for long-term monitoring to inter-tidal habitats, Government policy on be devised, and provide the baseline for future coastal defence is changing. On undeveloped research strategies. In several parts of England, coasts, some sea walls are being abandoned the survey programme has been especially and coastlines left to develop more naturally, timely, already allowing heritage data to be allowing coastal barriers and saltmarsh to fed directly into the development of the pilot provide defences. This long-term re-assessment second generation of Shoreline Management of coastal defence is being delivered through Plans and Estuary Management Plans and the development of Shoreline Management Strategies. Plans which, through an inclusive consultative Besides this, a better understanding of the process, allow historic environment coastal historic environment has permitted considerations to be weighed against constructive dialogue with the Environment other concerns. Agency to develop appropriate archaeological Bronze Age socketed In May , English Heritage published mitigation before specific flood risk axe on the foreshore Coastal Defence and the Historic Environment: management and habitat creation schemes. at Sutton Hoo, Deben English Heritage Guidance. This sets out in detail The rapid surveys have been focused initially Estuary, Suffolk. Scatters the policies that underpin coastal management on those areas where coastal change, and hence of unstratified artefacts and offers guidance on conservation of the potential loss of historic assets, is most rapid are among the commonest historic environment in coastal areas, including and pressing – North Kent, Essex, Suffolk and ‘site’ categories noted the integration of information and advice from Norfolk. Initial survey has also commenced during field survey. Finds local authority Historic Environment Records around the Isles of Scilly, in the Severn Estuary, such as this indicate the (HERs) in the shoreline management planning Yorkshire and the North East. proximity of eroding process. However, because little systematic The surveys comprise two stages: a Stage  archaeological deposits survey has been carried out on our unique Desk-Based Survey, drawing on existing HER – and the challenge is then coastal heritage, the records held by HERs are entries, historic maps and aerial photographs, to locate them. very limited, and the sector’s ability to take and forming part of English Heritage’s National informed decisions and influence the shoreline Mapping Programme (NMP); and a Stage planning process is impaired. English Heritage  Field Survey, intended to investigate in has, therefore, commissioned a number of more detail, through rapid walk-over survey, coastal Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment sites recorded during Stage , and to detect Surveys (RCZAS) to begin to address this other site categories not visible from the air. information deficit. Up-to-date information on the progress of Although the most immediate driver of the these surveys, provided by partners in local rapid surveys has been the need to support authorities and field units, is available at the shoreline management planning process, www.english-heritage.org.uk>Public Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service the enhancement of local authority HERs will Policy>Coastal Policy. ©

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Aerial view of V-shaped fish trap at Holbrook Bay, Stour Estuary, Suffolk. This one has not yet been dated, but similar structures on the Essex coast have been dated by radiocarbon to the Middle Saxon period. These are the largest visible archaeological wooden structures in the UK, and their construction is thought to have involved aristocratic or monastic direction. Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service © Suffolk During the field survey,  sites were recorded in the Suffolk estuaries and a further The Suffolk project is the furthest advanced,  from the open coast. In the estuaries, a with both stages are virtually completed. The diverse range of site types is present, including desk-based survey has recorded , new sites, abundant post-built structures, mostly of many of which relate to Suffolk’s s military unknown date, embankments, sluices, hards, defences. Other site categories detected include wharves, docks and jetties, hulks, fish-traps and oyster pits, fish traps, hulks and jetties, mostly salterns. of medieval and post-medieval date. A strip Of particular note are Roman red hills inland from the coast up to  km wide was also (salterns) in the Alde Estuary; a massive V- surveyed, permitting accurate mapping and shaped fish trap and enigmatic circular timber recording of extensive prehistoric and Roman structures at Holbrook Bay on the Stour settlements and field systems, visible as crop and Anglo-Saxon hurdle structures in the marks, including a previously unknown villa. Deben Estuary at Sutton Hoo, subsequently Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service ©

The Tuesday of Rochester at Orford Ness, Ore Estuary, Suffolk. She was a carvel- built sailing barge, probably of 19th-century date. The significance of hulks of such workaday vessels, as part of the heritage of a maritime trading nation, has only relatively recently been appreciated.

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Coastal Change and the Historic Environment

Part of the Late Neolithic Essex submerged forest on a peat shelf at Purfleet, by A different approach was adopted during the Thames Estuary, Essex, the surveying of the predominantly estuarine being recorded by Ellen and island coastline of Essex. Field survey Heppell (Essex County undertaken in the s focused more on Council Archaeological detecting prehistoric sites rather than the Field Unit). In the distance more recent coastal heritage. It has, however, is the Queen Elizabeth provided potential for re-surveying areas to II Bridge, part of the provide an assessment of site losses since that Dartford Crossing. Only in time. coastal exposures can one During the s, the NMP had focused walk through woodland attention mainly on medieval and post-medieval more than 4,000 years old. sites on coastal marshes, and related work had detected six wooden fish-traps, some dated to the Middle Saxon period and covering areas of several square kilometres. The new field survey carried out during – could therefore be targeted on areas of coast that had been omitted during previous work, on site categories that had been neglected, and on some especially significant sites known from the earlier work. Along creeks and channels near Canvey Island, Foulness and Mersea,  new sites were recorded, including earthworks, oyster pits, red hills, hulks, wharves and jetties. Re- surveying sites first found in the s, and monitoring them over a three-year period, showed that some had been virtually destroyed,

Essex County Council and others were actively eroding. None of the © sites examined could be considered stable. At radiocarbon-dated and investigated in greater the Neolithic settlement site of The Stumble detail with funding from the Sutton Hoo in the Blackwater Estuary, erosion is currently Society. Further work is planned. exposing new areas of the site and littering the Essex County Council ©

A Late Iron Age / Early Roman ‘red hill’ – a salt-producing site – at Blackwater Estuary, Essex. The vivid fired red colouring of these sites makes them very conspicuous during survey, but hardly any now survive in an undamaged condition. The high density of these sites shows that this apparently natural landscape was, 2,000 years ago, an industrial

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Coastal Change and the Historic Environment

shore with unstratified artefacts. Funding has North Sea is problematic and impossible at been obtained from the EU Planarch Interreg the speed required of the rapid surveys. The project for further recording work at this site Isles of Scilly survey was an experimental and others. project, being the first to be commissioned by English Heritage since the National Heritage

Act  extended its remit to include the Norfolk Archaeological Unit Norfolk © historic environment out to the -nautical The Norfolk survey is also building on an mile limit. As well as coastal and inter-tidal existing knowledge base. The NMP desk- sites, the project included the marine resource based survey has recorded numerous coastal and assimilated maritime data into the report sites, ranging from an entire ‘fossil’ medieval and the Isles of Scilly Historic Environment Late-5th- or early-6th- landscape, including numerous saltern mounds Record. The Historic Environment Service century gold bracteate at North Wootton on the Wash, through to of Cornwall County Council carried out the brooch recovered World War  defences all along the coast; field project for English Heritage between May  during evaluation of survey has supplemented this information. New and April , and was also asked to carry out the Scheduled Ancient records have included a Palaeolithic hand- an appraisal of the implications of extending the Monument of Blakeney axe, prehistoric pottery and flints stratified in survey below the low-water mark. Chapel, Norfolk, prior to beach sediment exposures, wooden structures Managed Realignment. and numerous coastal military defences. The Shoreline plans survey has also highlighted areas where coastal management schemes have resulted in sand If progress with English Heritage-sponsored accretion, so that sites such as the medieval ‘lost survey work has been rapid, so, too, has village’ of Eccles, visible on the beach in the the development of shoreline management s, can now no longer be seen. In contrast, planning. A second generation of plans has at other locations, such as the area around commenced with three pilots, two on the south ‘Seahenge’ at Holme-next-the-Sea, erosion is coast and one in East Anglia. Concurrently, rapid and sites are actively being destroyed. Estuary Management Plans and Strategies, covering the Wash and Suffolk and Essex North Kent estuaries, are being developed. Informed by Defra’s FutureCoast study, these second- In , during the course of the North Kent generation plans are beginning to illustrate the survey, a prehistoric site was discovered on the potentially dramatic changes that will occur at Hoo Flats of the River Medway. Features at the coast over the next century, the challenges the site include several pits containing burnt which will be faced by those managing flint, flint-working debris (including an axe- its heritage, and the need for organised thinning flake) and pottery fragments that date partnerships to protect or record threatened the site to the Mid to Late Neolithic period. sites and buildings. Timbers driven into later deposits, in a rough A current case is at Blakeney Freshes on alignment, could represent a trackway. The site the North Norfolk coast. Here, a shingle spit is subject to continued coastal erosion. Another is migrating southwards, sometimes blocking inter-tidal Neolithic site has been recorded the channel of the River Glaven, which results on the opposite side of the Medway at Lower in flooding of the nearby village of Cley and Halstow. The survey has also identified new environmental damage to an adjacent nature inter-tidal Late Iron Age / Romano-British salt reserve. The Environment Agency’s solution is working and butchery sites within the Medway, to cut a new channel to the south, leaving the particularly around Burntwick Island, as well as Blakeney Chapel scheduled monument isolated the remains of medieval fish weirs and pottery and vulnerable to destruction by erosion. at Nor Marsh. Following discussions with the Agency, English Heritage accepted the need for the scheme and, Isles of Scilly together with Norfolk County Council and the National Trust, which owns the site, negotiated Ideally, coastal survey should be seamless, a programme of excavation to record the encompassing terrestrial, inter-tidal and sub- threatened deposits. Excavation and valuation tidal sites, all recorded to the same standard have demonstrated human activity from the – a principle that is incorporated in the Neolithic period to the late Middle Ages. proposed new system of designation presented Other sites will be similarly affected by in the recent DCMS consultation document current and future coastal change, whether on marine archaeology. In practice, sub-tidal wholly natural or the result of planned survey in the sediment-laden waters of the realignment schemes. The purpose of the rapid

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Coastal Change and the Historic Environment

Prehistoric wall extending towards South Hill, Samson: part of an extensive early field system surviving in the inter-tidal zone of the Samson Flats, Isles of Scilly. English Heritage / Dave Hooley © surveys is to establish the scale of the challenge ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS locally, regionally and nationally. In turn, this Ian Oxley, Mark Dunkley (Wessex Archaeology), will allow English Heritage and its partners to David Robertson (Norfolk Archaeological Unit); identify priorities for enhanced coastal defence for illustrations, Ellen Heppell (Essex County measures or programmes of recording in the Council Archaeological Field Unit), Jayne Bown (Norfolk Archaeological Unit) and Linzi Everett face of necessary change. Difficult choices (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Field Team). will have to be made, but the Government’s programme of Shoreline Management Plans provides, for the first time, a robust, long-term framework within which these decisions can be taken and their implications planned for. English Heritage.NMR © NMR 21836/01

Martello tower at Slaughden, Aldeburgh, with beach replenishment work taking place, 2002. This Napoleonic sea defence has already suffered serious erosion of its seaward defensive works, and its long-term survival depends on holding the existing shoreline by retaining adequate sea defences.

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTALMARITIME HERITAGE AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Article title

The Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund The marine environment Introduced by Ian Oxley Head of Maritime Archaeology and Christopher Scull Head of Historic Environment Commissions

English Heritage is a distributor, on behalf of Defra, of a fund that helps address environmental impacts of aggregates extraction.

The first year of the ALSF coincided with and they demonstrate the enormous English Heritage’s new responsibilities for contribution that the ALSF is making to the marine historic environment. We were informed conservation of the marine able to extract additional value from the historic environment. fund by supporting a number of projects that Further information about the English addressed both the priorities of the ALSF and Heritage ALSF Programme and projects is our strategic agenda for the marine historic available from www.english-heritage.org.uk. environment. Following an initial two-year pilot scheme, the creation in April  of a funding Projects stream dedicated to the marine environment within the ALSF has allowed us to build on Areas suitable for marine aggregate extraction those initial successes to develop a programme often contain shipwrecks within their aimed at ensuring sustainable management of boundaries. Wrecks, in all their forms, are the resource through projects that considered in the course of the Environmental • enhance the information and understanding Assessment that accompanies applications to necessary for informed planning; dredge marine aggregates. Various existing • develop techniques of prediction datasets, secondary sources and geophysical and evaluation; surveys can be used to gauge their likely • develop mitigation strategies; presence, extent, character and period, but • promote best practice through training, raising these sources cannot, in themselves, establish awareness and exchanging information. the relative or absolute importance of known or In developing and delivering our marine potential wrecks, because the ‘importance’ of a ALSF programme, English Heritage works wreck arises from a context far wider than the closely with the marine aggregates industry aggregates area under consideration. and partners in the public, professional and The Importance of Shipwrecks project seeks academic spheres. English Nature, the Office to develop and trial a framework for gauging of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM), and the importance of shipwrecks that will draw on the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and schema for managing and researching ships and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) also distribute shipwrecks. This project is based on the current marine ALSF funds; we are committed with the non-statutory designation criteria adopted these partner agencies to developing integrated by the Advisory Committee on the Historic approaches to the marine environment. The Wreck Sites for gauging the importance of ALSF marine steering group, convened by shipwrecks in the context of their statutory Defra, provides a forum through which all protection under the Protection of Wrecks stakeholders contribute to oversight and Act . The project will also review other coordination of ALSF marine funding. The statutory and non-statutory heritage initiatives projects summarised below illustrate the range – for example, the Monuments Protection and quality of work that English Heritage is Programme and the criteria for determining able to support through the ALSF Programme, structures to be listed under the Planning

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : The Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund

(Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act The Innovative Approaches to Rapid  – in order to align elements of the marine Archaeological Site Surveying and Evaluation historic environment with existing terrestrial in the Marine Environment and Transitional designation practices. Zones project will investigate the potential of The loss of a vessel at sea (in peacetime) geophysical, remote survey equipment to allow generally occurs as a result of navigational rapid, detailed investigation of submerged errors or adverse weather conditions. Predictive archaeological sites and their immediate modelling can be used to determine potential surroundings, for enhanced understanding of concentrations of shipping losses by mapping the environmental settings in which the sites navigational hazards through the UK’s are located. Through the use of rapid mapping extensive hydrographical archives (consisting of techniques, it is anticipated that quantifiable historical charts, sailing directions and pilotage environmental changes over time can be notes). However, the Mapping Navigational cost-effectively monitored on sites in order Hazards as Areas of Maritime Archaeological that the potential impact of anthropogenic Potential project goes further, by correlating activity such as aggregate extraction and such hazards with offshore geological natural cycles of change can be assessed more Discharging 5,000 tonnes cartography in order to identify areas where accurately. A secondary aim is to establish the of marine aggregate high potential shipwreck losses and high seabed optimum configuration of acoustic instruments, at Greenwich Wharf, preservation potential coincide within offshore using a combination of backscatter and London. In the back- mineral deposits. Such information will assist bathymetry information to provide the best ground, the Millennium industry, regulators and curators in giving data for informed management decision- Dome on the south bank guidance on the possible impact on the marine making. This project will use a number of and, beyond a curve of the historic environment through the regulation of innovative techniques to investigate maritime River Thames, the Canary dredging for sand and gravel. archaeological sites. Wharf tower to the north. English Heritage / Mark Dunkley ©

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  The Lincshore Beach Replenishment scheme, Lincolnshire. Large-scale beach nourishment is possible only from marine sources, where large vol- umes landed directly from dredgers avoid the need for fleets of heavy lorries. Here, a dredger, coupled to a floating pipeline, discharges marine sand directly onto the beach. BMAPA © Where archaeological sites (principally historic environment has been considered wreck material) are identified within licensed during the course of beach replenishment aggregate extraction areas, dredging exclusion schemes, investigations have largely been zones are constructed around them in order associated with impacts on submerged material to afford in situ preservation. Both the marine within the offshore area from which aggregate aggregate and the maritime archaeological is extracted or the burial of archaeological communities acknowledge that neither material in the inter-tidal zone of the area the definition of these exclusion zones nor being recharged. Little attention has been given the potential direct or indirect impacts of to archaeological material from an offshore dredging on marine or coastal archaeology are context that could be deposited on recharged well understood. This mirrors the academic beaches. Such extraneous material, traditionally paucity of knowledge of the physical controls labelled ‘contamination’ in an archaeological on underwater site formation in general. context, can (if discovered and reported) serve The Modelling Exclusion Zones for Marine to misinform Historic Environment Records. Aggregate Dredging project will bring The Beach Replenishment and Derived together experience and expertise from a Archaeological Material Evaluation Study variety of different disciplines – archaeological comprises a desk-based assessment to examine site formation studies; sediment and fluid the relationship between beach replenishment dynamics (both in the field and in the schemes and the historic environment, through laboratory); numerical modelling of dredge the examination of archaeological material plume and coastal zone impacts; and direct deposited on replenished beaches in relation to experiential knowledge from the dredging its former offshore context. industry – to study these issues and provide The requirement for coordination and accurate, appropriate and cost-effective dissemination of the Marine ALSF projects has recommendations for defining exclusion zones prompted English Heritage to organise a series in the future. of Technical Meetings to bring together internal Turning to coastal archaeology, English and external specialists to discuss topics Heritage has commissioned an investigation such as wrecks and shipping, and submerged into the relationship between beach prehistory. Further meetings are anticipated replenishment schemes and extraneous throughout –, including a seminar on archaeological material derived from offshore access and education relating to the marine aggregate contexts. Large-scale beach historic environment. replenishment is possible only from marine aggregate sources, where large volumes landed direct from dredgers avoids the need for the Mark Dunkley, Maritime Archaeologist overland transport of material. While the Kath Buxton, ALSF Programme Manager

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Article title

Naval Heritage Managing change in the Royal dockyards John Schofield Head of Military Programmes Rebecca Child Historic Buildings Architect, South West Region Peter Kendall Team Leader, South East Region

Historic Royal dockyards continue to serve a military function or offer potential for redevelopment.

The Royal dockyards of Plymouth, conserve and display these presents a daunting Portsmouth, Sheerness and Chatham are challenge to the Chatham Trust. significant historic and archaeological sites, Recent work at Chatham has focused on currently protected through a combination the site of the former Gunwharf that lies to of scheduling, listing and conservation area designations. They are also subject to a diversity of uses: some (Devonport and major parts of Portsmouth) continue to function as naval bases; one is in commercial use (Sheerness); and areas at Portsmouth and much of Chatham are primarily museums. Other yards, such as the Royal William Victualling Yard at Plymouth and Gunwharf in Portsmouth, have seen regeneration for retail or domestic use. Much of this change has occurred in the past few years, informed by national studies of the form, fabric and historical development of these yards (Coad ,, Douet and Listing Team , Listing Team , Evans , ). A characterisation of the Portsmouth and Plymouth yards has also been completed (see Conservation Bulletin , Firth, ). Recent developments at Chatham, Sheerness and Royal William Yard are summarised here.

Dockyard archaeology At Chatham, there is steady progress in finding new and appropriate uses for the dockyard buildings by the Trust responsible for the site. There have been no major new discoveries Crown copyright.NMR

recently, but work continues to identify the © ship that was broken up and used to floor the Wheelwrights Shop. The finding of these ship’s timbers in the s has been described as the most significant ship discovery in northern Europe since the salvaging of the Mary Rose. Unlike underwater wrecks, many of these

timbers preserve their paintwork. How best to NMR BB94/20961 / Peter Williams

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Naval Heritage

arising from plans by Ministry of Defence and their PFI partners to raise capital for residential and other development. This has prompted documentary research on the development of

Crown copyright.NMR the Lines, currently at draft stage. The MOD © plans extend over the Medway to take in Upnor and Chattenden ordnance depots. Both the Gunwharf and the Chatham Lines lie within the area proposed for the Chatham World Heritage Site. Great care will be needed to ensure that any new developments do not have an adverse impact here.

NMR BB94/10321 / M Hesketh-Roberts At Sheerness, a study in progress will examine the heritage significance of the dockyard and fortifications, and its interface with the economic importance of the commercial docks’ operation. The aim is to find an agreed way forward with the Port Company, which avoids major conflict and yields a future for some of the significant at-risk structures presently landlocked within the active docks.

Change and development The Royal William Yard at Plymouth, designed and built between  and , was one of the three major victualling yards that also processed food for onward distribution both to the fleet and other victualling depots. (The other two yards were the Royal Clarence at Gosport and the largely-vanished Royal Victoria at Deptford.) The Royal William Yard served the Royal Navy in the west of England. It was designed by Sir John Rennie (–) as a food factory for the Navy, in a robust neo-classical style in granite and Plymouth limestone. The Yard is the most Priddy’s Hard, Gosport, the north of the Georgian dockyard. The complete victualling yard in the world and of near Portsmouth, one of gunwharf was originally the site of the Tudor international and national importance: most of the major naval centres Chatham Dockyard, founded here in . The the buildings are now listed Grade  and *. in the region. Acquired heyday of the gunwharf was in the th and Two of the five major buildings on the for the Royal Navy in the th centuries, but it continued in use until site, Clarence Store and Brewhouse, are 1750s to store military after World War . Following closure, most of currently being redeveloped as apartments equipment, and in military its buildings were demolished. The site and by the developers Urban Splash, who are also use until 1989, much of the surviving buildings are affected by regeneration- preparing a Masterplan for the rest of the site is now a museum. led proposals by their owner, Medway Council. Yard. The owner of the site, the South West English Heritage expressed concern for the Regional Development Agency, is carrying out impacts on buried archaeology and surviving external and structural repairs in advance of the Ordnance buildings and fortifications, and conversion work, principally re-roofing in invited the owners to join in commissioning a Welsh slates and carrying out masonry repairs desk-based study from Oxford Archaeology. to the degraded Plymouth limestone and This study has clarified the high heritage granite walling. significance of the site, resulting in new This major redevelopment has already schedulings and listings. Medway Council involved the preparation of a Conservation has moved from possibly wanting to demolish Plan for the site and measured drawings buildings to repairing one of these as a of the buildings. The work to individual This former Royal naval new library. buildings includes recording by drawing and dockyard at Sheerness is For the Chatham Lines that defended the photography, together with analysis of the now a commercial port. dockyard, there are major development threats processes once carried out within them.

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Naval Heritage

Informed conservation REFERENCES What underpins work at all the yards is the Coad, J  Historic Architecture of the Royal Navy. London: Victor Gollancz need to understand their heritage values prior ______ The Royal Dockyards 1690–1850: to any redevelopment scheme or significant Architecture and Engineering Works of the Sailing alteration taking place. A Conservation Plan Navy. Aldershot: Scolar Press and Masterplan are in place for the Royal Douet, J and Listing Team  Thematic Survey of the Naval Dockyards: Summary Report (Thematic William Yard. Similar studies are being Listing Programme). Internal English Heritage updated at Chatham dockyard, and research report is underway at Sheerness and the Chatham Evans, D  The Ordnance Yards: Reports on Lines. Character-based studies have been Medway, Portsmouth and Plymouth Areas. Internal English Heritage report completed for the yards at Portsmouth and ______ Building The Steam Navy. London: Devonport. We cannot expect these important Conway Maritime Press sites to remain unchanged, but we can expect Listing Team  Thematic Survey of the Ordnance change and development to occur within the Yards and Magazine Depots: Summary Report (Thematic Listing Programme). Internal English context of informed conservation. Alongside the Heritage report major national studies, such as those by Coad and Evans, current work at England’s Royal Dockyards is an example of how this can be best achieved. English Heritage.NMR © NMR 21314

Sheds at Chatham Naval Dockyard, Kent. Used for building ships from its first phase in 1547 until its closure in the early 1980s, this historic Royal dockyard is now a museum.

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTALMARITIME HERITAGE AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Article title

Working with the Marine Industry Marine aggregates and the historic environment Mark Russell Development Manager, British Marine Aggregate Producers Association

A partnership between the marine aggregate industry and English Heritage has produced a world-leading guidance document.

The origins of sand and gravel extraction sensitive sites and evaluating finds recovered from the sea can be traced back to the s, during production. when material was removed from sand banks Furthermore, the broad guiding principles at low water to be used as ballast in un-laden that have been established could equally sailing ships. Today, the UK marine aggregate be applied to other marine sectors, as industry produces over  million tonnes a the marine aggregate industry is far from year from  production licence areas located unique in its potential to disturb the marine around the coastline of England and Wales. historic environment. In recognition of the The contribution of land-based quarrying to groundbreaking nature of this work, the our understanding of the historic environment guidance note was awarded a certificate of is well documented, and in recent years some of commendation in the  British Archaeology the most important finds have been associated Awards as a project that demonstrated a with sand and gravel extraction. As the marine commitment to professional standards and aggregate industry targets similar deposits of ethics in archaeology. sand and gravel, located in over  metres From a marine developer’s perspective, a of water, there exists the potential for items greater level of understanding, knowledge and of archaeological significance to be present. context allows a more confident assessment of This has brought some unique challenges to significance to be made. This in turn allows us industry, regulators and curators. to manage, mitigate and monitor our operations Through the extraction of sand and gravel, more effectively, and therefore to minimise the dredging activity inevitably disturbs the seabed. potential for adverse effects. In this respect, The potential therefore exists for features of the partnership between the marine aggregate archaeological interest that may be present industry and English Heritage represents an (drowned landscapes, shipwrecks and artefacts) excellent example of sustainable development to be similarly disturbed. Acknowledging this in practice. fact, the industry has worked to address these issues by becoming an integral part of the 1 BMAPA and English Heritage  Marine solution rather than part of the problem: by Aggregate Dredging and the Historic Environment: developing an archaeological guidance note Guidance Note. London: British Marine Aggregate in partnership with English Heritage. Marine Producers Association and English Heritage Aggregate Dredging and the Historic Environment: (available from www.english-heritage.org.uk and www.bmapa.org) Guidance Note1 contains a comprehensive review of the issues; it provides advice and procedures to ensure that marine archaeology can be considered at every stage throughout the offshore development process – from accessing new licence areas, to mitigating and monitoring

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE

Submerged Archaeological Landscapes Evidence of human migrations Nic Flemming Southampton Oceanography Centre

Studying the prehistory of the UK continental shelf and North Sea basin is the key to understanding how advanced cultures evolved.

During the last million years, there have the last half million years, Britain was an been six to eight major glaciations, during island for only a few tens of thousands. When which ice several kilometres thick covered northern Europe was covered by ice, the Scandinavia, most of the British Isles, the whole climate on the exposed UK continental shelf of Canada and part of the USA, and mountain was periglacial tundra, but in the interstadials glaciers expanded on high ranges around such as Oxygen Isotope Stage , and after the the globe. Each glaciation lasted for about melting of the last ice sheet, the shelf around , years, and the ice accumulated in a the UK was colonised by grasses, forests, series of growth phases (stadials), interspersed an extensive fauna of reindeer, bears, ox, with partial meltings (interstadials). The final mammoths and wolves, and scattered bands of maximum ice sheet then melted more or less people. Lambeck () provides a useful set of continuously and completely over a period of maps of the coastline at different dates during about , years to the present time, where the last , years. large ice sheets remain only on Greenland and Antarctica. Earliest hominids In addition to the big climatic swings of tens of thousands of years, there were shorter The earliest hominid occupation in the UK bursts of activity, such as the melting phases is at Boxgrove (Pitts and Roberts ), or ‘Heinrich Events’, which released masses of dating from about , years ago, and icebergs and fresh water into the Atlantic over sites in East Anglia are almost as old, whereas periods of about – years (Roche Pontnewydd Cave near the coast of North et al ), and the ‘Dansgaard/Oscheger Wales has Neanderthal remains from , (D/O)’ oscillations during the middle of the last years ago. From these and other data, we can glaciation (–ka ), when the temperature see that people occupied the British Isles most swung through a range of oC or more about of the time between ice ages, when climate was – times. The impact of this variability on mild, and were driven out again when the ice the prehistoric archaeology of Europe is de- extended southwards. The Ancient Human scribed by Van Andel and Davies (). Occupation of Britain project, led by Chris Stringer, has clearly identified the periods when Early flora and fauna hominids and modern humans could have easily occupied the British Isles. Although boats The snow which precipitated to build up the may have been used for crossings during the ice sheets was extracted as vapour from the sea Mesolithic period, and just possibly as early by evaporation, and the volume of the ice was as ka , any earlier access to Britain must so great that the global sea level at the peak of have been by walking across the dry shelf. Since each glaciation dropped about –m lower there would have been little attraction in trying than at present. At the times of lowest sea level, to live on the present land-mass of Britain at the continental shelf of the world was exposed the time of maximum ice extent, the phases of to the atmosphere and covered in vegetation migration into or out of Britain would generally and fauna adapted to the local climate. During have taken place at intermediate stages, when

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Submerged Archaeological Landscapes

large parts of the shelf were dry, and the ice cap would inevitably be below sea level now. The did not extend too far south. excavation of the Paviland cave in southern Wales shows that people were living there very Submerged evidence close to the ice edge at the time of the glacial maximum (Lynch et al , ). Findings of There is much debate as to how close to the ice worked mammal bones in the central North people chose to live. Pitulko et al () have Sea (Louwe Kooijmans ⁄; Verhart ) shown that people were living in the Arctic, show that people were living and hunting north of what is now Russia, before the peak there during periods of low sea level. The of the last glaciation. Thus it is possible that submerged Palaeolithic site at Fermanville, near throughout the glaciation there were some Cherbourg, shows that people were living m people who had been forced away from ice below the present sea level ka  (Scuvée caps but chose to exploit sea mammals and and Verague ). Momber () shows that live close to the sea ice, rather than retreating Mesolithic people were occupying sites on the as far as southern Europe. Evidence for this bed of the Solent at a depth of m. 45–81 , 64

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society

For thousands of years following the last ice age, B J Coles and S E Rouillard 1998; B J Coles 1998 ‘Doggerland: a Speculative Survey’.

Britain was a peninsula of © the European continent. Extensive lowlands existed beyond most of today’s shores, and much of the English Channel and Southern North Sea were land. It is likely that our predecessors, re-inhabiting Britain as the climate improved, made extensive use of these areas, possibly concentrating on the river valleys that once traversed these lands. Source: Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic Envirionment: Guidance Note (Russell, 19).

Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Submerged Archaeological Landscapes

The continental shelf – the floor of the North Sea, the English Channel, Irish Sea, Lubke, H  ‘Steinzeit in der Wismarbucht: ein Celtic Sea, and the northern shelf around Uberblick’. Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unter- wasserarchaologie , – Scotland and the Western Isles – was thus much Lynch, F, Aldhouse-Green, S, and Davies, J L  more than a land-bridge to Europe. When Prehistoric Wales. Stroud: Sutton Publishing not actually covered by ice, it was probably Momber, G  ‘Six fathoms down off Bouldnor a reservoir or refuge where tribes lived and Cliff: a Mesolithic site’ in Sparks, B, Momber, G, and Satchell, J (eds) A Decade of Diving, Delving hunted the megafauna and marine mammals and Disseminating: Hampshire and Wight Trust for at the ice edge. As the ice was melting between Maritime Archaeology, 1991–2001. Southampton: , and , years ago, people who Southampton Oceanography Centre, – had been living on the continental shelf, and Pedersen, L D, Fischer, A, and Aaby, B  The Danish Storaebaelt since the Ice Age: Man, Sea and in northern France and western Europe, Forest. Copenhagen: Storaebaelt Fixed Link and moved northwards, and by ,  they the National Museum of Denmark Publications had moved across the North Sea basin into Pitts, M and Roberts, M  Fairweather Eden. what is now Denmark, Norway and Britain. London: Century Pitulko, V V et al  ‘The Yana RHS Site: Humans The Danish data (Pedersen et al ; Fischer in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum’. ; Lubke ) show the rapid Mesolithic Science , No. , – growth settlement in the Baltic by people who Roche, D, Paillard, D, and Cortijo, E  combined coastal living, seafaring and hunting ‘Constraints on the duration of freshwater release of Heinrich Event 4 through isotope modelling’. excursions inland. The general implications of Nature , – these processes are discussed in the conference Scuvee, F and Verague, J  Le gisement sous-marine volume on the North Sea edited by du Paléolithique Moyen de l’anse de la Mondrée à Flemming (). Fermanville (Manche). Cherbourg: Ministère des Affaires Culturelles Van Andel, T H, and Davies, W (eds)  Importance of the prehistory of the Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape During the Last Glaciation: seabed Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project (McDonald Institute Monographs). Oxford: The study of the prehistory of the seabed Oxbow Books is thus an integral part of understanding Verhart, L  ‘The implications of prehistoric finds how humans occupied Britain and northern on and off the Dutch coast’ in Flemming, N C Europe, how they responded to each (ed) Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea. York: Council for British Archaeology expansion and contraction of the ice sheets, and English Heritage, – and how these islands were finally occupied in the late Palaeolithic period. Ignorance of the detailed prehistoric archaeology of the British continental shelf is an obstacle to understanding how advanced cultures developed in northern Europe. The transition to the Mesolithic period with boats, fishing, fish traps and constructed huts, and then to the Neolithic period with the domestication of animals and agriculture, took place before the sea reached its present level, and much of the evidence is still below the sea. The cranium of a young woman at the Tybrind Vig REFERENCES Fischer, A  Man and the Sea in the Mesolithic submerged Mesolithic site, (Oxbow Monographs number ). Oxford: Denmark. This volume Oxbow Books – a collection of papers Flemming, N C (ed)  Submarine Prehistoric presented at an English Archaeology of the North Sea. York: Council for British Archaeology and English Heritage Heritage workshop on Council of British Archaeology and English Heritage

Lambeck, K  ‘Late Devensian and Holocene © the subject of North Sea shorelines of the British Isles and North Sea from submarine prehistory and models of glacio-hydro-isostatic rebound’. Journal relations with industry of the Geological Society, London , – Louwe Kooijmans, L P – ‘Mesolithic bone – recommends ways and antler implements from the North Sea and to cooperate on future from the Netherlands’. Ber. Rijksdienst oudheidk. research and protection bodemonderz –, – of prehistoric sites on the

Photograph © Hans Dal; publication sea floor.

 | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y C+Y C C+M

MARITIME AND COASTALMARITIME HERITAGE AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Article title M Y 25% 75%

The West Pier, Brighton B C

Disrepair and destruction 50%

Richard Morrice Historic Buildings Inspector, South East Region M 50%

The loss of this Grade I pier highlights the importance Y of a national strategy for buildings at risk. 50% B 50% C+M+Y That the West Pier is the greatest pier ever but these proved not to be sufficient for chalk built is without question. That it should not and were superseded during building. C+Y now be possible to fund its repair is one of The West Pier, in its use of larger kiosks than the great post-war defeats for architectural earlier piers, was also the essential precursor to C conservation. The issues involved are many, and Hastings Pier (–), the first to have been C+M the history of the pier will show what mistakes built with an integral pier-head pavilion. It also were made in trying to give it a future. What is introduced festive architecture to the seaside. M almost certainly true is that, had the current It was not the first building to be built by the Y regime for arresting the decay of listed buildings sea that took this line, but it was the leisure – English Heritage’s Buildings at Risk Strategy building that made it obligatory to build in ‘fun’ 25% – been in place in the mid s, the pier would styles at the seaside. 75% still be with us. Time, and the assault of the The scale of the pier was matched by the weather, eventually made the costs so high quality of aspiration of the architecture. It was B that repair became impossible. The pier did, designed much more with monumentality in however, have the benefit of underlining how mind than earlier piers, and it is one of the very C important it is to stake out significance in detail few that were consciously laid out as part of a 50% when making decisions about a site. The case grand ensemble. First, instead of making the underlines, therefore, the general approach to transition to the lower level of the pier from M conservation that is most usefully set out in the the seafront by a ramp alone, it used spacious 50% Burra Charter. flights of steps (although side ramps were provided for bath chairs – a very early example Y

Significance of disabled access). Second, the pier is one 50% of the few that were consciously placed so as The West Pier has significance of several to be part of a greater whole. The building is B

kinds and on several levels. Built from  to arranged symmetrically along the centre line 50% , the West Pier was a highlight, if not the of Regency Square, so that the pier reads as climax, of seaside pleasure pier development. part of a much larger, monumental piece of C+M+Y

Eugenius Birch, the most important of the town-planning than was usual for piers that C+Y Victorian pier engineers, here built the most were generally sited for commercial rather than elegant pier structure then possible in iron and architectural impact. Third, it was constructed C timber, with a lightness derived from using the of cast iron of the highest quality, the quality C+M smallest number of columns possible (none of the moulding being very high. Birch of which were raking), and did it at a scale modelled its buildings (the various kiosks) and M commensurate to its setting. Prior to the West its architectural features on styles that were Pier, only Birch’s Blackpool North Pier of a not only locally available but were also of the Y couple of years previous was of similar size, and greatest celebrity – largely and freely from the 25% this was built with a less elegant substructure. Royal Pavilion. In that sense, the West Pier is the culmination of The building of the West Pier during the 75%

a development that Birch had himself begun at mid s was a mark of the local concern that B Margate Pier (–, where he first used screw was felt over the possible loss by Brighton of its piles) and at Blackpool North Pier (–). social cachet as a fashionable resort. However, C

At the West Pier he perfected screw piles, using changes in the market for leisure in seaside 50% two sorts, one like those used at Margate and resorts, cheaper travel, the introduction of

Blackpool, appropriate for anchoring into sand; education and particularly of Bank Holidays M 50% Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : The West Pier, Brighton Y M 25% 50% 75% C The West Pier, Brighton B

B (Grade I), built in the mid

1860s, shown here in May C 75% 1970, with its historic promenade and pavilion. 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y C+M 50% C B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y Crown copyright.NMR 50% © C+Y B C 50% C+M NMR BB70/06018 Y

during the s and s meant that so little maintenance is perhaps understandable, M

50% Brighton generally – and the West Pier in given its problematic location at the western Y

M particular – later needed to change its approach end of Brighton seafront, away from the tourist to visitors. As at all piers, facilities were added, heart of Brighton. The intention of its original 25%

50% especially under competition from the Palace backers – to provide Brighton with a more 75% (now Brighton) Pier, which replaced the Chain exclusive attraction – was always problematic; C

Pier from . It is no surprise to find that the had it been built at the end of West Street, it B

B Pavilion was built at the same time as the new would have been more profitable and may have pier. The Concert Hall followed during survived more readily. C 75% World War . During the later s, the pier had been 50%

25% taken over by the Brighton West Pier Trust, the M Spiral of decline intention being to repair the structure and put Y it back to use as a pleasure pier. Consideration 50% Why has it proved impossible to save the acme of the relative importance of English pleasure M of pleasure piers? All piers are essentially piers by the Historic Buildings Council, Y 50% C+M fugitive structures, but those along the Sussex following on from earlier research jointly coast are peculiarly vulnerable due to sea sponsored by the Industrial Archaeology Panel C conditions that lead to the largest swell in of the Council for British Archaeology and the B 50% C+Y UK waters. Piers – being buildings of cast- Victorian Society, underlined the importance of iron (proof against rust but without bending the West Pier. Grant funding was sought from C+M+Y

C+M+Y strength), wrought-iron (not much better the Historic Buildings Council, unsuccessfully   against rust than mild steel, but with some at first; but then between and , C+Y 50% bending strength), steel (only after about , English Heritage and the National Heritage B not good against rust but with some bending Memorial Fund combined to assist a scheme C strength) and timber (subject to rot) – need to of repair. Only a small section was repaired, C+M 50% be repaired continually. Their susceptibility to however, before the offers were withdrawn Y storm damage is also well known, especially during discussions concerning a scheme for M along this stretch of coast. Piers therefore need commercial redevelopment which, it was then Y 50% to be maintained continually if they are not to felt, would effectively have denatured the pier. 25% M begin a spiral of decline. All at that time seemed lost, until the setting Unfortunately, the history of the West Pier up of the National Lottery in  offered the 75% 50% was not one of regular maintenance. Following promise of sufficient funding for the repair of B

C the last war, when it had been partially the pier. dismembered to save it from use as a landing Unfortunately, in any repair case, there is C B stage for invasion forces, it suffered from a a point where the escalating cost meets the

general lack of maintenance, which resulted reducing amount of historic fabric, and this 50% 75% first in the closure of the pier-head in  and point was eventually reached during the storms M

25% then in full closure in . That there had been of –. 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C The decline of the West B

B Pier: March 2003, after the

final storm of the New C 75% Year (above), and March 2004, after fires at the 50% 25% concert hall in March 2003 M

Y and the pavilion in May 2003 (below). 50% M Y C+M 50% C B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C B B C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y English Heritage Photo Library / Nigel Corrie; (below) NMR 23448/20 taken 31 March 2004 © English Heritage.NMR 50% C+M C (above) © B 50% C+Y Some lessons learned conflicted with private and public interests in Brighton and Hove. Taken early, these interests C+M+Y

C+M+Y Is it possible, so close to the events, to suggest would have been easier to argue with.

some lessons? When the remains of the pier This suggests, second, the need for a strategy C+Y 50% head are demolished, as demolished they must to deal with the problem. In the s and early B now be, it will be the first total removal – if s, not only did this not exist, in the sense C not demolition – of a Grade  listed building in of a strategy for dealing with buildings at risk, C+M 50% England since  (itself an inauspicious date but also there was no national body capable of Y in the history of the pier). formulating such a strategy. By the late s, M First, action to save a building at risk must English Heritage had developed its building Y 50% be timely. The continuing decay of the pier led at risk strategy and was able to formulate a 25% M to an increase in repair costs and increasing risk response. Unfortunately, it was then too late. of loss of historic fabric. If a comprehensive If we are to profit from the loss of the West 75% 50% scheme had been developed even as late as a Pier, it must be in realising the promise that B

C decade after the closure of the pier, there would a comprehensive approach to buildings at not have arisen the time lag that has allowed risk offers. By not allowing buildings to fall C B the growth of a profound and self-fulfilling into disrepair, we reduce the risk to historic

scepticism about the project. Any re-use of buildings and sites. We should never again allow 50% 75% the pier would have had to fulfil commercial the loss of such a significant building. M

25% objectives, and those objectives would have 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B Liverpool WHS C 75%

Key themes of a successful 50% 25% M Y

World Heritage Site bid 50% M Malcolm Cooper Planning and Development Director, North Y C+M 50% C

The historic environment of this newly inscribed WHS B C+Y

will serve as a foundation for regeneration. 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% C+Y B On  July , the UK’s bid for world Jesse Hartley in the mid th century is of C 50%

heritage status for Liverpool was accepted particular importance. The surviving Albert C+M

Y by UNESCO. This exciting outcome was the Dock, begun by Hartley in  and opened in culmination of three years’ intensive work , is of particular importance, with its secure M

50% on the city’s historic environment, led by warehouses of fireproof construction. The city’s Y

M Liverpool City Council with the close support innovative development also included the wider of English Heritage and the Department of transport infrastructure – canals, railways and a 25%

50% Culture, Media and Sport. A wide range of spectacular late-th-century overhead railway. 75% other organisations gave their wider support to The third theme for the bid was Liverpool’s C

the bid, but it is the city’s World Heritage Site historical and cultural collections. The city’s B

B Officer, John Hinchliffe, who must take the rapid growth led to the wider development of lion’s share of the credit for this great success. its cultural activities, with benefactors creating C 75% The city has had a long history, with its first and then donating materials to a series of 50%

25% charter granted in . The World Heritage cultural institutions. Of these, the Walker Site bid, however, focused on the th century Art Gallery and the Liverpool Museum were M Y through to the early th century, when founded in the late th century, and the 50% Liverpool became a major maritime mercantile Merseyside Maritime Museum in the early M city, with international renown and influence. th century. The city also boasts a wide range Y 50% C+M The city is now recognised as the supreme of public sculpture, both freestanding and as example of a commercial port at the time of architectural embellishments. C Britain’s greatest global influence. The fourth theme was the city’s remarkable B 50% C+Y Four main themes were drawn out in the surviving urban historic landscape, which bid. The first of these was the city’s role in informed the boundaries of the world heritage C+M+Y

C+M+Y world history, focusing on world trade and site itself. The first element is a north-south

the development of the British Empire. The strip of the waterfront based around Stanley C+Y 50% city also had a crucial role in the Industrial Dock to the north, the Pier Head in the centre B Revolution, when increasingly large volumes and the Albert Dock to the south. The historic C of raw materials and finished goods passed dock infrastructure survives particularly well C+M 50% through its port. The import of raw cotton for here, together with significant waterfront Y the Lancashire textile industry, for example, commercial buildings including the ‘three M increased  times between  and . The graces’ (the Port of Liverpool Building, the Y 50% city’s role in the movement of people, both to Cunard Building and the Royal Liver Building). 25% M Europe and in particular to the New World, was As the bid process developed, it became also of particular significance. clear that the boundaries of the proposed world 75% 50% The second theme was the city’s tradition heritage site should be expanded eastwards to B

C of innovative development. Perhaps most take in other elements of the city. Two further well known was the development of its dock areas were eventually included. The Ropewalks C B technology. The city boasted the world’s first area of the city, based around Lower Duke

commercial enclosed wet dock, opened in . Street, lies close to the site of the Old Dock 50% 75% Of the subsequent massive developments in and contains a range of historic buildings and M

25% dock infrastructure, the work of Dock Engineer a notable historic urban grain. The second 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Liverpool WHS Y M 25% 50% 75% C Aerial view of the Pier B

B Head with the ‘three

graces’ (the Port of C 75% Liverpool Building, the Cunard Building and the 50% 25% Royal Liver Building). M Y 50% M Y C+M 50% C B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C B B C 75% 50% English Heritage.NMR 25% © M Y 50% M NMR 17777/16 Y 50% C+M additional area runs eastwards from the historic environment might be brought together Pier Head along Dale Street and contains a in a creative way. The project has enabled a C wide range of the city’s historic commercial range of initiatives to be taken forward to better B 50% C+Y buildings. It terminates with the cultural understand the city’s historic environment, help buildings on William Brown Street, with St ensure its long-term management and open it C+M+Y

C+M+Y George’s Hall – one of the finest neo-classical to a wider audience. ,  buildings in Europe – at its centre. In the city celebrates the th C+Y 50% In addition to the detailed nomination anniversary of its charter. The following year, B document, which set out the case for the Liverpool will be the European Capital of The WHS Nomination C city’s outstanding universal significance, a Culture. However, Liverpool’s Chief Executive, Document. C+M 50% management plan was produced for the bid by Sir David Henshaw, has gone on record to say Y Chris Blandford Associates. This was funded by that it is its World Heritage status especially that M the North West Development Agency, clearly will ensure the city’s long-term success. Such Y 50% indicating a wider perception that the bid was commitment and strong belief is particularly 25% M important for the regeneration not just of the good news for the wider role of our historic city but also of the wider region. environment in regeneration. 75% 50% In parallel with the World Heritage Site bid, For further information about the Liverpool B

C Liverpool City Council and English Heritage World Heritage Site, please contact the have been working closely with other partners, WHS Project Officer, John Hinchliffe (john. C B including the North West Development Agency, [email protected]); for more

in the Historic Environment of Liverpool information on the Historic Environment of 50% 75% Project. This highly successful project was Liverpool Project, see www.historic-liverpool. Liverpool City Council M © 25% designed to identify how regeneration and the co.uk. 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B A Shipwreck on the C 75%

Goodwin Sands 50% 25% M Y

Local maritime archaeological 50% M Y

C+M stewardship 50%

C Mark Dunkley Maritime Archaeologist B C+Y 50%

C+M+Y Local stewardship has widened the public appreciation C+M+Y

50% of the marine historic environment off the Kent coast. C+Y B C 50% C+M

Y In November , a squadron of the Key to the preservation of these sites has Restoration Navy returning from duties in the been burial within the shifting sands of the M

50% Mediterranean anchored in The Downs off Goodwins, although the dynamics of the Y

M Deal, Kent, during a worsening south-westerly environment are a cause for concern in respect storm. At about one o’clock on the morning of the future survival of site components. The 25%

50% of  November, several ships, including the Goodwins are known to change morphology on 75% rd Rate Stirling Castle, dragged their anchors a seasonal and anti-clockwise rotational basis, C

during this ‘Great Storm’ and were blown and, as such, the Admiralty advises mariners to B

B towards the Goodwin Sands. The Stirling Castle navigate with caution, as depths may differ from was wrecked along with two other rd Rates those published. In addition, the Goodwins C 75% (Restoration and Northumberland), the th Rate are recognised as an unstable area of the 50%

25% Mary and many other vessels. seabed and are routinely surveyed by the UK The Goodwin Sands – north-east of Deal Hydrographic Office. M Y and consisting of c m of fine sand resting on The Stirling Castle itself lies within a shallow 50% an Upper Chalk platform – have been a known gulley in an area that had once been a level M navigational hazard since . According to plateau of sand. Therefore, exposure of the Y 50% C+M the National Monuments Record, there have wreck may be attributable to the morphological been about  wrecks and documented losses trend of the Goodwins. Investigations of this C among the Sands. trend had been carried out by the Goodwins B 50% C+Y Archaeological Survey in  and –.

Discovery C+M+Y C+M+Y Local partnership , In during a survey of wrecks off C+Y 50% Ramsgate, Kent, local divers discovered the Recently, a considerable amount of work on the B remains of a large wooden ship towards the Goodwin Sands has been undertaken by local C north-west side of the Goodwin Sands. Later partnerships supported by English Heritage, C+M 50% identified as the Stirling Castle, this wreck including both documentary research and field Y comprises a substantially intact hull with a investigation, latterly under licence under the M considerable range of associated material, much PWA, and recovery of many artefacts. The Y 50% of it in an exceptional state of preservation. In site licencee of recent years is a local diver, 25% M June , an area of seabed in the Goodwin supported by a small team and advised by a Sands surrounding the Stirling Castle was nominated archaeologist. This team maintains 75% 50% designated under the Protection of Wrecks links with the Trust for Thanet Archaeology,

 B C Act (PWA). In the same year, the Stirling and the Goodwin Gallery in the Ramsgate Castle was purchased outright by the (then) Maritime Museum displays many artefacts C B Isle of Thanet Archaeological Unit from the recovered from the Goodwin Sands area.

Ministry of Defence. Following identification, Clearly, the Goodwin Sands are of local 50% 75% the Restoration and Northumberland were also importance on many levels. Both local and M

25% designated under the PWA. national newspapers have reported on the 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : A Shipwreck on the Goodwin Sands Y M 25% 50% 75% C wrecks of the area since at least , and local In February , the Goodwins Joint B

B divers have spent considerable time recording, Action Group (G/JAG) held its initial meeting

investigating and publishing work on the site. In in Ramsgate. This Group, supported by C 75% addition, a desk-based assessment of the Stirling the EKMT, seeks to operate a coordinated Castle, commissioned by English Heritage management model to deal with local maritime 50% 25% in , will inform the development of a heritage interests associated with the Goodwins M

Y management plan for the site. through activities and heritage champions. The Group also seeks to raise awareness of the local 50% M maritime heritage value through membership,

Local stewardship Y

C+M including representatives of both county As well as nationally funded work, innovative and district local authorities, archaeological 50% C stewardship of the submerged heritage has contractors, divers, boatmen’s associations and  B C+Y been largely locally driven. In , the English Heritage.

East Kent Maritime Trust (EKMT) was Such stewardship is widely promoted by the 50% C+M+Y

formed as a Registered Charity following Government, underpinned by the principles C+M+Y an initiative of Thanet District Council. of integrated management and stakeholder 50%

The Trust aims to raise awareness of the involvement. Public awareness of the wealth C+Y

B ‘unparalleled maritime and associated heritage of maritime heritage lying off our coasts, and of East Kent’ through local museums and a the creation of groups such as G/JAG working C 50%

wide range of educational activities. Project within local authority heritage initiatives, should C+M

Y Seahorse, for example, comprised the raising be encouraged to foster local stewardship for and preservation of a unique gun and carriage the marine historic environment. M

50% from the wreck Stirling Castle in purpose- Y

M built tanks in a new conservation building at REFERENCES 25% Ramsgate. Additionally, events marking the British Geological Survey, Thames Estuary Sheet 50% th anniversary of the ‘Great Storm’ in 

51°N-00°, 1:250 000 Series 75% included a major international conference at Wessex Archaeology ,Stirling Castle Historic C Wreck Site: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment. Sandwich and a service of commemoration B Unpublished report for English Heritage B held on Deal Pier for the seamen lost during the storm. C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y 50% C+M C B 50% C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y 50% B C C+M 50% Y M Y 50% 25% M 75% 50% Skyscan Balloon Photography © B C C B

Deal Castle, Kent, 50% 75% overlooking the Goodwin M English Heritage Photo Library 25% Sands, near the shipwreck. 50% Y Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B Historic Seaside Resorts C 75%

Prospects for the future 50% 25%

Jenny Carlile Team Leader (Cambridgeshire & Norfolk), Historic Areas Adviser M Y 50% M

Heritage-based projects that celebrate local identity Y C+M can reinvigorate our run-down traditional seaside 50% C

resorts. B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% With the decline of the traditional seaside designed building is an example of the principle C+Y B holiday, England’s resorts are seeking new ways set out in Shifting Sands, published jointly by to attract visitors and investment. The English English Heritage and CABE, of the pivotal C 50%

seaside contains a huge variety of historic part played by high quality design in seaside C+M

Y architecture, ranging from purely functional regeneration. The museum’s new lift will lighthouses and sea defences to outrageously provide easy access from the cliff-top to M

50% fanciful Venetian water gardens and Moorish the beach. Enhancements to a re-surfaced Y

M ‘fun’ palaces. Some of our resorts, such as promenade and a variety of public art, funded Cromer and Great Yarmouth, are proving by the Cromer Regeneration Project, will com- 25%

50% that historic buildings can offer up-to-date plement the new works on Cromer’s seafront. 75% entertainment facilities. Projects that reinforce C the pride of local communities – celebrating Great Yarmouth B B local identity and encouraging people to share their heritage with visitors – are injecting vitality Some of the most deprived communities in the C 75% into tired seaside towns. region live in Great Yarmouth’s historic seafront 50%

25% and quayside areas. Great Yarmouth, however, M Cromer is a lively holiday destination with a fine beach, Y two piers, historic amusement arcades, theatres 50% The end-of-the-pier show in Cromer’s Pavilion and cinema, and a world-class circus act in its M Theatre has added sparkle to seaside holidays historic Hippodrome. Moreover, if holiday- Y 50% C+M for generations of families. This historic theatre makers want a change from the excitement of was re-opened for the  summer season by the Golden Mile, then exploring the town’s C the actor Stephen Fry, after a refurbishment narrow lanes and merchants’ houses is a B 50% C+Y that provided better facilities for performers rewarding experience. and audiences alike. At a recent conference held Using the historic environment to strengthen Cromer’s recently C+M+Y

C+M+Y in the theatre – England’s Seaside Architecture: local identity, expand opportunities for re-opened pier and Pavilion

a Foundation for Future Prosperity – visiting visitors and celebrate the town’s unique Theatre. C+Y 50% delegates were treated to a Victorian lantern B show accompanied by the under-floor booming C of the incoming tide. C+M 50% The pier itself now has vastly improved Y refreshment facilities and public lavatories, all M constructed during the closed season in the Y 50% worst of the winter weather. The pier is hugely 25% M popular with holiday-makers, and the  summer show was one of its best seasons ever. 75% 50% Together with the Hotel de Paris at its B

C landward end, the pier also makes a superb conference venue. C B Local pride in Cromer is focused on its

lifeboat and its crews. A Lifeboat Museum to 50% 75% celebrate Cromer’s local heroes is being erected English Heritage/Jenny Carlile M © 25% on the promenade. This st-century newly 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C of Nelson memorabilia is now housed in what B

B was a neglected but still elegant merchant’s

town house. Owned by the Great Yarmouth C 75% Preservation Trust and opened by the Duke of Edinburgh, this new museum will be the 50% 25% region’s focus for the Battle of Trafalgar bi- M

Y centenary celebrations in . Linking all the Great Yarmouth heritage 50% M projects together is the Time & Tide Museum, Y

C+M opened in . Located in a historic kipper factory that stands at the foot of the town 50% C wall (and still smells of kippers), this museum B

C+Y celebrates the heritage of local people and offers

a new experience for tourists. The museum 50% C+M+Y

celebrates the local seafaring way of life C+M+Y

English Heritage/Jenny Carlile and is a symbol of the town’s pride 50% ©

and prosperity. C+Y

B Sails in the yard of the character are the aims of the town’s Heritage The imaginative conversion of this formally former kipper factory that Strategy. Initially delivered through the Single redundant and fire-damaged group of historic C 50%

is now Great Yarmouth’s Regeneration Budget, and now primarily buildings is testament to the energy and C+M

Y Time & Tide Museum. through the Integreat (Objective ) project, the tenacity of its owners, the Great Yarmouth Heritage Strategy was produced by the Great Preservation Trust. Local, regional, European M

50% Yarmouth Heritage Partnership, a group of and lottery funding combined to make this Y

M historic attraction providers (including English project happen, with regional partners working Heritage and the National Trust) working with together to ensure delivery. 25%

50% the local council, the building preservation trust 75% and the county’s museums service. C Heritage regeneration funding Great Yarmouth’s heritage quarter is centred B

B on South Quay. Encouraging holiday-makers The Cromer and Great Yarmouth projects to leave the beach, by entering the walled town have relied heavily on public investment, C 75% and passing down the narrow Rows to reach with huge financial support form the regional 50%

25% the quays, is central to the Heritage Strategy. development agency (EEDA) and the respective This has been achieved partly by re-displaying local authorities (North Norfolk District and M Y existing historic properties, including English Great Yarmouth Borough Councils). 50% Heritage’s own merchant houses in the Rows, Two heritage funding streams, in particular, M the National Trust’s Elizabethan House on the show how investment in our seaside heritage Y 50% C+M quayside and the county-owned museum in the can be the key to successful regeneration. old Tolhouse. Key to the success of this heritage Heritage Economic Regeneration Schemes C quarter was the identification by local focus (HERS), launched by English Heritage in B 50% C+Y groups of the aspects that were special for them , have funded work in more than  and that they wanted to share with visitors. seaside towns. C+M+Y

C+M+Y The creation of the Middlegate Garden, Delegated to local authorities, HERS offer

a community garden on a former bomb site grants towards the cost of repairing buildings, C+Y 50% between two English Heritage historic houses reinstating architectural details and features, B on the South Quay, has highlighted the and enhancing the public realm. In addition, C importance of active community participation. according to an English Heritage report of  C+M 50% A transformation has taken place here. Once HERS across England (The Heritage Dividend Y heavily vandalised, with broken glass, discarded ), on average, £, of heritage M sofas and general mess, this site used to be a investment levers in £, match funding Y 50% no-go area. Children from the nearby housing from private and public sources. 25% M estate have now designed and planted a new A second funding stream is the Heritage garden. They will continue to look after it, Lottery Fund’s Townscape Heritage Initiative 75% 50% joining together to form a club run by English (THI), grants of which tend to be larger B

C Heritage’s custodian. Artworks in the garden than HERS, both in terms of finance (Great include public seating in the form of a sofa, an Yarmouth’s THI funding from the HLF is £ C B ironic reflection on the former use of this space million) and size of town. An added advantage

as a general dump. of THIs is that they can also help to fund the 50% 75% Also on South Quay is the new Norfolk alterations necessary to bring historic buildings M

25% Nelson Museum. The Ben Burgess collection back into use. 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B Conservation of C 75%

Historic Ships 50% 25% M Y

National strategies 50% M John Paton Secretary, National Historic Ships Committee Y C+M 50% C

A Partnership Project now supports the national B C+Y

database of historic vessels. 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% C+Y

B The Register We have a large historic fleet in the UK: C 50%

at least , vessels over m in length and The Register, a relational database with over C+M

Y possibly as many as  smaller vessels. Many ten fields, can store information on function, local and national trusts and societies support builder, dimensions, construction, propulsion, M

50% these vessels, including the widely known history and location. It is built round a basic Y

M Heritage Afloat. There is some government aid functional/type thesaurus, and it can also store for vessels in the care of museums, and some images (see www.nhsc.org.uk). There are strict 25%

50% Heritage Lottery Fund grants for other vessels, entry criteria for vessels: built before ; 75% but overall it remains an uncoordinated area of British built; length greater than m; and C

our heritage. substantially intact. B

B The National Historic Ships Committee Vessels appear on the Register in one of three was formed by the National Maritime Museum levels of importance: A Core Collection of  C 75% at Greenwich in . A project to set up a historically pre-eminent vessels; a Designated 50%

25% national database, begun in , has recently Vessels List that currently holds  vessels of been supported by a Partnership Project with considerable merit; and a third list of vessels, M Y English Heritage. The original project was which are least significant but nonetheless 50% seen as the foundation of a properly funded historically important. To determine the level, M and organised national policy. Completed in we score the vessels on innovation, exemplary Y 50% C+M , the database was officially set up at the status, aesthetic quality, historical association, Maritime Museum as the National Register of originality, age, condition and rarity. C Historic Ships, maintained by two members When we score historical significance, we B 50% C+Y of the museum staff. The NHSC is made also monitor the vessel’s project itself – its up of members chosen for their knowledge, feasibility, conservation practice, business C+M+Y

C+M+Y experience and standing in historic ship approach and educational outreach – so

preservation, and they serve ad hominem and that we can maintain an overall view of its C+Y 50% in an honorary capacity. I act as Secretary, and sustainability. As the Committee is composed B have led the Partnership Project. A small group both of museum and sailing ship specialists, Above: Corrie, an C of committee members helps run the Register the Register covers the whole of our maritime Edwardian racing yacht C+M 50% and provides specialist skills and knowledge. heritage. It helps to guide funding priorities built in 1908, based at Y and establish specific needs for vessels at Gosport, Hampshire. M risk. However, the Register offers no legal Below: Challenge, the last

The historic vessels Y 50% protection, has no enforcing conditions and steam tug to operate in 25% M The vessels are under a diverse ownership, does not hold any purse strings. the Port of London. At some in the care of museums but many not. the time of Dunkirk, she 75% 50% Individual trusts own many, some still remain English Heritage’s support towed other ships across B

C in private hands, and just two – the light cruiser the channel and also Caroline and the st Rate Victory – are owned by English Heritage has helped keep the Register rescued troops. She now C B the Ministry of Defence. The vessels represent alive. Working in partnership with the National operates from Shoreham-

the broadest spectrum of maritime activity, Maritime Museum, we have been able to by-Sea, West Sussex, 50% 75% from large ships such as HMS Belfast and update entries over the last two years. We have and works between M

25% Victory to much smaller sailing craft. visited every vessel on the Core Collection Southampton and Bristol. 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Conservation of Historic Ships Y M 25% 50% 75% C list, and have also carried out research on all B

B the vessels on the Designated List. We now

know a great deal more about how the vessels C 75% are sustained and how much outreach they generate – and, more importantly, how much 50% 25% more could be achieved. M Y 50%

M Why register? Y

C+M The Register provides useful data about the whole fleet of historic ships – for politicians, 50% C enthusiasts, visitors and owners. In recording B

C+Y maintenance and repair priorities, it can be

used to put people with the same problem 50% C+M+Y

in touch with each other and to disseminate C+M+Y details of funding opportunities. It allows us to 50%

encourage better standards – teaching the sailor C+Y

B about conservation and the museum curator about sailing. As many readers will appreciate, C 50%

taking the ship to sea, and later saving it, draws C+M

Y upon practical as well as academic expertise. M 50%

Challenging times Y M

The condition of our historic fleet is 25%

50% deteriorating, and the numbers diminishing. 75% Resources are scarce. Maintaining the Register C

is not cheap; unless entries are kept up to date, B

B it soon becomes a useless tool. The Register cannot work without the support of the ship C 75% owners themselves, and they need incentives. 50%

25% Perhaps cheaper taxes, mooring fees and other small incentives given to ships on the Register M Y can eventually be achieved – particularly 50% if we can encourage ship owners to be M good conservationists, to increase outreach Y 50% C+M programmes for the public, and to help attract investment into areas in need of development. C We have recently gained government B National Maritime Museum 50% © C+Y recognition for what we do. In February , the Heritage Minister, Andrew Mcintosh, C+M+Y

C+M+Y announced the creation of a National Historic

Ships Unit, which will advise the Government C+Y 50% on policy and funding priorities, coordinate B work within the sector and maintain the C Register. This positive step forward will, we C+M 50% hope, encourage a better understanding of Y the costs of restoring and maintaining historic M vessels and will help promote historic ships Y 50% to a wider audience. We also hope it will help 25% M us save our historic ships, carry out more research, improve our guidance and develop 75% 50% new partnerships. We see new partnerships as B

C the golden key: museums and sailing ships, shipwrights, sailors and curators working C B together to increase the general public’s interest

in and enjoyment of the wonderful heritage of 50% 75% historic ships. It is a rich combination for the National Maritime Museum M © 25% st century and deserves a bright future. 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B England’s Coastline C 75%

Listed buildings and structures 50% 25%

Lynda Feeley former Communications Manager, Images of England M Y 50% M

An increasing number of coastline photographs are now Y C+M available on the website. 50% C B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y ngland’s rich heritage of listed coastal in Bolden, South Tyneside, is built in a more

50% E

buildings and structures is being recorded for traditional style. To avoid confusion with the C+Y

B the Images of England project by an extensive Cornish Lizard Lighthouse, it was given the network of volunteer photographers along the name ‘Souter Point’, which means ‘next point C 50%

English coastline. south’. Built in  by Sir James N Douglas C+M

Y When completed, their photographs, along for Trinity House, London, it was the most with photographs of every listed building technologically advanced lighthouse of its day, M

50% in England, will be available on www. constructed specifically for electric illumination Y

M imagesofengland.org.uk. A search under the using carbon arc lamps, which flashed for  building heading ‘maritime’ returns almost seconds every  seconds. The lighthouse also 25%

50% , list descriptions with more than  features its original bi-focal lens. In addition 75% accompanying photographs. Anyone wishing to to the electric light, Souter Point also had C

carry out this search will need to register as an foghorns that were used when visibility was Tower of St Catherine’s B

B advanced user and then follow the instructions below two miles. The tapered red and white Oratory, Chale, Isle of C and options. painted tower is  feet tall; it stands three Wight (Grade II). 75% 50% 25%

Lighthouses M Y There are records for over  lighthouses on 50% the Images of England website, with over half M currently illustrated by photographs. One of Y 50% C+M the oldest, the early th-century Tower of St Catherine’s Oratory at Chale on the Isle of C Wight, is associated with a local legend. The B 50% C+Y Tower was supposedly built as a penance by the local landowner, Walter De Godeton, for C+M+Y

C+M+Y stealing the cargo of church wine belonging to

a monastery when the Saint Marie of Bayonee C+Y 50% was wrecked on Atherfield Ledge in the Parish B of Shorwell in . C Built as a lighthouse to prevent further C+M 50% wrecks, St Catherine’s Tower was also originally Y home to an oratory chapel inhabited by a monk M who was responsible for trimming the light and Y 50% saying mass for those lost at sea. The .-foot 25% M Tower, with its pyramidal stone roof, stands  feet above sea level; its buttress fins were added 75% 50% later to keep it standing as a seamark. It is a B

C rare example of a surviving medieval lighthouse Rev. Rev. Robert Rudd

and is known locally as the ‘pepper pot’ in © C B recognition of its shape and its conjunction with

the remains of the lighthouse in the adjoining 50% 75% parish, known as the ‘salt cellar’ or ‘salt shaker’. M IoE number: 392680, 25% Souter Point Lighthouse on Lizard Point 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : England’s Coastline Y M 25% 50% 75% C pardons from their seven-year sentences after B

B a lengthy legal battle and a great deal of public

protest.) The Tory also sailed from here on her C 75% voyage as the pioneer ship to colonise New Zealand in . In addition, the harbour 50% 25% was the location for the arrival of the first M

Y transatlantic flight in  by the American seaplane NC, which left Long Island on  May 50% M Mr David E Sandersfield

© and reached Plymouth Sound  days later, on Y

C+M  May . Images of England is an on-going project 50% C that aims to create a ‘point in time’ record of B

C+Y England’s listed buildings. When completed in

, it will offer a unique and comprehensive 50% C+M+Y

photographic record of England’s architectural C+M+Y IoE number: 303715, photograph heritage for anyone interested in the historic 50%

kilometres south of South Shields overlooking Souter Point Lighthouse environment. There are currently over C+Y

B the cliffs of Marsden Bay, above the rocks and (above), Boldon, South , images online, and more are being notorious currents of Whitburn Steel. The light Tyneside (Grade II*). added. For more information please email C 50%

was built to prevent lives being lost when ships [email protected]. C+M

Y ran aground either through natural causes or when locals lit lights to deliberately attract ships M

50% on to the rocks for their cargos. In addition to Y

M the tower, the complex includes an engine and boiler house, workshops and houses. 25% 50% 75%

C Coastal structures B

B In addition to lighthouses, the Images of England website includes a wide range of C 75% coastal listed structures such as pavilions, beach 50% Mr John E Crowe 25%

huts, piers and quay walls. Examples include a © set of six early th-century mooring bollards M Y at Feock in Cornwall. They consist of granite 50% monoliths that were used to moor boats waiting M to load copper ore from the ore hutches, to Y 50% C+M be taken to Wales for smelting. The hutches were linked to the mines by the Redruth C IoE number: 063348, photograph and Chasewater railway, making Devoran a B 50% C+Y major industrial port in the heyday of mining. Bollards (above) by Today, the mooring bollards are a reminder of Narabo Ore Hutches, Sutton Harbour, Plymouth, C+M+Y

C+M+Y Cornwall’s historic past and of an industry that Feock, Cornwall (Grade II). Devon (Grade II, below).

has now vanished. C+Y 50% The Images of England website features many B quays and ports, the most historically important C of which is the West Pier at Sutton Harbour, C+M 50% Plymouth. This Grade  listed pier dates back Y to the th century, although it was much M rebuilt between  and . The pier has Y 50% been the scene of many important departures 25% M and arrivals, several of which are documented

in plaques erected on the site. Mr Derek Hiscock 75% © 50% Sutton Harbour was the place from which B

C the Pilgrim Fathers sailed on the Mayflower on  September  with  passengers and  C B seamen for the crossing to Cape Cod. In ,

four of the Tolpuddle Martyrs returned to the 50% 75% West Pier, following their exile to Australia for M IoE number: 473809, photograph 25% daring to form a trade union. (They received 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B The National Monuments C 75%

Record 50% 25% M Y

News and events 50% M Y C+M 50% C B C+Y The NMR is the public archive of English approach is advocated out to the continental 50% C+M+Y

Heritage. It includes over  million archive shelf. To consult this record, please contact C+M+Y items (photographs, drawings, reports and NMR Enquiry & Research Services, National 50%

digital data) relating to England’s historic Monuments Record Centre, Kemble Drive, C+Y

B environment. The following information gives Swindon,  ; Tel  ; details of web resources, new collections Fax  ; email nmrinfo@english- C 50%

(catalogues are available in the NMR search heritage.org.uk. C+M

Y room in Swindon) and outreach programmes. M Photographs of Stonehenge: 50%

NMR Maritime Record MPBW Albums Y M

Since , the NMR has been creating, Over , photographs of Stonehenge, 25%

50% developing and enhancing a record of England’s depicting some of the momentous events over 75% marine cultural heritage, which now forms part the last  years, have been catalogued and C

of the NMR’s national record. made publicly available. Assembled into  B

B While initially concentrating on shipwrecks, albums and  files, these stunning images were the scope of the record encompasses all sites taken by and for government bodies responsible C 75% of archaeological, historical and architectural for the care and protection of the monument, 50%

25% interest, including crashed aircraft, fishermen’s and they record the condition of the stones fastenings and isolated finds, as well as and essential works to consolidate and preserve M Y the interpretation of drowned landscapes. the site. 50% Currently, there are over , sites on the Included in the collection are rare glimpses M database, which is being continually enlarged of work in – to straighten stones  A wrecked cargo vessel Y 50% C+M and enhanced in line with English Heritage’s and  and their lintel; the re-erection of in the Bristol Channel responsibilities under the National Heritage trilithon ⁄ and stones  and , together south of Clevedon, C Act . These records are held on a fully with archaeological excavation by Professor 19 February 2000. B 50% C+Y searchable in-house database. They include  wreck sites currently protected under the  C+M+Y

C+M+Y Protection of Wrecks Act, and a number of

wrecks and crashed military aircraft protected C+Y 50% under the  Military Remains Act. B The maritime inventory is distinctive in that C it is fully integrated with information about the C+M 50% archaeological and architectural heritage within Y the NMR. The record is a highly regarded M source of maritime cultural information that Y 50% forms an essential element in the planning, 25% M management and interpretation of the marine cultural resource for coastal and off- 75% 50% shore developments. B

C The NMR, therefore, provides access to maritime cultural data out to the -mile English Heritage.NMR C B limit – England’s Territorial Sea – up to . ©

However, sites of significance are recorded 50% 75% outside these parameters to help English M NMR 18713/20 25% Heritage carry out its new role, and a seamless 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C B B C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y C+M 50% C B C+Y 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C B B C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y 50% C+M C B 50% C+Y Crown copyright.NMR © C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y 50% FL01496/03/003 B C Work undertaken by the Atkinson in –; and the straightening and A selection of images from this collection C+M 50% Office of Works in May resetting of trilithon ⁄ in , also under appears in Julian Richards’ Stonehenge: A Y 1919 to straighten and the direction of Professor Atkinson. Sadder History in Photographs (English Heritage ). M reset the stones of the moments, such as the four occasions on which Y 50% outer circle of Stonehenge. the stones were vandalised by painted graffiti, Delamotte’s photographs of the 25% M One of the lintels is being are also recorded. Perhaps the most fascinating Crystal Palace lowered by a wooden insight afforded by these stunning images is 75% 50% crane. Wooden shuttering of the ever-changing character of Stonehenge, A rare set of early photographs of one of the

 B C has been placed around from the atmospheric monument of the most important buildings of the th century an upright prior to the Victorian period and basic visitor facilities was acquired by the NMR in . Philip C B replacement of the lintel. (a simple hut) of the first quarter of the th Henry Delamotte recorded the construction

century, to the site where the public roamed of the Crystal Palace when it was moved from 50% 75% among the stones and today’s World Heritage Hyde Park to its new home at Sydenham, south M

25% Site, visited by millions. London, in –. The recently acquired set 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C was taken by Delamotte about five years later Barrows and an Iron Age B

B and shows the building in full use; it includes farmstead preserved as a

views of many of the Fine Arts Courts. The full mixture of crop marks and C 75% set of images may be viewed online at www. earth mounds on North 50% Crown copyright.NMR

english-heritage.org.uk/viewfinder. Down, Bishops Canning, © 25% English Heritage wishes gratefully to Wiltshire, 13 April 1988. M

Y acknowledge that this set was purchased with 50%

the aid of the Crystal Palace Foundation and NMR 4221/22 M the London Development Agency. Y C+M 50%

C The ELS Project B

C+Y The Department for Farming and Rural Affairs

(Defra) has announced the introduction of 50% C+M+Y

new environmental protection schemes. The Fountains playing in the C+M+Y NMR, in consultation with local Historic courtyard of the Alhambra 50%

Environment Records, is leading a project to Court at the Crystal C+Y

B provide information on archaeological sites Palace in Sydenham, Cataloguing our Historic Plans that may be eligible for the Defra Entry Level south London, were C 50%

Scheme (ELS). For this project, both the spatial photographed by Philip As part of the NMR’s programme to catalogue C+M

Y and textual elements of a subset of monuments Delamotte around 1859. its historic plans (Conservation Bulletin , ), from the NMR’s in-house database have been The court was modelled the drawings for two more sites have now been M

50% upgraded. For further details, please contact on the Court of the Lions catalogued. The catalogue of historic plans for Y

M Louise Goldie: Tel  ; louise. in the Alhambra Palace in Chiswick House and Fountains Abbey [email protected]. Granada, Spain. can be viewed online at www.english-heritage. 25%

50% org.uk/nmr. 75%  , ,  : C

Almost , drawings dating from the late B

B s to , though mostly from the s and s, show the villa and its sumptuous C English Heritage.NMR 75% 50% © rooms, its restoration and extensions, decorative

25% schemes (particularly the frieze in the Blue M

DP004626 Velvet Room) and the gardens and ornaments, Y with coverage of the restoration of the Cascade, 50% Ionian Temple and Inigo Jones gateway. M  ,  : Founded Y 50% C+M in , this Cistercian abbey was robbed of much of its stone following its suppression in C . It now stands as a spectacular ruin, the B 50% C+Y largest of its type in Europe. Its architectural importance can be fully appreciated in the C+M+Y

C+M+Y collection of over  plans covering more  than years. The collection begins with a C+Y 50% series of drawings from the s depicting the B church and conventual buildings, including C insets revealing the original glory of the abbey. C+M 50% A number of s drawings of sculptures Y from the Chapel of the Nine Altars focus M on architectural detail while a number of Y 50% photogrammetric surveys from  to  25% M give a more comprehensive view of the site, exploring the fabric of many parts of the abbey. 75% 50% B C Outreach C B A varied programme of workshops, tours,

lectures, weekly classes and events is designed 50% 75% to help participants make the best use of M

25% NMR resources for work, research or personal 50% Y Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C North-west and south-east B

B elevations of Chiswick

House from a survey C 75% made by the Ministry of Works, November 1948. 50% 25% The drawing is dated 4 M

Y January 1949. 50% M Y C+M 50% C B Crown copyright.NMR C+Y © 50% C+M+Y C+M+Y MP/CHI0025 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M Crown copyright.NMR © 50% Y M 25% MP/FON0004 50% 75% C B B C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M

A longitudinal section Y through the largely 12th- 50% C+M century monastic church at C

Fountains Abbey with its B 15th/16th-century tower. 50% C+Y It is signed by J Arthur

Reeve and dated 1876. C+M+Y C+M+Y

interest. Short introductory tours of the NMR by linking buildings, streets and landscapes C+Y 50% Centre are available, and for those wishing to to the people who formed, lived and worked B explore the resources in more detail, study days in them. Flexible learning activities were C are organised on a number of different themes. developed that took account of individual needs C+M 50% and preferred learning styles. Participants Y Living Story Project (none of whom had used an archive before) M shared memories, created a community Y 50% The outreach programme at the NMR seeks photographic collection, undertook archival 25% M to extend services to audiences not currently research and studied local buildings. They benefiting from mainstream provision. Work produced a number of exhibitions and 75% 50% within the local community of Rodbourne in two short films, immensely popular with B

C Swindon has formed the first phase of this Rodbourne residents. programme, enabling the NMR Outreach Team For further information about the Living C B to pilot an approach that will be developed with Story Project and NMR Outreach, please

other community groups. contact Jane Golding: Tel  ; 50% 75% The Living Story Project enabled a Fax  ; jane.golding@english- M

25% community to explore the history of its locality heritage.org.uk. 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M

50% MARITIME AND COASTAL HERITAGE : Article title Y M 25% 50% 75% C B

B News C 75%

from English Heritage 50% 25% M Y

Delivering Sustainable Communities brings social and economic designations. The 50% M Summit importance of the historic environment was also Y

C+M noted by a wide range of speakers. The Deputy Prime Minister held a second At English Heritage’s stand in the exhibition 50% C three-day urban summit in Manchester hall, staff spoke to a variety of stakeholders,  B C+Y in February , attended by more than agencies, government departments and other

, delegates, and addressed by the bodies about the importance of the historic 50% C+M+Y

Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, environment in the planning system. The C+M+Y Chancellor and prominent regeneration and following new leaflets and publications were 50%

planning practitioners. Two English Heritage widely distributed, copies of which may be C+Y

B Commissioners participated in the proceedings: ordered from [email protected]. Bill Bryson emphasised the importance of uk: Regeneration and the Historic Environment C 50%

the historic environment at a plenary session, (Product Code ), Low Demand Housing C+M

Y ‘Design, Excellence and Building Places and the Historic Environment (PC ), Streets that People Want to Live In: What Does a for All (PC ) and Conservation Bulletin  M

50% Successful Sustainable Community Look Like’; (PC ) featuring Characterisation. Y

M and Gilly Drummond chaired a workshop, ‘Cleaner, Safer, Greener Communities for All’. Changes to the Listing System in 25% 50% Both events highlighted the message in the April 2005 75% Government’s Planning Policy Statement : C

Delivering Sustainable Development (ODPM. As part of the Heritage Protection Review, B

B gov.uk/planning) that the historic environment the Department of Culture, Media and C 75% 50% 25% M Y 50% M Y 50% C+M One of the images framing C English Heritage’s stand B 50% C+Y at the Government’s Delivering Sustainable C+M+Y

C+M+Y Communities Summit:

Tobacco Warehouse C+Y 50% (Grade II), Stanley Dock, B Liverpool, built between C 1897 and 1901 by AG C+M 50% Lyster, Mersey Docks and Y Harbour Board Engineer. M At 13 storeys and a total Y 50% floor area of 36 acres (1.4 25% M hectares), it was when

English Heritage.NMR opened the largest brick 75% 50% building in the world. B

C Though demolition was proposed after closure in C B 1980, it is now part of the

Liverpool World Heritage 50% 75% Site, and its future is M NMR AA030908 / Peter Williams © 25% supported by local groups. 50% Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y 50% C+Y B C 50% C+M Y M 50% Y M 25% 50% 75% C Changes to the current list- for listing that will eventually replace those B

B ing system from April 2005 currently set out in Planning Policy Guidance

are set out in this new leaf- . A leaflet, Listing is Changing (Product C English Heritage 75%

let. The front cover image © Code ), explaining the forthcoming features the student halls changes in more detail, is available from 50% 25% of residence (Grade II* ), EH Customer Services: Tel   ; M

Y University of East Anglia, [email protected]; www. designed by Denys Lasdun english-heritage.org.uk and www.culture. 50% M in the mid 1960s. gov.uk. For more information about the Y

C+M Government’s proposals for heritage protection reform, the DCMS report, Review of Heritage 50% C Protection: The Way Forward, is available on the B

C+Y DCMS website. 50% C+M+Y Chairman’s lecture C+M+Y 50%

Sir Neil Cossons will give a public lecture, C+Y

B ‘Building Communities through Heritage’, at the Getty Conservation Institute, Los C 50%

Angeles, California, on  May, one of a series C+M

Y of lectures on international conservation issues. In considering how a neighbourhood’s M

50% historic environment can lead to economic Y

M viability, he will highlight recent work in England, undertaken as part of a wide-ranging 25%

50% review of protection and management of the 75% Sport (DCMS) and English Heritage (EH) historic environment, to demonstrate that C

are currently taking forward proposals for support for heritage protection is widespread B

B the comprehensive reform of the heritage and increasingly seen as an important key to protection system in England and Wales. These sustainable communities. C 75% reforms are designed to make the heritage 50%

25% protection system simpler, more open and more

Professional training courses M flexible, while maintaining the current levels Y of protection for our rich heritage of historic • Building Conservation Masterclasses. 50% buildings, monuments, battlefields and gardens. A development of the English Heritage M The main element of these reforms will be Masterclass programme, which transferred Y 50% C+M the unification of the current systems of listing, to West Dean in . A programme of scheduling and registering for historic sites into  Masterclasses taking place throughout C a single designation regime, complemented by the year. For details, please contact Liz B 50% C+Y a new, unified ‘heritage consent’ and including Campbell, West Dean College, West Dean, the scope for statutory management agreements Chichester,  ; Tel  ; C+M+Y

C+M+Y for complex sites. We will be publishing a White [email protected].  Paper on these changes later in . • Professional Conservators in Practice. C+Y 50% In the meantime, we are making a number West Dean College, near Chichester, West B of immediate changes designed to improve the Sussex. For details of these specialist training C current listing system. From April , the courses, please contact West Dean College, C+M 50% major changes will be: West Dean, Chichester  ; Tel  Y • transfer of the administration of the listing ; [email protected]; M system from the DCMS to EH; www.westdean.org.uk. Y 50% • new notification arrangements for the owners • Professional training in the historic 25% M in listing cases; environment ⁄. A wide-ranging • new consultation arrangements for owners programme of one- and two-day courses 75% 50% and local planning authorities; at the Oxford University Department B

C • better information for the owners of for Continuing Education, in association listed buildings; with the AFT, the IHBC and the IFA. C B • the introduction of a new formal review For details, please contact Dr Alison

process for listing decisions. MacDonald, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, 50% 75% In addition to these changes, the DCMS Oxford  ; Tel  ; alison. M

25% will also be publicly consulting on new criteria [email protected]. 50% Y Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y M 50% C+M B C 50% C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C

B Legal Developments

75% The extent of listing 25% Y M When is an unlisted building listed? the  Act to exclude ‘plant or machinery

C+M When it’s in the curtilage of a listed building. comprised in a building’. Thus, in the case of Section () of the Planning (Listed a listed watermill, for example, any surviving C Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act  machinery would be excluded from the listing.

C+Y provides that: However, a watermill in the curtilage of a listed (a) any object or structure fixed to the building, but not listed in its own right, would

C+M+Y building, and include the machinery because it is part of the (b) any object or structure within the curtilage ‘structure’. 50% of the building which, although not fixed to B the building, forms part of the land and has What is the curtilage of a building? done so since before  July  50% are to be treated as part of the listed building In Attorney-General ex rel Sutcliffe and Hughes

Y and enjoy listed building protection. v Calderdale Council (1983) 46 P&CR 399, the In the last issue, I dealt with objects fixed Court of Appeal held that the following issues

50% to the building. Here, I deal with objects are relevant to a consideration of whether a

M and structures in the curtilage. This involves building is in the curtilage of another: answering two questions: (a) their physical layout,

50% • When does an object or structure ‘form (b) their past and present ownership, and part of the land’? (c) their past and present function and use. C • What is the ‘curtilage’ of a building? The primary focus of the inquiry, however,

B should be at the date of listing, not its earlier history (Morris v National Assembly for Wales

75% When does an object or structure ‘form part of the land’? – unreported). The important features to

25% consider are the proximity and accessibility of As before, this is derived from cases concerning the buildings and whether one is ancillary to the Y land law. In order to form part of the land, other in terms of function and ownership and an object or structure must be fixed to the occupation at the date of listing. However, case M land. Broadly, the same tests apply as apply law offers little guidance beyond setting out the

C+M to whether an object is fixed to the building: factors to be taken into account, and each case method and degree of annexation, and object will need to be considered on its own merits. C and purpose of annexation. Planning Policy Guidance 15: Planning and the

C+Y Thus, for example, a building, such as a Historic Environment offers, at paragraphs . barn on a farm or stables in the grounds of and ., an overview of the case law and this

C+M+Y a house, will clearly be very firmly fixed to helpful nugget: ‘Where a self-contained building the land via its foundations and will almost was fenced or walled off from the remainder 50% certainly be there for the better enjoyment of of the site at the date of listing, regardless of

B the land. In the former case, the barn facilitates the purpose for which it was erected and is the agricultural use and, in the latter case, the occupied, it is likely to be regarded as having a 50% stables have a clear association (historically at separate curtilage.’

Y least) with the use of a building as a house. Thus, one building will be in the curtilage It is interesting that the framers of the of another if, at the date of listing, there was 50% legislation used the term ‘object or structure’ a clear relationship between the buildings:

M rather than ‘building’. This is a more general specifically, that one was ancillary to the use of term that would appear to cover things such the other, the buildings had common ownership 50% as sundials and garden statuary as well as or occupation and were not physically fenced

C buildings (provided of course they pass the off from each other. purpose of annexation test and are not there

B simply for their enjoyment as objects). The choice of wording also produces interesting, Nigel Hewitson 75% and apparently anomalous, results when applied Legal Director

25% to plant or machinery. ‘Building’ is defined in [email protected]

Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75% B C 50% M 50% Y 50% B 50% C+M+Y C+Y C C+M M Y 25% 75%

New Publications B C

from English Heritage 50% M

Cold War: Building for Nuclear 50% Confrontation 1946–89 Y by Wayne D Cocroft and Roger C J Thomas 50%

Though the historical and cultural aspects B of the Cold War have been much studied, 50%

its physical manifestations in England – its C+M+Y buildings and structures – have remained largely unknown. The great landscape historian C+Y WG Hoskins, writing in the s in his pioneering work, The Making of the English C

Landscape, lamented what he saw as the C+M devastation of the countryside: ‘England of the …electric fence, of the high barbed wire around M some unmentionable devilment ... Barbaric Y England of the scientists, the military men and the politicians’. 25% A generation later, this highly illustrated 75% book reveals what lay behind the fence, and how these sites are now, in dereliction, a new B aspect of the complex landscape history of Britain. This is the new paperback edition of the C critically acclaimed  publication. 50% PRICE £14.99 + £2.50 P&P Bowhill: The Archaeological Study ISBN 1 873592 817 / PRODUCT CODE 50944 of a Building under Repair in Exeter, M

Paperback, 288 pages Devon, 1977–95 50%

by Stuart R Blaylock Y 50% Bowhill is an important late medieval house near Exeter owned by the Holland and Carew B

families. This book, a detailed report on the 50% excavation of the standing building that relates the archaeological results to the standing C+M+Y

architectural elements, is an architectural C+Y history of the house up to the mid th century.

It is an important methodological model and C case study for late medieval to early modern C+M houses in England.

PRICE £65.00 + £5.00 P&P M ISBN 1 873592 60 4 / PRODUCT CODE 50095 Paperback, i–xvi + 392 pages Y 25%

Engineering Archie: Archibald Leitch 75% – Football Ground Designer B by Simon Inglis C

In the second book of the Played in Britain 50% series, stadium expert Simon Inglis recalls the

life and work of Archibald Leitch, the Scottish M 50% Issue  : Spring  | Conservation bulletin |  Y 50% B 50% 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50%

C This study of Leitch’s major works is a

B fascinating account of the man who defined Publications may the distinctive look of British football grounds be ordered from 75% during the first half of the th century. English Heritage PRICE £14.99 + £2.50 P&P Postal Sales, c/o 25% ISBN 1 85074 9183 / PRODUCT CODE 50958 Gillards, Trident

Y Hardback, 206 pages Works, March Lane, Temple M London Peculiars: Curiosities in a Cloud, Bristol

C+M Capital City  ; Tel   ; C by Peter Ashley Fax   ;

C+Y ehsales@ London is a city in continual change: a backdrop gillards.com.

C+M+Y to what has survived from over the centuries. Please make all This book is about the smaller details, rather cheques payable 50% than the iconic buildings, that remind us of in sterling to

B the past: dinosaurs in Sydenham, stage-set English Heritage. housefronts in Bayswater, a funeral railway in Publications may 50% Waterloo, the mysterious and preposterous also be ordered

Y engineer whose designs were to football what beyond the immediate and obvious. Illustrated from www.english- Frank Matcham was to theatre. Millions by a succession of atmospheric photographs, heritage.org.uk.

50% of spectators have sat or stood in Leitch’s this book charts a journey of discovery through

M structures, built for such clubs as Arsenal, London’s alternative histories. Manchester United, Everton, Tottenham, PRICE £14.99 + £2.50 P&P

50% Chelsea, Aston Villa and Glasgow Rangers. ISBN 1 85074 890X / PRODUCT CODE 50937 Though his pedimented gables and criss-cross Paperback, 206 pages C steelwork balconies formed a recognisable and

B much-admired style, Leitch remained virtually unknown during his lifetime. Moreover, 75% following the modernisation of stadiums

25% brought on by the Hillsborough disaster, only a handful of his buildings survive, the listed stand Y and pavilion at Fulham’s Craven Cottage in London being perhaps the best known. M ISSN -

C+M Product Code  Conservation Bulletin C Appears three times a year

C+Y Tel    Editor: Karen Dorn

C+M+Y [email protected] Editorial Address: 50% English Heritage,  Savile Row, B London   Design: Boag Associates Ltd 50% Production: JW Offset Ltd

Y Project management and layout: Academy Projects  50% Mailing List:

M [email protected] Additional copies: 50% [email protected]

C Web version: www.english-heritage.org.uk

B © English Heritage  English Heritage is the Government’s 75% lead body for the historic environment. 25%

Y  | Conservation bulletin | Issue  : Spring  M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y 50% B 50% Y 50% M 50% C B 75% 25% Y M C+M C C+Y C+M+Y