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Redalyc.Peces Litorales De Los Canales De Aysén, Capturados Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar ISSN: 0716-2006 [email protected] Comité Oceanográfico Nacional Chile Pequeño R., Germán; Olivera M., Francisco Peces litorales de los canales de aysén, capturados durante los dos cruceros del proyecto Cimar 9 fiordos, en el año 2003 Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar, vol. 30, núm. 1, 2007, pp. 1-12 Comité Oceanográfico Nacional Valparaíso, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62430107 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto PECES LITORALES DE LOS CANALES DE AYSÉN, CAPTURADOS DURANTE LOS DOS CRUCEROS DEL PROYECTO CIMAR 9 FIORDOS, EN EL AÑO 2003* LITORAL FISHES OF THE AYSEN CHANNELS, CAPTURED DURING THE TWO CRUISES OF THE CIMAR 9 FIORDS PROJECT, IN THE YEAR 2003. GERMÁN PEQUEÑO R. FRANCISCO OLIVERA M. Instituto de Zoología “Ernst F. Kilian” Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile [email protected] *Proyecto CONA C9F 03­11. Recepción: 6 de febrero de 2006 – Versión corregida aceptada: 7 de noviembre de 2006. RESUMEN Se estudian 4 ejemplares de Ciclóstomos y 866 ejemplares de Osteichthyes, provenientes de dos cruceros efectuados en la X Región, Aysén, de Chile, en el marco del Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos. En el primer crucero, en agosto del año 2003 se obtuvo 284 ejemplares y en el segundo, en noviembre del mismo año, 586 ejemplares. Las especies relativamente más abundantes en ambos cruceros fueron Galaxias maculatus (Familia Galaxiidae), Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Familia Syngnathidae), Patagonotothen cornucola (Familia Nototheniidae), Patagonotothen sp. (tres formas distintas) y Helcogrammoides cunninghami (Familia Tripterygiidae), seguidas de varias otras especies generalmente representadas con menos de 8 ejemplares en cada crucero. De las 25 formas separadas taxonómicamente a nivel de especie, al menos 11 estuvieron representados total o parcialmente por individuos juveniles, lo cual respaldó la hipótesis que en las orillas de los fiordos y canales de la XI Región de Chile, hay especies de peces y vertebrados afines que desarrollan partes iniciales de su ciclo de vida. Esta comprobación sugiere un especial cuidado de estos ambientes, pues el patrimonio genético que encierran, por lo menos en relación 1 con los organismos aquí estudiados, es de alta importancia dado que en la mayoría de los casos se trata de especies endémicas del sur de América del Sur. Palabras claves: Peces, Fiordos, Aysén, Chile, ictiofauna, ictiogeografía. ABSTRACT Four specimens of Ciclostomes and 866 specimens of Osteichthyes were captured in the two cruises of the CIMAR 9 Fiordos Project, developed in the XI Region (Aysén) of Chile. In the first cruise made during August 2003, 284 specimens were captured, while in the second cruise, during November 2003, the number of fishes captured reached 586 specimens. The relatively most abundant species represented were Galaxias maculatus (Family Galaxiidae), Leptonotus blainvilleanus (Family Syngnathidae), Patagonotothen cornucola (Family Nototheniidae), Patagonotothen sp. (with three different forms) and Helcogrammoides cunninghami (Family Tripterygiidae), followed by a series of other species represented generally by less than eight specimens in each leg. Within the 25 forms taxonomically separated at species level, at least 11 were represented totally or partially by juvenile individuals. This high juvenile composition of the samples give support to the hypothesis that the margins and shallow areas of the fiords and channels of the XI Region of Chile, represents an environment in which fishes and relative vertebrates (ciclostomes) develop part of its life cycles, being in such way important areas to care, because the species represents a genetic patrimony, especially important in view of the endemism that most of them represents in southern South America. Key words: Fishes, Fiords, Aysén, Chile, ichthyofauna, ichthyogeography. INTRODUCCIÓN Recientemente hemos hecho referencia al muy escaso conocimiento que se tiene de la ictiofauna de gran parte de los canales patagónicos chilenos (Pequeño & Riedemann, 2005). No resulta extraño entonces, que los más recientes estudios hayan logrado resultados que han significado importantes aportes, no solamente con documentación biológica sobre especies muy escasas y desconocidas, sino también sobre aspectos de su distribución geográfica, que han contribuido a mejorar nuestra visión sobre la ictiogeografía de los canales de Chile austral. Sin embargo, hay aspectos de la biología de las especies, que han quedado pendientes, siendo ello de vital importancia para una mejor comprensión biológica de la ictiofauna que habita tales canales. De especial interés es la posibilidad que en las orillas de esos canales, es decir a muy poca profundidad, se encuentren 2 estados iniciales de vida, principalmente juveniles, del mismo modo como se han encontrado en zonas más septentrionales con características estuariales, análogas o parecidas a las existentes en los canales australes, de acuerdo con trabajos científicos clásicos sobre las características físicas de esos canales (Pickard, 1971; Robles, 1969). También hay antecedentes sobre la existencia de huevos y larvas de peces en uno de los fiordos de la región el fiordo Aysén (Zama & Cárdenas, 1985) y esa situación, con naturales variaciones, debe darse en toda la región, aunque el estudio mencionado fue hecho con una metodología diferente (tipo de red) y en el seno mismo de las aguas, en vez de la orilla propiamente tal, que se propone investigar en este proyecto. Nuestra hipótesis es que en tales ambientes de orilla, de poca profundidad en esos canales, debe existir un contingente importante de estados juveniles de peces. La realización del Crucero CIMAR 9 Fiordos, otorgó una especial oportunidad para tomar muestras de peces en los lugares descritos y así, poner a prueba la hipótesis planteada. Ello, además, abrirá vías para una mejor comprensión general sobre ésta ictiofauna, única en el mundo, que ha sufrido un proceso evolutivo seguramente vinculado con un historial geográfico y geológico de gran interés científico, cuyo conocimiento resulta fundamental para aquellos que aspiran a un adecuado manejo ambiental de la región. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Los peces fueron capturados en la zona intermareal y submareal superior, entre 0 y 15 m de profundidad, con redes de orilla de playa y también redes pequeñas de mano, en ocasiones con buceo autónomo. Las muestras se obtuvieron en los canales de Aysén (XI Región), Chile, entre 44º y 46º S, en dos cruceros o etapas; el primero entre los días 13 y 23 de agosto (Fig. 1) y el segundo entre los días 8 y 20 de noviembre (Fig. 2), ambos el año 2003. Las muestras fueron fijadas inmediatamente después de obtenidas, con formalina al 10% o con alcohol etílico de 98º. En el laboratorio, aquellas muestras fijadas en formalina, fueron traspasadas a alcohol etílico de 70º. Para la determinación taxonómica, se empleó literatura especializada, ya enumerada en estudios recientes y análogos (Pequeño, 1989, 1997; Pequeño & Riedemann, 2005). Para efectos de la morfometría, los ejemplares fueron medidos en su longitud total (LT) en mm y, cuando correspondió, también la longitud estándar (LE). 3 Fig. 1: Ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo de peces en el primer crucero del Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos. Fig. 2: Ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo de peces en el segundo crucero del Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos. 4 En cada crucero o etapa del Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos, los ejemplares fueron separados por especie y por estación de colecta; luego, se obtuvo la cantidad de ejemplares por estación de colecta. Finalmente, se obtuvo el número total de ejemplares por especie y por etapas, lo cual condujo a conocer el total de individuos capturados. Sobre este total, se estimaron cifras por taxa y porcentajes comparativos. RESULTADOS El total de individuos capturado en los dos cruceros del Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos asciende a 870. La familia con mayor representación en número de individuos en el total de esas dos etapas es Galaxiidae y la única especie de esta familia representada en las muestras, es Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)(Fig. 3a), la más abundante en el total señalado, con el 56,0% (Tabla I). En segundo lugar, se ubica la familia Nototheniidae (27,6%) y también su especie Patagonotothen sp. 1, que alcanzó al 14,3% del total. De la misma familia son tres las especies que continúan en número de individuos: Patagonotothen sp. 2, Patagonotothen cornucola (Richardson, 1844) (Fig. 3b) y Patagonotothen sp. 3. La familia que ocupó el tercer lugar, fue Syngnathidae, con 59 ejemplares y, en cuarto lugar se ubicó Tripterygiidae, con Helcogrammoides cunninghami (Smitt, 1898) (Fig. 3c), siempre peces de tamaño reducido, con 20 ejemplares. El resto de las familias presentan menos de 14 individuos en el total de la muestra. Fig. 3: a) Galaxias maculatus (tomado de McDowall, 1971); b) Patagonotothen cornucola (tomado de Norman, 1937) y c) Helcogrammoides cunninghami (tomado de Castillo & Pequeño, 1998). 5 Tabla I. Peces capturados en el Proyecto CIMAR 9 Fiordos, ordenados sistemáticamente, con indicación del número de ejemplares obtenido en cada crucero. Table I. Fishes captured during the CIMAR 9 Fiordos Project, in systematic order, with indication of the specimens number captured in each cruise. T a x a Crucero
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