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Draft Detailed Project Report for the Aquatic Habitat Restoration Of DRAFT DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR THE AQUATIC HABITAT RESTORATION OF MILFORD POND MILFORD, MASSACHUSETTS US Army Corps of Engineers® New England District DECEMBER, 2004 . Milford Pond Habitat Restoration Page i Milford, Massachusetts Detailed Project Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the feasibility investigation examining the restoration of the aquatic habitat of Milford Pond, located in Milford, Massachusetts. Authorization for this study is provided under Section 206 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1996 (PL 104-303) entitled "Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration''. The study was conducted at the request of the Town of Milford. Milford Pond is located less than 1 mile south of Interstate 495 in the center of the Town of Milford, in Worcester County, Massachusetts. The 120-acre pond is formed by the impoundment of the Charles River with inflow from Huckleberry Brook, Louisa Lake, an intermittent stream and 17 storm water outfalls. The pond outlet flows over a small masonry dam and continues as the main channel of the Charles River through the Town of Milford to Boston Harbor. The overall watershed size is 5440± acres (8.5 square miles), and it extends beyond the municipal boundaries of the Town ofMilford into the Towns of Hopkinton and Holliston. Milford Pond was historically a cedar swamp located in the headwaters of the Charles River. In time, the cedar swamp was converted into a pond through the cutting ofthe large cedar trees and the construction of an impoundrnent across the Charles River approximately 100 feet downstream of Main Street in the early 1900's. Constructed around 1938, the present dam consists of an earthen embankment with a cast-in-place concrete primary spi11way. Trus intermediate­ sized dam, presently owned by the Town of Milford, is approximately 200 feet in length with a reported structural height of 11 feet + Since the late 1970s, a decline in water quality, the proliferation of aquatic weed species, and a significant decrease in the aquatic habitat value of Milford Pond have been observed. Today, Milford Pond is extremely sh~low with an average depth of less than two feet. Submergent and floating-leafed aquatic plant species occupy density ranges from 60-100% of the pond area. Emergent wetlands occur along the perimeter of Milford Pond and in a 400-foot wide band along the western shoreline, south of Clark Island. In its current state, Milford Pond does provide wildlife habitat for a variety of aquatic organisms living in emergent wetland and shallow pond communities. However, the fishery habitat value of Milford Pond is greatly reduced by the shallow depths, dense weeds and the low dissolved oxygen in the water resulting from decaying aquatic vegetation. In time, wetland successional processes will result in the gradual total filling of Milford Pond and conversion to emergent wetland community. This succession will result in further decreased areas of open water habitat. and continued loss of fish habitat. Historically, Milford Pond has been an integral component of the community's seasonal festivals and celebrations including ice fishing tournaments and ice-skating during their Winter Festivals. Community celebrations have been designated to the areas surrounding Milford Pond due to it's serene beauty and abundance of wildlife. The summer season brought the community to Milford Pond for swimming, fishing and Milford Pond Habitat Restoration Page ii Milford, Massachusetts Detailed Project Report boating. Milford Pond contains several public access points located within the recreational park. These previous activities have been reduced and some cases discontinued due to the current problems: dense, overgrown weeds and shallow depths. Milford Pond is a valuable resource that the Town's people wished to regain. USDA (2000) shows continued loss of scares wetlands, with an estimated acre loss of 42,000 in eastern United States from 1992 - 1997. It is estimated that up to 28-42% of Massachusetts' historical wetlands/open water bodies have been lost (Foote-Smith et al., 1991). There is a high Federal interest in the restoration of wetlands/open water habitats. Five alternatives were considered for the restoration of Milford Pond: (1) full­ scale hydraulic dredging of the entire 120± acre pond basin; (2) hydraulic dredging of a 45± acre section extending from the dam northward past Clark Island; (3) hydraulic dredging of a 21± acre section extending from the dam northward to Clark Island; (4) dam removal; and (5) dam removal with dredging alternative (2). The environmental benefits of each alternative were determined and compared to the existing conditions and the future without project conditions. An incremental analysis was performed as part of this evaluation procedure. The dam removal alternatives were eliminated early in the incremental analysis procedure, as they were determined to be not environmentally feasible. The intent of dam removal would be to allow the passage of fish, restoring a riverine fisheries habitat to that portion of the Charles River. Although Atlantic salmon no longer migrate into the Charles River, the lower Charles River does support several anadromous species including American shad, American eel, blueback herring and alewife. The Charles River has 20 dams along its length of which the Milford Pond dam is the most upgradient. While the lower five dams are equipped with fish ladders, 14 darns downstream of the Milford Pond dam block anadromous fish passage north to this reach. Therefore, removal of this darn would provide only minimal immediate benefit to the Charles River overall in terms of regional fish migration patterns. In addition, the existing darn is located on a pre-existing natural darn of several feet height, which previously allowed the development of a cedar swamp with accumulation of deep organic peat. Therefore, fish migration would not necessarily be substantially improved by removal of the dam. However, a fish ladder could be considered at a future date for any of the alternatives once viable fish passage is provided at the downstream dam sites. With dam removal, the exposed pond bottom is not expected to revert to the condition that existed prior to original dam construction over 60 years ago, but would most likely be rapidly colonized by invasive wetland species such as cattail, purple loosestrife, and Phragmites. This alternative would also effectively convert the dense cover habitat found in emergent marshy wetland areas, utilized by four State-listed species identified by MA NHESP (king rail, common moorhen, least bittern, and pied­ billed grebe), to an area undesirable to these species. Allowing the pond to drain may result in the loss of a major source of recharge to the aquifer beneath Milford Pond, from Milford Pond Habit.at Res1oration Page iii Milford, Massachusetts Detailed Project Report which the Milford Water Company exlracts drinking water. In addition, the lowering of the water level would cause the stream flow from various sources to cut channels into the accumulated soft, highly erodable, surficial sediments, posing significant potential for erosion and sedimentation. Avoidance of this condition would likely require pre­ dredging of preferred flow pathways for each of the inlets to the pond basin, sized to an appropriate dimension to provide relative stability. Bioengineering of the new stream banks might also be required in addition to intensive seeding/planting of the newly exposed sediments. The National Ecosystem Restoration (NER) Plan identified through the incremental analysis process, which compared all of the dredging alternatives, is Alternative 3, dredging a 45±-acre section to a maximum depth of 12 feet or the mineral base beneath the organic sediments, whichever is obtained first. The Town of Milford has selected Alternative 3 as the "Locally Preferred Plan". Under this plan, the areas to be dredged will be towards the southern and eastern portions of the pond, avoiding the Oark well field and the emergent wetlands on the western side of the pond. Dredging of the cattail-dominated marsh south and west of Clark Island will be avoided in order to avoid conflicts with state-listed rare waterfowl species nesting habitat. This dredging alternative will allow for an increase in pond depth and a decrease in aquatic macrophyte growth within a portion of the pond, providing and enhancing deep, open water habitat necessary for promoting the residence of certain fish species in Milford Pond. The shallow, weedy environment will remain in other portions of the pond, providing another element of the required habitat for these species. The dimensions of the resulting open water area will be approximately 3,400 feet long with an average width of approximately 500 feet. A sediment dewatering and disposal site will be located north of Milford Pond on the opposite side of Dilla Street, to the east of the upgradient Louisa Lake. The project win use about 10 acres of the 20±-acre site, avoiding wetlands and providing necessary setbacks to control erosion and sedimentation. The site can potentially contain the entire volume of sediments to be dredged from the pond, requiring an average depth of 18 feet. Due to irregular topography, heights of the sediment would vary. However, The Town is expected to seek beneficial reuse of the material during the 4 year dredging program, which will minirruze the storage area required. Similar dredging programs with similar peaty dredged sediments have had little difficulty in finding users for the material. Sediments will be hydraulically dredged from the pond and transported by dredge pipeline to the sediment dewatering and disposal site. The dredge pipeline will extend from the pond to the site by being placed within the Huckleberry Brook channel and underneath Dilla Street in the existing 5'x3'± box culvert. Temporary easements will be required from three (3) private landowners in order to install, operate, and remove the dredge pipeline between the pond and Dilla Street. Excess water from the dewatering process wi11 utilize the Huckleberry Brook channel to return to Milford Pond.
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