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Quellen Und Anmerkungen Quellen und Anmerkungen 1. Die am 10. Mai enteigneten (bzw. „beschlagnahmten“) Konten und Wertpa- piere waren nur zu 49,35 % Konten und Wertpapiere von Albert Einstein, die übrigen (einschließlich „Tresorfach“) Konten und Wertpapiere von Elsa Einstein. Wenn man das Albert Einstein gehörende Segelboot (Taxwert: 1300 RM) sowie das Caputher Sommerhaus (Taxwert: 16.200 RM) – Eigen- tum seiner Stieftöchter – einbezieht, betrug sein Anteil (28.679,7 RM) am konfiszierten Eigentum (72.981,25 RM) 39,30 %. Da der Gesamtpreis der in Caputh gekauften Parzellen 21.049= RM betragen hat, dürfte der tat- sächliche Wert des Grundstücks nach dem Hausbau weit über 16.200 RM gelegen haben. Entsprechend verringern würde sich damit der Anteil Albert Einsteins am insgesamt konfisziertem Eigentum – auf etwa 1/3. Laut Elsa Einsteins Brief vom 19.8.1929 an Albert Einsteins Schwester Maria Win- teler (Michael Grüning: Ein Haus für Albert Einstein. Verlag der Nation. Berlin 1990, S. 304) hatte das Segelboot aber einen Wert von 15.000 RM, und allein das Sommerhaus einen Wert von 60.000 RM. So gerechnet (ohne Abzug des Wertverlustes, der nach kurzer Zeit aber nicht erheblich gewesen sein kann), betrug der Wert des insgesamt konfiszierten Eigentums (Konten und Wertpapiere 55.481,25 plus Segelboot 15.000 RM plus gekaufte Parzellen 21048= RM plus Sommerhaus 60.000= RM) 151.529,25 RM. So gerechnet,= hätte Albert Einsteins Anteil= (28.679,7 RM)= nur 18,93 % betragen. Wie man auch rechnen mag: sein Anteil war der kleinere! 2. Walther Nernst (1864–1941). Physiker und Chemiker. Für seine Arbeiten in der Thermochemie erhielt Nernst den Nobelpreis für Chemie 1920. 3. Fritz Haber (1868–1934 in Basel). Chemiker. Im Jahr 1919 wurde er mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie des Jahres 1918 verliehen. Haber emigrierte 1933 nach England. 4. Max Planck (1858–1947). Physiker. Begründer der Quantenphysik. Für die Entdeckung des planckschen Wirkungsquantums erhielt er 1919 den Nobel- preis für Physik des Jahres 1918. Ab 1912 bis 1938 „beständiger Sekretar“ der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Seit 1930 Präsident der Kai- ser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2017 125 S. Grundmann, Einsteins von den Nazis konfisziertes Eigentum, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-53547-9 126 Quellen und Anmerkungen 5. Achim Herrmann: Albert Einstein. München/Zürich 1995, S. 410, 430, 434. Hervorhebungen von mir, S.G. Weniger euphorisch schildert Albrecht Föl- sing Einsteins Haltung zum Geldverdienen (Fölsing: Albert Einstein. 1994, 1999): „Dem Ministerium bot Einstein von sich aus die Reduzierung seines Jahresgehalts auf die Hälfte an, eine Geste, die bei seinen langen und gut honorierten Auslandsreisen der letzten Jahre unterblieben war“ (a. a. O., S. 737). S.G.: Insofern hatte Einstein lange Zeit nichts dagegen, ein Dop- pelverdiener zu sein. Wie Herrmann, so bemerkt auch Fölsing, daß Albert Einstein die Konfiszierung seines Berliner Geldes nicht übermäßig ernst genommen hat, nennt aber einen ganz anderen Grund: Finanzielle Hilfe, die ihm holländische Kollegen angeboten hatten, brauchte er nicht anzu- nehmen, „denn ich war vorsichtig und habe vorgebaut“. Seine Auslandsein- künfte hatte er schon immer in Leiden und in New York deponiert, „so daß er wenigstens in materieller Hinsicht keine Sorgen hatte“ (Fölsing, a. a. O., S. 750). Es war für Einstein kein Problem, ein Haus in der Mercer Street in Princeton zu kaufen und sofort zu bezahlen; für Renovierung und Umbauten war „noch genug Geld übrig“ (a. a. O., S. 772). 6. Im Oktober 1933, als Max von Laue in Princeton eintraf, „waren gerade die Möbel und die große Bibliothek aus Berlin angekommen, die Frau Elsa /…/ dort herausgeholt hatte“ (Achim Herrmann: Albert Einstein. München/ Zürich 1995, S. 430). Nicht nur mit dem Möbel aus der Berliner Wohnung, auch mit dem großen Flügel, wurde die Wohnung in der Mercer Street ein- gerichtet. Der Stieftochter und dem Schwiegersohn, Ilse und Rudolf Kayser, die in Berlin blieben, war es gelungen, „Einsteins Akten und Arbeitsunter- lagen, die Bibliothek und die Möbel vor dem Zugriff der Nazis zu retten“ (Barbara Wolff schreibt: „Die Möbel aus Berlin kamen erst 1935 nach Prin- ceton.“ Wie dem auch sei: Die Berliner Möbel kamen nach Princeton!). Eine förmliche Enteignung war also nicht erfolgt. Das freilich hinderte einen SA-Trupp nicht, Ende Mai 1933 die Wohnung in der Haberlandstraße zu plündern und Teppiche, Bilder und einige Wertsachen mitgehen zu las- sen. „Was noch übrig war, insbesondere die schriftlichen Unterlagen, konnte dank der Hilfe des französischen Botschafters André Francois-Poncet unter diplomatischem Kuriersiegel nach Frankreich gebracht werden, von wo es dann nach Amerika verschifft wurde“ (Fölsing, a. a. O., S. 750). Eine förmliche Konfiskation des Inventars vom Einsteinhaus in Caputh ist gleichfalls nicht nachweisbar (was nicht ausschließt, daß zahlreiche Stü- cke spurlos verschwunden oder kaputt gegangen sind). Am 18.5.1936 hatte Bürgermeister Krüger gemeinsam mit dem Gemeindesekretär Peisker ein „Verzeichnis der im Haus der Gemeinde (Einstein) in Caputh, Waldstr. 7 vorhandenen Inventarienstücke“ erstellt (Gemeindearchiv Schwielowsee: Archivnummer 811). Erkennbar wertvolle Stücke sind auf dieser Liste nicht zu finden – abgesehen von einem Küchenschrank kein einziger Schrank, kein einziges Buch. Eine Erklärung dafür dürfte zum einen sein, daß es nach dem Zeugnis der Haushälterin Schiefelbein „eigentliche Wertsachen /…/ im Sommerhaus gar nicht“ gab (Friedrich Herneck: Einstein privat. Buchverlag Quellen und Anmerkungen 127 Der Morgen. Berlin 1978, S. 139). Das Haus war sparsam möbliert, mit Ein- bauschränken und wenig beweglichem Inventar ausgestattet, laut Bauzeich- nungen (GStA PK: Rep. 151/Nr. 8191 , Blatt 135 bis 138) gab es im Haus nur Einbauschränke. Eine Erklärung ist zum anderen, daß Ilse und Rudolf Kayser sowie andere von Einstein Bevollmächtigte bereits 1933 zahlreiche Stücke abgeholt haben. In einem Aktenvermerk des Bürgermeisters Sydow vom 2.10.1945 heißt es: „Vom 1. April 1933 bis 1. April 1935 war die Villa Einstein vermietet an das Jüdische Landschulheim. Der Schwiegersohn von Einstein heißt Herr Dr. Kayser. Freunde von Dr. Kayser hatten zwei große amerikanische Steppdecken, an welche die Frau Bornemann noch 66 Knöpfe angenäht hatte, abgeholt. /…/ Fritz Rettig, Polizeiassistent, holte alsdann den Flügel aus dem Hause. /…/ Die wertvolleren Bücher wurden von Schulrat Friedmann von der Jüdischen Schulgemeinschaft abgeholt“. Zum Wertver- lust bzw. zur Aussonderung von Inventarstücken schreibt Sydow: „Alsdann wurde in das große Haus die Hitlerjugend verlegt. Die Hitlerjugend machte viel Schaden /…/ Die eingebauten Betten wurden entfernt /…/ Sehr viel Ein- richtungsgegenstände hat das Jüdische Landschulheim an sich genommen /…/ Im Laufe der Zeit wurden diese Einrichtungsgegenstände von den Kin- dern restlos ruiniert“ (Gemeindearchiv Schwielowsee: Archivnummer 811). Fazit: Das Inventar des Hauses wurde, wie gesagt, nicht konfisziert – auch nicht die Möbel aus der Berliner Wohnung in der Haberlandstraße 5. 7. Marianoff war, was Albert Einstein nicht wußte, ein Agent des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes. Ausführlicher dazu Siegfried Grundmann,: Einsteins Akte. Wissenschaft und Politik – Einsteins= Berliner Zeit. Mit einem Anhang über die FBI-Akte Einsteins. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 2. Auflage 2004; Siegfried Grundmann: The Einstein Dossiers. Science and Politics – Einstein's Berlin Period. With an Appendix on Einstein's FBI File – Reports on Albert Einstein's Berlin Period. Translated by Ann M. Hentschel. Springer 2005. Berlin Heidelberg New York. 8. Fölsing: Albert Einstein. 1994, S. 750. 9. Grundmann, Siegfried: Einsteins Akte. Wissenschaft und Politik – Einsteins Berliner Zeit. Mit einem Anhang über die FBI-Akte Einsteins. Springer-Ver- lag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 2. Auflage 2004. 10. Dahlemer Archivgespräche. Für das Archiv der Max Planck-Gesell- schaft herausgegeben von Lorenz Friedrich Beck und Hubert Laitko: Band 12/2006, Berlin 2007; Band 13/2007. Berlin 2008; Band 14/2008. Berlin 2013. 2013. 11. Hier erwähnenswert scheint mir nur die partiell abweichende Meinung zur Bewertung materieller Besitztümer durch Albert Einstein zu sein: „Die haeu- fig bemuehte Maer, AE habe materiellem Besitz keinen Wert beigemessen: ich halte sie nicht fuer eine Erfindung. /…/ Was /.../ das Besitzen von Kapital oder von Gegenstaenden betrifft, /…/ so sehe ich ihn als einen Besitz-Ver- aechter/…/ Er betrachtet Besitz als etwas, was einen abhaengig macht und die Sucht des Hortens ist ihm ganz fremd. Dem widerspricht sein spaete- rer Umgang mit Geld keineswegs, denn dieses Geld ist vorgesehen fuer die 128 Quellen und Anmerkungen Menschen, denen gegenueber er sich verantwortlich fuehlt: (Helene, S.G.) Dukas, Margot, Eduard, und zwischenzeitlich auch Maja, Mileva und zahl- lose Vertriebene, die er finanziell unterstuetzt.“ 12. Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PA-AA): R 45490 sowie Gehei- mes Staatsarchiv – Preussischer Kulturbesitz (GStA PK): I. HA Rep. 77, Nr. 6061. Einstein schrieb an das „Deutsche Generalkonsulat“; es hätte rich- tig heißen müssen „Deutsche Gesandtschaft“. Auf dem Schriftstück fehlt die Angabe des Absendedatums. Im diesbezüglichen Schreiben der Gesandt- schaft an das Auswärtige Amt wird der 28. März 1933 angegeben. 13. GStA PK: I. HA Rep. 77 Nr. 6061, Bl. 2. 14. Ausführlich dazu in „Einsteins Akte“ (2004), S. 451 ff. 15. Bundesarchiv Berlin (BArch): R 1501 Nr. 25953. 16. Rudolf Diels (1900–1957). Jurist, ab 1930 im preußischen Innenministerim
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