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Management of Fish Ponds in Pennsylvania

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Management of Fish Ponds in Pennsylvania Management of Fish Ponds in Pennsylvania Table of Contents About This Publication Where to Get Help with Pond Management 3 About This Publication Ponds are a common feature of Pennsylvania’s landscape. Although Assistance with pond management is 3 Where to Get Help with they occur naturally in some parts of available from a variety of sources. Pond Management the state, thousands also have been In addition to local extension offices, constructed for a variety of purposes. 4 Developing Objectives for local offices of the Natural Resources Many were built under the techni- Your Pond Conservation Service (NRCS), Penn- cal supervision of the United States sylvania Fish and Boat Commission 4 Planning a New Pond Natural Resources Conservation (PFBC), and Pennsylvania Depart- Service (formerly the Soil Conserva- ment of Environmental Protection 6 Design tion Service), largely to assist farm- (DEP) may be able to advise pond ing operations. In more recent years, owners. Often, consultants are hired 8 Construction the recreational uses of ponds have to implement major pond manage- 10 Maintenance become more important to pond ment practices. The agencies listed owners. below or your local Yellow Pages 12 Water Quality may be able to direct you to local Regardless of a pond’s intended use, pond consultants. 12 Physical Water Quality its management can be difficult and 14 Chemical Water Quality complex. Even with careful planning, many ponds do not meet the objec- Sources of Assistance 15 Biological Water Quality tives of their owners or serve their intended purposes. Fortunately, man- PA Fish and Boat Commission 16 Testing Your Pond Water Quality agement techniques are available to Phone: 717-705-7800 Check phone book for local 16 Pond Fisheries Management help you deal with almost any pond problem. number. 16 Warmwater Versus Coldwater www.fish.state.pa.us The purpose of this publication is to 17 Warmwater Pond Management provide general information about a PA Department of Environmental wide variety of pond management Protection 20 Management of Trout Ponds principles applicable to Pennsylvania. Phone: 717-783-2300 23 Sources of Fish for Stocking It is not intended to be a complete Check phone book for regional Ponds or exhaustive guide. References are office. given in the text to more compre- www.dep.state.pa.us 23 Regulations and Laws Affecting hensive publications and web pages Fish Ponds where they are available. Natural Resources Conservation Service 24 Aquaculture Although some generalizations can Phone: 717-237-2200 (Pennsyl- 24 Aquatic Plants and Algae be applied to pond management, vania office) each pond is unique and may require Check phone book for local 25 Identification of Plants and Algae specific treatment to achieve a de- office. sired result. When the general recom- www.nrcs.usda.gov 26 Causes of Plant and Algae mendations of this publication appear Growth to be inadequate, you are encour- Penn State Extension Check phone book for local 26 Preventing Plant and Algae aged to seek additional professional office. Growth assistance. extension.psu.edu/water/ponds 27 Control of Plant and Algae Growth 29 Miscellaneous Troubles and Treatments 3 deal of time developing a plan with a Developing Objectives for trout fishery as the objective. Recog- Planning a New Pond Your Pond nize the limitations of the resources available, then develop objectives When deciding where to locate a You may have a wide variety of rea- and plans that fall within these limita- new pond on your property, you sons for building or owning a pond. tions. This will make management of should consider several critical fac- The first and most important step of the pond easier, less costly, and more tors. These include topography, land proper pond management is choos- satisfying and rewarding. use, soil texture, and water supply. In ing your primary objective or use for some cases, these factors may limit your pond and understanding the Ponds are frequently used in sev- the pond location to one site. Where limitations this will place on other eral ways to satisfy more than one these factors are equally satisfactory uses of the pond. For example, small objective. For example, having water at several locations, appearance and ponds today are commonly used to available in the pond for fire protec- convenience will play a role in site aesthetically enhance the landscape, tion usually does not conflict with selection. but their relatively simple construc- other objectives such as swimming or tion may not provide the best facili- fishing. Multiple-use ponds are fine For example, a pond located near a ties for other activities like swimming, as long as the uses are compatible. house, where it can be observed fre- boating, and fishing. The importance When conflicting or incompatible quently and conveniently, is safer and of establishing objectives for the pro- uses are desired, you must assign more desirable for family recreation. jected uses of a given pond cannot priorities to your objectives. For It can be used as a source of water be overemphasized. Careful consid- example, the objective of providing for fire protection or for irrigating eration of use compatibility and use for swimming may conflict directly a small garden. Road access to the priorities is essential in planning a with the objective of having water pond is important if it is to be used new pond. available for irrigation. Irrigation for fire protection, so fire trucks can needs may lower the water level to a drive to within 15 feet of the water. In dealing with an existing pond, point where swimming is impossible, you will need a slightly different ap- at a time when it is most wanted. If The size of the pond will be deter- proach. Make an appraisal, or have this occurs, you must decide which mined by the site characteristics and one made, that describes the exist- objective is most important. Some- money you want to spend on con- ing pond and its potential for man- times planning and management can struction and maintenance. Keep in agement. For example, if the water eliminate or at least reduce these mind that small ponds are not easy to quality is unacceptable for trout, it conflicts. This is one reason for listing manage for fish. Normally, ponds of would be pointless to spend a great and prioritizing specific objectives. less than 1/4 acre in surface area are too small for effective management of warmwater fish. Ponds as small as 1 ⁄10 acre in surface area may be suit- Table 1. The most common primary uses of ponds, from a survey of 557 pond owners throughout Pennsylvania. able for trout, however, if they have appropriate water quality. Pond Use Percent of Respondents Aesthetic Beauty 45 Fishing 21 Wildlife Habitat 11 Swimming 7 Animal Drinking Water 6 Fire Protection 6 Irrigation 1 Other 3 4 runoff and subsurface seepage are adequate during even the driest years. Normally, a drainage area of 10 to 20 acres yields sufficient water for a one- acre pond in Pennsylvania. Land use around the water supply is critical in determining the water qual- ity of the pond. All sources of water contributing to the pond should be free of sediment, pesticides, and oth- er forms of pollution. It is generally a good idea to establish a buffer strip of vegetation around the pond to trap sediment and keep it out of the water. Ponds also commonly suffer from excessive amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients. These nutrients often originate from animal or human waste or fertilizers from nearby barn- yards, crop fields, and septic systems. Drainage from these areas should be diverted away from the pond, since too much nitrogen and other nutri- ents will cause excessive growth of The Pond Watershed Soil texture must be considered when weeds and algae. The area of land surrounding the selecting the pond site. The bottom pond that contributes water to it of the pond, the banks, and the earth Construction Permits fill placed in the dam must contain is known as the pond watershed. Permits for the construction of ponds enough clay or silt to prevent seep- Understanding the pond watershed or dams may be required, depending age and make the reservoir hold is important, because anything that on the size of the drainage area, the water. Normally, areas that include occurs within this area can affect the height of the dam, and the capac- exposed bedrock or beds of sand or pond. Locating a pond in an undis- ity of the impoundment. A permit is gravel are not satisfactory. Anyone turbed area or minimizing distur- required for the construction of any who is considering building a pond bance and land use changes within dam that impounds the runoff from should have the soils and geological the pond watershed are important a drainage area that exceeds 100 conditions in the area checked by a components of managing a pond. acres or provides a maximum stor- professional consultant knowledge- age capacity of 50 acre-feet of water able and competent in making site The ideal topography for a pond (about 16.3 million gallons). A permit investigations. watershed is a natural depression also is required for any pond with or a broad drainage with a narrow a dam more than 15 feet high, even neck at its lower end where only a Water Supply if the pond’s only source of water is short dam will be needed. The most Springs, seeps, and small streams are a spring, a well, or a small pipeline economical site is one that will re- typically the best sources of water from a stream. Permits are not re- quire the smallest dam and the least for ponds.
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