Book-58847.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Book-58847.Pdf ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 1 ADVANCE PRAISE FOR It’sNot You,It’sBiology “It’s been over a quarter of a century since Richard Dawkins’s The Selfish Gene and nearly a decade since Robert Wright’s The Moral Animal. It’s time for a good update on evolutionary psychology. “This is not just a good update, it is an approach filled with delight, one that’s aimed straight at the heart and soul of your daily life and mine. Joe Quirk’s It’s Not You, It’s Biology, will reach out and grab the mass audience of Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus and show them how science can guide them through their lives. Reading it is stealing a treat—snacking on a pastry made spe- cially for you in the private kitchen of a five-star chef.” —HOWARD BLOOM, visiting Scholar, Graduate School of Education, New York University, author of The Lucifer Principle: A Scientific Expedition into the Forces of History and Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century “The factors influencing the mating behavior of the sluts and studs among your hairy-faced ancestors make delectable reading. What’s more, these facts are startlingly applicable to your own very present- day meeting and mating behavior. And you thought it was all about personal charm? Joe Quirk’s book, It’s Not You, It’s Biology, in a most entertaining manner, will let you know differently.” —ISADORA ALMAN, Sexologist, columnist of “Ask Isadora,” and author of Doing It: Real People Having Really Good Sex “Seamlessly blending science, sex, and humor in his book, It’s Not You, It’s Biology, Joe Quirk tempts us with the promise of sexual revelation, and then delivers with an alternately hilarious and ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 2 astonishing primer on the modern evolutionary theories of human sexual behavior. Quirk’s charming combination of corny puns and dry wit leads us, laughing, through what might otherwise be some daunting scientific territory. He plays peek-a-boo with our oldest, most primal urges, triple-dog daring us to confront the possibility that our desires, jealousies, fetishes, and even our deepest emotions are merely the products of our primate past. All who accept the dare will be transformed into scientific thinkers, for observing how we deviate from Quirk’s evolutionary stereotypes—and wondering why—is perhaps the most tempting exercise of all.” —KAREN E. JAMES, Ph.D., evolutionary & developmental geneticist at The Natural History Museum in London, England. “Quirk’s irreverent, personal style makes learning a lot about socio- biology fun! Expect to be shocked, amazed, disgusted, amused, and in the end, a little wiser about how you approach members of the opposite sex.” —STEVE M. POTTER, Ph.D., neuroengineer, inventor of Hybrot, and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 3 IT’S NOT YOU IT’S BIOLOGY THE REAL REASON MEN AND WOMEN ARE DIFFERENT JOE QUIRK RUNNING PRESS PHILADELPHIA • LONDON ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 4 © 2006 by Joe Quirk All rights reserved under the Pan-American and International Copyright Conventions Printed in the United States This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system now known or hereafter invented, with- out written permission from the publisher. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Digit on the right indicates the number of this printing Previously published by Running Press in hardcover as Sperm Are from Men, Eggs Are from Women ISBN 978-0-7624-3256-1 Cover design by Doogie Horner Interior design by Doogie Horner Typography: Bembo and Bulldog Running Press Book Publishers 2300 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-4371 Visit us on the web! www.runningpress.com ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 5 I dedicate this book to Ellen Goodman for her unconditional support and friendship. ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 6 ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Sperm and Egg Problem 10 2. Female Promiscuity Controls the Size of Your Testicles 18 3. What Women Want 25 4. Bodies and Resumés: What Makes Us Horny 31 5. Why Men Are Afraid of Commitment, Women Cautious about Consummation 34 6. A Do-It-Yourself Home Experiment 39 7. How Men Get Sex 41 8. The Catfight Gene 44 9. The Jerk Gene 48 10. Bower Birds Teach Us How Art Evolved to Get the Groupie 55 11. Male Promiscuity Decides Your Height 63 12. Why Women Are Coy, Men Clueless 71 13. Why You’re So Horny 74 14. Darwinism: Survival of the Sexiest 79 15. How Kindness Became Sexy 83 16. Why We Bitch 88 17. Why We Are Fat 99 18. Aqua-Ape: The Missing Link? 103 19. Why You Like Spielberg More than T. S. Eliot 110 20. Let’s Face It 116 21. Love Stinks 119 22. Faked Orgasms Fool Men, but Real Orgasms Fool Women 126 23. You Don’t Have an Orgasm. An Orgasm Has You. 134 24. Why Your Clitoris Is Hard to Find 141 25. March of the Penguin Prostitutes 150 ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 8 26. Free Love Causes War 154 27. Bimbos and Cuckolds: What Makes Us Jealous 160 28. Why You’re Tormented 168 29. Dying for Sex 174 30. When Your Wife Sleeps with Your Brother, and You’re Okay with That 177 31. Broad Hips, Big Butts; Broad Shoulders, Big Diction 184 32. Why Your Penis Is Easy to Find 192 33. Two Genes for Two Types of Gay Guys 199 34. Gay Animal Parents 203 35. Boobies 211 36. Homo Homo sapiens 216 37. Why Males and Females Don’t Actually Exist 221 38. Why Men Have Nipples 227 39. The Sperm and Egg Solution 233 40. Falling in Love 237 Afterword 248 Notes 249 In Case You Think I’m Full of It: Bibliography 258 Useless Index 260 People Who Deserve Acknowledgement but not Payment 271 About the Author 272 ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 9 FORGET MARS AND VENUS. ASTROLOGY TELLS US NOTHING. BIOLOGY TELLS US EVERYTHING. SPERM ARE FROM MEN. EGGS ARE FROM WOMEN. THAT’S THE REAL REASON MEN AND WOMEN ARE DIFFERENT. ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 10 1. The Sperm and Egg Problem Why won’t he commit? Why does she inexhaustibly want to talk about the relationship? Why can’t he finish our first conversation before he’s trying to maneuver me into the sack? Why do I have to do so much talking to maneuver her into the sack? Evolutionary biologists can tell you exactly why. It all comes down to the sperm and the egg. Let’s take a closer look at these two troublemakers. Each man produces one-hundred- to three-hundred-million sperm per ejaculation, or roughly a thousand per heartbeat. Sperm are worthless. Men are free to waste them, squirt them this way and that. Who cares? There’s more where those came from. Half of them come out messed up anyway—broken tails, deformed linings, missing heads. Brainless sperm will try to ItsNotYou Int.qxp:Sperm interior.qxp 6/6/08 10:21 AM Page 11 THE SPERM AND EGG PROBLEM 11 impregnate a red blood cell like dogs trying to hump your leg. Sperm are not what you would call subtle. There are not many secret mechanisms inside a man designed to gently nurture a sperm. The things just get produced en masse, then fired out. Then we make more. Now consider all the work that goes into producing one egg. An egg is 85,000 times larger than a sperm, a female is born with all the eggs she will ever have, and it takes on average 29.5 days to nurture one precious egg down its silken passageway. In fact, virtually everything that goes into making a baby is in the egg. The sperm contributes nothing but genetic material. The rest of the sperm is a delivery system, with a few mitochondria car- ried along as batteries. Picture a submarine crashing into some- thing the size of San Francisco in order to deliver one pizza. The pizza is all San Francisco needs to build something the size of the Earth. The submarine disintegrates into the fallopian sea. In purely genetic terms, the investment that a Homo sapiens male makes in the sex act is a courtship and a few minutes of his favorite thing in the whole world. Then he’s free to skedaddle and hope to impregnate somebody else. Now, think about the genetic investment an Ice Age woman makes in the sex act. She risks nine months of pregnancy, several years of breast-feeding a helpless blob of flesh, then a decade of transforming a rebellious teenager into a self-sufficient adult. At the same time, she has to prevent predators from eating her or her off- spring, stave off rapists, and gather enough nuts and berries for two.
Recommended publications
  • Roland Maurer -- Eco-Éthologie
    ECO-ETHOLOGIE: EVOLUTION PHYLOGENETIQUE DES COMPORTEMENTS Roland Maurer Maître d'Enseignement et de Recherche à la Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education Cours de 2ème et 3ème année du Baccalauréat universitaire en psychologie Année académique 2018-2019 Cet assemblage contient l'entier du cours de l'année académique 2018-2019 (cours no. 74144 donné au semestre d'automne 2018, à option et suivi par environ 120 étudiants), tel que mis en ligne sur internet, à l'exception des images. Quelques niveaux hiérarchiques de sous-chapitres ont été modifiés pour des raisons de cohérence globale. Certaines notes de bas de page ont été complétées et quelques "doublons" dans le texte ont été corrigés. Dans le texte, les mots et phrases soulignés correspondent aux liens qui, sur le site, pointent vers les images. Les références de type [ABC] renvoient aux ouvrages en bibliographie. Dernière correction: 24 décembre 2018. 2 Table des matières L'évolution ....................................................................... 13 Avant Darwin ................................................................................ 13 Le voyage de Darwin ....................................................................... 15 La synthèse de Darwin ..................................................................... 16 Ressemblances anatomiques ................................................................................ 17 Présence de structures vestigiales ......................................................................... 17 Ressemblances
    [Show full text]
  • Gene-Culture Coevolution, and the Internalization of Norms
    The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Altruism: Gene-Culture Coevolution, and the Internalization of Norms Herbert Gintis SFI WORKING PAPER: 2001-10-058 SFI Working Papers contain accounts of scientific work of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the Santa Fe Institute. We accept papers intended for publication in peer-reviewed journals or proceedings volumes, but not papers that have already appeared in print. Except for papers by our external faculty, papers must be based on work done at SFI, inspired by an invited visit to or collaboration at SFI, or funded by an SFI grant. ©NOTICE: This working paper is included by permission of the contributing author(s) as a means to ensure timely distribution of the scholarly and technical work on a non-commercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the author(s). It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may be reposted only with the explicit permission of the copyright holder. www.santafe.edu SANTA FE INSTITUTE The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Altruism: Gene-Culture Coevolution, and the Internalization of Norms∗ Herbert Gintis January 9, 2002 Abstract The internalization of norms refers to the tendency of human beings to adopt social norms from parents (vertical transmission) or socializing insti- tutions (oblique transmission). Authority rather than contribution to fitness accounts for the adoption of internalized norms. Suppose there is one genetic locus that controls whether or not an individual is capable of internalizing norms.
    [Show full text]
  • AMNH Digital Library
    isiaiLritM GENOMED SELF TODAY iMass-produce :a: hy system that ri^dtice^ by up to 90% TOMORROW TOYOTA In 1997, Toyota was the first car company in the world to mass-produce a hybrid vehicle. By combining gasoline and electric power, the Prius reduces smog-forming emissions* cuts gas consumption in half, and, in short, has revolutionized the way cars affect our environment. Even so, we're not resting on our laurels. The Toyota Hybrid System is being further refined, to make it cleaner and more efficient. And we're continuing to search for even greener forrns of transportation. The next step? A hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle whose only emission is pure water. And beyond that, who knows. But no matter what fresh alternatives are discovered in the future, they won't be found overnight. They'll be the result of 90% perspiration. And 10% inspiraJif A' St ^-^ >'' ^^ »?.';;« I tit 1 GREATEST RISK IS NOT TAKING ONE. They gave up everything. Their families. Their friends. Their homes. The villages they were born in. They arrived with only the clothes on their backs. Vulnerable. Scared. But brimming with hope and determined that a better life was within their grasp. Today, risk takers don't have to go after their dreams alone. They can rely on a business partner to help guide them through uncharted waters. An organization with unsurpassed insight and financial resources. One with the ability and flexibility to design specific solutions to help minimize risk for almost any business undertaking. So the next time you decide to venture into new territory for an idea you believe in, call AIG.
    [Show full text]
  • John Maynard Smith Archive (1948-2004) (Add MS 86569-86840) Table of Contents
    British Library: Western Manuscripts John Maynard Smith Archive (1948-2004) (Add MS 86569-86840) Table of Contents John Maynard Smith Archive (1948–2004) Key Details........................................................................................................................................ 1 Arrangement..................................................................................................................................... 2 Provenance........................................................................................................................................ 2 Add MS 86569–86574 Reprints and copies of articles and book chapters by John Maynard Smith (1952–2003)...................................................................................................................................... 3 Add MS 86575–86596 Correspondence files, F–Z (1975–1991).............................................................. 5 Add MS 86597–86830 Subject files (1948–2003).................................................................................. 18 Add MS 86831–86835 Notebooks and plant lists (1973–2003)............................................................... 223 Add MS 86836–86837 Lecture notes ([c 1990–c 1999])........................................................................ 226 Add MS 86838–86839 Artefacts and books (1983–2001)....................................................................... 227 Add MS 86840 Annotations and manuscripts with offprints received by John Maynard Smith (1952?–2003)...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Why Biology Is Important in the Study of Victorian Sexuality
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University English Dissertations Department of English 5-2-2007 On the Limits of Culture: Why Biology is Important in the Study of Victorian Sexuality Robert Jonathan Burns Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Burns, Robert Jonathan, "On the Limits of Culture: Why Biology is Important in the Study of Victorian Sexuality." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2007. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_diss/13 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ON THE LIMITS OF CULTURE: WHY BIOLOGY IS IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF VICTORIAN SEXUALITY by ROBERT BURNS Under the Direction of Paul Schmidt ABSTRACT Much recent scholarship in Victorian studies has viewed sexuality as historically contingent and constructed primarily within the realm of discourse or social organization. In contrast, the following study details species-typical and universal aspects of human sexuality that must be adequately theorized if an accurate model of the ideological forces impacting Victorian sexuality is to be fashioned. After a short survey of previous scholarly projects that examine literature through the lens of biology—much of it marred by an obvious antipathy toward all attempts to discover the involvement of ideology in human behavior—this study presents a lengthy primer to the modern study of evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and human sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Reinforcement Learning Models the Emergent Dynamics of Human Cooperation
    March 2021 Deep reinforcement learning models the emergent dynamics of human cooperation Kevin R. McKee*y1, Edward Hughes*1, Tina O. Zhu1, Martin J. Chadwick1, Raphael Koster1, Antonio García Castañeda1, Charlie Beattie1, Thore Graepel1,2, Matt Botvinick1,3 and Joel Z. Leibo1 y *These authors contributed equally to this work, Corresponding author, 1DeepMind, London, UK, 2Department of Computer Science, UCL, London, UK, 3Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, UCL, London, UK Collective action demands that individuals efficiently coordinate how much, where, and when to cooperate. Laboratory experiments have extensively explored the first part of this process, demonstrating that a variety of social-cognitive mechanisms influence how much individuals choose to invest in group efforts. However, experimental research has been unable to shed light on how social cognitive mechanisms contribute to the where and when of collective action. We leverage multi-agent deep reinforcement learning to model how a social-cognitive mecha- nism—specifically, the intrinsic motivation to achieve a good reputation—steers group behav- ior toward specific spatial and temporal strategies for collective action in a social dilemma. We also collect behavioral data from groups of human participants challenged with the same dilemma. The model accurately predicts spatial and temporal patterns of group behavior: in this public goods dilemma, the intrinsic motivation for reputation catalyzes the development of a non-territorial, turn-taking strategy to coordinate collective action. 1. Introduction Efficient group coordination is a crucial underpinning of collective action. Communities that suc- cessfully undertake collective action rely on rules and conventions delineating not just how much individuals should contribute to group efforts, but crucially where and when individuals should con- tribute [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Program, Abstracts, List of Poster 2009
    Eseb Def:Layout 1 30/07/09 10:21 Pagina 1 European Society for Evolutionary Biology ORAL PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS AND LIST OF POSTERS 12th Congress, Turin, Italy, 24 -29 August 2009 Eseb Def:Layout 1 30/07/09 10:21 Pagina 2 PRINT: FIORDO S.R.L. GALLIATE (NO) THE 2009 ESEB LOGO WAS KINDLY DESIGNED BY GIULIO PALMIERI 2 Eseb Def:Layout 1 30/07/09 10:21 Pagina 3 Symposia 1. Evolutionary systems biology 9 2. From the selfish gene to species extinction: levels of selection in evolution 19 3. Are “good genes” theories of sexual selection finally sinking into the sunset? 29 4. The evolution of threshold, inducible and polyphenic traits 41 5. Diversity of host-microbe symbioses 51 6. The evolution of conflict and cooperation: when theory meets data 61 7. Evolutionary applications: a symposium sponsored by Wiley - Blackwell Publishing 77 8. Male-female coevolution - from molecules to species 95 9. On the origins of novelty in development and evolution: from cryptic genetic variation 111 to genetic accommodation 10. Ecological genetics in the genomics era 123 11. The phenotype-fitness map re-visited: agents of selection and the importance of ecology 137 in evolutionary studies 12. The genetic consequences of reproductive modes: insights from asexual species 157 13. Evolution of time-keeping mechanisms 167 14. Selection in subdivided populations 175 15. Evolutionary transcriptomics 191 16. Recent advances in macroevolutionary approaches to evolutionary studies 201 17. Integrating ecology with parasite evolution 213 18. Frontiers in speciation research: proximal and causal mechanisms of behavioural 229 divergence 19. Genetic trade-offs in fitness-traits: theory, evidence and implications 243 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes and References
    Notes and References Caveat: The Dangers of Behavioral Biology The contents of this book are known to be dangerous. I do not mean that in the sense that all ideas are potentially dangerous. Specifically, ideas about the biological basis of behavior have encouraged political tendencies and movements later regretted by all decent people and condemned in school histories. Why, then, purvey such ideas? Because some ideas in behavioral biology are true—among them, to the best of my knowledge, the ones in this book—and the truth is essential to wise action. But that does not mean that these ideas cannot be distorted, nor that evil acts cannot arise from them. I doubt, in fact, that what I say can prevent such distortion. Political and social movements arise from worldly causes, and then seize whatever congenial ideas are at hand. Nonethe- less, I am not comfortable in the company of scientists who are content to search for the truth and let the consequences accumulate as they may. I therefore recount here a few pas- sages in the dismal, indeed shameful history of the abuse of behavioral biology, in some of which scientists were willing participants. The first episode is recounted in William Stanton’s The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Atti- tudes Toward Race in America, 1815–59 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1960). Such names as Samuel George Morton, George Robins Gliddon, and Josiah Clark Nott mean little to present-day students of anthropology, but in the difficult decades between the death of Jeffer- son and the Civil War, they founded the American School of Anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • Corporations
    Chapter 13 Corporations Everything we discussed in the previous chapter applies to corporations, and some of the examples we used in the previous chapter were corporations. But because they are actors in so many societal dilemmas—they're legal persons in some countries—they warrant separate discussion. But before examining how societal dilemmas affect corporations, we need first to understand the basic supply-and-demand mechanics of a market economy as a pair of societal dilemmas. Suppose a local market has a group of sandwich merchants, each of whom needs to set a sale price for its sandwiches. A sandwich costs $ 4 to make, and the minimum price a merchant can sell them at and stay in business is $ 5. At a price of $ 6 per sandwich, consumers will buy 100 of them—sales equally divided amongst the merchants. At a sale price of $ 5 per sandwich, consumers will buy 150—again, equally divided. If one merchant's prices are lower than the others', the undercutter will get all the business. The merchants face a societal dilemma, an Arms Race akin to the advertise-or-not example in Chapter 5. It's in their collective group interest for prices to remain high; they collectively make a greater profit if they all charge $ 6 for a sandwich. But by keeping their prices high, each of them runs the risk of their competitors acting in their self-interest and undercutting them. And since they can't trust the others not to do that, they all preemptively lower their prices and all end up selling sandwiches at $ 5 each.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida State University Libraries
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2019 Consumer-Based Strategy and Organizational Frontlines: The Role of Socially-Induced Interactions and ACortinmne oM.s Kepllehy erics on Consumer Behavior Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS CONSUMER-BASED STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL FRONTLINES: THE ROLE OF SOCIALLY-INDUCED INTERACTIONS AND ATMOSPHERICS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR By CORINNE M. KELLEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Marketing in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © 2019 Corinne M. Kelley defended this dissertation on April 1, 2019. The members of the supervisory committee were: Maura L. Scott Professor Co-Directing Dissertation Martin Mende Professor Co-Directing Dissertation Lydia Hanks University Representative Charles F. Hofacker Committee Member Anders Gustafsson Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii With a full, happy heart, I dedicate this dissertation to my future husband, parents, and sister. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend a most gracious acknowledgement to my co-advisors, Dr. Maura L. Scott and Dr. Martin Mende. I could never thank you enough for the kindness, support, and guidance you have provided me these past five years. I look forward to continuing to learn from such inspiring and brilliant mentors as I embark on the rest of my academic career. Again, thank you for the time you have invested in my development as a scholar, and thank you for always believing in me.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Behaviour: Understanding the Human Animal
    Adaptive Behaviour: Understanding the Human Animal Manuel Soler Copyright © 2012 by Manuel Soler ISBN: 978-84-695-2471-8 First published in 2009 in Spanish by Editorial Síntesis Original title: Adaptación del comportamiento: comprendiendo al animal humano To my parents, Dolores Cruz Ruiz and Manuel Soler Serrano. CONTENTS Foreword 4.6.2.1 What is it about males that females select? Preface 4.6.2.2. How do females choose good genes? Chapter 1. Should human behavior be studied from a 4.6.2.3. It is not always the males who biological perspective? compete and the females who choose 4.6.3. Mate selection in humans 1.1. Introduction 4.6.3.1 What do women and men choose 1.2. The uniqueness of human nature when looking for a permanent 1.3. The nature-nurture debate partner? 1.4. Historical problems: the ‘naturalistic fallacy’ 4.6.3.2 Casual sexual relationships and ‘social Darwinism’ 4.6.3.3 Human secondary sexual 1.5. Another controversial matter: the differences characteristics between men and women 4.6.3.4 Sexual selection in modern 1.6. Conclusions industrialised societies 4.7. Male-female conflict when seeking a partner Chapter 2. The scientific method, natural selection and other fundamental matters Chapter 5. Sex, fertilization, sperm competition and sexual selection by cryptic female choice 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The scientific method 5.1. Introduction 2.3. Biological evolution 5.2. Sexual behavior 2.4. Natural selection 5.3. Copulation 2.4.1. Natural selection in modern human 5.4. Sex and copulation in humans: male and female societies orgasms 2.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Awareness of Self and Awareness of Selfness: Why the Capacity to Self-Model Represents a Novel Level of Cognition in Humans
    Awareness of self and awareness of selfness: why the capacity to self-model represents a novel level of cognition in humans Martin Edwardes King’s College London [email protected] http://martinedwardes.webplus.net/ Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 1 The Big Problem .................................................................................................................................. 2 The Beginning ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Where Does Modelling Come from?................................................................................................... 5 Awareness of Selfness ......................................................................................................................... 7 Beyond Awareness of Selfness............................................................................................................ 8 References .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Abstract Being self-aware is often seen as a binary state: you either are, or you aren’t. However, this dichotomy subsumes a whole range of awareness states. There is the issue of sleep and coma – when awareness is low, what happens to the self? There are the questions of whether the self determines
    [Show full text]