USAID-FUNDED IRAQ GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY (IGPA/TAKAMUL) PROJECT
DRAFT PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY BASIC INDICATORS REPORT
JANUARY 2019
This report was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared by 4points Company and DAI working together on the USAID-Funded IGPA/Takamul Project. USAID-FUNDED IRAQ GOVERNANCE AND PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY (IGPA/TAKAMUL) PROJECT
PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY BASIC INDICATORS REPORT
Program Title: USAID-Funded Iraq Governance and Performance Accountability (IGPA/Takamul) Project
Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID Iraq
Contract Number: AID-267-H-17-00001
Contractor: DAI Global, LLC
Date: January 2019
Author(s): IGPA/Takamul
The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS ...... 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 11 Project Background ...... 11 Purpose of the Public Opinion Survey ...... 11 Methods and Limitations ...... 12 Findings ...... 12 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 13
INTRODUCTION ...... 15 Background ...... 15 Objective ...... 15
METHODOLOGY ...... 16 Survey Design ...... 16 Sampling ...... 16 Limitations ...... 19 Demographics ...... 19
FINDINGS ...... 21 CONSOLIDATED FINDINGS ...... 21 Summary of Indicators...... 21 Summary of Public Services ...... 32 Summary of Other Relevant Findings ...... 38 DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE ...... 43 Water ...... 43 Solid Waste Management ...... 45 Electricity ...... 47 Sewage ...... 48 PROVINCIAL PROFILES ...... 50 Anbar ...... 50 Babil...... 69 Basrah ...... 88 Baghdad ...... 106 Ninewa ...... 126
CONCLUSIONS ...... 147
RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 150
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 1 ANNEX A: SCOPE OF WORK ...... 152
ANNEX B: SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 163
ANNEX C: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 166
ANNEX D: WORK PLAN (TIMELINE) ...... 170
ANNEX E: ADDITIONAL DISAGGREGATION OF BASIC INDICATORS ...... 171
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 2 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES Table 1: Distribution of Survey Sample Over Five Target Provinces ...... 18 Table 2: Distribution of Surveys between IDP and Host Community Members within Five Target Provinces...... 18 Table 3: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Age) ...... 23 Table 4: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) ...... 24 Table 5: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 24 Table 6: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Educational Level) ...... 24 Table 7: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Age) ...... 26 Table 8: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity)...... 26 Table 9: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Residency Status)...... 26 Table 10: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Educational Level) ...... 27 Table 15: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Age) ...... 28 Table 16: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 28 Table 17: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Educational Level) ...... 29 Table 11: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Age) ...... 30 Table 12: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) ...... 30 Table 13: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 31 Table 14: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Educational Level) ...... 31 Table 18: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Age) ...... 41 Table 19: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) ...... 41 Table 20: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 42 Table 21: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Educational Level) ...... 42 Table 22: Informal Fees for Trash Removal (Babil Disaggregated by District) ...... 84 Table 23: Informal Trash Removal Fees (Baghdad, Disaggregated by District) ...... 122 Table 24: Informal Fees for Tash Removal (Ninewa, Disaggregated by District) ...... 142 Table 25: Employment (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 148 Table 26: Employment (Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group) ...... 149 Table 27: Actual Survey Distribution ...... 163 Table 28: Disaggregated by Age ...... 171 Table 29: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 171
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 3 Table 30: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 172 Table 31: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 172 Table 32: Disaggregated by Age ...... 173 Table 33: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 173 Table 34: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 173 Table 35: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 174 Table 36: Disaggregated by Age ...... 174 Table 37: Disaggregation by Residency Status ...... 175 Table 38: Disaggregated by Education ...... 175 Table 39: Disaggregation by Age ...... 176 Table 40: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 176 Table 41: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 176 Table 42: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 177 Table 43: Disaggregatedby Age ...... 178 Table 44: Disaggregatedby Residency Status ...... 178 Table 45: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 179 Table 46: Disaggregation by Age ...... 179 Table 47: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 180 Table 48: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 180 Table 49: Disaggregated by Age ...... 180 Table 50: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 181 Table 51: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 181 Table 52: Disaggregated by Age ...... 182 Table 53: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 182 Table 54: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 182 Table 55: Disaggregated by Age ...... 184 Table 56: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 184 Table 57: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 185 Table 58: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 185 Table 59: Disaggregated by Age ...... 186 Table 60: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 186 Table 61: Disaggregated Disaggregatedby Residency Status ...... 186
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 4 Table 62: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 187 Table 63: Disaggregated by Age ...... 187 Table 64: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 188 Table 65: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 188 Table 66: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 188 Table 67: Disaggregated by Age ...... 189 Table 68: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 189 Table 69: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 190 Table 70: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 190 Table 71: Disaggregated by Age ...... 191 Table 72: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 191 Table 73: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 191 Table 74: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 192 Table 75: Disaggregated by Age ...... 192 Table 76: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 193 Table 77: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 193 Table 78: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 193 Table 79: Disaggregated by Age ...... 194 Table 80: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 194 Table 81: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 195 Table 82: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 195 Table 83: Disaggregated by Age ...... 196 Table 84: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 196 Table 85: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 196 Table 86: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 197 Table 87: Disaggregated by Age ...... 198 Table 88: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 198 Table 89: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 199 Table 90: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 199 Table 91: Disaggregated by Age ...... 200 Table 92: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 200 Table 93: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 200
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 5 Table 94: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 201 Table 95: Disaggregated by Age ...... 201 Table 96: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 202 Table 97: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 202 Table 98: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 202 Table 99: Disaggregated by Age ...... 203 Table 100: Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity ...... 203 Table 101: Disaggregated by Residency Status ...... 204 Table 102: Disaggregated by Educational Level ...... 204
FIGURES Figure 1: Public Service Improvement (Total) ...... 21 Figure 2: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group) ...... 22 Figure 3: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 23 Figure 4: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Total) ...... 25 Figure 5: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Total) ...... 27 Figure 6: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Total) ...... 29 Figure 7: Ratings of Government Performance of Public Services (Total) ...... 32 Figure 8: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Total) ...... 32 Figure 9: Sewer Service Improvement (Total) ...... 33 Figure 10: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Total) ...... 33 Figure 11: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Total) ...... 34 Figure 12: Solid Waste Service Improvement (Total) ...... 34 Figure 13: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Total) ...... 35 Figure 14: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Total) ...... 36 Figure 15: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Total) ...... 36 Figure 16: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Total) ...... 37 Figure 17: Water Service Improvement (Total) ...... 37 Figure 18: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Total)...... 38 Figure 19: Social and Traditional Media Use (Total) ...... 40 Figure 20: Public Service Improvement (Anbar) ...... 52 Figure 21: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Anbar) ...... 53 Figure 22: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Anbar) ...... 54
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 6 Figure 23: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Anbar) ...... 55 Figure 24: Rating Performance of Anbar Province Services ...... 56 Figure 25: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Anbar) ...... 57 Figure 26: Water Service Improvement (Anbar) ...... 57 Figure 27: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Anbar) ...... 58 Figure 28: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Anbar) ...... 58 Figure 29: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Anbar) ...... 59 Figure 30: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Anbar) ...... 59 Figure 31: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Anbar)...... 60 Figure 32: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Anbar) ...... 60 Figure 33: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Anbar) ...... 61 Figure 34: Sewer Service Improvement (Anbar) ...... 61 Figure 35: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Anbar)...... 62 Figure 36: Public Service Improvement (Babil) ...... 71 Figure 37: Citizen Satisfaction with Government Service Delivery (Babil)...... 72 Figure 38: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Babil) ...... 73 Figure 39: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Babil) ...... 73 Figure 40: Performance Rating of Babil Public Services ...... 74 Figure 41: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Babil) ...... 75 Figure 42: Water Service Improvement (Babil)...... 75 Figure 43: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Babil) ...... 76 Figure 44: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Babil) ...... 76 Figure 45: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Babil) ...... 77 Figure 46: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Babil) ...... 77 Figure 47: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Babil) ...... 78 Figure 48: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Babil) ...... 78 Figure 49: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Babil) ...... 79 Figure 50: Sewer Service Improvement (Babil) ...... 79 Figure 51: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Babil) ...... 80 Figure 52: Citizen Access to Sewer Services (Babil, Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 80 Figure 53: Public Service Improvement (Basrah) ...... 90 Figure 54: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Basrah) ...... 91 Figure 55: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Basrah) ...... 91
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 7 Figure 56: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Basrah) ...... 92 Figure 57: Performance Rating of Basrah Public Services ...... 93 Figure 58: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Basrah) ...... 94 Figure 59: Water Service Improvement (Basrah) ...... 94 Figure 60: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Basrah) ...... 95 Figure 61: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Basrah) ...... 95 Figure 62: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Basrah) ...... 96 Figure 63: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Basrah) ...... 96 Figure 64: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah) ...... 97 Figure 65: Sewer Service Improvement (Basrah) ...... 97 Figure 66: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Basrah) ...... 98 Figure 67: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group) ...... 98 Figure 68: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah, Disaggregated by Residency Status) 99 Figure 69: Public Service Improvement (Badghdad) ...... 108 Figure 70: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Baghdad) ...... 109 Figure 71: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Baghdad) ...... 109 Figure 72: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Baghdad) ...... 110 Figure 73: Performance Ratings of Baghdad Public Services ...... 111 Figure 74: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Baghdad) ...... 112 Figure 75: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Baghdad) ...... 112 Figure 76: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad) ...... 113 Figure 77: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Baghdad) ...... 113 Figure 78: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad) ...... 114 Figure 79: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group) ...... 114 Figure 80: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Baghdad)...... 115 Figure 81: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Baghdad) ...... 115 Figure 82: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Baghdad) ...... 116 Figure 83: Sewer Service Improvement (Baghdad) ...... 116 Figure 84: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Baghdad)...... 117 Figure 85: Citizen Access to Sewer Services (Baghdad Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 117 Figure 86: Public Service Improvement (Ninewa) ...... 128 Figure 87: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Ninewa) ...... 128
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 8 Figure 88: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Ninewa) ...... 129 Figure 89: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Ninewa) ...... 130 Figure 90: Performance Ratings of Ninewa's Public Services ...... 131 Figure 91: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Ninewa) ...... 132 Figure 92: Water Service Improvement (Ninewa) ...... 132 Figure 93: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Ninewa) ...... 133 Figure 94: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Ninewa) ...... 134 Figure 95: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Ninewa) ...... 134 Figure 96: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Waste Management Services (Ninewa) ...... 135 Figure 97: Citizen Access to Solid Waste Management Services (Ninewa, Disaggregated by Residency Status) ...... 135 Figure 98: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Ninewa) ...... 136 Figure 99: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Ninewa, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group)...... 136 Figure 100: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Ninewa) ...... 137 Figure 101: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Ninewa) ...... 137 Figure 102: Sewer System Improvement (Ninewa) ...... 138 Figure 103: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Ninewa) ...... 138 Figure 104: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Ninewa, Disggregated by Residency Status) ...... 139
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 9 ACRONYMS
BI Basic Indicators DAI DAI Global, LLC DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix GOI Government of Iraq IDP Internally Displaced Person IGPA Iraq Governance and Performance Accountability IOM International Organization for Migration M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEL Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning NGO Nongovernmental Organization POS Public Opinion Survey USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PROJECT BACKGROUND The Iraq Governance and Performance Accountability (IGPA/Takamul) project (“Takamul” means “integration” in Arabic) supports the Government of Iraq (GOI) in its efforts to bolster fiscal stability while improving the delivery of basic services. The project seeks to help the government build capacity to facilitate its service delivery, to assist provincial and national authorities improve public financial management, and to work with a variety of stakeholders to strengthen monitoring and oversight of service delivery and public spending.
PURPOSE OF THE PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY This Public Opinion Survey was commissioned by IGPA/Takamul to gauge the public’s level of satisfaction with four basic services in Iraq – water, electricity, sewage and solid waste management – and with the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ needs in terms of these services. The survey also seeks to measure the population’s involvement in the decision-making process for specific public services. The findings from the survey will allow IGPA/Takamul to determine the progress made towards achieving the goals of its cooperative programs with the Government of Iraq. At the same time, based on the survey results, this report offers recommendations on how the country can improve its service delivery and expand its governance capacity, while also strengthening accountability. Specifically, the survey seeks to do the following: • Evaluate the Iraqi people’s degree of trust in the ability of provincial authorities to deliver basic services according to the needs of the population • Evaluate the people’s level of satisfaction with the actions, activities, performance, and communication strategy of the provincial or local government • Measure people’s awareness of the services provided by the government and their satisfaction level with the government’s ability to convey information about basic service provision • Lay the groundwork for assessing the relationship between citizen participation in government decision-making and improved outcomes in terms of public financial management and use of resources to deliver needed services • Explore how social service accessibility and attitudes may vary across different demographic groups as defined by, gender, ethnicity, religious or sectarian identity, household characteristics, age, educational background, and occupation The results of this survey, as based on the parameters listed above, will serve as benchmarks for six basic performance indicators (BI). IGPA/Takamul will use these indicators to measure progress towards achieving its defined objectives over the course of the program. The six indicators are: 1. Percentage of citizens who report government services have improved; 2. Percentage of citizens who report satisfaction with IGPA/Takamul-supported service delivery platforms; 3. Percentage of the population that considers the provincial or local government’s gathering of citizens’ input as adequate; 4. Percentage of the population that trusts the local government to do what is right almost always or most of the time;
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 11 5. Percentage of the population that rates the local government’s performance as good or excellent; and 6. Access of the population to good-quality services in accordance with national standards.
METHODS AND LIMITATIONS From August 5 to September 5, 2018, IGPA/Takamul subcontractor 4points Group dispatched 31 survey teams, comprising a total of 62 field data collectors, across five key provinces across Iraq: Anbar, Babil, Baghdad, Basrah, and Ninewa. They conducted 3,342 surveys and included in the sample population as many religious and ethnic minority groups as possible, including Christians, Shabak, and Black Iraqis, to reflect the diversity of the country’s population. 4points also sought to incorporate individuals of various legal and residency status in the survey population, including host community members, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and returnees. Conducting a large-scale survey in Iraq presents greater challenges than those typically faced in other countries, with different kinds of challenges arising in different parts of the country. The security situation throughout Iraq presented particular difficulties, both broadly and specifically. The recent liberation of certain areas of the country from ISIS control created a fluid security situation in some of the provinces where 4points undertook survey activities, which affected access to some districts. Moreover, due to the sensitive nature of the questions being asked, some individuals, notably those of certain religious and ethnic minority groups, were reluctant or unwilling to participate in the survey or to answer some of the questions. For example, some respondents in Basrah and Baghdad were sensitive to questions pertaining to their possible participation in public demonstrations over the poor quality of basic services, which were ongoing at the time of the survey’s implementation. Some individuals appeared worried about implicating themselves or saying anything that could be used by the government to target them. Despite the intense technical requirements of conducting a survey of this size and breadth, the technical elements in the survey ran without any major problems. The largest technical obstacle faced by the technical team arose out of the country’s slow and spotty Internet service. Teams were not always able to upload surveys immediately following the completion of an interview because of the lack of Internet access. The lack of reliable, consistent service sometimes made it difficult to manage electronic survey implementation.
FINDINGS The survey results show that Iraqi citizens generally do not believe that basic services have improved in recent years. Only 16.16% of respondents say they think services have improved over the last three years, while 83.84% say they have not improved. The percentage of citizens who report government services have improved represents the first basic indicator (Basic Indicator1) of the IGPA/Takamul project, reflecting one of its main goals, to help the country improve its delivery of water, electricity, sewage, and waste management services. While the vast majority of respondents have access to government-provided electricity (94.20%) and water (96.47%) systems in their area, access to government-run sewage and solid waste management systems is much lower, at 55.30% and 60.86%, respectively. These figures comprise Basic Indicator 6, which measures access to quality services according to national standards. In addition, fewer than one- third feel that the government’s performance in delivering these services has improved over the last
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 12 year, with 31.47% saying the government has improved its delivery of solid waste management, and 22.67% and 31.67% saying the same of sewage services and water services, respectively. Citizens’ trust in provincial and local governments’ ability to deliver public services (Basic Indicator 4) is similarly low. A mere 1.53% say they trust the government “a lot” to deliver services, 15.80% trust it “somewhat”; while 28.90% trust it “just a little” and a majority, 50.87%, do not trust the government “at all” to deliver essential services. A majority of survey respondents also express dissatisfaction generally with the way that the government delivers public services (Basic Indicator 2). A total 33.69% indicate they are “not very” satisfied with the government’s performance, while 42.58% saying they are “not at all” satisfied. In contrast, a mere 1.29% of respondents report being “very” satisfied with the government’s delivery of services and 21.54% are “fairly” satisfied. Iraqi citizens list their top three priorities as electricity (30.28%), water (25.93%), and health (13.38%). Although water systems and electricity grids are widely available across the surveyed areas, respondents consistently report the quality of these services as “very bad” or “poor.” Iraqis get information on public services from an array of online and traditional sources. Facebook is the most popular social media channel cited by respondents for getting notifications and sharing information on public services and service delivery, and this is particularly true among younger people aged 18 to 29 years. A relatively large share of respondents also rely on traditional media, such as television and radio to get information on basic services, in Ninewa and Anbar provinces, for example, 27.71% and 11.00% of respondents, respectively, report using these as sources of information. Pollution and poor conservation practices remain major problems in Iraq, due largely to a combination of lack of awareness or concern for the environment, and a lack of accountability. In some instances, the unavailability of public services seems to be prompting individuals to maximize use of resources such as electricity or to hoard resources when they are sporadically available. A very low percentage of respondents (6.58%) admit to participating in public demonstrations due to discontent with public services. However, it is likely that these numbers have been underreported, given the sensitivity of the issue and ongoing protests in parts of southern and central Iraq. Notably, despite the generally low reported rates of participation, respondents in Basrah and Baghdad report protesting at much higher rates than their counterparts in Ninewa, Anbar, or Babil.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Given its relatively high rates of usage across respondents surveyed, Facebook offers a promising platform for engaging Iraqi citizens in provincial and local government decision-making processes pertaining to public services and service delivery. In addition, traditional media outlets, specifically television, radio, and print advertisement, could be leveraged alongside social media to maximize the effectiveness of IGPA/Takamul-designed interventions aimed at improving provincial and national government public financial management, and strengthening monitoring and oversight of service delivery and public spending. As overall social media use is highest among younger people (18-29 years old), Facebook can be used to cultivate thought leadership and to empower youth to become more involved in their communities especially on the issue of basic services. This in turn can increase citizen involvement in the decision-making process and thereby public trust in the government.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 13 Given that lack of awareness is cited as a main reason behind people’s failure to protect basic resources, social and traditional media could serve as potent tools to educate citizens about the importance of conservation and proper use of natural resources. Targeted campaigns based on survey findings could more effectively relay information to specific demographics, including youth and vulnerable groups such as internally displaced persons and religious and ethnic minorities. Finally, a program to create community-based jobs could serve the dual function of tackling high rates of unemployment across the provinces and addressing gaps in basic services, especially for sewage and solid waste management. Large-scale infrastructure projects to build new and better facilities to deliver such basic services could also generate much-needed jobs for Iraqi citizens.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 14 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND The Iraq Governance and Performance Accountability (IGPA/Takamul) Project supports the Government of Iraq (GOI) in its efforts to bolster fiscal stability while improving the delivery of basic services. The project seeks to help the government build capacity to facilitate its service delivery, to assist provincial and national authorities improve public financial management, and to work with a variety of stakeholders to strengthen monitoring and oversight of service delivery and public spending. This report fulfills a requirement of IGPA/Takamul’s Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning (MEL) Plan to conduct annual public opinion surveys to measure progress on a goal-level indicator: the percentage of citizens reporting improvements to public services, including water, electricity, sewage, and solid waste management (Basic Indicator 1). This survey also measures five other indicators related to the provision of basic services in Iraq. These six basic performance indicators (BI) together will serve as benchmarks for IGPA/Takamul to gauge progress towards achieving the objectives for its Iraq program over the course of the program. The six indicators are: 1. Percentage of citizens who report government services have improved 2. Percentage of citizens who report satisfaction with IGPA/Takamul-supported service delivery platforms 3. Percentage of the population that considers the provincial or local government’s gathering of citizens’ input as adequate 4. Percentage of the population that trusts the local government to do what is right almost always or most of the time 5. Percentage of the population that rates the local government’s performance as good or excellent 6. Access of the population to good-quality services in accordance with national standards
OBJECTIVE IGPA/Takamul commissioned this Public Opinion Survey to gauge the public’s level of satisfaction with four basic services in Iraq – water, electricity, sewage and solid waste management – and with the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ needs in terms of these services. The survey also seeks to measure the population’s involvement in the decision-making process for specific public services. The findings from the survey will allow IGPA/Takamul to determine the progress made towards achieving the goals of its cooperative programs with the Government of Iraq. At the same time, based on the survey results, this report offers recommendations on how the country can improve its service delivery and expand its governance capacity, while also strengthening accountability. Specifically, the survey seeks to do the following: • Evaluate the Iraqi people’s degree of trust in the ability of provincial authorities to deliver basic services according to the needs of the population • Evaluate the people’s level of satisfaction with the actions, activities, performance, and communication strategy of the provincial or local government • Measure people’s awareness of the services provided by the government and their satisfaction level with the government’s ability to convey information about basic service provision
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 15 • Lay the groundwork for assessing the relationship between citizen participation in government decision-making and improved outcomes in terms of public financial management and use of resources to deliver needed services • Explore how social service accessibility and attitudes may vary across different demographic groups as defined by, gender, ethnicity, religious or sectarian identity, household characteristics, age, educational background, and occupation METHODOLOGY
SURVEY DESIGN The primary component of this survey is comprised of interviews with 3,342 individuals in five key Iraqi provinces: Anbar, Babil, Baghdad, Basrah, and Ninewa. The survey sought to answer questions pertaining to citizens’ satisfaction with public services through a mix of open-ended, ordinal, dichotomous, and nominal questions. The survey was administered in interview format by trained field data collectors between August 5 and September 5, 2018. Field data collectors read an introductory note to all respondents before they began data collection and the questionnaire part of the survey. The note explained the goals of the survey and provided a charter of respondents’ rights along with contact information for quality-control purposes.1 Subcontractor 4points designed a comprehensive survey instrument, or questionnaire, covering the four key sectors of interest with input from IGPA/Takamul’s prime contractor, DAI. Importantly, the survey was specifically designed to establish baseline data on citizens’ perceptions of government services. Thus, the results of the survey can be used to complement subsequent surveying efforts.
SAMPLING The original sample size was calculated using the standard formula below, which is an adaptation of Cochran’s (1977) formula: Wherein: • Z is a score assigned based on a data confidence level of 99% having to do with standard deviations • P is the estimated proportion of the attributes we are surveying that are present in the population • E is the desired margin of error • N is the population size of the areas being sampled
For this survey, 4points used population data from the 2011 census and adjusted it based on displacement and returnee statistics as of May 31, 2018,2 resulting in an overall population (N) estimate of 14,723,524 people for the five provinces. Therefore, N =14,723,524.
1 Refer to Annex C, “Survey Questionnaire,” for further information. 2 “Displacement Tracking Matrix,” International Organization for Migration, Accessed May 3, 2018, http://iraqdtm.iom.int/IDPsML.aspx.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 16 The Z-score for a 99% confidence level was 2.58. For P, we assumed that half of the families would have the attributes in question, which gave us maximum variability. P, for our estimation purposes, equaled 0.5. For E, we dropped below the usual 3% tolerance level by increasing the sample size, thereby using a 2.3% margin of error. Based on the aforementioned assumptions, the total sample size came to 3,146, using Cochran’s method for calculating sample size with a 2.3% margin of error. As 4points was responsible for identifying all members of the sampled groups, the surveyors included members of the marginalized groups targeted. These surveyors helped to facilitate introductions to neighborhoods and groups hesitant to participate in the surveys, such as ethnic and religious minorities. This approach enabled 4points to reach all populations projected in the surveying plan. The following is a breakdown of the target survey population in the five provinces, as defined in the methodology approved by DAI: Anbar (IDPs/Host Community/Returnees) (Muslims) • 283 total respondents (141 male, 142 female) • Total provincial population. – 1,297,862 (8.81% of total sample size) Babil (IDPs/Host Community/Returnees) (Muslims) • 378 total respondents (189 male, 189 female) • Total provincial population – 1,785,822 (12.13%) Baghdad (IDPs/Host Community/Returnees) (Muslims/Christians) • 1,510 respondents (755 male, 755 female) • Total provincial population – 7,026,268 (47.72%) Basrah (IDPs/Host Community/Returnees) (Muslims/Black Iraqis) • 535 total respondents (267 male, 268 female) • Total provincial population – 2,532,000 (17.20%) Ninewa (IDPs/Host Community/Returnees) (Muslims/Yezidis/Christians/Other) • 440 total respondents (220 male, 220 female) • Total provincial population – 2,081,572 (14.14%) Total Estimated Survey Sample: 3,146 (100.00%) At the time of the submission of the technical proposal for the survey, the population of Iraq was estimated to exceed 34 million people. Due to the constant movement and displacement of the country’s citizens, accurate provincial data and people’s exact locations are nearly impossible to ascertain. Relying on historical population data coupled with International Organization of Migration (IOM) estimates of displacement, 4points presented the following suggestions of survey distribution based on host community and internally displaced person (IDP) populations within the five provinces:
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 17 Table 1: Distribution of Survey Sample Over Five Target Provinces Province Province Displacement Est, Population % of Est # of Population as from Provinces as of May 31, Total Surveys of Jan 7, as of May 31, 2018 Factoring 20113 20184 in Displacement Anbar 1,561,400 263,538 1,297,862 9.00% 283 Babil 1,820,700 34,878 1,785,822 12.00% 378 Baghdad 7,055,200 28,932 7,026,268 48.00% 1,510 Basrah 2,532,000 0 2,532,000 17.00% 535 Ninewa 3,270,400 1,188,828 2,081,572 14.00% 440
TOTALS 14,723,524 3,146
Table 2: Distribution of Surveys between IDP and Host Community Members within Five Target Provinces
Province Est. # of IDP Pop. % of Pop. # of # of Surveys Total # of Surveys IDP Survey for for Host Surveys IDPs Community Members Anbar 283 81,192 6.00% 17 266 283 Babil 378 25,794 1.00% 4 374 378 Baghdad 1,510 107,832 2.00% 30 1,480 1,510 Basrah 535 8,046 0.00% 0 535 535 Ninewa 440 620,628 30.00% 132 308 440
3,146 3,146
Within the provinces and among the internally displaced persons and host community groups, 4points collected data samples employing a multistage stratified random sampling procedure. This procedure divided the population into characteristics of importance for surveying (e.g., provinces, gender, religious/ethnic minority, IDP/host community). By splitting the population into various distinct segments, this ensures that all intended categories of targeted population groups were proportionately represented in the sample.
3 “Governorates of Iraq.” Wikipedia, last modified September 17, 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iraq. 4 “Displacement Tracking Matrix,” International Organization for Migration, Accessed May 3, 2018, http://iraqdtm.iom.int/IDPsML.aspx.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 18 LIMITATIONS Conducting a large-scale survey in Iraq presents greater challenges than those typically faced in other countries, and the types of challenges that arose varied throughout the country. The security situation throughout Iraq presented particular challenges, both broadly and specifically. The recent liberation of certain areas of the country from ISIS control created a fluid security situation in some of the provinces where 4points undertook survey activities, which affected access to some districts. Some areas in Ninewa and Anbar controlled by militias (e.g., Babylon Brigade) were also inaccessible to survey teams (e.g., Bashiqa Town, al-Qa’im Town). While the 4points team was able to navigate these challenges to conduct an effective and wide-ranging survey, certain areas known to have been historically inhabited by Christians, Yazidis, and Kaka’i could not be included in the survey sample (e.g., Tel Afar, Sinjar). In areas that remained accessible, teams were often questioned by security services or police. In some cases, Iraqi government authorities denied access to survey teams (e.g., Makhmur, Mergasor District). As a result, survey activities could not be carried out in these areas. 4points was not able to obtain formal approval from the Iraqi government to conduct survey activities because of the sensitive nature of the survey questions. Given the overwhelmingly negative trends (aggregated and disaggregated by age, gender, religion and ethnic group, and educational levels) in citizens’ perception, trust, and satisfaction that pervaded feedback across all five provinces, it is unlikely that the exclusion of certain districts affected the report’s findings. Moreover, due to the sensitive nature of the questions being asked, some individuals, notably those of certain religious and ethnic minority groups, were reluctant or unwilling to participate in the survey or to answer some of the questions. For example, some respondents in Basrah and Baghdad were sensitive to questions pertaining to their possible participation in public demonstrations over the poor quality of basic services, which were ongoing at the time of the survey’s implementation. Some individuals appeared worried about implicating themselves or saying anything that could be used by the government to target them. Despite the intense technical requirements of conducting a survey of this size and breadth, the technical elements in the survey ran without any major problems. The largest technical obstacle faced by the technical team arose out of the country’s slow and spotty Internet service. Teams were not always able to upload surveys immediately following the completion of an interview because of the lack of Internet access. The lack of reliable, consistent service sometimes made it difficult to manage electronic survey implementation.
DEMOGRAPHICS Field data collectors working in teams of two conducted 3,342 interviews in five key Iraqi provinces. Sample population sizes for each province reflect the most recent demographic data available for the country at the time of the survey design; sample survey populations were determined so as to ensure representativeness, consistent with the methodology outlined prior to the onset of fieldwork in August 2018.5 The demographics of the sample are described below.
5 See Annex B for Methodology
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 19 Location by province
Respondents from Anbar comprise 9.84% of the overall survey sample population; 11.79% are from Babil; 46.86% are from Baghdad, 17.38% from Basrah, and 14.12% from Ninewa.
Location by district Survey teams conducted interviews with residents of 32 districts in the five provinces.
Status of residency (IDP, host community member, returnee) Host community members comprise 85.82% of the individuals surveyed (43.06% female/42.76% male). Internally displaced persons comprised 5.77% (2.87% female/2.90% male), and returnees, 8.41% (4.16% female/4.25% male).
Age group (18-70 years) A plurality of the respondents, 40.25%, are between the ages of 18 and 29 years (19.54% female/20.71% male). Individuals aged 30-39 years comprise the second-largest group of respondents (23.76%; 11.46% female/12.30% male). A total of 18.61% of respondents are aged 40-49 years (10.26 female/8.35% male), 11.97 percent are 50-59 years old (6.19% female/5.77% male), and 5.42% are 60 years or older (2.63% female/2.78% male).
Level of education Of the total respondents, 26.39% (13.41% female/12.99% male) are university graduates. Some 22.38% (11.64% female/10.74% male) have only primary school education. High school graduates comprise 18.61% (8.92% female/9.69% male) of those surveyed, and those with a middle school level of education make up 14.15% (5.83% female/ 8.32% male). Individuals with an institute-level education account for 10.56% (4.61% female/5.95% male), and those with no formal schooling, 6.19% (5.06% female/1.14% male). A small minority, 1.71% (0.63% female/1.08% male), are technical school graduates.
Professional/economic status Disaggregated by professional and economic status, 32.35% (17.06% female/15.29% male) of the respondents report being unemployed at the time of the survey. A total of 10.32% (4.55% female/5.77% male) are students, 11.70% (11.67% female/0.03% male) are homemakers, 14.54% (6.34% female /8.20% male) work for the government (non-military/police). Some 10.80% (3.26% female/7.54% male) are employed in the private sector, 6.58% (0.06% female/6.52% male) are daily wage earners, 5.66% (3.32% female/2.33% male) work in health services, 5.42% (3.26% female/2.15% male) work in the education sector, 2.03% (0.54% female/1.50% male) are retired, 0.51%% (0.03% female/0.06% male) are part of the civil society sector.
Gender The gender distribution of the survey respondents reflects the overall gender distribution in Iraq. Female respondents comprise 50.09% of the total survey sample and male respondents, 49.91%.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 20 Religion/ethnicity Muslims account for a significant majority, 94.31% (47.22% female/47.10% male), of the survey respondents. Christians account for 4.22% (2.12% female/2.09% male), Black Iraqis, 0.93% (0.48% female/0.45% male), and Shabaks, 0.54% (0.27% female/0.27% male). FINDINGS
The Public Opinion Survey collected a large amount of data for the six basic indicators, as well as relevant findings related to perceptions of the quality of the four target public services. These are organized and presented below. The first section consolidates and summarizes the findings by basic indicator, public service, and other noteworthy findings, such as participation in public protests over public service provision and use of social media to obtain information about public services. The second section provides detailed findings, organized by type of public service. The last section, Provincial Profiles, provides the summary and detailed findings for each of the five provinces surveyed.
CONSOLIDATED FINDINGS
SUMMARY OF INDICATORS
Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved Of the total respondents, 16.16% of citizens surveyed believe that government services have improved over the last three years. A majority of respondents, 83.84%, do not think they have improved.
Figure 1: Public Service Improvement (Total)
Have government services in general improved over
90.00% the last three years? Total 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% No, 83.84% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Yes, 16.16% No Yes
Overall, while respondents do not think services have improved over the last three years, Shabaks demonstrate the most optimism, with 38.89% saying they think services have improved. In contrast, 23.40% of Christians and 15.86 percent of Muslims think they have. Most strikingly, none (0) of the Black Iraqis surveyed think that government services have improved.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 21 Figure 2: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group)
Have government services in general improved over the last three years?
100.00%
80.00%
60.00% Yes 40.00% No 20.00%
0.00% Black Iraqi Christian Muslim Shabak Yes 0.00% 23.40% 15.86% 38.89% No 100.00% 76.60% 84.14% 61.11%
Among host community members, internally displaced persons, and returnees, returnees are the most optimistic regarding long-term improvements in public services. A majority of returnees, 52.67% think that services have improved over the last three years, compared to only 12.52% of host community members and 17.10% of IDPs. Those with an institute-level education are the most optimistic about improvements in services, with 20.68% believing that services have improved over the last three years. A total of 19.81% of respondents with no formal schooling felt the same. University graduates are the least optimistic in regard to long- term improvements, with only 11.56% reporting that they think service quality has improved over the last three years.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 22 Figure 3: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Residency Status)
Have government services in general improved from the past three years?
Host Community Internally 100.00% Member, 12.52% Displaced Person, 17.10% 80.00% Returnee, 52.67%
60.00% Host Community Internally Yes Member, 87.48% Displaced Person, 40.00% 82.90% No Returnee, 47.33% 20.00%
0.00% Host Community Internally Returnee Member Displaced Person
Additional disaggregation by age, religion/ethnicity, residency status, and educational level is presented below.
Table 3: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Age) HAVE GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN GENERAL IMPROVED FROM THE PAST THREE YEARS? No Yes Grand Total 18 – 29 Years Old 84.54% 15.46% 100.00% 30 – 39 Years Old 83.63% 16.37% 100.00% 40 – 49 Years Old 83.44% 16.56% 100.00% 50 – 59 Years Old 82.50% 17.50% 100.00% 60 – 75 Years Old 83.98% 16.02% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 83.84% 16.16% 100.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 23 Table 4: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) HAVE GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN GENERAL IMPROVED FROM THE PAST THREE YEARS? No Yes Grand Total Black Iraqi 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% Christian 76.60% 23.40% 100.00% Muslim 84.14% 15.86% 100.00% Shabak 61.11% 38.89% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 83.84% 16.16% 100.00%
Table 5: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Residency Status) HAVE GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN GENERAL IMPROVED FROM THE PAST THREE YEARS? No Yes Grand Total Host Community Member 87.48% 12.52% 100.00% IDP 82.90% 17.10% 100.00% Returnee 47.33% 52.67% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 83.84% 16.16% 100.00%
Table 6: Public Service Improvement (Disaggregated by Educational Level) HAVE GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN GENERAL IMPROVED FROM THE PAST THREE YEARS?
No Yes Grand Total High School 80.39% 19.61% 100.00% Institute 79.32% 20.68% 100.00% Middle School Only 82.88% 17.12% 100.00% No Formal School 80.19% 19.81% 100.00% Primary School Only 84.76% 15.24% 100.00% Technical Institute 87.72% 12.28% 100.00% University 88.44% 11.56% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 83.84% 16.16% 100.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 24 Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms Of the total respondents, 22.83% of survey participants in the five provinces are “very” (1.29%) or “fairly” (21.54%) satisfied with the Iraqi government’s delivery of services. The majority, 76.27%, are “not at all” or “not very” satisfied with government service delivery. Returnees are the most satisfied residency group, with 51.60% reporting being “fairly” or “very” satisfied with public service delivery, compared with 29.02% of internally displaced persons and 19.60% of host community members.
Figure 4: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Total)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
0.90% 1.29%
33.69% 21.54%
42.58%
Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied
By age group, younger respondents (18-29 years old) are somewhat more satisfied with government service delivery (23.94% are “fairly” or “very” satisfied) than older respondents. Forty- to 49-year-olds are the least satisfied overall, with only 21.06% reporting being “fairly” or “very” satisfied. Disaggregating by religion and ethnicity, 40.43% of Christians, 33.33 % of Shabaks, and 22.18% of Muslim, are “fairly” or “very” satisfied with government service delivery. Only 3.23% of Black Iraqis report satisfaction, while 96.77% say they are “not at all” or “not very” satisfied. Respondents with no formal schooling report the highest level of satisfaction, with 28.50% being “fairly” or “very” satisfied with government service delivery. Those with a primary school education report the lowest general satisfaction; only 17.11% say they are “fairly” or “very” satisfied with government service performance. Additional disaggregation by age, religion/ethnicity, residency status, and educational level is presented below.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 25 Table 7: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Age) HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE WAY THE GOVERNMENT DELIVERS SERVICES IN GENERAL?
Do not Not very Not at all Fairly Very Grand know satisfied satisfied satisfied satisfied Total 18 – 29 Years Old 0.89% 31.75% 43.42% 23.27% 0.67% 100.00% 30 – 39 Years Old 0.76% 37.03% 40.93% 20.28% 1.01% 100.00% 40 – 49 Years Old 0.48% 34.08% 44.37% 19.29% 1.77% 100.00% 50 – 59 Years Old 1.75% 32.25% 41.75% 22.00% 2.25% 100.00% 60 – 75 Years Old 1.10% 35.36% 39.23% 20.99% 3.31% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 0.90% 33.69% 42.58% 21.54% 1.29% 100.00%
Table 8: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE WAY THE GOVERNMENT DELIVERS SERVICES IN GENERAL?
Do not Not very Not at all Fairly Very Grand Total know satisfied satisfied satisfied satisfied Black Iraqi 0.00% 61.29% 35.48% 3.23% 0.00% 100.00% Christian 2.13% 39.72% 17.73% 39.72% 0.71% 100.00% Muslim 0.86% 33.09% 43.88% 20.84% 1.33% 100.00% Shabak 0.00% 44.44% 22.22% 33.33% 0.00% 100.00% GRAND 0.90% 33.69% 42.58% 21.54% 1.29% 100.00% TOTAL
Table 9: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Residency Status) HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE WAY THE GOVERNMENT DELIVERS SERVICES IN GENERAL?
Do not Not very Not at all Fairly Very Grand know satisfied satisfied satisfied satisfied Total Host Community 0.94% 35.04% 44.42% 19.00% 0.59% 100.00% Member IDP 0.00% 25.39% 45.60% 19.69% 9.33% 100.00% Returnee 1.07% 25.62% 21.71% 48.75% 2.85% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 0.90% 33.69% 42.58% 21.54% 1.29% 100.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 26 Table 10: Public Service Satisfaction (Disaggregated by Educational Level) HOW SATISFIED ARE YOU WITH THE WAY THE GOVERNMENT DELIVERS SERVICES IN GENERAL?
Do not Not very Not at all Fairly Very Grand know satisfied satisfied satisfied satisfied Total High School 1.45% 32.96% 40.35% 23.79% 1.45% 100.00% Institute 0.57% 43.91% 34.28% 20.40% 0.85% 100.00% Middle School Only 0.85% 35.31% 46.30% 16.28% 1.27% 100.00% No Formal School 0.97% 26.57% 43.96% 23.19% 5.31% 100.00% Primary School Only 0.53% 32.09% 50.27% 16.04% 1.07% 100.00% Technical Institute 0.00% 31.58% 43.86% 24.56% 0.00% 100.00% University 1.02% 32.43% 38.55% 27.32% 0.68% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 0.90% 33.69% 42.58% 21.54% 1.29% 100.00%
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input in Decision-Making Overall, respondents have a negative perception of provincial/local governments’ efforts to gather citizens’ input. In addition, populations are largely unaware of opportunities to provide such input. Only 31.96% of all survey respondents know where to submit complaints about sewer and solid waste management, and a mere 9.58% report having done so. Of this group, 6.35% rate government responsiveness to their complaint “good” or “excellent.” A total of 23.55% rate the responsiveness “fair,” while the majority of respondents, 70.10% rate government responsiveness to their complaints as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 5: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Total)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 9.58%
No, 90.42%
No Yes
By age group, 50-59 years old age group is the most likely to submit a complaint regarding public services, with 16.77% reporting they have done so. Eighteen- to -29-year-olds are the least likely; only 10.06% had done so. Of those who have, 18-29 years old age group reports the highest satisfaction with government
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 27 responsiveness, with 7.73% rating it “good” or “excellent.” On the other hand, 40-49 years old age group rates it the lowest, with only 3.92% rating responsiveness “good” or “excellent.” Shabaks are the most likely to submit complaints, with 17.86% having done so. Christians are the least likely to complain, with only 7.08% having done so. Shabaks rate the government’s responsiveness the best: 10.00% rate it “good” or “excellent.” Black Iraqis are the least satisfied overall in terms of government responsiveness to citizens’ complaints. Of those who submitted complaints, 80.00% rate it “very bad” or “poor” and 10.00% rate it “fair.” Host community members are the most likely to submit complaints, with 13.94% reporting they have done so. Internally displaced persons are the least likely (only 4.40% have). Of those who have submitted complaints, returnees rate government responsiveness better than host community members or IDPs; 16.39% of returnees rate it as “good” or as “excellent,” compared to 5.68% of host community members and 15.38% of internally displaced persons. At the same time, host community members are the least satisfied overall with government responsiveness to their complaints, with 71.89% rating it “very bad” or “poor.” A total of 65.38% of IDPs and 60.66% of returnees rate it the same. Additional disaggregation is provided below.
Table 11: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Age) HOW DO YOU RATE THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT WITH CITIZEN COMPLAINTS? Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent 18 – 29 YEARS OLD 29% 35% 29% 8% 0% 30 – 39 YEARS OLD 34% 38% 21% 7% 1% 40 – 49 YEARS OLD 38% 42% 16% 4% 0% 50 – 59 YEARS OLD 35% 38% 21% 6% 0% 60 – 75 YEARS OLD 41% 34% 21% 3% 1%
Table 12: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Residency Status) HOW DO YOU RATE THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT WITH CITIZEN COMPLAINTS? Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent Host Community Member 33.3% 38.6% 22.4% 5.4% 0.3% IDP 38.5% 26.9% 19.2% 15.4% 0.0% Returnee 39.3% 21.3% 23.0% 14.8% 1.6%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 28
Table 13: Government Responsiveness (Disaggregated by Educational Level) HOW DO YOU RATE THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT WITH CITIZEN COMPLAINTS? Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent High School 28.6% 37.8% 24.3% 9.2% 0.0% Institute 21.0% 52.1% 23.1% 2.9% 0.8% Middle School Only 40.6% 33.0% 20.8% 5.7% 0.0% No Formal School 53.8% 26.9% 11.5% 5.8% 1.9% Primary School 48.3% 27.7% 17.6% 6.0% 0.4% Only Technical Institute 37.1% 34.3% 22.9% 5.7% 0.0% University 27.3% 39.7% 26.3% 6.5% 0.2%
Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Only a small minority of respondents, 1.53%, report that they fully trust the government to deliver essential services. A small majority of citizens, 50.87%, do not trust the Iraqi government “at all” to deliver services. A total of 28.90% trust the government “a little,” and 15.80% trust it “somewhat.” The remaining 2.90% “do not know” how much they trust the government.
Figure 6: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Total)
2.90% 1.53%
15.80% 50.87% 28.90%
Do not know A lot Somewhat Just a little Not at all
By age, 60-75 years old age group is the most likely to express some trust in the government; 22.65% trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” to deliver services, compared to 15.76% of 40-49 years old and 17.03% of 18-29 years old age groups. Shabaks and Muslims demonstrate the lowest levels of trust among the religious/ethnic groups surveyed. A total of 16.67% of Shabaks and 16.85% of Muslims trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 29 Similarly, 32.26% of Black Iraqis trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” to deliver services, and 24.82% of Christians report the same. Based on residency status, trust is highest among internally displaced persons (IDP), with 25.91% reporting that they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” to deliver essential services. A total of 24.20% of returnees and 16.07% of host community members report the same. Additional disaggregation by age, religion/ethnicity, residency status, and educational level is presented below.
Table 14: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Age) HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST YOUR GOVERNMENT TO DELIVER SERVICES?
Do not Not at Just a Somewhat A lot Grand Total know all little 18 – 29 Years Old 2.08% 50.56% 30.33% 15.39% 1.64% 100.00% 30 – 39 Years Old 3.27% 48.99% 30.60% 15.37% 1.76% 100.00% 40 – 49 Years Old 3.05% 57.40% 23.79% 15.11% 0.64% 100.00% 50 – 59 Years Old 4.00% 47.00% 30.25% 16.50% 2.25% 100.00% 60 – 75 Years Old 4.42% 47.51% 25.41% 21.55% 1.10% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 2.90% 50.87% 28.90% 15.80% 1.53% 100.00%
Table 15: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST YOUR GOVERNMENT TO DELIVER SERVICES?
Do not Not at all Just a little Somewhat A lot Grand know Total Black Iraqi 6.45% 61.29% 0.00% 32.26% 0.00% 100.00% Christian 8.51% 26.95% 39.72% 24.11% 0.71% 100.00% Muslim 2.60% 51.81% 28.74% 15.26% 1.59% 100.00% Shabak 5.56% 55.56% 22.22% 16.67% 0.00% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 2.90% 50.87% 28.90% 15.80% 1.53% 100.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 30 Table 16: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Residency Status) HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST YOUR GOVERNMENT TO DELIVER SERVICES?
Do not Not at Just a Somewhat A lot Grand know all little Total Host Community Member 2.09% 53.49% 28.35% 15.13% 0.94% 100.00% IDP 4.66% 35.23% 34.20% 18.13% 7.77% 100.00% Returnee 9.96% 34.88% 30.96% 21.00% 3.20% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 2.90% 50.87% 28.90% 15.80% 1.53% 100.00%
Table 17: Trust in Government (Disaggregated by Educational Level) HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST YOUR GOVERNMENT TO DELIVER SERVICES?
Do not Not at Just a little Somewhat A lot Grand know all Total High School 2.41% 49.20% 29.74% 17.04% 1.61% 100.00% Institute 1.42% 51.56% 31.16% 14.45% 1.42% 100.00% Middle School Only 2.96% 57.93% 22.20% 14.16% 2.75% 100.00% No Formal School 5.80% 45.89% 28.50% 14.01% 5.80% 100.00% Primary School Only 4.28% 56.82% 23.53% 14.57% 0.80% 100.00% Technical Institute 1.75% 43.86% 31.58% 22.81% 0.00% 100.00% University 2.04% 44.56% 35.49% 17.35% 0.57% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 2.90% 50.87% 28.90% 15.80% 1.53% 100.00%
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance Overall, survey participants rate the quality of government-provided public services poorly. Between 6.46% and 14.84% rate the quality of sewer, solid waste management, electricity, and water services as “good,” and fewer than one percent rate them “excellent.” Rather, pluralities of respondents rate the government’s performance of these services as “fair” or “poor.” Some 10.34% to 26.18% of the respondents rate the services as “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 31 Figure 7: Ratings of Government Performance of Public Services (Total)
Sewer 0.81% 11.20% 39.45% 38.20% 10.34%
13.13% Solid Waste Management 0.84% 41.54% 33.38% 11.11%
Electricity 0.78% 6.46% 25.37% 41.20% 26.18%
14.84% Water 0.84% 33.39% 29.53% 21.36%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very bad
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Access to good-quality services is largely lacking among the surveyed populations. While the government provides sewage, solid waste management, electricity, and water services in many areas, citizens generally have quite negative perceptions of the quality of these services. Generally speaking, water and electricity are much more widely available than sewage and solid waste management systems.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Sewer A total of 55.30% of respondents report having a government-provided sewer system in their area; 44.70% do not.
Figure 8: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Total)
Do you have sewer system in your area?
44.70%
55.30%
No Yes
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 32 Only 22.67% believe that the government has improved its sewage services over the last year, while 77.33% believe that it has not improved.
Figure 9: Sewer Service Improvement (Total)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
22.67%
77.33% No Yes
Some 39.45% of respondents rate government performance “fair,” 11.20% rate it “good,” and 0.81% rate it “excellent.” A total of 48.54% of respondents rate the government’s general performance of sewer services as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 10: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Total)
Excellent Very Bad 1% Good 10% 11%
Poor 38% Fair 40%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Fifty- to 59-year-olds report the lowest levels of satisfaction with the quality of government delivery of sewer services, with only 7.44% of respondents in this age group rating government performance “good” or “excellent” and 58.60% rating it “very bad” or “poor.” Eighteen- to 29-year-olds are the most optimistic, with 12.50% rating the government’s performance as “good” or “excellent” and 44.17% as “fair.” Black Iraqis are the least likely to report that government sewer services improved over the last year (only 8.33 % think they had). Shabaks are the most likely to think that they had improved, at 50.00 %. Black Iraqis, perhaps unsurprisingly, are most likely to rate general performance quality of sewer services as “poor” or “very bad” (58.33%), whereas Christians are the most likely to rate the service “good” or
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 33 “excellent” (14.55%). No Black Iraqis or Muslims rate government performance of sewer services “good” or “excellent.” Internally displaced persons are the least likely to have a sewer system in their area, with only 5.70 % reporting that they have one. Returnees are the most likely to have one, at 44.84 %. Returnees are also the most likely to report that sewer services had improved over the last year (63.87%). A total of 36.36 % of internally displaced persons and 18.79 % of host community members report the same.
Solid Waste Management Some 60.86% of survey respondents report having a government-provided solid waste management system in their area, while 39.14 % do not have access to this service.
Figure 11: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Total)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
No 39% No Yes Yes 61%
However, only 31.47% believe that the government’s performance of solid waste management services has improved over the last year. A total of 41.54% of respondents rate the government’s performance as “fair,” 13.13% rate it as “good,” and 0.84% rate it as “excellent.” However, 44.49% rate service as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 12: Solid Waste Service Improvement (Total)
Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year?
31.47% No Yes 68.53%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 34
Figure 13: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Total)
Excellent Very Bad 0.84% Good 11.11% 13.13% Excellent Good Poor Fair 33.38% Fair Poor 41.54% Very Bad
Muslims are the least likely to have solid waste management services in their area: Only 59.39% of Muslim respondents report such a system in their area, compared to 88.65% of Christians, 83.87% of Black Iraqis, and 61.11% of Shabaks. Despite having greater access to solid waste management services, Black Iraqis are the least likely to think that such services have improved over the last year (15.38% think they have). Christians are the most likely to think these services have improved (60.00%). Christians rate government performance the best, with 37.60% describing it as “good” or “excellent” and 48.80% rating it as “fair.” In comparison, No Black Iraqis or Shabaks rate government performance as “good” or “excellent”; 42.31% of Black Iraqis and 36.36% of Shabaks rate government performance of solid waste management services as “fair.” Returnees are the most likely to think that solid waste management has improved over the last year (78.30% think it had). Internally displaced persons are similarly optimistic about improvements (66.67% report that solid waste management has improved over the year). Host community members are the most pessimistic, with only 25.47% saying services have improved. They are also the most dissatisfied with performance quality. Some 11.96% rate it “good” or “excellent,” as opposed to 30.66% of returnees. A total of 40.16% of host community members rate government performance of solid waste management services as “fair,” compared to 50.00% for IDPs and 52.36% for returnees.
Electricity A total of 94.20% of respondents report having an electricity system/grid in their area, while 5.80% of citizens surveyed say they do not have access to electricity.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 35 Figure 14: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Total)
D o y o u h av e a n e l e c tr i c i t y s y s t e m i n y o u r a re a ?
5 . 8 0 %
N o Ye s
9 4 . 2 0 %
Despite the high prevalence of electricity, only 7.24% rate the government’s general performance of this service “good” or “excellent.” Some 67.38% rate it “poor” or “very bad.” Christians are the most likely to rate the quality of government electricity services as “good” or “excellent” (9.22%) and Black Iraqis are the least likely to do so (0.0%).
Figure 15: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Total)
0.78% 6.46% 26.18% 25.37%
41.20%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Water A total of 96.47% of all citizens surveyed report having a government-provided water system in their area, while 3.53% say they do not have access to such a system.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 36 Figure 16: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Total)
Do you have a water system in your area?
3.53%
No Yes
96.47%
However, only 31.67% believe the government’s performance of water services has improved over the last year, while 68.33% believe that it has not. Less than one percent (0.87%) of respondents rate water services as “excellent” and 14.84% rate them as “good,” while the majority (50.90%) rate them as “poor” or “very bad.” The remaining 29.53% rate them as “fair.”
Figure 17: Water Service Improvement (Total)
Has government provision of water services improved from last year?
31.67% No Yes 68.33%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 37 Figure 18: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Total)
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 0.87% 14.84% 33.39% 29.53% 21.36%
By religion and ethnicity, Shabaks are the least likely to have a water system in their area; a total 72.22% report having one, in comparison to 96.77% of Black Iraqis, 100% of Christians, and 96.45% of Muslims. Christians are the only group for which a majority of respondents (59.57%) rate water service quality as “fair,” while Black Iraqis overwhelmingly rate the quality of services as “very bad” or “poor” (93.55%). Overall, Muslims rate the quality of government water services the highest, with 15.83% rating them “good” or “excellent,” and 32.49% rating them “fair.” Returnees are significantly more likely to think that water services have improved over the last year., with 77.82% holding that view compared to 24.71% of host community members. Interestingly, returnees are also the most satisfied overall with government performance of water services; 38.79% rate performance as “good” or “excellent” and 46.98% rate performance as “fair.” Services are lacking in certain areas of recently liberated provinces, such as Tel Kaif in Ninewa and Ramadi and Falluja in Anbar. Respondents in these areas report a greater overall lack of essential services, including water, sewer, and solid waste management. Areas of Basrah province (Al Zubair), Babil (Al Mahawil, Hillah), and Baghdad (Karkh, Adhamiyah) also register a greater overall lack of services among areas surveyed nationwide. In particular, respondents say there is a critical need for clean water in these areas, despite the high prevalence of water systems. In certain neighborhoods of Baghdad (Sadr City, Rusafa, Adhamiyah), Ninewa (al-Mosul), and Babil (Hashimiya, Hillah), higher proportions of respondents report paying informal fees for trash removal. In combination with the poor quality of services, low customer satisfaction, and citizens’ general distrust of the government, this may suggest that residents of certain provinces are being extorted in the process of trying to obtain essential public services.
SUMMARY OF OTHER RELEVANT FINDINGS
Participation in Public Protests Survey respondents report low rates of participation in public demonstrations over public services, with 6.58 % (0.66% female/5.92% male) saying they had participated in such a demonstration and 93.42 %
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 38 (49.43% female/43.99% male) saying they had not. Of those who report having participated in a public demonstration, the majority (29.47%) participated in a demonstration over water services. A total of 29.13% report demonstrating over electricity, 21.64% over sewer services, and 19.76% over solid waste management. Men were more likely to report having taken part in a public demonstration than women.
Public Service Priorities
When asked to identify their top three service priorities for the local government, survey respondents report that electricity (30.28%), water (25.93%), and health (13.38%) should take precedence. Respondents rate education and sewer services at similar levels of importance as health in terms of public service priorities (at 13.07% and 12.06%, respectively). Garbage was the lowest-rated; with only 5.29% of respondents reporting it as a top priority.
Feedback on Public Services Survey respondents provide little feedback regarding public services, whether those covered in the survey or those that fall outside the scope of this report. The vast majority of comments concern job opportunities and employment; a great deal of feedback also addresses service quality and the impact of poor service quality on people’s health.
Social and Traditional Media Use: Public Service Provision and Information Delivery To gain a comprehensive picture of how citizens use social media across the targeted sectors to obtain information on public services, respondent data were aggregated from survey questions V13.13 (sewer), V14.12 (solid waste management), and V16.16 (water). The total number of responses is triple the number of survey respondents. Data in the tables below represent the number of respondents from each demographic group, aggregated across the sectors for which information on social media was gathered (e.g., sewer, solid waste management, water). Overall, 52.66% of respondents use some form of social or traditional media to obtain information on public services: A total of 51.81% use it to obtain information on sewer services, 51.10%, information on solid waste management, and 55.18%, information on water services. Among the various social media platforms, Facebook is the most widely used with 38.66% of respondents using it to obtain information on a public service.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 39 Figure 19: Social and Traditional Media Use (Total)
Social/Traditional Media Use None 47.34%
Facebook 38.66%
Television/Radio 5.83%
Instagram 3.30%
Twitter 1.70%
Whatsapp/Viber 1.25%
Snapchat 0.81%
Telegram 0.53%
Community 0.28%
Posters/Print Advertisement 0.21%
Other 0.07%
LinkedIn 0.02%
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% 45.00% 50.00%
Total
When the data for V13.13 (sewer), V14.12 (solid waste management), and V16.16 (water) are consolidated. 44.88% of the 4,160 respondents who use Facebook to obtain information on public services are between 18 and 29 years old. This age group also accounts for 58.50% of the 294 respondents who use Instagram, 38.10% of the 21 respondents who use Snapchat, 40.00% of the 25 respondents who refer to posters or print advertisements, and 38.24% of the 34 respondents who obtain information on public services from the community. Among Facebook users, 25.50% of respondents who obtain information on public services through the platform are 30-39 years old, 17.07% are 40-49 years old, 10.07% are 50-59 years old and 2.48% are 60 or older.
Eighteen- to 29-year-olds likewise comprise the majority of those using other social media platforms, with 58.50% of those using Instagram to receive information on public services from this age group. This group also accounts for 42.19% of Telegram (encrypted messaging application for smart phones) users, 38.10% of Snapchat users, and 37.06% of WhatsApp users. In addition, 18-29 years old age group accounts for 40.00% of those who report getting information on public services from posters or print advertisements.
Full disaggregation of social media use among respondents by age, religion/ethnicity, residency status, and educational level is below:6
6 Note: Data contained in Tables 18-21 pertain only to respondents who report using one of the listed social media platforms to obtain information on a public service (e.g., 44.88 percent of the 4,160 total respondents who report using Facebook are 18- to 29-years-old). Figures provided are disaggregated by respondent group.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 40
Table 18: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Age) 18 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 50 – 59 60 – 75 Total # of years old years old years old years old years old Responses None 39.09% 22.27% 18.84% 12.70% 7.10% 5070 Facebook 44.88% 25.50% 17.07% 10.07% 2.48% 4160 Twitter 26.11% 33.00% 24.14% 14.78% 1.97% 203 Instagram 58.50% 22.45% 13.27% 3.74% 2.04% 294 Telegram 42.19% 28.13% 26.56% 1.56% 1.56% 64 Snapchat 38.10% 14.29% 4.76% 23.81% 19.05% 21 LinkedIn 0.00% 50.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2 WhatsApp/ Viber 37.06% 36.36% 18.88% 3.50% 4.20% 143 TV/ Radio 17.19% 22.92% 28.80% 20.34% 10.74% 698 Posters/Print Ads 40.00% 12.00% 16.00% 28.00% 4.00% 25 Community 38.24% 23.53% 26.47% 8.82% 2.94% 34 Other 14.29% 71.43% 0.00% 0.00% 14.29% 7
Total # of Responses 4306 2573 2013 1267 562
Table 19: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Religion/Ethnicity) Black Iraqi Christian Muslim Shabak Total # of Responses None 1.60% 3.33% 94.99% 0.08% 5070 Facebook 0.19% 5.94% 93.44% 0.43% 4160 Twitter 0.00% 12.32% 87.68% 0.00% 203 Instagram 0.68% 4.42% 94.90% 0.00% 294 Telegram 0.00% 1.56% 98.44% 0.00% 64 Snapchat 0.00% 23.81% 76.19% 0.00% 21 LinkedIn 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 2 WhatsApp/ Viber 0.00% 1.40% 98.60% 0.00% 143 TV/ Radio 0.14% 1.58% 92.84% 5.44% 698 Posters/Print Ads 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 25 Community 5.88% 0.00% 94.12% 0.00% 34 Other 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 7
Total # of Responses 94 473 10094 60
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 41 Table 20: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Residency Status) Host Community IDP Returnee Total # of Responses Member None 87.55% 6.06% 6.39% 5070 Facebook 87.96% 3.08% 8.97% 4160 Twitter 91.63% 0.00% 8.37% 203 Instagram 94.56% 0.00% 5.44% 294 Telegram 89.06% 4.69% 6.25% 64 Snapchat 61.90% 0.00% 38.10% 21 LinkedIn 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 2 WhatsApp/ Viber 97.20% 1.40% 1.40% 143 TV/ Radio 56.73% 20.77% 22.49% 698 Posters/Print Ads 76.00% 8.00% 16.00% 25 Community 82.35% 0.00% 17.65% 34 Other 85.71% 0.00% 14.29% 7
Total # of Responses 9222 587 912
Table 21: Prevalence of Platforms Among Media Users (Disaggregated by Educational Level) High Institute Middle No Primary Technical University Total # of School School Formal School School Responses School None 18.3% 8.9% 13.2% 8.5% 24.4% 1.2% 25.6% 5070 Facebook 20.3% 13.4% 15.4% 2.3% 16.4% 2.3% 29.8% 4160 Twitter 8.9% 29.6% 12.3% 0.0% 9.9% 2.0% 37.4% 203 Instagram 16.3% 9.2% 19.0% 1.7% 15.0% 2.0% 36.7% 294 Telegram 14.1% 10.9% 23.4% 1.6% 9.4% 6.3% 34.4% 64 Snapchat 0.0% 4.8% 19.0% 0.0% 14.3% 0.0% 61.9% 21 LinkedIn 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2 WhatsApp/ 18.2% 25.2% 23.8% 0.0% 11.9% 0.0% 21.0% 143 Viber TV/ Radio 11.2% 7.2% 12.8% 12.6% 41.7% 3.4% 11.2% 698 Posters/Pri 4.0% 12.0% 32.0% 8.0% 44.0% 0.0% 0.0% 25 nt Ads Community 26.5% 14.7% 8.8% 5.9% 32.4% 2.9% 8.8% 34
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 42 Other 0.0% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 85.7% 7
Total # of 1961 1201 1544 625 2321 196 2873 Responses
DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
WATER
Availability of Water Services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) A majority of survey respondents, 96.47%, report that they have a government-provided water system in their area, compared to 3.53% who say they do not. How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) A majority of respondents, 43.52%, report that they have drinking water seven days per week. Meanwhile, 5.74% of respondents say they have water six days per week, 8.44% have water five days per week, 7.29% have water four days per week, 4.19% have water three days per week, 3.23% have water two days per week, and 2.36% have water only one day per week. And 25.25% report that they did not have drinking water any day (primarily in Basrah’s al Zubair; Baghdad’s Karkh and Adhamiyah; Babil’s al- Mahawil and Hillah; and Anbar’s Ramadi and Falluja). Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) Some 24.63% of survey respondents report that they fully rely on government services for their drinking water. The remaining 75.37% report that this is not the case. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4) Some 34.18% report the quality of the water as “poor.” In addition, 30.30% rate government performance as “very bad,” 25.84% as “fair,” 9.37 % as “good,” and less than one percent (0.31%) as “excellent.”
Performance of Government Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3) Some 33.39% report the general performance of the government vis-à-vis water services as “fair.” A total of 29.53% rate the government’s performance as “poor,” 21.36% as “very bad,” 14.84% as “good,” and less than one percent (0.87%), as “excellent.” Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) Of those who report a government-operated water system in their area, 31.67% think services have improved in the last year, while 68.33% think they have not. How do you rate the government-provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the water system? (V16.12) A total 50.66% of survey respondents rate government efforts to educate people on the proper use of the water system as “poor.” Another 29.11% rate it as “very bad,” 16.73% as “fair,” and 3.47% as “good.” Fewer than one percent describe government-provided education on the proper use of the water system as “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 43 Citizen Engagement with the Government Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1)
Only 10.95% of respondents report that they have made a complaint to the government regarding water services, while 89.05% of survey respondents have not done so. Overall, women are less likely to make complaints regarding water services. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness? (V16.2) Of the 10.95% of respondents who report having made a complaint to the government about water services, 38.52% rate the government’s responsiveness as “poor.” Another 33.88% rate it as “very bad,” 23.50% as “fair,” and 4.10% as “good.” No respondents rate government responsiveness as “excellent.”
Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve your water usage? (V16.5) A total of 96.31% of survey respondents report that they make an effort to conserve water, compared to 3.69% who say they do not make any effort to do so. If no, why not? (V16.6) Of those who say they do not make an effort to conserve water, 52.50% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance. A total 29.17% cite the availability of water as the main reason, 3.33% cite the prevalence of farms or gardens, 9.17% cite high temperatures, and 5.83% cite other reasons (i.e., high need). Do you think most people make any effort to conserve their water usage? (V16.7) A total of 76.64% of survey respondents think most people make an effort to conserve water usage, but 23.36% say they do not think people make an effort. If no, why not? (V16.8) Of those who report that they do not think others conserve water, 79.12% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance. Another 6.49% cite wastefulness, 1.56% cite a lack of accountability, 1.30% cite high temperatures, 1.43% cite the prevalence of farms or gardens, and 4.28% cite other reasons (i.e., absence of sensitization campaigns).
Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to obtain information on water services. While a majority (44.82%) report using no social media, 39.41% say they use Facebook to receive information regarding water services. Some 1.88% use Twitter, 2.33% use Instagram, 0.64% use Telegram, 0.17% use Snapchat, 0.06% use LinkedIn, 2.08% use WhatsApp/Viber, and 7.71% refer to television or radio for such information. A scant 0.30% also report that they refer to poster and print advertisements; 0.55% perceive receive information from the community; and 0.06% use other methods.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 44 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Availability of Waste Management Systems Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) A total 60.86% of survey respondents report that they have a waste management system in their area, compared to 39.14 % who say they do not.
Performance of Waste Management Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V14.4) Some 41.54% report the general performance of the government vis-à-vis solid waste management services as “fair.” Another 33.38% rate the government’s performance as “poor,” 13.13% as “good,” 11.11% as “very bad,” and a small minority – 0.84% – as “excellent.” Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) Of those who report a waste management system in their area, only 31.47% of respondents say government performance of waste management services had improved over the last year. In contrast, 68.53% feel it has not improved.
Complaint Mechanisms and Engagement with the Government Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) A total of 35.64% (14.78% female/20.86% male) report being aware that they can submit complaints to the government regarding solid waste management services. Some 64.36% of survey respondents (35.31% female/29.05% male) report they were not aware that they could do so. Do you know where you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those who were aware of complaints mechanisms, 49.66% (19.33% female/30.34% male) report the municipal council as the site for submitting complaints about solid waste management services. A total of 40.17% (15.88% female/24.29% male) cite the municipal department or a subdistrict office as the site for such complaints, and 10.17% (6.30% female/3.87% male) cite “other,” including through mukhtars or community leaders. Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1) A large majority of survey respondents, 92.22% (47.13% female/45.09% male), report that they had never made a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services. Only 7.78% (2.96% female/4.82% male) say they had made such a complaint. If yes, how would rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who report submitting a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, 4.61% (1.15% female/3.46% male) describe government responsiveness to their complaint as “good”; 18.46% (8.08% female/10.38% male) report that the response was “fair”; and 37.69% (12.31% female/25.38% male) rate it as “very bad.” A majority, 39.23% (16.54% female/22.69% male), rate government responsiveness as “poor.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 45 Trash Disposal Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5) A majority of survey respondents (58.47%) report that people do not properly dispose of their trash or use the designated areas for trash disposal. A total of 41.53% of respondents report that people do so. Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) An overwhelming majority – 92.58% – report that they do not pay a formal free for trash removal services. But 7.42% of respondents say they pay such a fee. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 31.05% say they pay less than 5,000 IQD (USD 4.20) per year; 37.10% pay IQD5,000 to 15,000 (USD4.20 -12.60); 7.26% pay 15,000 - 30,000 (USD12.60–25); 1.61% pay 30,000 - 50,000 (USD25–42); 10.48% pay 50,000 - 250,000 (USD42–210); 6.05% pay 250,000 - 500,000 (USD210–419); 4.03% pay more than IQD500,000 (USD419); and 2.42% say they pay some other amount but do not provide an exact figure. Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) A total 58.74% of survey respondents report that they do not pay an informal fee for trash removal. However, 41.26% say they do. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 64.15% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20) per year; 29.10% pay 5,000 to 15,000 (USD4.20 - 12.60); 0.80% pay IQD15,000 - 30,000 (USD12.60–25); 0.29% pay IQD30,000 - 50,000 (USD25–42); 5.59% pay IQD50,000 - 250,000 (USD42–210); and 0.07% pay more than IQD500,000 (USD419). Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) Some 18.04% of respondents report that they think the government provides a sufficient number of trash receptacles. A large majority, 81.96%, say they do not think the government provides enough trash cans.
Government Awareness-Raising Efforts How would you rate government programs to raise awareness of solid waste management services? (V14.11) The majority of survey respondents, 51.02%, rate government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services as “poor.” Some 30.55% rate the programs as “very bad,” 16.28% as “fair,” and 2.12% as “good.” Less than one percent of survey respondents (0.03%) describe government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services as “excellent.”
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on solid waste management services. While a majority (48.90%) report using no social media, 37.73% say they use Facebook to get information about solid waste management services. Another 1.82% use Twitter, 2.60% use Instagram, 0.59% use Telegram, 0.22% use Snapchat, 1.85% use WhatsApp/Viber, and 5.90% refer to television and/or radio for such information. In addition, 0.22% utilize posters/print
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 46 advertisements, 0.11 receive information from the community, and 0.06% use other sources for receiving information on solid waste management services.
ELECTRICITY
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) A total of 94.20% of survey respondents report that there is an electricity system in their area. Only 5.80% say they do not have access to such a system in their area. How many hours per day do you have government-provided electricity? (V15.1) The majority of respondents report having electricity between 6-10 hours per night (43.93%); 30.43% report having 11-15 hours per day; 15.03% report having 16-20 hours; 8.10% report having 3-5 hours; 2.03% report having 21-24 hours; and less than one percent (0.48%) report having 0-2 hours per day. How many hours per day did you have government provided electricity this time last year? (V15.2) A total of 43.91% of respondents report that they had 6-10 hours of government-provided electricity per day one year prior to the survey’s implementation, while 23.86% had 11-15 hours, 16.61% had 16-20 hours, 6.99% had 21-24 hours, 6.96% had 3-5 hours, and 2.48% had 0-2 hours.
Performance of Electricity Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V15.5) When asked, 41.20% of survey respondents (22.35% female/18.85% male) rate the government’s general performance vis-à-vis electricity services as “poor.” A total of 26.18% (11.70% female/14.48% male) rate it as very bad,” 25.37% (12.57% female/12.81% male) as “fair,” and 6.46% (3.08% female/3.38% male) as “good.” Less than one percent, 0.78% (0.39% female/0.39% male), describe the government’s delivery of electricity services as “excellent.”
Citizen Complaints and Engagement with the Government Have you ever made a complaint to the government about electricity services? (V15.3) A total of 82.47% (43.87% female/38.60% male) report that they have never made a complaint regarding electricity services, while 17.53% (6.22% female/11.31% male) say they have done so. Overall, women are less likely to make complaints regarding electricity services. How would you rate the government’s responsiveness to complaints? (V15.4) Some 35.49% of survey respondents (15.87% female/19.62% male) rate the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ complaints as “poor.” In comparison, 33.45% (7.17% female/26.28% male) rate it as “very bad,” 23.21% (9.04% female/14.16% male) rate it as “fair,” and 7.17% (3.07% female/4.10% male) rate it as “good.” Less than one percent, 0.68% (0.34% female/0.34% male), rate government responsiveness as “excellent.”
Conservation of Electricity Do you make any effort to conserve your electricity usage? (V15.6) A large majority (87.58%) of survey respondents say they make efforts to conserve electricity, while 12.42% say they do not.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 47 If no, why not? (V15.7) Of those who say they do not make an effort to conserve electricity, 43.62% state it is so, so they can maximize the benefit they receive from the service. A total of 30.87% cite insufficient availability of the service on a regular basis, 17.60% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 4.34% cite other reasons (i.e., lack of interest, abundance of devices needing power), and 3.57% cite high temperatures (requiring them to use power for air-conditioning). Do you think most people make an effort to conserve their electricity usage? (V15.8) A majority, or 64.26, of survey respondents say they think most people make an effort to conserve electricity, while. 35.74% say they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V15.9) Of those who responded no, 56.41% report that they feel people are not conserving electricity out of a lack of awareness/concern and ignorance. Some 18.66% feel it is as a result of insufficient availability, 14.91% say it is because people want to maximize benefits from the service, 1.66% cite high temperatures, 3.05% cite wastefulness, and 5.32% cite other reasons (i.e., lack of financial consequences, abundance of devices).
Government Awareness-Raising Efforts How do you rate the efforts of the government to raise awareness concerning the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity? (V15.10) Less than one percent of survey respondents (0.15%) rate government-provided education on proper use of the electricity as “excellent.” Likewise, 2.39% rate it “good” and 18.85% rate it “fair.” However, 49.10% rate government education on proper use of the electricity as “poor” and 29.50% rate it as “very bad.”
SEWAGE
Availability of Sewer Systems Do you have a sewer system in your area? (V13.0) A majority, or 55.30%, report that they have a sewer system in their area, while 44.70% say their area does not have a sewer system.
Performance of Sewer Systems Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V13.1) Some 39.45% report the general performance of the government vis-à-vis sewer services as “fair,” while 38.20% rate it as “poor,” 11.20% as “good,” 10.34% as “very bad,” and a fraction – 0.81% – as “excellent.” Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year? (V13) Of respondents who report a sewer system in their area, 22.67% say government performance of sewer services had improved over the last year. The majority (77.33%) state that it had not improved.
Pollution of Sewer Systems Are people dumping chemicals, oil, and other objects into the sewer system? (V13.2)
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 48 A majority (70.67%; 37.72% female/32.95% male) of survey respondents with a sewer system in his or her area report that people are not polluting these systems with chemicals, oil, or other materials. However, 29.33% of respondents report that people are dumping such materials into the sewer system. What types of materials are people dumping into the sewer system specifically? (V13.3) Among those reporting that people are dumping materials into the sewer system, 50.44% allege that they are dumping oil. Some 23.83% say people are dumping chemicals, 14.77% say they are dumping trash and 4.24% say they are dumping medications. Many respondents also note that people are improperly disposing of more than one material. A total of 3.95% report that in addition to garbage, people are dumping oil, while 2.63% report that people are dumping both garbage and solid materials (i.e., stone and wood). And 0.15% report that people are dumping oil, garbage, and solid materials. Why are people dumping these materials into the sewer system? (V13.4) A majority (88.71%) of respondents cite lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance as the reason why people are dumping materials into the sewer system. In addition, 5.56% cite a lack of accountability and 5.73% cite other reasons (e.g., lack of alternative dumping sites).
Obtaining Government Approval for Sewer Connections Are people obtaining the proper government approvals for connecting house sewers into the main sewer line? (V13.5) A total of 76.52% of respondents report that people are obtaining the proper government approvals prior to connecting house sewer systems to the main sewer line. However, 23.48% report that people are not doing so. If no, why are people not obtaining the proper government approvals to connect their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.6) A total of 41.97% of respondents report that lack of accountability is the reason why people are not obtaining proper government approval prior to connecting house sewers to the main sewer line. Another 12.84% cite bureaucratic procedures as the main cause; 22.48% cite a lack of awareness or concern and general ignorance; 7.80% claim that managerial corruption prevents people from obtaining the necessary approval; and 1.38% attribute the cause to financial difficulties. Some 13.53% of survey respondents cite other reasons.
Citizen Awareness and Engagement with the Government Are you aware of where to submit complaints for sewer services? (V13.7) Overall, survey respondents are not aware of complaints mechanisms pertaining to sewer services. Only 29.02% (11.28% female/17.74% male) of respondents say they are aware of such mechanisms, while 70.98% (38.81% female/32.17% male) report that they are not. Overall, women are less aware of complaints mechanisms for sewer services. Have you ever submitted a complaint to the government for sewer services? (V13.8) A majority, or 79.90% (32.78% female/47.11% male), of survey respondents report that they have never submitted a complaint to the government regarding sewer services. Some 20.10% (6.08% female/14.02% male) say they have. Overall, women are less likely than men to submit a complaint about sewer services.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 49 How would you rate the responsiveness of the government about your complaint? (V13.9) Of those who submitted a complaint, 40.51% of respondents (13.33% female/27.18% male) rate government responsiveness as “poor.” Some 28.21% (7.69% female/20.51% male) rate it as “very bad,” 23.08% (7.69% female/15.38% male) as “fair,” and 7.69% (1.03% female/6.67% male) as “good.” Only 0.51% (all female) of respondents rate government responsiveness to their complaint as “excellent.” Do you know anything about how sewer services have been decentralized? (V13.11) A mere 6.61% of respondents report being aware of government efforts to decentralize sewer services. A large majority, 93.39%, say they were unaware of such decentralization.
Government Awareness-Raising Efforts How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of sewer system? (V13.10) A majority of survey respondents, 45.15%, rate government education on proper use of the sewer system as “poor” and 41.47% rate it as “very bad.” Some 11.82% describe it as “fair,” and 1.50% as “good.” Only 0.06% rate government-provided education as “excellent.”
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information about sewer services in your area? (V13.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on sewage disposal services. While a majority (48.19%) report using no social media, 39.26% say they use Facebook to obtain information about solid waste management services. Some 1.98% use Twitter, 3.31% use Instagram, 0.57% use Telegram, 0.20% use Snapchat, 0.06% use WhatsApp/Viber, and 5.91% refer to television and/or radio for such information. In addition, 0.28% of respondents say they receive such information via the community; 0.17% reference posters or print advertisements, and 0.06% utilize other sources.
PROVINCIAL PROFILES The following five profiles provide an analysis of the data collected for the IGPA/Takamul Public Opinion Survey in Anbar, Babil, Basrah, Baghdad, and Ninewa. Each profile presents a demographic overview of the province in question (e.g., gender, age, professional and economic status, educational level, and religion and ethnicity distributions). Following the demographic profile, a summary highlights salient findings and others details unique to the province. These are followed by summaries of the basic indicators and public services, then by a more detailed section presenting survey participants’ responses to survey questions on public services and government delivery of these services.
ANBAR
DEMOGRAPHICS
Location by District Field data collectors conducted surveys in four districts of Anbar province: Falluja, Haditha, Hit, and Ramadi. Respondents in Ramadi account for the majority of participants in Anbar (45.59%); Falluja accounts for 5.17%, Haditha for 20.36%, and Hit for 28.88%.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 50 Status of Residency Host community members account for 76.60% of survey respondents, evenly divided between men and women. Returnees comprise 17.93%, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), 5.47% of respondents.
Age Group The majority of respondents, 40.73%, are between the ages of 18-29 years. Individuals aged 30-39 years comprise the second-largest group of respondents (27.96%). A total of 17.33% are aged 40-49 years, 11.55% are 50-59 years, and 2.43% are aged 60 or older.
Level of Education The majority of respondents (32.83%) are high school graduates (17.33% female/15.50% male). Individuals with an institute-level (equivalent of a two-year associate degree in the United States) comprise 14.89% of respondents (6.08% female/8.81% male). Some 10.64% of respondents report a middle school-level education (3.95% female/6.69% male), while 6.99% of respondents (5.17% female/1.82% male) state they received no formal schooling, 16.72% (11.55% female/5.17% male) have a primary-level education, and 16.41% (4.86% female/11.55% male) are university graduates. Interestingly, of the majority who report a high school-level of education, women outnumber men. However, men comprise the majority of university and institute graduates.
Professional and Economic Status A majority – 29.18% of respondents – work in health services. The second-largest group of respondents are homemakers (15.50%), an almost entirely female (15.20%) group. Men comprise only 0.03% of homemakers. Government employees (non-military or police) comprise 11.25% of overall respondents from Anbar Province. Some 13.98% (8.51% female/5.47% male) are unemployed, while 10.33% work in the private sector, 7.90% (1.52% female/6.38% male) are students, 6.38% (all male) are daily wage earners, and 5.47% work in the education sector.
Gender The gender distribution of survey respondents in Anbar reflects the overall gender distribution in Iraq of approximately 50-50. Specifically, 50.15% of respondents are male and 49.85% are female.
Religion and Ethnicity All survey respondents, or 100.00%, identify as Muslim.
Summary Profile In Anbar, female respondents report higher unemployment and lower education rates overall than their male counterparts. While they report greater satisfaction with the overall improvement of public services, they generally have less trust in the government’s ability to deliver these services. And women rate the government’s provision of education on the proper use of public services worse than their male counterparts. In terms of engagement with the government’s complaints mechanisms, female respondents less frequently report having submitted a complaint regarding public services. However, those who have done so are much more likely to rate the government’s responsiveness to these complaints as “poor” or “very bad” than male respondents who say they have submitted similar complaints. In addition, while female
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 51 respondents report lower overall rates of social and traditional media use, more women than men report referring to television and radio to get information regarding public services. In a departure from findings in Babil, Basrah, and Baghdad, a significant percentage of respondents (11.00%) use television or radio to obtain information on public services. In the majority of provinces, respondents say the main reason people dump materials into the sewer system is because of a lack of awareness or concern and general ignorance; in Anbar Province, however, the main reason cited by respondents is a lack of accountability. This may reflect the overall reduced role that government authorities have played in the province after the withdrawal of ISIS, particularly in regard to public service provision and maintenance of public systems (i.e., water, sewage). Despite the overall poor rating that Anbar respondents give to the quality of public services, many express an intriguing optimism regarding public service provision. Given the instability and significant changes in the province over the last few years, it is possible that this perception can be attributed to post-ISIS reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts undertaken in Anbar since 2017. Young people (those aged 18-29 years) are most likely to express low trust in and low satisfaction with public services.
SUMMARY OF BASIC INDICATORS Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved Despite the negative feedback provided by some residents, the overall perception among Anbar citizens of public services delivery trends positive, with 63.22% of survey respondents saying government services have improved over the last three years and 36.78% saying they have not.
Figure 20: Public Service Improvement (Anbar)
Have government services in general improved over
70.00% the last three years? Total 60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00% Yes, 63.22%
20.00% No, 36.78%
10.00%
0.00% No Yes
Internally displaced persons are the most likely to think that government services have improved. Some 72.22% report that they have, compared to 57.63% for returnees and 63.89% for host community members.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 52 Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms Half of the survey participants (50.15%) report that they are “fairly” satisfied with the Iraqi government’s delivery of services and 5.17% are “very” satisfied. In contrast, 31.00% are “not very” satisfied and 13.07% are “not at all” satisfied, while 0.61% do not have an opinion.
Figure 21: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Anbar)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
Not very satisfied Not at all satisfied Fairly satisfied Very satisfied Do not know
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied Total 0.61% 5.17% 50.15% 13.07% 31.00%
Internally displaced persons report the highest rates of satisfaction, with 77.78% being “fairly” or “very” satisfied (in comparison to 45.76% of returnees and 55.95% of host community members who report the same). The majority of both host community members and returnees (32.54% and 30.51%, respectively) are “not very” satisfied with government service delivery.
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input into Decision-Making Few respondents say they know about opportunities to provide input in decision-making processes regarding public services. Only 3.68% have submitted a complaint pertaining to a public service in the targeted sectors (water, electricity, solid waste management, and sewer).
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 53 Figure 22: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Anbar)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 3.68%
No, 96.32%
No Yes
No respondents (0.00%) aged 60-75 years know where to submit complaints. Knowledge of complaints mechanisms for sewer services is highest among 30-39 years old, 23.91% of whom report knowing where to submit a complaint. Of those who report having submitted a complaint, 10.00% rate government responsiveness “fair” and 20.00% rate it “good.” In contrast, 70.00% rate the government’s responsiveness as “poor” or “very bad.” The youngest respondents, individuals aged 18-29 years, are the least satisfied with government responsiveness to complaints they submitted; among respondents in this group who submitted a complaint, only 8.33% rate government responsiveness as “good” or “excellent,” while 58.33% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.” A total of 33.33% rate government responsiveness as “fair.” Respondents aged 50- 59 years are the most satisfied with government responsiveness to their complaints, with 42.86% rating responsiveness as “good” or “excellent.” 28.57% rating it as “fair,” and 28.57% rating it as “poor” or “very bad.” Internally displaced persons are the least likely to be aware of complaints mechanisms; only 5.56% are aware that they could submit complaints regarding sewer or solid waste management services. In contrast, 29.56% of host community members and 30.51% of returnees know they can submit complaints regarding these services. Despite being the least aware of complaints mechanisms, internally displaced persons rate the government’s responsiveness to their complaints the highest: Some 66.67% rate it as “good” or “excellent,” in contrast to 15.38% for host community members and 14.29% for returnees who rated it the same.
Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Despite citizens’ perceptions that public service delivery has generally improved over the last three years, survey respondents express limited trust in the government’s ability to deliver such services. A fraction (5.47%) say they trust it “a lot,” 27.05% trust it “somewhat,” 38.30% trust it “a little,” and 26.75% do not trust the government “at all.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 54 Figure 23: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Anbar)
How much do you trust your government to deliver services?
2.43% 5.47% 26.75% 27.05%
38.30%
Do not know A lot Somewhat Just a little Not at all
Respondents aged 50-59 years report the highest levels of trust in the government’s ability to deliver services, with 7.89% reporting that they trust it “a lot.” In contrast, only 1.75% of 40- 49 years old age group feel this way. For four of the five age groups surveyed, a majority report that they only trust the government a little: 18-29 years old (38.81%); 30-39 years old (40.22%); 50-59 years old (39.47%); and 60-75 years old (50.00%). Returnees are the most optimistic, with 40.68% reporting that they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” to deliver services. In comparison, only 31.75% of host community members and 16.67% of IDPs feel this way, and a majority of both groups (38.49% and 61.11%, respectively) say they only trust the government “a little.”
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance In Anbar, ratings of the quality of public services largely fall between “poor” and “good.” While few survey participants rate the services as “excellent,” few also rate them as “very bad.” Rather, small majorities and pluralities describe them as “fair.” A higher proportion rate electricity services as “excellent” (5.17%) than the other public services (less than 2%).
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 55 Figure 24: Rating Performance of Anbar Province Services
Water0.30% 18.54% 51.06% 28.27% 1.82%
Electricity1.52% 27.66% 45.59% 20.06% 5.17%
Solid Waste Management 2.82% 28.23% 50.00% 17.74% 1.21%
Sewer0.00% 34.44% 47.78% 16.67%1.11%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Access to good-quality services is largely lacking in Anbar. While government-provided sewage, solid waste management, electricity, and water services are present, citizens’ perceptions of the quality of these services are quite negative overall. Water and electricity are much more widely available than sewage and solid waste management systems.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Water Virtually all respondents (99.09%) report having a government-provided water system in their area, and 85.28% believe that government performance of water services has improved over the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 56 Figure 25: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Anbar)
Do you have a water system in your area?
0.91%
No Yes
99.09%
Figure 26: Water Service Improvement (Anbar)
Has government provision of water services improved from last year?
14.72%
No Yes
85.28%
A total of 51.06% of respondents rate the government’s general performance of the service as “fair”; 28.27% rate it as “good” and 1.82% rate it as “excellent,” while 18.84% rate it “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 57 Figure 27: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Anbar)
60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 1.82% 28.27% 51.06% 18.54% 0.30%
Solid Waste Management A total of 75.38% report having a government-provided solid waste management system in their area, and slightly more (76.21%) believe that government performance of solid waste management services has improved over the last year.
Figure 28: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Anbar)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
No 25%
No Yes
Yes 75%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 58 Figure 29: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Anbar)
Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year?
23.79%
No Yes
76.21%
Positively, 50.00% of respondents rate government performance of solid waste management services “fair,” 17.74% rate it “good,” and 1.21% rate it “excellent.” Only 31.05% of respondents describe the government’s general performance of the service as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 30: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Anbar)
Very Bad Excellent 2.82% 1.21% Good Poor 17.74% 28.23% Excellent Good Fair Poor
Fair Very Bad 50.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 59 Electricity Nearly all respondents (99.70%) report having electricity in their area.
Figure 31: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Anbar)
Do you have an electricity system in your area?
0.30%
No Yes
99.70%
Almost half (45.59%) of respondents rate the government’s general performance of the service as “fair,” 20.06% rate it as “good,” and 5.17% as “excellent.” In contrast, 27.66% rate the government’s performance as “poor” and 1.52% as “very bad.”
Figure 32: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Anbar)
1.52% 5.17%
27.66% 20.06%
45.59%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 60 Sewer Only 27.36% of respondents in Anbar report having access to a sewer system, with 72.64% of respondents saying they do not have access to such a system.
Figure 33: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Anbar)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
Yes 27%
No 73%
No Yes
Notably, 100.00% of internally displaced persons in Anbar report that they do not have a sewer system in their area; returnees are the most likely to have such a system, at a rate of 44.07%. Despite the lack of sewage systems in the province, 72.22% believe that government sewage services have improved over the last year, and 47.78% rate the government’s general performance of the service as “fair.” A small number, 16.67%, rates it as “good” and 1.11% rate it as “excellent.” Some 34.44% of respondents rate government performance of sewage services “poor.”
Figure 34: Sewer Service Improvement (Anbar)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
27.78%
72.22% No Yes
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 61 Figure 35: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Anbar)
Excellent 1% Good Poor 17% 34%
Fair 48%
Excellent Good Fair Poor
DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
Water
Availability of water services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) Almost all survey respondents (99.09%) report that they have a government-provided water system in their area. Less than one percent (0.91%) say they do not have access to such a system. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4) Slightly more than half (51.84%) report the quality of the water as “poor.” A total of 25.15% rate the quality of water as “fair,” 12.58% as “very bad,” 10.12% as “good,” and less than one percent (0.31%) as “excellent.” How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) A majority of respondents, 63.80% report that they have drinking water seven days a week. Some respondents have less consistent access, with 2.76% having water six days per week, 3.99% having it five days per week, 15.34% having it four days per week, 7.06% having it three days per week, 0.31% having it two days per week, and 6.75% having access to government-provided drinking water only one day per week. Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) Only 21.28% of respondents say they fully rely on government services for their drinking water. The majority (78.72%) report that this is not the case.
Rating of Government Performance Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3) Slightly more than half (51.06%) report the general performance of the government in providing water services as “fair,” whereas 18.54% describe it as “poor,” 0.30% as “very bad,” 28.27% as “good,” and 1.82% as “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 62 Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) Of those respondents with a government-operated water system in their area, 85.28% report that government provision of water services has improved over the last year, while 14.72% say services have not improved. How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the water system? (V16.12) A total of 62.61% of survey respondents rate the government’s efforts to educate people on the proper use of the water system as “poor” and 6.69% as “very bad.” A total of 24.62% rate the efforts as “fair” and 6.08% as “good.”
Citizen Complaints Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1)
The vast majority of survey respondents (94.53%; 48.33% female/46.20% male) report that they have not made a complaint to the government regarding water services. Only 5.47% of respondents (1.52% female/3.95% male) say they have made a complaint of this nature. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness? (V16.2) Of the 5.47% of respondents who report having made a complaint to the government about water services, 38.89% (11.11% female/27.78% male) rate the government’s responsiveness as “fair.” Another 27.78% (11.11% female/16.67% male) rated= it as “poor,” 22.22% (5.56% female/16.67% male) as “good,” and 11.11% (male) as “very bad.”
Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve your water usage? (V16.5) Most survey respondents (97.24%) say they make efforts to conserve water, but 2.76% report that they do not. If no, why not? (V16.6) Of those who say they do not make efforts to conserve water, 33.33% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance. A total of 22.22% cite the availability of water as the main reason, and 44.44% cited the prevalence of farms or gardens. Do you think most people make any effort to conserve their water usage? (V16.7) A total of 76.69% of survey respondents report that they think most people make efforts to conserve water usage, while 23.31% say they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V16.8) Of those who report that they do not think others conserve water, 70.24% attribute the inaction to a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 3.57% to a lack of accountability, 2.38% to the availability of water, and 8.33% to the presence of farms or gardens. A total of 14.29% say the reason is due to wastefulness, while 1.19% cite other reasons (i.e., lack of sensitization or advocacy campaigns).
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 63 Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on solid waste management services. While a majority (64.13%) report using no social media, 20.06% report using Facebook to receive information regarding solid waste management services, 0.30% use Twitter, and 0.61% use Instagram. In addition, 11.85% refer to television or radio for such information, and 3.04% refer to posters or print advertisements.
Solid Waste Management
Availability of Waste Management Services Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) A majority of survey respondents (75.38%) report having a waste management system in their area, while 24.62% say they do not have such a system. Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) Fewer than one-third, 28.88%, say they think the government provides a sufficient number of trash receptacles. A large majority, 71.12%, say they do not think the government provides enough trash cans.
Waste Management Services Performance Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V14.4) Half (50.00%) report that the general performance of the government in terms of sewer services is “fair.” A total of 17.74% rate it as “good,” 1.21% as “excellent,” 2.82% as “very bad” and 28.23% as “poor.” Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) Of those who report a waste management system in their area, 76.21% feel that government delivery of waste management services has improved over the last year, while 23.79% say they have not seen any improvement. How would you rate government programs to raise awareness of solid waste management services? (V14.11) A majority of survey respondents, 57.75%, describe government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services as “poor.” The remainder opinions are varied, with 8.81% rating the programs as “very bad,” 25.84% as “fair,” and 7.29% as “good.” Less than one percent of survey respondents (0.30%) give an “excellent” rating to these programs.
Citizen Input Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) A majority, or 63.22%, of survey respondents (38.91% female/24.32% male) are not aware that they can submit complaints to the government about solid waste management services. Only 36.78% (10.94% female/25.84% male) report being aware of such an opportunity. Awareness is notably lower among women than men.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 64 Do you know where you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those who are familiar with the complaints mechanisms, 29.17% (8.33% female/20.83% male) identify the municipal council as the site for submitting complaints about solid waste management services. A total of 65.00% (19.17% female/45.83% male) cite the municipal department or a subdistrict office and 5.83% (2.50% female/3.33% male) cite “other” means, such as via a complaints hotline or through mukhtars (community leaders). Men are much more likely than women to be aware of where to submit complaints. Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1) Only 6.38% report that they have made a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services. A large majority of survey respondents, 93.62%, report that they have never made such a complaint. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who say they submitted a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, 19.05% (4.76% female/14.29% male) rate the government’s responsiveness to the complaint as “good”; 42.86% (23.81% female/19.05% male) as “fair”; 23.81% (4.76% female/19.05% male) as “poor”; and 14.29% (male) as “very bad.”
Trash Removal Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5) A majority of survey respondents (59.27%) report that people do not properly dispose of their trash or use the designated areas for trash disposal, while 40.73% say people do so. Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) Most (88.45%) report that they do not pay a formal fee for trash removal, but 11.55% of respondents report that they do. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 60.53% pay IQD 5,000-15,000 (USD4.20–12.60), 15.79% pay less than IQD 5,000 (USD4.20), 21.05% pay IQD 15,000-30,000 (USD12.6-25.00), and 2.63% pay IQD 30,000-50,000 (USD25.00–42.00). Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) A total of 18.84% of survey respondents say they pay an informal fee for trash removal and 81.16% say they do not. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 67.21% pay less than IQD 5,000 (USD4.20) and 32.79% pay IQD 5,000-15,000 (USD4.20–12.60).
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to get information about solid waste management services. While a majority (65.56%) report using no social media, 20.85% report using Facebook to receive information on solid waste management services and
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 65 0.30% use Instagram. A total of 9.67% refer to television or radio for such information, and 2.42% refer to posters or print advertisements.
Electricity
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) Virtually all survey respondents (99.70%) report having an electricity system in their area. Less than one percent (0.30%) say that they do not have access to such a system. How many hours per day do you have government provided electricity? (V15.1) A majority, or 45.43%, of respondents, report having 11-15 hours per day of electricity. 24.70% have 16- 20 hours, 9.45% have 21-24 hours, 2.44% have 3-5 hours, and fewer than one percent (0.91%) have 0-2 hours. How many hours per day did you have government provided electricity this time last year? (V15.2) A slim majority (29.27%) say they had 16-20 hours of electricity per day last year, 28.05% report 11-15 hours, 24.70% report 6-10 hours, 8.54% report 21-24 hours, 3.05% report 3-5 hours, and 6.40% report 0-2 hours per day.
Electricity Services Performance Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V15.5)
When asked, 27.66% of survey respondents rate the government’s general performance vis-à-vis electricity services as “poor.” A total of 45.59% rate it “fair,” 20.06% as “good,” and 4.90 % as “excellent.” Slightly more than one percent (1.52%) rate government performance of electricity services as “very bad.” How do you rate the efforts of the government to raise awareness concerning the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity? (V15.10) A majority of survey respondents, 48.33%, rate government education on the proper use of electricity as “poor.” Some 36.47% rate it as “fair,” 10.33% as “good,” and 3.95% as “very bad.” Fewer than one percent, 0.91%, rate government-provided education as excellent.”
Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about electricity services? (V15.3) Only 3.95% report having made a complaint to the government about electricity services, while 96.05% report that they have never made a complaint. How would you rate the government’s responsiveness to complaints? (V15.4) Some 46.15% of survey respondents who submitted a complaint rate the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ complaints as “poor.” A total of 30.77% rate it “very bad,” 15.38% rate it “fair,” and 7.69% (all men) rate it “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 66 Conservation of Electricity Do you make any effort to conserve your electricity usage? (V15.6) Almost all respondents (95.43%) say they make efforts to conserve electricity, although 4.57% report that they do not make any effort. If no, why not? (V15.7) Of those who say they do not try to conserve electricity, 26.67% say insufficient availability of the service on a regular basis is the primary reason. A majority (66.67%) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, and 6.67% cite high temperatures, requiring them to use electricity to power air conditioners. Do you think most people make an effort to conserve their electricity usage? (V15.8) A total of 68.90% of respondents say they think most people make an effort to conserve electricity usage, whereas 31.10% report that they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V15.9) Of those who responded no, 94.00% say people are not conserving electricity due to a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, while 3.00% think it is a result of insufficient availability, one percent (1.00%) think it is a result of wastefulness, and 2.00% think it is for other reasons.
Sewage
Availability of Sewer Systems Do you have a sewer system in your area? (V13.0) Only slightly more than one-quarter of respondents (27.36%) report a sewer system in their area, with 72.64 % saying they do not have access to a sewer system.
Performance of Sewer Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V13.1)
Nearly half (47.78%) rate the general performance of the government in providing sewer services as “fair.” One third, or 34.44%, rate it as “poor,” 16.67% as “good,” and a small minority – 1.11% – rate it as “excellent.” Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year? (V13)
Of the 27.36% of respondents who report a sewer system in their area, the majority (72.22%) state that they believe government delivery of sewer services has improved over the last year. Some 27.78% say they do not believe government performance has improved. How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of sewer system? (V13.10) A majority of survey respondents, 57.45%, rate government education on the proper use of the sewer system as “poor.” Some 19.45% rate it “very bad,” 20.06% rate it “fair,” and 2.74% rate it “good.” Only 0.30% rate government-provided education “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 67 Pollution of Sewer Services Are people dumping chemicals, oil, and other objects into the sewer system? (V13.2) A large majority (84.44%) of survey respondents with a sewer system in his or her area report that people are not polluting these systems with chemicals, oil, or other materials. A total of 15.56% report that people are dumping such materials into the sewer system. What types of materials are people dumping into the sewer system specifically? (V13.3) Of those reporting that people are dumping materials into the sewer system, half (50.00%) claim that they are dumping chemicals, 42.86% say they are dumping oil, and 7.14% say they are dumping medications. While it was possible for respondents to select more than one option, no survey participants in Anbar stated that people are dumping more than one type of material. Why are people dumping these materials into the sewer system? (V13.4) Sixty % (60.00%) of respondents cite a lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance as the reason why people are dumping materials into the sewer system. Similarly, 40.00% cite a lack of accountability as the primary reason.
Government Approval of Sewer Services Are people obtaining the proper government approvals for connecting house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.5) Seventy percent (70.00%) of respondents report that people are obtaining the proper government approvals prior to connecting house sewer systems to the main sewer line, while 30.00% report that people are not doing so. If not, why are people not obtaining the proper government approvals to connect their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.6) Nearly half, or 48.15%, of respondents report that lack of awareness or concern and general ignorance are the reason why people are not obtaining proper government approval to connect house sewers to the main sewer line. Some 14.81% cite a lack of accountability, 25.93% cite bureaucratic procedures as the main cause, and 11.11% cite other reasons, such as the unavailability of proper-sized equipment to fully absorb sewage water.
Citizen Engagement and Input Do you know anything about how sewer services have been decentralized? (V13.11) Only 4.86% of respondents report being aware that the government decentralized sewer services (1.82% female/3.04% male). A large majority of survey respondents in Anbar, 95.14%, report that they are not aware of such a development. Are you aware of where to submit complaints for sewer services? (V13.7) The majority of survey respondents are not aware of channels for making complaints about sewer services. Only 20.06% know about such a mechanism, while 79.94% say they are not aware of such a mechanism.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 68 Have you ever submitted a complaint to the government for sewer services? (V13.8) Only a small percentage (15.15%; 6.06% female/9.09% male) report that they had submitted a complaint about government-provided sewage services. The large majority (84.85%; 30.30% female/54.55% male) say they have never submitted such a complaint. How would you rate the responsiveness of the government about your complaint? (V13.9) Of those who have submitted a complaint, 60.00% (40.00% female/20.00% male) describe the government responsiveness as “poor,” 10.00% rate it as “very bad,” 10.00% as “fair,” and 20.00% as “good.”
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information about sewer services in your area? (V13.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on sewer services. While 64.35% report using no social media, 20.85% say they use Facebook to get information about sewer services. Another 0.30% use Twitter, 0.91% use Instagram, 0.30% use Telegram, 11.48% watch television or listen to the radio, and 1.81% refer to posters or print advertisements for such information.
BABIL
DEMOGRAPHICS
Location by District Field data collectors conducted surveys in four districts of Babil province: al-Mahawil, al-Musayab, Hashimiya, and Hillah. Respondents in Hillah account for the majority of survey participants (58.38%); al- Mahawil accounts for 28.43%, Hashimiya for 12.94%, and al-Musayab for less than one percent (0.25%).
Status of Residency Host community members account for 98.48% of survey respondents, evenly divided between men and women (49.24% each). Internally displaced persons comprise 1.52% of respondents (0.76% female/0.76% male).
Age Group The majority of respondents, 48.98%, are between the ages of 18- and 29-years-old (24.62% female/24.37% male). Individuals aged 30-39 years comprise the second-largest group of respondents (16.75%; 7.87% female/8.88% male), while 12.94% of respondents are aged 40-49 years (6.85% female/6.09% male), 16.24% are aged 50-59 years (6.85% female/9.39 male), and 5.08% are aged 60 or older (3.81% female/1.27% male).
Level of Education The majority of respondents, or 34.77%, are university graduates (17.26% female/17.51% male). High school graduates comprise 31.73% of respondents (16.5% female/15.23% male) and individuals with an institute-level education comprise 10.91% (5.33% female/5.58% male). Primary school-education individuals account for 6.85% (2.03% female/4.82% male) of survey respondents; middle school-educated individuals, 6.35% (2.28% female/4.06% male), and those with no formal schooling, 5.84% (4.31%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 69 female/1.52% male). Technical school graduates comprise the smallest minority, at 3.55% (2.28% female/1.27% male).
Professional and Economic Status Students make up the majority of respondents, at 24.87% (13.45% female/11.42% male). One-fifth, or 21.07%, of survey participants report that they are unemployed (13.71% female/7.36% male), while 14.21% work for the government (non-military or police; 7.11% female/7.11% male) and a similar number (14.97%) work in the education sector (6.35% female/8.63% male). A total of 13.20% (2.03% female/11.07% male) work in the private sector, 4.31% (2.54% female/1.78% male) work in health services, 3.05% (all female) are homemakers, 2.79% are retired (1.78% female/1.02% male), and 1.27% (all male) work for daily wages. Fewer than one percent (0.25%, all male) work for the government in the military or police force.
Gender The gender distribution of survey respondents in Babil reflects the overall gender distribution in Iraq, 50.00% male and 50.00% female.
Religion/ Ethnicity
All (100.00%) survey respondents identify as Muslim.
SUMMARY PROFILE Different barriers prevent people in Babil from obtaining the proper approvals for connecting their house sewers to the main sewer line than reported elsewhere; in other provinces, respondents cite a lack of awareness or concern as the main reason why people don’t get approvals, but in Babil, the main reason respondent give is managerial corruption. Babil also has the highest percentage of respondents who do not believe that government performance of solid waste management services has improved over the last year. In another departure from the other provinces, a majority of respondents in the province report that the general performance of the government regarding these services is “poor.” As in Anbar, young people (18-29 years) are the most distrustful of the government’s ability to deliver quality public services overall. A majority of survey respondents in Babil (80.71%) report that people do not properly dispose of their trash or use designated areas for trash disposal, while 19.29% say people do so. Moreover, a majority of survey respondents, 94.92% (48.73% female/46.19% male), report that they do not think the government provides a sufficient number of trash cans in public places. Only 5.08% (1.27% female/3.81% male) say they think the government provides enough trash receptacles. The proportion of respondents who report that they pay informal fees for trash removal is among the highest in Babil compared to other provinces, which could imply an overall more ineffective municipality. As a result, Babil residents may be getting extorted for trash removal by being forced to pay an unauthorized fee to have their public service needs met. Disaggregated by district, Hashimiya and Hillah repord the highest number of respondents paying informal fees.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 70 SUMMARY OF BASIC INDICATORS
Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved Only 1.02% of respondents think government services have improved over the last three years; almost all respondents (98.98%) think they have not improved.
Figure 36: Public Service Improvement (Babil)
Have government services in general improved over the last three years?
Yes, 1.02%
No, 98.98% No Yes
Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms Similarly, the majority of survey participants (59.90%) report that they are “not at all satisfied” with the government’s delivery of services, and 21.32% say they are “not very satisfied.” A mere 1.27% of respondents are “very satisfied” and 15.99% are “fairly” satisfied. Some 1.52% say they “do not know” if they are happy with the government’s performance.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 71 Figure 37: Citizen Satisfaction with Government Service Delivery (Babil)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
Not very satisfied Not at all satisfied Fairly satisfied Very satisfied Do not know
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied Total 1.52% 1.27% 15.99% 59.90% 21.32%
Internally displaced persons expressed greater optimism in terms of government services, with a majority (66.67%) reporting that they think government services improved over the last three years. None (0.00%) of host community respondents think they have.
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input into Decision-Making Overall, respondents express a negative perception of provincial and local government efforts to gather citizen input; only 11.39% of respondents report having submitted a complaint. In addition, people are largely unaware that they have any recourse to complain about public services. For example, only 32.23% of survey respondents in Babil know where to submit complaints regarding sewage services. While 16.54% report to have submitted a complaint, only 47.62% among them rate government responsiveness as “fair.” A majority (52.38%) rate the government’s responsiveness as “poor” or “very bad.” Similarly, a mere 34.77% of respondents are aware that they can submit complaints to the government regarding solid waste management services. Among the 8.38% who report making a complaint, 21.21% rate the government’s responsiveness as “fair” and 78.79% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 72 Figure 38: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Babil)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 11.39%
No, 88.61%
No Yes
Minorities of all age groups surveyed are equally unaware of complaints mechanisms; for example, only 20.00% of 60-75 years old age group reports knowing where to submit complaints over sewer services. Overall, 50-59 years old group is the most knowledgeable about the complaint process, with 40.63% knowing where to submit complaints. Overall, only 11.39% of respondents report having made a complaint about an essential service. Among them, 27.52% of 50-59 years old age group reports having submitted a complaint, making them the most likely group to complain; 18-29 years old group is the least likely, with only 8.76% saying they have filed a complaint.
Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Citizens’ trust in the provincial government to do what is right “all or most of the time” is extremely low. A mere 0.51% trust the government “a lot,” while 13.71% trust it “somewhat.” In contrast, 34.01% trust the government “a little,” and a significant majority, 50.25%, do not trust the government “at all.” The remaining 1.52% report that they do know how much they trust the government.
Figure 39: Citizen Trust in Government to Perform Essential Public Services (Babil)
How much do you trust your government to deliver services?
1.52% 0.51% 13.71% 50.25% 34.01%
Do not know A lot Somewhat Just a little Not at all
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 73
Young people (respondents aged 18-29 years) demonstrate the highest levels of distrust, with only 7.77% saying they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” and 91.19% saying they trust the government “a little” or do not trust it “at all.” The most optimistic age group surveyed include the oldest members, with 35.00% of 60-75 years old age group saying they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot.” Internally displaced persons demonstrate greater trust in the government than host community members, with 33.33% of the former trusting the government “somewhat” or “a lot,” compared to only 13.92% for host community members.
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance Survey respondents in Babil are more likely to rate public services negatively compared to other provinces. No respondent rate the four public services as “excellent,” and fewer than 2.50% rate them as “good.” Instead, majorities and pluralities rate them as “poor,” and about one-third of Babil respondents rate sewer and solid waste management services as “very bad.”
Figure 40: Performance Rating of Babil Public Services
Water 33.50% 42.89% 21.57%2.03%
Electricity 33.76% 44.67% 20.05%1.52%
Solid Waste 20.83% 54.58% 23.75%0.83% Managem…
Sewer 15.53% 54.66% 27.33% 2.48%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Very Bad Poor Fair
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Responses of the surveyed population suggest that Babil generally lacks good-quality basic services. While the government provides sewage, solid waste management, electricity, and water services in a majority of areas in the province; citizens’ perceptions of the quality of these services is quite negative overall. Generally speaking, water and electricity services are much more widely available than sewage and solid waste management services.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Water Almost all respondents (96.70%) report having a government-provided water system in their area, but only 8.14% believe that the government-provided water services have improved over the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 74 Figure 41: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Babil)
Do you have a water system in your area?
3.30%
No Yes
96.70%
Figure 42: Water Service Improvement (Babil)
Has government provision of water services improved from last year?
8.14%
No Yes
91.86%
A total 21.57% of respondents rate general performance of water services as “fair” and 2.03% rate it as “good,” while 42.89% describe the government’s performance as “poor,” and 33.50% say it is “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 75 Figure 43: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Babil)
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00% Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 2.03% 21.57% 42.89% 33.50%
Solid Waste Management A majority of those surveyed (60.91%) report having a government-provided solid waste management system in their area but only 5.83% believe that services have improved since last year. The vast majority, 94.17%, say government performance in delivering solid waste management services has not improved.
Figure 44: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Babil)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
No 39% No Yes Yes 61%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 76 Figure 45: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Babil)
Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year?
5.83%
No Yes
94.17%
A mere 0.83% rate government delivery of solid waste management services as “good” while 23.75% rate it as “fair.” In contrast, a majority (75.42%) rate government performance as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 46: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Babil)
Good 0.83% Very Bad Fair 20.83% 23.75%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Poor 54.58%
Internally displaced persons are significantly more likely than host community members to have a solid waste management system in their area, at 100.00% and 60.31%, respectively.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 77 Electricity Virtually all respondents in Babil (98.98%) report having access to an electricity system nearby, but only 1.52% rate government delivery of the service as “good” and 20.05% rate it “fair,” with the majority (78.43%) rating it “poor” or “very bad.” Almost half, or 49.49%, of respondents report having only 6-10 hours of power each day.
Figure 47: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Babil)
Do you have an electricity system in your area?
1.02%
No Yes
98.98%
Figure 48: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Babil)
1.52%
33.76% 20.05%
44.67%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 78 Sewer Only 40.86% of respondents report having a government-provided sewer system in their area, and of those, only 8.70% believe that government performance in delivering sewage services has improved over the last year.
Figure 49: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Babil)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
Yes 41%
No 59%
No Yes
Figure 50: Sewer Service Improvement (Babil)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
8.70%
91.30% No Yes
A mere 2.48% of respondents in Babil rate the government’s general performance in terms of sewage services as “good” and 27.33% describe it as “fair”; in contrast, 70.19% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 79 Figure 51: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Babil)
Good Very Bad 2.48% 15.53% Fair 27.33%
Poor 54.66%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Notably, internally displaced persons were much more likely to report having a sewer system in their area, with all (100.00%) such persons reporting having access. In comparison, 39.95% of host community members report having a sewer system close by.
Figure 52: Citizen Access to Sewer Services (Babil, Disaggregated by Residency Status)
100.00% 90.00% Host Community 80.00% Member, 39.95% 70.00% Internally 60.00% Yes Displaced Person, 50.00% 100.00% No 40.00% Host Community 30.00% Member, 60.05% 20.00% 10.00% Internally Displaced Person, 0.00% 0.00% Host Community Member Internally Displaced Person
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 80 DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
Water
Availability of Water Services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) Almost all survey respondents (96.70%) report that they have a government-provided water system in their area, although 3.30% report that they do not have access to such a system. Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) A total of 24.62% of respondents say they fully rely on government services for their drinking water. The majority (75.38%) report that this is not the case. How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) Almost one-third (29.13%) of respondents (14.96% female/14.17% male) report that they have access to government-provided drinking water five days of the week. Some 26.51% (14.96% female/11.55% male) have drinking water four days per week, 7.09% (2.89% female/4.20% male) for six days a week, 4.20% (1.31% female /2.89% male) for seven days, 5.25% (4.20% female/1.05% male) for three days, and fewer than one percent (0.26%, male) for two days. Of most concern, 27.56% (12.34% female/15.22% male) report that they do not have access to drinking water any day of the week. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4) A total of 37.53% (19.69% female/17.85% male) report the water quality as “poor” and 28.87% (12.07% female/16.80% male) rate it as “very bad.” Some 27.03% (17.06% female/9.97% male) describe the water quality as “fair,” and 6.56% (1.84% female/4.72% male) say it is “good.” Water Services Performance Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3) A wide majority of respondents voice discontent with the government’s general performance in delivering water services, with 42.89% (24.62% female/18.27% male) calling it “poor” and 33.50% (13.20% female/20.20% male) calling it “very bad.” Additionally, 21.57% (11.42% female/10.15% male) rate the government’s performance as “fair” and 2.03% (0.76% female/1.27% male) as “good.” Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) In general, those who have water systems in their areas do not think services have improved over the last year. Only 8.14% report that water services have improved, while 91.86% say it hasn’t. How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the water system? (V16.12) Nearly half (48.73%) of survey respondents rate the government’s efforts to educate people on the proper use of the water system as “poor” and 36.04% describe it as “very bad.” A total of 14.47% rate its efforts as “fair” and 0.76% as “good.” Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1) Only 16.50% of respondents (6.85% female/9.64% male) report that they have made a complaint about water services. A total of 83.50% (43.15% female/40.36% male) say they have not done so.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 81 If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness? (V16.2) Of the survey respondents who have made a complaint to the government about their water service, 38.46% (7.69% female/30.77% male) describe the government’s responsiveness as “very bad.” Another 33.85% (18.46% female/15.38% male) rate it as “poor,” while 27.69% (15.38% female/12.31% male) say it is “fair.” Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve your water usage? (V16.5) Nearly all survey respondents (99.48%) say they try to conserve water, and fewer than one percent (0.52%) say they do not. If no, why not? (V16.6) Of those who say they do not make efforts to conserve water, all (100.00%) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the primary reason. Do you think most people make any effort to conserve water? (V16.7) A total of 81.36% of survey respondents (38.58% female/42.78% male) say they think most people try to conserve water, although 18.64% (12.07% female/6.56% male) say they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V16.8) Of those who report that they do not think others conserve water, 95.77% (60.56% female/35.21% male) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the main reason. A scant 1.41% (all female) cite wastefulness, and 2.82% (all female) cite other reasons, such as lack of interest.
Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on water system services. Only 8.35% report using no social media, while 87.85% report using Facebook to receive information regarding solid waste management services. 0.25% use Instagram, 0.25% use Twitter, and 3.29% turn to television or radio for such information.
Solid Waste Management
Availability of Waste Management Services Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) A total of 60.91% of survey respondents report that they have a waste management system in their area, while 39.09% say they do not have such a system. Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) Only 5.08% (1.27% female/3.81% male) think the government provides enough trash receptacles. A majority of survey respondents, 94.92% (48.73% female/46.19% male), say they do not think the government provides a sufficient number of trash cans in public places.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 82 Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5) A majority of survey respondents (80.71%) report that people do not properly dispose of their trash or use designated areas for trash disposal, while 19.29% say people do..
Performance of Waste Management Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V14.4) Slightly more than half of respondents (54.58%; 32.5% female/22.08% male) criticize the general performance of the government in delivering sewer services as “poor.” Almost one-quarter (23.75%; 11.25% female/12.5% male) rate it as “fair,” 20.83% (11.25% female/9.58% male) as “very bad,” and fewer than one percent (0.83%, female) as “good.” Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) Of those who report a waste management system in their area, only 5.83% feel that government performance in delivering waste management services has improved over the last year; 94.17% of respondents feel that it has not improved. How would you rate government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services? (V14.11) A majority of survey respondents (54.82%; 28.43% female/26.40% male) rate government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services as “poor,” while 30.96% (13.71% female/17.26% male) rate them as “very bad.” 13.71% (7.36% female/6.35% male) as “fair,” and fewer than one percent (0.51%, female) as “good.”
Citizen Awareness and Input Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) The majority of respondents, 65.23% (34.77% female/30.46% male), are not aware that they could submit complaints to the government over solid waste management services. One-third, or 34.77% (15.23% female/19.54% male), report being aware of such an opportunity. Do you know where you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those who were aware of the complaints mechanisms, 77.37% (33.58% female/43.8% male) report the municipal department or subdistrict office as the site for submitting complaints. A total of 21.17% (8.76% female/12.41% male) cite the municipal council, and 1.46% (female) cite “other” sites, such as through a hotline number. Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1)
Only 8.38% (3.05% female/5.33% male) report that they have made a complaint about solid waste management services, while 91.62% (46.95% female/44.67% male) say they have never done so. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who say they have submitted a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, 51.52% (18.18% female/33.33% male) describe government responsiveness to the complaint as “poor,” 27.27% (9.09% female/18.18% male) rate it as “very bad,” and 21.21% (9.09% female/12.12% male) as “fair.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 83 Fee for Trash Removal Services Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) Only 3.55% of respondents report that they pay a formal fee for trash removal. An overwhelming majority – 96.45% – say they do not pay a formal fee. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 71.43% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20), 21.43% pay between IQD15,000 and 30,000 (USD12.60–25.00), and 7.14% pay IQD5,000-15,000 (USD4.20–12.60). Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) A majority, or 70.05%, of survey respondents report that they do not pay an informal fee for trash removal. However, 29.95% say they do. Among Babil’s districts, Hashimiya District reports the highest number of respondents who say they pay informal fees (50.98%). Hillah District reports the second- highest percentage (32.00%). No respondents in Al-Musayab District report paying informal fees.
Table 22: Informal Fees for Trash Removal (Babil Disaggregated by District) DO YOU PAY AN INFORMAL FEE FOR TRASH REMOVAL SERVICES?
No Yes Grand Total Hillah 68.00% 32.00% 100.00% Al-Mahawil 83.93% 16.07% 100.00% Hashimiya 49.02% 50.98% 100.00% Al-Musayab 100.00% 0.00% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 70.05% 29.95% 100.00%
If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 66.95% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20). Some 30.51% pay between IQD5,000 and 15,000 (USD12.60), and 2.54% pay IQD30,000-50,000 (USD25.00–42.00).
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to get information on solid waste management services. A total of 84.81% (41.77% female/43.04% male) report using Facebook to get such information, and 3.8% (2.53% female/1.27% male) refer to television or radio. Some 11.39% (5.82% female. 5.57% male) report using no social media.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 84 Electricity
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) Nearly all survey respondents (98.98%) report having an electricity system nearby, while approximately one (1.02%) say they do not have access to such a system. How many hours per day do you have government-provided electricity? (V15.1) The majority of respondents in Babil report having between 6 and 10 hours of electricity per day (49.49%). Forty percent (40.00%) report having 11-15 hours, 8.97% have 3-5 hours, 0.26% have 16-20 hours, and 1.28% have 21-24 hours (a full day’s worth) of electricity each day. How many hours per day did you have government provided electricity this time last year? (V15.2) Again, the majority (47.44%) report having had 6-10 hours per day of electricity at the same time one year prior to the survey’s implementation. The other numbers were similar to the previous year’s as well, with 41.79% reporting 11-15 hours, 8.97% reporting 3-5 hours, 1.28% reporting 21-24 hours, and 0.51% reporting 16-20 hours.
Performance of Electricity Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V15.5) When asked, 44.67% of survey respondents (25.63% female/19.04% male) rate the government’s general performance in delivering electricity services as “poor” and 33.76% (13.45% female/20.30% male) rate it as “very bad.” A total of 20.05% (10.15% female/9.90% male) describe the government’s performance as “fair” and 1.52% (0.76% female/0.76% male) say it is “good.” How do you rate the efforts of the government to raise awareness concerning the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity? (V15.10) A majority of survey respondents, 53.05% (30.46% female/22.59% male), rate the government’s education campaign on the proper use of the electricity as “poor” and 34.77% (13.20% female/21.57% male) rate it as “very bad.” A total of 11.68% (6.09% female/5.58% male) rate it as “fair” and fewer than one percent (0.51%, 0.25% female/0.25% male) rate it as “good.”
Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about electricity services? (V15.3) One-fifth, or 20.81% (7.61% female/13.20% male), report having made a complaint to the government about electricity services. The majority, 79.19% (42.39% female/36.80% male), say they have never made a complaint regarding electricity services. How would you rate the government’s responsiveness to complaints? (V15.4) Of those who filed a complaint, 42.68% (12.20% female/30.49% male) rate the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ complaints as “very bad” and 32.93% (14.63% female/18.29% male) rate it as “poor.” Only 24.39% (9.76% female/14.63% male) rate it as “fair.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 85 Conservation of Electricity Do you make any effort to conserve your electricity usage? (V15.6) Almost all respondents (99.49%) report that they try to conserve electricity. Fewer than one percent (0.51%) report that they do not make any efforts to do so. If no, why not? (V15.7) Of those who say they do not make efforts to conserve electricity, half (50.00%) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, while the other half (50.00%) say it is because of insufficient availability (of the service). Do you think most people make an effort to conserve their electricity usage? (V15.8) A total of 83.59% of survey respondents (41.03% female/42.56% male) report that they think most people make efforts to conserve electricity. Some 16.41% (8.97% female/7.44% male) report that they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V15.9) Of those who responded no, 90.77% say they feel people are not conserving electricity due to a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance. Much smaller numbers cite wastefulness (3.08%) or other reasons, such as lack of interest (6.15%).
Sewage
Availability of Sewer Systems Do you have a sewer system in your area? (V13.0) A total of 40.86% (23.35% female/17.51% male) of respondents report having a sewer system in the area. A majority, 59.14% (26.65% female/32.49% male), say they don’t have a sewer system nearby.
Performance of Sewer Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V13.1) More than half (54.66%; 31.68% female/22.98% male) describe the general performance of the government in delivering sewer services as “poor.” Some 27.33% (12.42% female/14.91% male) rate government performance as “fair,” 15.53% (11.8% female/3.73% male) as “very bad,” and a small minority – 2.48% (1.24% female/1.24% male) – as “good.” Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year? (V13) Of the respondents who report a sewer system nearby, only 8.70% (3.73% female/4.97% male) believe that government performance in delivering sewer services has improved from last year. The large majority, or 91.30% (53.42% female/37.89% male), say government performance has not improved over last year. How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of sewer system? (V13.10) A majority of survey respondents, 48.73% (27.16% female/21.57% male), rate government efforts to educate people on the proper use of the sewer system as “poor,” and 39.34% (17.77% female/21.57% male) rate them as “very bad.” Some 11.68% (4.82% female/6.85% male) call them “fair,” while fewer than one percent (0.25%) describe them as “good.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 86 Pollution of Sewer Systems Are people dumping chemicals, oil, and other objects into the sewer system? (V13.2) A significant majority (82.61%) of survey respondents with a sewer system nearby (45.34% female/32.27% male) report that people are not polluting these systems with chemicals, oil, or other materials. However, 17.39% (11.8% female/5.59% male) say people are dumping such materials into the sewer system. What types of materials are people dumping into the sewer system specifically? (V13.3) Of those who report that people are dumping materials into the sewer system, a majority, 47.62%, state that people are dumping chemicals. One-third, or 33.33%, say people are dumping oil, 9.52% say people are dumping garbage, 4.76% say medications, and 4.76% say garbage in addition to solid materials, such as stone or wood. Why are people dumping these materials into the sewer system? (V13.4) A vast majority (96.43%) of respondents cite lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance as the reason why people are dumping materials into the sewer system. A small percentage (3.57%) cite other reasons, such as insufficient waste disposal sites.
Obtaining Government Approval for Sewer Connections Are people obtaining the proper government approvals for connecting house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.5) Most of the respondents (85.71%) report that people are obtaining the proper government approvals prior to connecting house sewer systems to the main sewer line, while 14.29% report that people are not doing so. If no, why are people not obtaining the proper government approvals to connect their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.6) A total of 78.26% of respondents report that managerial corruption is the reason why people are not obtaining proper government approval prior to connecting house sewers to the main sewer line. Some 21.74% cite other reasons, such as government inaction and the lack of a direct line of communication with provincial or local authorities dealing with sewage services.
Citizen Awareness and Input Are you aware of where to submit complaints for sewer services? (V13.7) Overall, survey respondents do not know how to submit complaints to the government concerning sewer services, with 67.77% (37.31% female/30.46% male) saying they are not aware of any complaints mechanisms and 32.23% (12.69% female/19.54% male) saying they are aware of such options, Have you ever submitted a complaint to the government for sewer services? (V13.8) Fewer than one-fifth of respondents (16.54%; 3.15% female/13.39% male) report that they have submitted a complaint about sewer services, while 83.46% (36.22% female/47.24% male) have never submitted a complaint.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 87 How would you rate the responsiveness of the government about your complaint? (V13.9) Of those who have submitted a complaint, a majority (47.62%; 4.76% female/42.86% male) rate government responsiveness as “fair.” A total of 28.57% (9.52% female/19.05% male) rate it as “very bad,” and 23.81% (4.76% female/19.05% male) rate it as “poor.” Do you know anything about how sewer services have been decentralized? (V13.11) Only 7.87% of respondents report being aware that sewer services have been decentralized (3.55% female/4.31% male). A large majority, 92.13% (46.45% female/45.69% male), report that they are not aware of the decentralization.
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information about sewer services in your area? (V13.13)
Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on sewer services. A large majority (84.77%) report using Facebook to get information regarding sewer services (41.88% female/42.89% male); 3.55% watch television or listen to the radio (2.03% female/1.52% male); and fewer than one percent (0.25%, all female) use Instagram. Some 11.42% say they do not use any social media for receiving such information.
BASRAH
DEMOGRAPHICS
Location by District Field data collectors conducted surveys in seven districts of Basrah Province: Abu al-Khaseeb, al-Faw, al- Midaina, al-Qurna, al-Zubair, Basrah, and Shat al-Arab. The majority of survey respondents are from Basrah City (25.30%); while those from Abu al-Khaseeb comprise 16.35% of those surveyed; al-Zubair, 15.83%; al-Qurna, 18.59%; Shat al-Arab, 22.89%; and al-Midaina, 0.86%. Status of Residency Host community members account for 99.31% (49.91% female/49.40 male) of survey respondents. Returnees comprise less than one percent (0.34%; 0.17% female/0.17% male). Internally displaced persons likewise comprise 0.34% of those surveyed (0.17% female/0.17% male).
Age Group The majority of respondents are between the ages of 18 and 29 years old (28.92%; 13.25% female/15.66% male). Individuals aged 40-49 years comprise the second-largest group of respondents (26.68%). One- quarter, or 25.30%, of respondents are aged 30-39 years, 11.53% are aged 50-59 years, and 7.57% are 60 or older.
Level of Education The majority of respondents (37.35%) have a primary school-level education (18.07% female/19.28% male). A total of 21.34% (9.98% female/11.36% male) possess a middle school-level education, 11.19% are university graduates (5.85% female/5.34% male), 8.43% (3.10% female/5.34% male) have an institute-level education, 12.56% are high school graduates (6.71% female/5.85% male), 7.40% (6.37% female/1.03%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 88 male) report having no formal education, and 1.72% (0.17% female/1.55% male) are graduates of technical schools.
Professional and Economic Status A majority of respondents (35.11%; 17.90% female/17.21% male) are unemployed. Nearly one-fifth, or 19.45% (all female), are homemakers, 12.56% (3.44% female/9.12% male) work in the private sector, 9.81% (1.72% female/8.09% male) work for the government (non-military/police), 5.34% (3.61% female/1.72% male) work in the education sector, 9.12% (male) are daily wage earners, 4.65% (2.93% female/1.72% male) are students, 2.41% (0.34% female/2.07% male) are retired, and 1.03% (0.69% female/0.34% male) work in health services.
Gender A total of 50.26% of respondents are male and 49.74% are female.
Religion and Ethnicity A large majority of survey respondents, 94.15%, identify as Muslim. Fewer than one percent identify as Christian (0.52%), and 5.34% are Black Iraqis.
Summary Profile Whereas other provinces report extremely low rates of participation in demonstrations over public services, more than one-fifth of survey respondents in Basrah (21.69%; 2.07% female/19.62% male) say they have taken to the streets over the issue. Among this group, a majority say they were protesting over water services. At the same time, 12.91% say they have lodged a complaint with the government over water services – a higher ratio than reported in other provinces. These numbers reflect the ongoing situation in Basrah, which continues to be hit by unrest triggered by widespread dissatisfaction with the poor quality of public services. Unlike in other provinces, nearly all Basrah respondents (99.43%) say they do not have access to government-provided drinking water any day of the week – this despite that 90.19% say they are tied into a water system. Electricity is another basic service that has come under public scrutiny in Basrah, and a majority of survey respondents say the government should make it the top service priority. Water services ranks a close second, with 31.21% of respondents listing it as the most important priority. At the same time, however, respondents report lower rates of water conservation. Similar to the other five provinces, respondents in Basrah cite a general lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the main reason for individuals’ failure to conserve water. Overall, citizen mistrust of government and dissatisfaction with public services are much higher in Basrah than in other provinces, particularly among religious and ethnic minorities, such as Black Iraqis.
SUMMARY OF BASIC INDICATORS
Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved Only 3.44% of survey respondents in Basrah think government services have improved over the last three years; an overwhelming majority, 96.56%, do not believe that government services have improved.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 89 Figure 53: Public Service Improvement (Basrah)
Have government services in general improved over the last three years?
Yes, 3.44%
No, 96.56%
No Yes
Muslims are slightly more likely to think that services have improved than the other religious and ethnic groups surveyed in Basrah (i.e., Christians and Black Iraqis). However, that number is still tiny, with only 3.66% of Muslims overall saying services have improved over the last three years, while no Christians or Black Iraqis (0.00% for both) see any improvement. Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms Similarly, a sliver of respondents (0.17%) are “very satisfied” with government service delivery and 10.67% are “fairly satisfied.” The vast majority, 88.98%, are “not at all satisfied” or “not very satisfied.” Overall, people express pessimism about improvements in sewer, solid waste management, and water services, which they perceive as not having improved over the course of the last year. Christians are the most optimistic religious or, ethnic group surveyed, with 33.33% saying they are “fairly satisfied” with government service delivery. Black Iraqis are the least satisfied; 96.77% are “not at all satisfied” or “not very satisfied” with public service delivery, while 88.67% of Muslims and 66.67% of Christians report the same.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 90 Figure 54: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Basrah)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
Not very satisfied Not at all satisfied Fairly satisfied Very satisfied Do not know
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied Total 0.17% 0.17% 10.67% 53.01% 35.97%
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input into Decision-Making Overall, respondents demonstrate a negative perception of the provincial and local government efforts to gather citizen input. In addition, the population is largely uninformed about opportunities to provide such input. A mere 10.43% of respondents report having submitted a complaint regarding water, electricity, solid waste management, or sewer services.
Figure 55: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Basrah)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 10.43%
No, 89.57%
No Yes
Disaggregated by age, 18-29 years old age group is the least aware of complaints mechanisms; only 14.88% know where to submit complaints for sewer services and only 17.26% know that they can submit
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 91 them regarding solid waste management services. Older respondents are slightly more likely to know about complaints mechanisms and where to file complaints, although a majority of older respondents also don’t know that they have the right to submit complaints. For example, only 34.09% of 60-75 years old age group knows where to submit complaints for sewer services. Awareness about the complaints mechanisms for sewer services is lowest among Black Iraqis (19.35% know where to submit complaints), and highest among Christians (66.67% know where to go). However, Christians have the lowest awareness of solid waste management complaints mechanisms (0.00%) while Black Iraqis have the highest (29.03%). These numbers suggest that efforts to make citizens aware of these mechanisms remain uneven. Similarly, host community members are the least aware of complaints mechanisms for sewage and solid waste management services (21.92%), while returnees and internally displaced persons are more aware (25.00% each). Nearly one-fifth, or 19.79%, of respondents in Basrah have made a complaint to the government regarding electricity services, but a mere 0.87% rate the government’s responsiveness as “excellent,” while 13.04% rate it “good,” 33.04% rate it “fair,” and 53.04% rate it “poor” or “very bad.” Host community members are the least likely to have submitted complaints (13.86%) and internally displaced persons the most likely (28.57%). All (100.00%) internally displaced persons rate government responsiveness as “fair.” Among host community members, 8.14% rate government responsiveness as “good” or “excellent” and 22.48% rate it as “fair.” All (100.00%) returnees rate government responsiveness to their complaints as “poor.”
Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Only 1.03% of respondents trust the government “a lot” to deliver services, while 18.76% trust it “somewhat” and 77.97% trust it “just a little” or do not trust it at all.
Figure 56: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Basrah)
How much do you trust your government to deliver services?
2.24% 1.03%
18.76% 13.77% 64.20%
Do not know A lot Somewhat Just a little Not at all
Older respondents – those aged 60-75 years – are the most likely to trust the government, although these people are still only a minority, with 25.00% reporting that they trust the government “somewhat”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 92 or “a lot.” Other age groups surveyed report similar rates of trust, or lack thereof, with 40-49 years old group the least likely to trust the government “a lot” or “somewhat” (12.90%). Significant majorities of all age groups do not trust the government “at all” or only trust it “a little” to deliver essential services. Among religious and ethnic groups in Basrah, trust is highest among Christians, with 33.33% saying they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot,” while 32.26% of Black Iraqis and 19.01% of Muslims feel the same. In contrast, 64.53% of Muslims do not trust the government “at all,” 61.29% of Black Iraqis feel similarly, and 33.33% of Christians do not trust the government. Trust is markedly highest among host community members, 19.93% of whom say they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” to deliver services. No (0.00%) internally displaced persons or returnees report the same. Indeed, an overwhelming majority of respondents overall do not trust the government “at all” or only trust it “a little” (77.97% of all respondents). All (100.00%) internally displaced persons indicate that they do not trust the government “at all” or only trust it “a little” to deliver services.
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance Survey respondents from Basra express more negative perceptions of the quality of public services than those from other provinces. No participant rates public services as “excellent,” and fewer than 8.00% consider them “good.” Rather, with the exception of sewer services, pluralities rate public services as either “fair” or “poor.” In terms of sewer services, a a majority of Basra respondents, 55.94%, rate them as “very bad.”
Figure 57: Performance Rating of Basrah Public Services
Water 55.94% 28.57% 13.… 1.38%
Electricity 26.85% 37.87% 32.01% 3.27%
Solid Waste Management 14.08% 33.33% 45.07% 7.51%
Sewer 12.50% 47.66% 33.59% 6.25%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Survey results suggest that Basrah residents generally lack access to good-quality services. While many parts of the province have access to government-provided sewage, solid waste management, electricity, and water services, overall, citizens have negative perceptions about the quality of these services. Respondents say sewage services are the least commonly available, and only 22.03% report a sewage
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 93 system in their area, while 77.97% report that they live in an area without one. In general, water and electricity services are much more widely available than sewage and solid waste management services.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Water A high 90.19% report having a government-provided water system in their area, but a mere 8.59% believe that government performance in delivering water services has improved over the last year.
Figure 58: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Basrah)
Do you have a water system in your area?
9.81%
No Yes
90.19%
Figure 59: Water Service Improvement (Basrah)
Has government provision of water services improved from last year?
8.59%
No Yes
91.41%
A mere 0.17% of respondents rate government performance in water services as “excellent,” 1.38% rate it as “good,” and 13.94% rate it as “fair.” Instead, 28.57% rate it as “poor” and a significant majority (55.94%) rate it as “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 94 Figure 60: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Basrah)
60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 0.17% 1.38% 13.94% 28.57% 55.94%
Solid Waste Management More than one-third (36.66%) of respondents report having a government-provided solid waste management system nearby, and 80.28% think that government delivery of the service has not improved over the last year. Only 19.72% believe that government performance in this area has improved over the last year, and 88.10% of respondents rate it as “poor” or “very bad.” A total 11.90% of respondents rate the general performance of government in terms of solid waste management services as “fair,”
Figure 61: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Basrah)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
Yes 37% No Yes No 63%
No (0.00%) internally displaced persons or returnees report having access to solid waste management services in their area; all (100.00%) say they do not have access to such services. A total of 36.92% of
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 95 host community members in Basrah have access to solid waste management services, while 63.08% do not have.
Electricity Most respondents (97.07%) report having a system of electricity in their area.
Figure 62: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Basrah)
Do you have an electricity system in your area?
2.93%
No Yes
97.07%
However, only 3.27% rate the government’s performance in this sector as “good” and 32.01% rate it “fair,” while 64.72% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.” Most people (42.91%) have electricity between 16 and 20 hours per day.
Figure 63: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Basrah)
3.27%
26.85% 32.01%
37.87%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 96 Sewer About three-quarters, or 77.97%, of respondents in Basrah report having access to sewer services, while 22.03% do not have access. One-third (33.59%) of respondents think that government performance in delivering sewage services has improved over the last year, while 66.41% believe that it has not improved.
Figure 64: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
Yes 22%
No 78%
No Yes
Figure 65: Sewer Service Improvement (Basrah)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
33.59%
66.41% No Yes
Only 6.25% rate government performance of this service as “good” and 33.59% rate it as “fair.” However, 60.16% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 97 Figure 66: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Basrah)
Good Very Bad 6.25% 12.50%
Fair 33.59%
Poor 47.66%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Christians in Basrah are much more likely to have access to a sewer system (100.00%), in comparison to Black Iraqis (38.71%) and Muslims (20.66%). Host community members are less likely than internally displaced persons and returnees to have access to sewage services; only 21.54% report having such access compared to 50.00% each for IDPs and returnees.
Figure 67: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
Muslim
Christian
Black Iraqi
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Black Iraqi Christian Muslim No 61.29% 0.00% 79.34% Yes 38.71% 100.00% 20.66%
No Yes
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 98 Figure 68: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Basrah, Disaggregated by Residency Status)
100.00% Host Community 90.00% Member, 21.84% Internally 80.00% Displaced Person, Returnee, 50.00% 70.00% 50.00% 60.00% Yes 50.00% Host Community No 40.00% Member, 78.16% Internally 30.00% Displaced Person, Returnee, 50.00% 20.00% 50.00% 10.00% 0.00% Host Community Internally Returnee Member Displaced Person
DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
Water
Availability of Water Services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) The large majority of survey respondents (90.19%) report that they have a government-provided water system in their area, while 9.81% say they do not have access. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4)
A large majority, 78.24% (37.98% female/40.27% male), report that the quality of the water is “very bad” and 12.02% (6.87% female/5.15% male) rate it as “poor.” Only 8.78% (3.82% female/4.96% male) rate water quality as “fair,” 0.76% (0.38% female/0.38% male) rate it as “good,” and 0.19% (all female) rate it as “excellent.” Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) The large majority, 96.90% (48.36% female/48.54% male), say they do not rely exclusively on the government for their drinking water, but 3.10% (1.89% female/1.20% male) say they do. How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) Significantly, almost all Basrah respondents, 99.43% (49.24% female/50.19% male), report that they do not have access to government-provided drinking water any days of the week. Some 0.38% (all male) say they have access to drinking water four days per week, and 0.19% (all male), for one day each week.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 99 Performance of Water Services Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) Not surprisingly, only 8.59% report that water services have improved from last year. In general, those who have water systems in their areas do not think water services have improved, with 91.41% reporting no improvement from last year. Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3)
More than half of respondents (55.94%; 0.46% female/25.47% male) describe the general performance of the government in terms of water services as “very bad,” and 28.57% (13.08% female/15.49% male) rate it as “poor.” A total of 13.94% (5.68% female/8.26% male) rate it “fair,” 1.38% (0.86% female/0.52% all male) rate it “good,” and 0.17% (all female) rate it “excellent.” How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the water system? (V16.12)
A total of 48.02% of survey respondents (27.19% female/20.83% male) describe the government’s efforts to educate people on the proper use of the water system as “very bad,” and 44.58% (20.65% female/23.92% male) rate them as “poor.” Only 7.23% (2.24% female/4.99% male) rate the government education campaign as “fair,” and 0.17% (all female) rate it “good.”
Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1) A total of 12.91% of respondents (4.99% female/7.92% male) say they have made a complaint about water services. Despite the high level of dissatisfaction, 87.09% of survey respondents (45.27% female/41.82% male) report that they have not made a complaint. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness? (V16.2) Of the survey respondents who made a complaint to the government regarding water services, 58.67% (21.33% female/37.33% male) say the government’s responsiveness is “very bad” while 22.67% (8.00% female/14.67% male) rate it as “poor”. A total 16.00% (8.00% female/8.00% male) rate it as “fair” and 2.67% (1.33% female/1.33% male) rate it as “good.”
Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve water? (V16.5) Most, or 93.51%, of survey respondents say they try to conserve water, and 6.49% report that they do not make any efforts to do so. If no, why not? (V16.6) Of those who say they do not try to conserve water, 77.14% cite the availability of water as the reason, 11.43% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 5.71% cite high temperatures, and 5.71% cite other reasons. Do you think most people make any effort to conserve their water usage? (V16.7) A total of 78.63% of survey respondents (37.02% female/41.60% male) believe most people make efforts to conserve water, and 21.37% (12.21% female/9.16% male) report that they do not think people do so.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 100 If no, why not? (V16.8) Among those reporting that they do not think other people conserve water, 58.12% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the main reason. A total of 25.64% cite the availability of water, 3.42% cite wastefulness, 2.56% cite the existence of farms and gardens, 0.85% cite high temperatures, and 0.85% cite a lack of accountability. Some 8.55% cite other reasons, such as lack of interest.
Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to get information on water system services. While 48.03% (29% female/19% male) say they use no social media, 31.24% (10% female/21% male) report using Facebook. 0.73% use Twitter, 6.57% use Instagram, 1.90% use Telegram, 0.29% use Snapchat, and 7.74% use WhatsApp/Viber. A small number, 0.15%, get their information on water services from posters and print advertisements, 0.58% obtain information from the community, 2.63% obtain information from television or radio, and 0.15% use other sources or platforms for obtaining information on water services.
Solid Waste Management
Availability of Solid Waste Management Services Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) A total of 36.66% report that they have a waste management system in their area, while 63.34% of survey respondents do not. Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) One-fifth, or 21.17% (10.33% female/10.84% male), of respondents think the government provides enough trash receptacles in public places. A majority, 78.83% (39.93% female/38.90% male), do not think so.
Performance of Waste Management Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V14.4) Nearly half of survey respondents (45.07%; 22.54% female/22.54% male) report the general performance of the government in delivering sewer services as “fair.” One-third (33.33%; 18.78% female/14.55% male) rate it as “poor,” 14.08% (7.51% female/6.57% male) as “very bad,” and 7.51% (5.16% female/2.35% male) as “good.” Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) Of those who report having a waste management system in their area, 19.72% feel that government performance in solid waste management services has improved over the last year; 80.28% of respondents feel it has not improved. How would you rate government programs to raise awareness of solid waste management services? (V14.11) A majority of survey respondents, 53.36% (25.65% female/27.71% male), rate government programs aimed at raising awareness about solid waste management services as “poor.” Some 36.49% (19.28%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 101 female/17.21% male) rate the programs as “very bad,” 9.64% (4.99% female/4.65% male) as “fair,” and fewer than one percent, 0.52% (0.34% female/0.17% male), as “good.”
Citizens Awareness and Input Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) More than three-quarters of survey respondents (78.83%; 45.27% female/33.56% male) are not aware that they could submit complaints to the government regarding solid waste management services, while 21.17% (4.99% female/16.18% male) say they are aware of such an opportunity. Do you know where you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those respondents who are familiar with the complaints mechanisms, 52.85% cite the municipal council as the site for submitting complaints about solid waste management services, 34.96% cite the department or subdistrict office, and 12.20% cite “other” sites, such as through a complaints hotline. Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1)
Only 7.23% (2.07% female/5.16% male) say they have made a complaint about solid waste management services. The vast majority of respondents (92.77%; 48.19% female/44.58% male) say they have never made such a complaint. If yes, how would rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who say they have submitted a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, 59.52% (11.90% female/47.62% male) rate government responsiveness to the complaint as “very bad” and 28.57% (14.29% female/14.29% male) rate it as “poor.” A total of11.90% (2.38% female/9.52% male) rate government responsiveness as “fair.”
Trash Removal Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5) A majority of survey respondents (53.36%) report that people properly dispose of their trash or use designated areas for trash disposal. However, 46.64% of respondents say people do not do so. Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) Only 3.61% of respondents report paying a formal fee for trash removal. An overwhelming majority – 96.39% – report that they do not pay a formal fee. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 57.14% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20) and 19.05% pay another amount. Others pay varying amounts: 9.52% pay between IQD50,000 and 250,000 (USD42.00- 210.00); 4.76% pay IQD5,000-30,000 (USD4.20–25.00); 4.76% pay IQD15,000-30,000 (USD12.60-25.00); and 4.76% pay IQD250,000-500,000 (USD210.00-419.00). Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) A total of 12.74% of respondents report paying an informal fee for trash removal services, while 87.26% say they do not pay any such fees.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 102 If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 44.59% pay less than IQD5,000(USD4.20). 41.89% pay between IQD5,000 and 15,000 (USD12.50), 12.16% pay IQD15,000-30,000 (USD25.00), and 1.35% pay IQD50,000-250,000 (USD8.42-210.00).
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12) Survey respondents report using a wide variety of social and traditional media channels to receive information on solid waste management services. Half (50.00%; 30.00% female/20.00% male) report using no form of social media to get information about solid waste management services. Among those using social media for this purpose, 31.00% (10.00% female/21.00% male) use Facebook, 7.00% (4.00% female/3.00% male) use Instagram, and 7.00% (3.00% female/4.00% male) use WhatsApp or Viber. In addition, 2.00% (0.00% female/2.00% male) watch television or listen to the radio radio to obtain such information, 1.00% (0.00% female. 1.00% male) use Twitter and 1.00% (1.00% female/0.00% male) use Telegram.
Electricity
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) Most survey respondents (97.07%) report having an electricity system in their area, although 2.93% say they do not have access to such a system. How many hours per day do you have government-provided electricity? (V15.1) The majority of respondents (42.91%) report having 16-20 hours of electricity per day. Similarly, 42.02% report having 11-15 hours. A total of 14.54% of respondents report having 6-10 hours, while fewer than one percent report having 3-5 hours (0.35%) or 21-24 hours (0.18%). Generally, respondents report that the availability of daily electricity was greater a year prior to the survey, with 60.82% of respondents having had 16-20 hours per day. Also in the prior year, 25.18% had 11-15 hours, 12.41% had 6-10 hours, and fewer than one percent had 3-5 hours (0.53%) or 21-24 hours (1.06%).
Performance of Electricity Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V15.5) When asked, 37.87% of survey respondents (19.79% female/18.07% male) rate the government’s general performance in terms of electricity services as “poor.” A total of 32.01% (13.25% female/18.76% male) rate it “fair,” 26.85% (15.49% female/11.36% male) rate it “very bad,” and 3.27% (1.72% female/1.55% male) rate it “good.” How do you rate the efforts of the government to raise awareness concerning the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity? (V15.10) A majority of survey respondents, 52.15% (26.85% female/25.30% male), rate government education programs on the proper use of electricity as “poor” and 29.60% (15.66% female/13.94% male) rate them as “very bad,” A total of 16.70% (7.06% female/9.64% male) describe them as “fair, 1.38% (0.52% female/0.86% male) rate them as “good,” and 0.17% (all female) say they are “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 103 Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about electricity services? (V15.3) Almost one-fifth (19.79%; 8.09% female/11.70% male) report that they have submitted a complaint to the government about electricity services, while 80.21% (42.17% female/38.04% male) say they have never done so. How would you rate the government’s responsiveness to complaints? (V15.4) Of those who say they have complained, 33.04% (13.04% female/20.00% male) rate the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ complaints as “fair.” However, almost as many – 28.70% (10.43% female/18.26% male) – rate it as “very bad” and 24.35% (10.43% female/13.91% male) rate it as “poor.” A total of 13.04% (6.09% female/6.96% male) rate it as “good,” and 0.87% (0.87% female/0.00% male) rate it as “excellent.”
Conservation of Electricity Do you make any effort to conserve electricity? (V15.6) A large majority of respondents, 92.91% (45.21% female/47.70% male), report that they make efforts to conserve electricity. Only 7.09% (4.61% female/2.48% male) say they do not make any efforts to do so. If no, why not? (V15.7) Of those who say they do not try to conserve electricity, 56.00% (41.00% female/15.00% male) cite insufficient availability of the service, 19.00% (7.00% female/12.00% male) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance. A total of 14.00% (12.00% female/2.00% male) cite high temperatures, and 10.00% (5.00% female/5.00% male) cite other reasons. Do you think most people make an effort to conserve their electricity usage? (V15.8) Nearly three-quarters, or 71.99%, of survey respondents believe most people make efforts to conserve electricity, while 28.01% do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V15.9) Of those who do not think people conserve electricity, 56.17% surmise it is because of a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, while 17.28% feel it is due to insufficient availability of electricity. A total of 11.11% cite wastefulness, 6.79% feel it is due to high temperatures, and 8.64% think it is for other reasons (i.e., lack of interest, absence of sensitization or advocacy campaigns).
Sewage
Availability of Sewer Services Do you have a sewer system in your area? (V13.0) Roughly one-fifth, or 22.03%, of respondents (11.19% female/10.84% male) report that their area has a sewer system. However, a majority (77.97%; 39.07% female/38.90% male) say they do not have access to a government-provided sewer system in their area.
Performance of Sewer Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V13.1) Nearly half (47.66%; 25.78% female/21.88% male) descry e the general performance of the government in delivering sewer services as “poor,” while 33.59% (12.50% female/21.09% male) rate the government’s
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 104 performance as “fair.” A total of 12.50% (8.59% female/3.91% male) rate it as “very bad,” and a small minority – 6.25% (3.91% female/2.34% male) – as “good.” Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year? (V13) Of the respondents who report a sewer system in their area, 33.59% (15.63% female/17.97% male) report that they believe government delivery of sewer services has improved from last year. However, two-thirds of respondents (66.41%; 35.16% female/31.25% male) do not believe government performance has improved. How do you rate the government-provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the sewer system? (V13.10) A majority of survey respondents, 51.81% (24.96% female/26.85% male), rate government efforts to educate people on how to properly use the sewer system as “poor,” and 40.96% (22.03% female/18.93% male) rate them as “very bad.” Only 6.71% (2.93% female/3.79% male) rate the efforts as “fair,” and fewer than one percent, 0.52% (0.34% female/0.17% male), rate them as “good.”
Pollution of Sewer Services Are people dumping chemicals, oil, and other objects into the sewer system? (V13.2) A significant majority (62.50%) of survey respondents with a sewer system in his or her area (29.69% female/32.81% male) report that people are not polluting these systems with chemicals, oil, or other materials. However, 37.50% (21.09% female/16.41% male) report that people are polluting the sewer systems. What types of materials are people dumping into the sewer system specifically? (V13.3) Of those who report that people are dumping materials into the sewer system, 23.83% say people are dumping chemicals, 14.77% say they are dumping trash, 50.44% say oil, and 4.24% say medications. However, 0.15% of respondents report that people are dumping garbage, oil, and solid materials (i.e., wood and stone), while 2.63% report people are dumping garbage and solid materials, and 3.95% say they are dumping garbage and oil. Why are people dumping these materials into the sewer system? (V13.4) A total of 71.15% of respondents say people are dumping materials into the sewer system due to a lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance, while 19.23% say the reason is a lack of accountability, and 9.62% cite other reasons (i.e., lack of education, lack of government censorship).
Citizen Awareness and Engagement Do you know anything about how sewer services have been decentralized? (V13.11) Only 9.29% of respondents report being aware that sewer services have been decentralized (2.75% female/6.54% male). A large majority of survey respondents, 90.71% (47.50% female/43.20% male), report that they do not know about the decentralization. Are people obtaining the proper government approvals for connecting their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.5) A large majority of respondents (87.50%) say people are obtaining the proper government approvals prior to connecting house sewer systems to the main sewer line, while 12.50% report that people are not doing so.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 105 If no, why are people not obtaining the proper government approvals to connect their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.6) Almost one-fifth (18.75%) of respondents cite managerial corruption as the reason why people are not obtaining proper government approval prior to connecting house sewers to the main sewer line. A total of 18.75% cite lack of accountability, and the same number (18.75%) cite a lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance. In addition, 6.25% cite bureaucratic procedures (i.e. lengthy processes, difficulty obtaining approval, etc.), while 37.50% cite other reasons, such as government negligence, mismanagement, and non-responsiveness to citizens’ requests. Are you aware of where to submit complaints for sewer services? (V13.7) Overall, survey respondents are not aware that complaints mechanisms exist to address issues with sewer services. About one-fifth (22.72; 7.57% female/15.15% male) report that they are aware of such complaints mechanisms, while 77.28% (42.69% female/34.60% male) report that they are not aware of such mechanisms. Have you ever submitted a complaint to the government for sewer services? (V13.8) Reflecting the general awareness level regarding the complaint procedure, 21.97% (6.06% female/15.91% male) say they have submitted a complaint to the government regarding sewer services. More than three- quarters (78.03%; 27.27% female/50.76% male) of survey respondents say they have never submitted a complaint about sewer services to the government. How would you rate the responsiveness of the government to your complaint? (V13.9) Of those who have submitted a complaint, a majority, 48.28% (10.34% female/37.93% male), rate government responsiveness as “very bad” and 24.14% (3.45% female/20.69% male) rate it as “poor.” A total of 17.24% (6.90% female/10.34% male) rate the government’s responsiveness as “fair,” while 6.90% (3.45% female/3.45% male) rate it “good” and 3.45% (all female) rate it “excellent.”
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information about sewer services in your area? (V13.13) A majority of survey respondents (51.16%; 31.38% female/19.78% male) report that they do not use any social or traditional media channels to receive information on sewer services. For the remaining, 32.92% (10.66% female/22.26% male) use Facebook, 8.96% (5.56% female/3.40% male) use Instagram, 2.63% (0.31% female/2.32% male) watch television or listen to the radio, 1.55% (0.62% female/0.93% male) use Telegram, 1.08% (0.46% female/0.62% male) use Twitter, and 1.08% (0.62% female/0.46% male) obtain their information from the community. In addition, 0.15% (0.15% female) use Snapchat and 0.31% use WhatsApp/Viber (0.15% female/0.15% male).
BAGHDAD
DEMOGRAPHICS
Location by District Field data collectors conducted surveys in 12 districts of Baghdad Province: 9 Nissan (New Baghdad), Abu Ghraib, Adhamiyah, al Istiqlal, al Rashid, Kadhimyah, Karadah, Karkh, Mansour, Rusafa, Sadr City, and
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 106 Taji. Respondents from each of these districts comprise, respectively: 5.04%, 5.24%, 20.75%, 2.94%, 6.19%, 17.50%, 0.38%, 20.82%, 6.90%, 1.53%, 11.24%, and 1.47% of the survey sample.
Status of Residency Host community members account for 98.15% (49.30% female/48.85% male) of survey respondents. Internally displaced persons comprise a minority of those surveyed, at 1.85% (0.89% female/0.96% male).
Age Group The majority of respondents are between the ages of 18 and 29 years old (45.21%; 21.58% female/23.63% male). Individuals aged 30-39 years comprise 23.69% (12.13% female/11.56% male), while 40-49 years old accounts for 16.22% of respondents (8.75% female/7.47% male). Individuals aged 50-59 years comprise 10.34% (5.49% female/4.85% male), and those 60 years and older comprise 4.53% (2.23% female/2.30% male).
Level of Education A total of 18.01% (9.71% female/8.30% male) of respondents have a primary school education. High school graduates comprise 16.99% (7.09% female/9.90% male), while14.05% (5.62% female/8.43% male) have a middle school-level education, 36.02% (19.67% female/16.35% male) are university graduates, 10.54% (5.11% female/5.43% male) have an institute-level education, and 1.09% (0.26% female/0.83% male) are graduates of technical schools.
Professional and Economic Status The majority of respondents, at 33.08% (16.48% female/16.60% male), are unemployed, with the others scattered across a variety of sectors. Specifically, 7.54% (0.13% female/7.41% male) are daily wage earners, 3.38% (2.49% female/0.89% male) work in education, 0.77% (0.00% female/0.77% male) work in the government (for the military or police), and another 20.24% (9.90% female/10.34% male) work for the government (in non-military or police capacities). In addition, 1.98% (1.47% female/0.51% male) work in health services, 10.60% (10.60% female/0.00% male) are home-makers, 10.34% (4.85% female/5.49% male) are employed in the private sector, and 2.04% (0.38% female/1.66% male) are retired, 10.03% (3.90% female/6.13% male) are students.
Gender A total of 50.19% of respondents are female and 49.81% are male.
Religion and Ethnicity The vast majority of respondents – 95.91% – identify as Muslim, while 4.09% identify as Christian.
SUMMARY PROFILE Although respondents report relatively low rates of participation in demonstrations over public services, broad protests continue across the province and the overall rate of participation in these activities is much higher in Baghdad than in the other four surveyed provinces (although Basrah also has a high participation rate). It is possible that respondents were afraid to admit to joining protests for fear of reprisal, especially given the levels of citizen distrust of the government, which were also notably higher than in several other provinces.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 107 Respondents in Baghdad report an overall worse quality of solid waste management services, compared to the ratings given by respondents in the other provinces. And Baghdad is one of three provinces where a higher proportion of respondents report paying informal fees for trash removal. Within Baghdad, residents of Sadr City, Rusafa, Adhamiyah, and Mansour pay the highest informal fees among the surveyed population. In light of these findings, it is interesting that respondents in Baghdad report higher rates of daily trash collection than other provinces. Baghdad is one of two provinces out of the five surveyed where respondents demonstrate lower rates of water conservation. Residents cite a lack of awareness or concern for the environment and ignorance as the main cause for this behavior.
SUMMARY OF BASIC INDICATORS
Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved Overwhelmingly, respondents in Baghdad report being dissatisfied with the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ needs in respect to delivery of public services. Only 7.92% think that government services have improved over the last three years, while 92.08% say services have not improved.
Figure 69: Public Service Improvement (Baghdad)
Have government services in general improved over the last three years?
Yes, 7.92%
No, 92.08%
No Yes
Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms Similarly, a mere 0.26% of respondents are “very satisfied” with the Iraqi government’s delivery of services. While 15.52% say they are “somewhat satisfied,” a large majority – 83.33% – are “not at all satisfied” or “not very satisfied.” A total 0.89% report “Do not know”. Overall, people are pessimistic about improvements in sewer, solid waste management, and water service, which they perceive as not having improved over the course of the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 108 Figure 70: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Baghdad)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
Not very satisfied Not at all satisfied Fairly satisfied Very satisfied Do not know
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied Total 0.89% 0.26% 15.52% 44.83% 38.51%
Host community members are more satisfied overall with the government’s performance; with 16.07% saying they are “fairly” or “very” satisfied. No (0.00%) internally displaced persons report the same. For both groups, however, a majority reports they are “not at all satisfied” (43.79% and 100.00%, respectively).
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input into Decision-Making Overall, respondents demonstrate a negative perception of the provincial/local government’s efforts to gather citizen input. In addition, most people do not know about options for filing complaints with the government over basic services. Only 10.84% of respondents have submitted a complaint to the government about a public service (i.e., water, electricity, solid waste management, sewer).
Figure 71: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Baghdad)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 10.84%
No, 89.16%
No Yes
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 109 Host community members are much more likely than internally displaced persons to be aware of complaints mechanisms for sewer and solid waste management services (38.94% versus 3.45%). In terms of age groups, 50-59 years old group is the most likely to submit complaints (19.29%) and 18-29 years old age group, the least likely (11.28%). For religious and ethnic groups, a majority of both Muslims and Christians rate government responsiveness as “very bad” or “poor.” A total of 32.14% of Christians and 20.71% of Muslims rate it as “fair,” while 7.14% of Christians and 5.41% of Muslims rate it as “good.” A total of 0.13% of Muslims rate government responsiveness as “excellent,” compared to 0.00% for Christians.
Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Citizen trust in the government is extremely low in Baghdad. A mere 0.32% trust the government “a lot” to deliver essential services, and 11.49% trust it “somewhat.” In contrast, 86.08% trust the government only “a little” or do not trust it “at all.”
Figure 72: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Baghdad)
How much do you trust your government to deliver services?
2.11% 0.32% 11.49%
55.81% 30.27%
Do not know A lot Somewhat Just a little Not at all
Trust is highest among respondents aged 60-75 years; 19.72% among this group trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot” in regard to public service delivery. Trust is lowest among 40-49 years old age group, with only 7.87% saying they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot.” Across all age groups, a majority (55.81%) do not trust the government “at all.” Interestingly, trust is markedly higher among Christians; 28.13% of Christians versus 11.12% of Muslims trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot.” Trust is also higher among host community members than among internally displaced persons, although overall the figures are still very low, with 11.97% of host community members versus 3.45% of IDPs trusting the government “somewhat” or “a lot.”
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance In Baghdad as in other provinces, survey respondents rate government public services poorly overall. Zero to 1.10% of respondents find the services to be “excellent,” and between 1.72% and 13.21% rate them as “good.” With the exception of electricity, a plurality of respondents rate the services as “fair.” In
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 110 the case of electricity, the majority of Baghdad survey participants, 55.36%, rate it as “poor.” Between 10.94% and 28.10% of respondents rate the services as “very bad,” with the largest proportion of that range rating electricity that way.
Figure 73: Performance Ratings for Baghdad Public Services
Water 14.81% 34.61% 37.36% 12.32% 0.89%
Electricity 28.10% 55.36% 14.81% 1.72%
0.00% Solid Waste 11.96% 33.30% 40.54% 13.21% 0.9… Management
Sewer 10.94% 37.95% 37.56% 12.44% 1.10%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Baghdad residents have limited access to high-quality public services. While access itself is less of an issue in the province, with the majority of respondents reporting access to water, electricity, and sewage services, the quality of these services is decidedly poor. A minority of respondents in Baghdad report having access to a government-provided solid waste management system, but they say the service is also subpar.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Water The vast majority of respondents (97.89%) report having a government-provided water system in their area, but a mere 21.27% say government performance in delivering water services has improved over the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 111 Figure 74: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Baghdad)
Do you have a water system in your area?
2.11%
No Yes
97.89%
Only 13.22% rate government provision of water services as “good” or “excellent,” as opposed to 49.43% who rate it “poor” or “very bad.” A total of 37.36% of respondents rate the government’s performance as “fair.”
Figure 75: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Baghdad)
40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 0.89% 12.32% 37.36% 34.61% 14.81%
Solid Waste Management A smaller majority – 71.51% – report having access to a government-provided solid waste management system nearby.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 112 Figure 76: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
No 28%
No Yes
Yes 72%
Among those who report a solid waste management system in their area, only 21.07% think services have improved over the last year. And a mere 0.98% of respondents rate general performance of the service by the government as “excellent,” while 13.21% rate it “good,” 40.54% rate it “fair,” and 45.27% rate it “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 77: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Baghdad)
Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year?
21.07%
No Yes
78.93%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 113 Figure 78: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad)
Excellent Very Bad 0.98% Good 11.96% 13.21% Excellent Good
Poor Fair 33.30% Fair Poor 40.54% Very Bad
Muslims report less access to solid waste management services than Christians, with 70.97% of Muslims and 84.38% of Christians having access to such services. As with sewer services, internally displaced persons are notably less likely to have access to a solid waste management system, with only 6.90% having such access, compared to 72.74% for host community members.
Figure 79: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Baghdad, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group)
Internally 100.00% Displaced Person, 6.90% 90.00% 80.00% Host Community 70.00% Member, 72.74% 60.00% Internally Yes 50.00% Displaced Person, No 93.10% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% Host Community Member, 27.26% 10.00% 0.00% Host Community Member Internally Displaced Person
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 114 Electricity A vast majority (98.72%) report having an electricity system in their area, but only 3.07% rate the government’s performance in delivering electricity services as “excellent” or “good.” Some 16.48% rate it as “fair” and 80.46% rate it as “poor” or “very bad.” A majority (55.63%) have 6-10 hours of electricity per day.
Figure 80: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Baghdad)
Do you have an electricity system in your area?
1.28%
No Yes
98.72%
Figure 81: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Baghdad)
0.06%3.00% 28.67% 16.48%
51.79%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 115 Sewer A large majority of respondents (81.10%) also have a government-provided sewer system in their area, but only 14.96% believe that the government’s delivery of sewage services has improved over the last year.
Figure 82: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Baghdad)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
No 19%
Yes 81%
No Yes
Figure 83: Sewer Service Improvement (Baghdad)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
14.96%
85.04% No Yes
Just 13.54% rate the government’s performance of sewage services as “excellent” or “good,” and 37.56% rate it as “fair.” A majority of respondents (48.90%) rate the government’s performance as “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 116 Figure 84: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Baghdad)
Excellent Very Bad 1.10% Good 10.94% 12.44%
Poor 37.95% Fair 37.56%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
As with solid waste management services, Muslims are less likely than Christians to have a sewer system in their area (80.29% versus 100.00%, respectively). Internally displaced persons are also significantly less likely to have a sewer system nearby than host community members (10.34% versus 82.43%, respectively).
Figure 85: Citizen Access to Sewer Services (Baghdad Disaggregated by Residency Status)
Internally 100.00% Displaced Person, 10.34% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% Host Community Member, 82.43% Yes 60.00% Internally 50.00% Displaced Person, No 40.00% 89.66% 30.00% 20.00% Host Community 10.00% Member, 17.57% 0.00% Host Community Member Internally Displaced Person
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 117 DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
Water
Availability of Water Services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) Almost all survey respondents (97.89%) report that they have a government-provided water system in their area. Only 2.11% say they do not have access to such a system. Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) About one-fifth of respondents (19.86%; 10.15% female/9.71% male) report that they fully rely on government services for their drinking water. The majority (80.14%; 40.04% female/40.10% male) report that this is not the case. How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) Two-thirds, or 66.80% (35.29% female/31.51% male), report that they have access to government- provided drinking water seven days of the week. A total of 7.37% (3.26% female/4.11% male) have water six days of the week, 5.22% (2.02% female/3.20% male) have it five, 2.22% (0.98% female/1.24% male) have it four, 1.17% (0.52% female/0.65% male) have it three, 2.35% (1.04% male/1.30% female) have it two, 4.04% (2.09% female/1.96% male) have it one day, and 10.83% (4.89% female/5.94% male) have water no days of the week. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4) Although most respondents have water access, 21.98% (9.85% female/12.13% male) report the quality of the water as “very bad” and 37.77% (19.31% female/18.46% male) report it as “poor.” A total 31.64% (16.44% female/15.20% male) describe it as “fair,” 8.41% (4.50% female/3.91% male) as “good,” and 0.20% (0.00% female/0.20% male) as “excellent.”
Performance of Water Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3) A total of 14.81% (6.19% female/8.62% male) rate the government’s general performance in delivering water services as “very bad,” and 34.61% (17.43% female/17.18% male) rate it as “poor.” A total of 37.36% (18.90% female/18.45% male) rate it as “fair,” 12.32% (7.41% female/4.92% male) rate it as “good,” and 0.89% (0.26% female/0.64% male) rate it as “excellent.” Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) About one-fifth of respondents, or 21.27% report that government provision of water services has improved over the last year. The remaining 78.73% say water services have not improved. How do you rate the government provided-education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of water services? (V16.12) A total of 27.71% (12.96% female/14.75% male) rate the government’s efforts to educate people on the proper use of the water system as “very bad,” and 54.21% (27.46% female/26.75% male) rate them as “poor.” Some 15.90% (8.43% female/7.47% male) view the efforts as “fair,” 2.11% (1.34% female/0.77% male) as “good,” and 0.06% (0.00% female/0.06% male) as “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 118 Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1)
A large majority of survey respondents (88.83%; 45.59% female/43.23% male) say they have not made a complaint to the government regarding water services, although 11.17% of respondents (4.60% female/6.58% male) say they have filed a complaint. If yes, how would you rate the government’s responsiveness? (V16.2) Among the survey respondents who have made a complaint to the government regarding water services, 24.57% (8.00% female/16.57% male) rate the government’s responsiveness as “very bad” and 51.43% (22.86% female/28.57% male) rate it as “poor.” Some 23.42% (9.71% female/13.71% male) rate it as “fair,” and 0.57% (0.57% female/0.00% male) rate it as “good.”
Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve water? (V16.5) Most respondents – 95.69% (47.62% female/48.08% male) – say they try to conserve water, while 4.31% (2.48% female/1.83% male) report that they do not make any effort. If no, why not? (V16.6) Of those who do not make an effort to conserve water, three-quarters, or 75.76%, cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 3.03% cite the availability of water, 13.64% cite high temperatures, and 7.58% cite other reasons as the primary cause. Do you think most people make any effort to conserve water? (V16.7) Nearly three-fourths of survey respondents (73.91%; 37.31% female/36.59% male) think most people try to conserve water, but 26.09% (12.79% female/13.31% male) report that they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V16.8) Of those who are doubtful about others conserving water, most (81.93%) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the main reason for the lack of action. Much smaller numbers of respondents list other causes, with 1.49% citing a lack of accountability, 2.23% citing high temperatures, 2.48% citing the availability of water, 7.43% citing wastefulness, and 4.21% citing other reasons, such as a lack of interest and absence of sensitization or advocacy campaigns.
Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) More than half, or 51.64%, of survey respondents report that they do not use social media to obtain information on water services. However, among those who do use it, 35.93% report using Facebook, 3.28% used Twitter, 2.05% use Instagram, 0.53% use Telegram, 0.12% use Snapchat, 0.12% used LinkedIn, 1.29% use WhatsApp/Viber, and 4.22% rely on television or radio. In addition, 0.76% of respondents obtain information on water services and 0.06% use other channels.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 119 Solid Waste Management
Availability of Waste Management Services Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) Nearly three-quarters, or 71.52%, of survey respondents have a waste management system in their area. The remaining, 28.48%, do not have such a system. Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) One-fifth, or 19.86%, of respondents (11.43% female/8.43% male) think the government provides sufficient trash receptacles. A majority (80.14%; 38.76% female/41.38% male) say they do not think the government provides enough trash cans in public places.
Performance of Waste Management Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V14.4)
A total of 11.96% (7.50% male/4.46% female) describe the general performance of the government in delivering sewer services as “very bad,” and 33.30% (17.77% male/15.54% female) describe it as “poor.” Another 40.54% (18.04% male/22.50% female) rate the government’s performance as “fair,” 13.21% (6.88% male/6.34% female) as “good,” and 0.98% (0.54% male/0.45% female) as excellent. Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) One-fifth, or 21.07%, of those who report a waste management system in their area feel that services have improved over the last year. The remaining 78.93% feel that services have not improved. How would you rate government programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services? (V14.11) A total of 28.10% (15.64% male/12.45% female) of survey respondents rate government programs aimed at raising awareness about solid waste management services as “very bad,” and 55.36% (26.37% male/28.99% female) rate them as “poor.” Some 14.81% (7.02% male/7.79% female) of respondents rate the efforts as “fair,” and 1.72% (0.77% male/0.96% female) rate them as “good.”
Citizen Awareness and Input Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) Compared to respondents in other provinces, a relatively high number of Baghdad respondents, 42.72% (20.18% female/22.54% male), report being aware of complaints mechanisms for solid waste management services. Even so, 57.28% of survey respondents (30.01% female/27.27% male) are not aware that they can submit complaints to the government regarding solid waste management services. Do you know where you can submit complaints over solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those who know about the complaints mechanisms, 55.90% cite the Municipal Council as the site for submitting complaints about solid waste management services, 31.39% cite the municipal department or subdistrict office, and 12.71% list “other” channels, such as on Facebook, through the mayor’s office, or via a complaints hotline.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 120 Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1) Only 8.81% (3.32% female/5.49% male) report that they have made a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services. The remaining 91.19% of respondents (46.87% female/44.32% male) report that they have never made a complaint. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who report having submitted a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, 30.43% (21.01% male/9.42% female) report government responsiveness to the complaint as “very bad,” and 47.10% (27.54% male/19.57% female) rate it as “poor.” A total of 17.39% (10.14% male/7.25% female) rate the government’s responsiveness as “fair,” while just 5.07% (3.62% male/1.45% female) rate it as “good.”
Trash Disposal Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5)
A total of 37.55% of respondents report that people properly dispose of trash in designated areas. A majority of survey respondents (62.45%) say people do not properly dispose of their trash or use designated areas for trash disposal. Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) Only 6.51% of respondents report that they pay a formal fee for trash removal. An overwhelming majority – 93.49% – say they do not pay a formal fee for trash removal services. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 18.63% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4); 26.47% pay between IQD5,000 and 15,000 (USD12), 2.94% pay IQD15,000-30,000 (USD25), 2.94% pay IQD30,000-50,000 (USD42), 23.53% pay IQD50,000-250,000 (USD210), 13.73% pay IQD250,000-500,000 (USD419), 9.80% pay more than IQD500,000, and 1.96% pay some other amount. Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) A total of 41.25% of survey respondents say they do not pay an informal fee for trash removal, but 58.75% report that they pay such a fee. All (100.00%) of respondents from Sadr City report paying informal fees for trash removal, while large percentages of residents in Rusafa, Adhamiyah, and Mansour also report making such payments (70.83%, 65.54%, and 78.70%, respectively). Majorities of respondents in seven of the 12 districts surveyed report paying informal fees for trash removal. Residents of Abu Ghraib are the least likely to pay informal fees, with 12.20% saying they pay such fees.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 121 Table 23: Informal Trash Removal Fees (Baghdad, Disaggregated by District) DO YOU PAY AN INFORMAL FEE FOR TRASH REMOVAL SERVICES?
No Yes Grand Total Karkh 57.98% 42.02% 100.00% Adhamiyah 34.46% 65.54% 100.00% Kadhimyah 38.32% 61.68% 100.00% Sadr City 0.00% 100.00% 100.00% Mansour 21.30% 78.70% 100.00% Al Rashid 65.98% 34.02% 100.00% Abu Ghraib 87.80% 12.20% 100.00% 9 Nissan (New Baghdad) 44.30% 55.70% 100.00% Al Istiqlal 39.13% 60.87% 100.00% Rusafa 29.17% 70.83% 100.00% Taji 69.57% 30.43% 100.00% Karadah 83.33% 16.67% 100.00% GRAND TOTAL 41.25% 58.75% 100.00%
If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 63.59% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20), 27.83% pay between IQD5,000 and 15,000 (USD12.60), 0.11% pay IQD15,000-30,000 (USD25.00), 0.11% pay IQD30,000-50,000 (USD42.00), 8.26% pay IQD50,000- 250,000 (USD210.00), and 0.11% pay more than IQD500,000 (USD419.00).
Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12) While 59.21% of respondents in Baghdad say they do not use social media for obtaining information on solid waste management services, those who do utilize a wide variety of platforms. Of those who use social media, 33.07% use Facebook, 3.11% use Twitter, 2.45% use Instagram, 0.48% use Telegram, 0.18% use Snapchat, 1.08% use WhatsApp/Viber, and 0.42% refer to television or radio.
Electricity
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) Virtually all survey respondents (98.72%) report that there is an electricity system in their area. Approximately one percent (1.28%) say they do not have access to such a system.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 122 How many hours per day do you have government provided electricity? (V15.1) A majority of respondents (55.63%) report having only 6-10 hours of electricity per day. A total of 22.38% have 11-15 hours, 8.28% have 16-20 hours, 11.25% have 3-5 hours, 1.75% have 21-24 hours, and fewer than one percent (0.71%) have 0-2 hours. How many hours per day did you have government provided electricity this time last year? (V15.2) The majority of respondents (60.67%) report having had 6-10 hours per day of electricity one year prior to the survey’s implementation. A total of 19.28% had 11-15 hours, 9.57% had 3-5 hours, 8.02% had 21- 24 hours, 2.07% had 16-20 hours, and fewer than one percent (0.39%) had 0-2 hours.
Performance of Electricity Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V15.5) When asked, 28.67% (16.92% male/11.75% female) rated the government’s general performance vis-à-vis electricity services as “very bad,” 51.79% (23.63% male/28.16% female) as “poor,” 16.48% (7.98% male/8.49% female) as “fair,” 3.00% (1.28% male/1.72% female) as “good,” and 0.06% (0.00% male/0.06% female) as “excellent.” How do you rate the efforts of the government to raise awareness concerning the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity? (V15.10) Almost one-third (30.59%; 14.43% female/16.16% male) rate the government’s education campaign on the proper use of electricity as “very bad,” and 53.64% (27.97% female/25.67% male) rate it as “poor.” A total 14.37% (6.77% female/7.60% male) describe the government’s efforts as “fair,” 1.34% (1.02% female/0.32% male) as “good,” and 0.06% (0.00% female/0.065 male) as “excellent.”
Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about electricity services? (V15.3) A total 22.67% (7.73% female/14.94% male) report having submitted a complaint to the government about electricity services. The remaining 77.33% (42.46% female/34.87% male) say they have never done so. How would you rate the government’s responsiveness to complaints? (V15.4) Nearly one-third, or 32.68%, of survey respondents (4.79% female/27.89% male) rate the government’s responsiveness to citizens’ complaints as “very bad.” 39.72% (18.31% female/21.41% male) rated it as “poor,” and 20.56% (7.89% female/12.68% male) rated it as “fair.” 7.76% (3.10% female/3.66% male) rated it as “good,” and 0.28% (0.00% female/0.28% male) rated it as “excellent.”
Conservation of Electricity Do you make any effort to conserve your electricity usage? (V15.6) More than three-quarters of respondents (79.11%) report that they try to conserve electricity. Some 20.89% report that they do not make any efforts to do so. Among those who say they do not try to conserve electricity, 14.24% cite a lack of awareness as the primary reason, 27.86% cite insufficient availability of electricity, 52.94% cite the desire to maximize benefits, 1.55% cite high temperatures, and 3.41% cite other reasons.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 123 Do you think most people make an effort to conserve their electricity usage? (V15.8) More than half, or 55.69%, of survey respondents (26.58% female/29.11% male) say they think most people try to conserve electricity, although 44.31% (23.80% female/20.50% male) say they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V15.9) Of those who responded no, 43.29% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 24.43% cite insufficient availability of electricity, 24.43% cite the desire to maximize benefits, 1.00% cite high temperatures, 1.86% cite wastefulness, and 5.00% cite other reasons.
Sewage
Availability of Sewage Services Do you have a sewer system in your area? (V13.0) A majority of survey respondents indicate that they had a sewer system in their area (81.10%; 41.25% female/39.85% male). However, 18.90% (8.94% female/9.96% male) say they do not have access to a nearby sewer system.
Performance of Sewer Services Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year? (V13) Of the respondents who report having a sewer system in their area, 14.96% (8.27% female/6.69% male) say government performance has improved over the last year, while 85.04% (42.60% female/42.44% male) state it hasn’t improved. Rating of Performance quality (general performance) (V13.1) One-tenth, or 10.95% (3.86% female/7.09% male), view the general performance of the government in delivering sewage services as “very bad,” and 37.96% (19.53% female/18.43% male) rate it as “poor.” A total 37.55% (20.39% female/17.17% male) rate the government’s performance as “fair,” 12.44% (6.22% female/6.22% male) as “good,” and only 1.11% (0.87% female/0.24% male) as “excellent.” How do you rate the government provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of sewer system? (V13.10) A large number of survey respondents, 45.02% (22.86% male/22.16% female), rate the government’s efforts to educate people on the proper use of sewer systems as “very bad” and 42.59% (20.56% male/22.03% female) rate them as poor. Only 10.47% (5.43% male/5.04% female) rate the government education campaign as “fair,” 1.85% (0.96% male/0.89% female) as “good,” and 0.06% (0.00% male/0.06% female) as excellent.
Pollution of Sewer Services Are people dumping chemicals, oil, and other objects into the sewer system? (V13.2) A significant majority (68.19%) of survey respondents with a sewer system in his or her area (31.97% female/36.22% male) report that people are not polluting these systems with chemicals, oil, or other materials. However, 31.82% (14.65% female/17.17% male) say people are dumping such materials into the sewer system.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 124 What types of materials are people dumping into the sewer system specifically? (V13.3) Among those who report that people are dumping materials into the sewer system, more than half (51.06%) say people are dumping oil. A total of 19.15% say people are dumping chemicals, 18.35% say garbage, 6.12% say garbage and oil, 3.99% say garbage and solid materials such as stone and wood, 1.06% say medications, and fewer than one percent (0.27%) say people are dumping garbage, oil, and solid materials. Why are people dumping these materials into the sewer system? (V13.4) The vast majority, or 91.06%, of respondents cite lack of awareness or concern for pollution and ignorance as the reason why people are dumping materials into the sewer system. Some 3.38% claim it is due to a lack of accountability, and 5.56% think it is for other reasons (i.e., carelessness).
Citizens Awareness and Engagement Do you know anything about how sewer services have been decentralized? (V13.11) Only 5.36% of respondents (2.23% female/3.13% male) say they are aware that the sewer system has been decentralized. A large majority, 94.64% (47.96% female/46.68% male), report that they do not know about the decentralization efforts. Are people obtaining the proper government approvals for connecting house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.5) A large majority, or 78.58%, of respondents report that people are obtaining the proper government approvals prior to connecting their house sewer systems to the main sewer line. However, 21.42% report that people are not doing so. If no, why are people not obtaining the proper government approvals to connect their house sewer into main sewer line? (V13.6) More than half (56.62%) of respondents report a lack of accountability as the reason why people are not obtaining proper government approval prior to connecting house sewers to the main sewer line. A total of 16.54% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance, 15.44% cite bureaucratic procedures, and 11.40% cite other reasons, such as the need for bribery and the absence of full rule of law. Are you aware of where to submit complaints for sewer services? (V13.7) Overall, survey respondents are not aware of complaints mechanisms pertaining to sewer services. About one-third, or 33.84% (13.79% female/20.05% male), report that know about complaints mechanisms for sewer services, but the remaining 66.16% (36.40% female/29.76% male) say they are not aware of any such channels to file a complaint. Have you ever submitted a complaint to the government for sewer services? (V13.8) A total of 22.27% of respondents (6.42% female/15.85% male), report that they have submitted a complaint to the government regarding sewer services. The remaining 77.74% (34.34% female/43.40% male) say they have never submitted a complaint of this nature. How would you rate the responsiveness of the government about your complaint? (V13.9) Among those who have submitted a complaint, 18.64% (15.25% male/3.39% female) rate the responsiveness of the government to complaints as “very bad” while 48.31% (33.90% male/14.41% female) rate it as “poor.” 23.73% (13.56% male/10.17% female) rated government responsiveness as “fair” and just 9.32% (8.47% male/0.85% female) as “good.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 125 Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information about sewer services in your area? (V13.13) A majority (57.76%) report that they do not use social media for obtaining information. However, of those survey respondents who do report going online to receive information on sewer services: 35.20% use Facebook, 3.31% use Twitter, and 2.77% use Instagram. Moreover, 0.36% use Telegram, 0.18% use Instagram, 0.06% obtain information from the community, 0.24% turn to television or radio, and 0.12% use other means of obtaining information on sewer services.
NINEWA
DEMOGRAPHICS
Location by District Field data collectors conducted surveys in three districts of Ninewa Province: al-Hamdaniya, al-Mosul, and Tel Kaif. Al-Hamdaniya accounted for 48.09% of survey responses from Ninewa; al-Mosul accounted for 42.80%, and Tel Kaif for 9.11%.
Status of Residency Returnees comprise a majority of respondents in Ninewa (46.61%; 23.09% female/23.52% male). Internally displaced persons account for 29.24% of those surveyed (14.62% female/14.62% male), and host community members account for 24.15% (12.08% female/12.08% male).
Age Group The majority of respondents are between the ages of 18 and 29 years (30.08%; 12.92% female/17.16% male). Individuals aged 30-39 years make up the second-largest group of respondents (25%; 11.44% female/13.56 male), followed by individuals aged 40-49 years (22.25%; 13.14% female/9.11% male). A total of 14.62% (8.47% female/6.14% male) are aged 50-59 years, and 8.05% are aged 60 or older (3.81% female/4.24% male).
Level of Education High school graduates comprise 10.59% of survey respondents (5.51% female/5.08% male). Those with an institute-level education account for 9.96% (3.18% female/6.78% male); those with a middle school-level education, for 14.62% (5.72% female/8.90%); those with no formal schooling, for 13.98% (11.65% female/2.33% male); and those with a primary school-level education, for 35.38% (18.22% female/17.16% male). A total of 2.33% (0.85% female/1.48% male) are technical school graduates and 13.14% (4.66% female/8.47% male) are university graduates.
Professional and Economic Status A majority of respondents from Ninewa (48.73%) are unemployed at the time of the survey (26.69% female/22.03% male). Among the remainder, 7.84% (3.39% female/4.45% male) are students, 2.33% (0.64% female/1.69% male) are retired, 8.47% (0.85% female/7.63% male) work in the private sector, 10.38% (10.38% female/0.00% male) are homemakers, 8.26% (3.60% female/4.66% male) work in health services, 4.03% (1.48% female/2.54% male) work in government (non-military/police), 0.42% (0.00% female/0.42% male) work for the government (military/police), 4.24% (2.75% female/1.48% male) work in the education
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 126 sector, 4.87% (0.00% female/4.87% male) are daily wage earners, and 0.42% (0.00% female/0.42% male) work in the civil society sector.
Gender A total of 50.26% of respondents are male and 49.74% are female.
Religion and Ethnicity The majority, or 80.51%, of survey respondents identify as Muslim. A total of 15.68% of those surveyed identify as Christian, while Shabaks comprise 3.81% of the survey sample population.
SUMMARY PROFILE Shabak and Muslim populations in Ninewa Province report overall lower rates of access to essential public services than Christians; likewise, internally displaced persons are much more likely than host community members or returnees to not have a service or services in their area. Access to sewer and solid waste management is very low among vulnerable communities, but especially among this group. Similar to several other provinces surveyed, 18-29 years old age group in Ninewa is the most distrustful of the government overall, in regard to its ability to deliver essential public services in sewer, solid waste management, electricity, and water. Among religious and ethnic minority groups, Shabaks are the most distrustful, while internally displaced persons are more distrustful of the government than host community members and returnees. A higher proportion of Ninewa residents depend on government services for their drinking water needs. This is notable in light of the reported poor quality of the water and the general prevalence of water systems in the province. Interestingly, respondents in aggregate are more likely to believe that water services have improved in the last year than those from other provinces. Ninewa has a markedly lower availability of electricity services than the other four provinces. It is also the only province among the five surveyed where respondents rate government efforts to raise awareness about the proper use of electricity and ways to conserve electricity as “very bad.” Rates of electricity conservation in the province are generally high, however, with a majority of respondents saying they try to conserve power. In fact, Ninewa is one of only two provinces where a majority of respondents rate the performance of the government in delivering electricity services as “fair.” Ninewa ranks among the top three provinces reporting the highest proportions of respondents who pay informal fees for trash removal. Informal fees are the most prevalent in Mosul City, where 57.43% report paying fees to get their trash removed. More than in any other province included in the survey, respondents in Ninewa report relying on television or radio to obtain information on public services (27.71%). With the exception of Anbar, where 11.00% report using television or radio for such purposes, respondents in Babil, Basrah, and Baghdad report low rates of television and radio use.
SUMMARY OF BASIC INDICATORS
Basic Indicator 1: Perceptions that Government Services Have Improved While people feel sewer, solid waste management, and water services have improved over the last year and they remain optimistic about advances in individual sectors, only 38.98% of respondents believe that
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 127 government services have generally improved over the last three years. Indeed, 61.02% of respondents do not believe that government services have improved over this period.
Figure 86: Public Service Improvement (Ninewa)
Have government services in general improved over the last three years?
Yes, 38.98%
No, 61.02%
No Yes
Basic Indicator 2: Satisfaction with Service Delivery Platforms A total of 43.01% are “very satisfied” or “fairly satisfied” with the government’s delivery of services. However, a majority, 55.51%, are “not at all satisfied” or “not very satisfied.”
Figure 87: Citizen Satisfaction with Public Service Delivery (Ninewa)
How satisfied are you with the way the government delivers services in general?
Not very satisfied Not at all satisfied Fairly satisfied Very satisfied Do not know
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% Do not know Very satisfied Fairly satisfied Not at all satisfied Not very satisfied Total 1.48% 3.39% 39.62% 28.39% 27.12%
Basic Indicator 3: Perceptions of Citizen Input into Decision-Making Overall, respondents hold a negative view of the provincial government’s efforts to gather citizen input. In addition, few people seem to be aware of opportunities to provide such input. Only 6.68% of
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 128 respondents say they have submitted a complaint pertaining to water, electricity, solid waste management, or sewer services.
Figure 88: Citizen Engagement with Complaints Mechanisms (Ninewa)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government about a Public Service? Yes 6.68%
No 93.32% No Yes
Considering age groupings, 60-75 years old age group is the most aware of complaints mechanisms, with 44.74% among this group saying they know that they can submit complaints to the government. The least-aware group is the 30-39 age group, at 20.76%, although awareness rates are also low among 18-29 years old (26.41%). Respondent aged 40-49 years are the most likely to have submitted a complaint (7.60%) while those aged 30-39 years are the least likely (5.01%). Satisfaction with government responsiveness to complaints is highest among 50-59 years old, with 25.00% rating it as “good” or “excellent.” In contrast, only 5.26% of 30-39 years old age group rates government responsiveness so positively, and as a group, they are the least satisfied with government responsiveness, with 84.21% rating it as “poor” or “very bad.” Overall, satisfaction with government responsiveness is very low across all age groups. Christians are overall more aware of complaints mechanisms than other religious or ethnic minorities in Ninewa (53.38% versus 22.97% for Muslims and 27.78% for Shabaks). However, Shabaks are the most likely to have submitted a complaint (17.86%), compared to 2.33% for Christians and 6.65% for Shabaks. Satisfaction with government responsiveness is highest among Christians, half (50.00%) of whom rate responsiveness as “fair” and 16.67% of whom rate it as “good” or “excellent.” Both Muslims and Shabaks express lower rates of satisfaction; 72.84% of Muslims and 80.00% of Shabaks describe government responsiveness to their complaints as “poor” or “very bad.” Internally displaced persons are the least knowledgeable about complaints mechanisms for services- related complaints, while returnees are the most knowledgeable. In line with this trend, returnees are the most likely group to have submitted a complaint (7.19%) and internally displaced persons, the least likely (4.74%). Similarly, returnees give the highest ratings for government responsiveness to complaints, with 16.98% describing it as “good” or “excellent” and 22.64% describing it as “fair.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 129 Basic Indicator 4: Trust in the Local Government Only 4.24% of respondents from Ninewa trust the government “a lot” to deliver essential services, while 20.34% trust it “somewhat.” In contrast, 67.58% trust the government only “a little” or do not trust it at all to deliver essential services.
Figure 89: Citizen Trust in Government to Deliver Essential Public Services (Ninewa)
Have You Submitted a Complaint to the Government About a Public Service?
Yes, 6.68%
No, 93.32%
No Yes
While trust is low among all age groups, it is highest among those aged 50-59 years, with nearly a third (30.43%) reporting that they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot.” Trust is lowest among 18-29 years old age group, with only 23.94% trusting the government “a lot” or “somewhat.” Levels of trust among Christians, Muslims, and Shabaks in Ninewa trend similarly, with significant majorities among all three groups saying they do not trust the government at all or only trust it a little. Distrust is highest among Shabaks (only 16.67% trust the government “a lot” or “somewhat”). Contrary to the findings above, trust is highest among internally displaced persons, with 31.88% reporting they trust the government “somewhat” or “a lot,” as opposed to 24.56% for host community members and 20.00% for returnees. Nonetheless, trust trends negatively across all three religious groups, with a majority in each group reporting no or only a little trust in the government’s ability to deliver public services. Specifically, 71.05% of host community members, 63.04% of internally displaced persons, and 37.27% of returnees express such sentiments.
Basic Indicator 5: Rating of Government Performance In Ninewa as elsewhere, public services received low ratings in terms of performance. Zero to 1.69% of Ninewa respondents rate the four public services “excellent.” However, 41.1% consider water services to be “good,” and majorities rate solid waste management and sewer services as “fair.” Electricity services receive the worst ratings, with 29.97% of survey respondents describing them as “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 130 Figure 90: Performance Ratings of Ninewa's Public Services
Water 5.08% 10.38% 41.74% 41.10% 1.69%
Electricity 27.97% 16.74% 37.08% 16.53% 1.69%
Solid Waste Management 2.35% 15.96% 53.52% 26.76% 1.41%
Sewer 5.53% 22.11% 61.31% 11.06% 0.00%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Very Bad Poor Fair Good Excellent
Basic Indicator 6: Access to Good-Quality Services Few of those surveyed in Ninewa have access to good-quality services. While most areas have access to government-provided sewage, solid waste management, electricity, and water services, citizens overall have a negative perception of the quality of these services. Generally speaking, water and electricity services are much more widely available than sewage and solid waste management services. However, in Ninewa, electricity is less widely available than in other provinces, with only 67.80% reporting that they have access to electricity services.
SUMMARY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Water Almost all, or 97.46%, of respondents report having a government-provided water system in their area, and 74.13% believe that government delivery of water services has improved over the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 131 Figure 91: Citizen Access to Government Water Services (Ninewa)
Do you have a water system in your area?
2.54%
No Yes
97.46%
Figure 92: Water Service Improvement (Ninewa)
Has government provision of water services improved from last year?
25.87%
No Yes 74.13%
A total of 42.80% of respondents rate the government’s general performance of water services as “excellent” or “good.” Another 41.74% rate it as “fair.” Only 15.47% rate it as “poor” or “very bad,” a departure from trends seen in other surveyed provinces.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 132 Figure 93: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Water Services (Ninewa)
45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad Total 1.69% 41.10% 41.74% 10.38% 5.08%
While a majority of all three ethnic groups report having access to a government water system, Shabaks are the least likely to have such access (78.22% do, compared to 98.16% of Muslims and 100.00% of Christians). Internally displaced persons are most likely to have access to a water system (100.00%) in Ninewa, while 94.74% of host community members and 97.27% of returnees have access to such a system.
Solid Waste Management A total of 45.13% of respondents in Ninewa have a government-provided solid waste management system in their area and 74.65% believe the government’s delivery of solid waste management services has improved over the last year.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 133 Figure 94: Citizen Access to Government Solid Waste Management Services (Ninewa)
Do you have a waste management system in your area?
Yes No 45% No Yes 55%
Figure 95: Solid Waste Management Service Improvement (Ninewa)
Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year?
25.35%
No Yes 74.65%
More than half of respondents (53.52%) rate the government’s general performance of the service as “fair,” while 26.76% think it is “good” and 1.41% rate it as “excellent.” A total 18.31% think government performance of solid waste management services is “poor” or “very bad.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 134 Figure 96: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Waste Management Services (Ninewa)
Very Bad Excellent Poor 2% 1% Good 16% 27%
Excellent Fair Good 54% Fair Poor Very Bad
Internally displaced persons are significantly less likely to have access to solid waste management services than host community members and returnees; only 2.17% of IDPs have access to a system of solid waste management, compared to 76.82% of returnees and 35.96% of host community members.
Figure 97: Citizen Access to Solid Waste Management Services (Ninewa, Disaggregated by Residency Status)
Internally 100.00% Displaced Person, 2.17% 90.00% Host Community 80.00% Member, 35.96% 70.00% Returnee, 76.82% 60.00% Internally Displaced Person, Yes 50.00% 97.83% No 40.00% Host Community 30.00% Member, 64.04% 20.00% Returnee, 23.18% 10.00% 0.00% Host Community Internally Returnee Member Displaced Person
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 135 Electricity Two-thirds, or 67.80%, report having an electricity system in their area, with Muslims the most likely to report that they do not have access to power. Only 60.00% of Muslims have access to electricity systems, compared with 100.00% of Christians and 100.00% of Shabaks surveyed, A total of 18.22% of respondents in Ninewa rate general performance of government electricity services as “excellent” or “good,” and 37.08% rate it as “fair.” However, 44.70% rate the government’s performance as “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 98: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Ninewa)
Do you have an electricity system in your area?
32.20%
No Yes
67.80%
Figure 99: Citizen Access to Government Electricity Services (Ninewa, Disaggregated by Ethnic/Religious Group)
100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% Yes 40.00% No 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% Christian Muslim Shabak Yes 100.00% 60.00% 100.00% No 0.00% 40.00% 0.00%
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 136 Figure 100: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Electricity Services (Ninewa)
1.69% 27.97% 16.53%
16.74% 37.08%
Excellent Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Sewer Only 42.16% of respondents report having a government-provided sewer system in their area, but a majority (53.77%) believe that the government’s performance in terms of sewage services has improved over the last year.
Figure 101: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Ninewa)
Do you have a sewer system in your area?
Yes 42%
No 58%
No Yes
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 137 Figure 102: Sewer System Improvement (Ninewa)
Has government performance of sewer services improved from last year?
46.23% 53.77%
No Yes
A total of 61.31% of respondents feel that the government’s performance of public services is “fair.” 11.06% think it is “good.” 27.64% of respondents think the government’s general performance of the service is “poor” or “very bad.”
Figure 103: Citizen Assessment of Government Performance of Sewer Services (Ninewa)
Very Bad 6% Good 11% Poor 22%
Fair 61%
Good Fair Poor Very Bad
Among religious and ethnic groups surveyed, Shabaks are the least likely to have access to sewer services, with only 2.01% reporting having such access. In contrast, 76.38% of Muslims and 21.61% of Christians in Ninewa report having sewer services. Among ethnic groups, returnees are the most likely to have access to sewage services (64.32%), compared to host community members (35.18%) and internally displaced persons, who report a mere 0.50% access rate.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 138 Figure 104: Citizen Access to Government Sewer Services (Ninewa, Disaggregated by Residency Status)
Returnee
Internally Displaced Person
Host Community Member Yes 0.00% No 50.00% 100.00% Host Community Internally Displaced Returnee Member Person Yes 61.40% 0.72% 58.18% No 38.60% 99.28% 41.82%
DETAILED FINDINGS BY PUBLIC SERVICE
Water
Availability of Water Services Do you have a water system in your area? (V16.0) Nearly all respondents (97.46%) report having a government-provided water system in their area, although 2.54% say they do not have access to such a system. Do you depend on government services for all your drinking water needs? (V16.10) A large majority, 69.28% (36.65% female/32.63% male), say they fully rely on government services for their drinking water. The remaining 30.72% of respondents (13.14% female/17.58% male) say this is not the case. How many days per week do you have drinking water provided by the government? (V16.9) A total of 41.52% report that they have access to government-provided drinking water six to seven days of the week. Another 41.52% of respondents have drinking water three to five days a week, and 16.96% report having access one to two days each week. Rating of quality of the water (V16.4) A majority of respondents (32.17%) rate the quality of the water as “poor.” One-quarter, or 25.43%, rate it as “fair,” and nearly the same numbert (24.13%) rate it as “good.” A total of 17.17% rate water quality as “very bad,” while only 1.09% rate it as “excellent.”
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 139 Performance of Water Services Rating of performance quality (general performance) (V16.3) A total of 41.10% rate the general performance of the government vis-à-vis water services as “good.” Among the remaining, 41.74% rate it as “fair,” 10.38% as “poor,” 5.08% as “very bad,” and 1.69% as “excellent.” Has the government provision of water services improved from last year? (V16) Three-quarters (74.13%) of respondents who have government water systems in their areas report that services have improved over the last year, while 25.87% say they have not improved. How do you rate the government-provided education (through media, posters, SMS, etc.) on the proper use of the water system? (V16.12) Some 39.62% of survey respondents rate the government’s education campaign on the proper use of the water system as “poor.” A total of 27.54% rate it as “fair,” 20.34% rate it as “very bad,” and 12.50% as “good.”
Citizen Input Have you ever made a complaint to the government about your water services? (V16.1) Only 6.99% of respondents (3.81% female/3.18% male) report having made a complaint to the government about their water services. The vast majority (93.01%; 45.97% female/47.03% male) report that they have not made such a complaint. If yes, how would you rate the responsiveness? (V16.2) Among survey participants in Ninewa who report having made a complaint to the government regarding water services, nearly one-third (30.30%) rate the government’s responsiveness as “very bad.” A total of 24.24% rate it as “fair,” 24.24% rate it as “good,” and 21.21% rate it as “poor.”
Conservation of Water Do you make any effort to conserve your water usage? (V16.5) Most survey respondent (98.26%) report that they try to conserve water. Some 1.74% report that they do not make any such efforts. If no, why not? (V16.6)
Of those who say they do not make efforts to conserve water, half (50.00%) cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the primary reason, while the other half (50.00%) cite the availability of water. Do you think most people make any effort to conserve their water usage? (V16.7) A total of 79.57% of survey respondents (40.22% female/39.35% male) report that they think most people make efforts to conserve water, while 20.43% (9.57% female/10.87% male) say they do not think people do so. If no, why not? (V16.8) Of those who report that they do not think others conserve water, 88.42% cite a lack of awareness or concern and ignorance as the main reason. Some 2.11% cite a lack of accountability, 3.16% cite the availability of water, 3.16% cite wastefulness, and 3.16% cite other reasons, including an absence of sensitization campaigns.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 140 Social and Traditional Media Use Which social media platforms do you follow for notifications and information on water system services? (V16.13) One-third (33.06%) of respondents say they do not use social media to stay apprised of information regarding water services, but those who do favor Facebook for such purposes (36.92%). In addition, 1.01% rely on Twitter, 0.20% use Instagram, 0.20% use Telegram, and 0.41% use Snapchat. Another 27.59% of respondents say they get information on water system services from television or radio, and 0.61% obtain information from the community.
Solid Waste Management
Availability of Water Management Services Do you have a waste management system in your area? (V14.0) A total of 45.13% survey respondents say they have a government waste management system in their area. However, a majority (54.87%) report that they do not have access to such a system nearby. Does the government provide a sufficient number of trash cans in public places? (V14.10) Only 11.44% (4.45% female/6.99% male) think the government provides a sufficient number of trash cans in public places. The remaining 88.56% (45.34% female/43.22% male) say they do not think the government provides enough trash cans.
Performance of Waste Management Services Has government performance of solid waste management services improved since last year? (V14) Of those who report a waste management system in their area, 74.65% of respondents feel that government performance of waste management services has improved over the last year. The remaining 25.35% feel that it has not. How would you rate government programs to raise awareness of solid waste management services? (V14.11)
The majority of respondents (46.19%; 23.31% female/22.88% male) rate the government’s programs to raise awareness about solid waste management services as “very bad,” and 25.85% (13.77% female/12.08% male) rate them as “poor.” A total 24.79% (11.44% female/13.35% male) rate them as “fair,” and 3.18% (1.27% female/1.91% male) rate them as “good.”
Citizen Awareness and Input Do you know that you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3) A total of 29.87% of survey respondents (11.23% female/18.64% male) report being aware of opportunities to submit complaints to the government over solid waste management services. However, 70.13% (38.56% female/31.57% male) are not aware that they could do so. Do you know where you can submit complaints for solid waste management services? (V14.3.1) Of those who know about the complaints mechanisms, 62.41% (23.40% female/39.01% male) identify the municipal council as the site for submitting complaints about solid waste management services, 29.08% (11.35% female/17.73% male) cite the municipal department or a subdistrict office, and 8.51% (2.84% female/5.67% male) cite “other” sites, such as via a complaint hotline.
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 141 Have you ever made a complaint to the government about solid waste management services? (V14.1) Only 5.51% (3.39% female/2.21% male) have made a complaint to the government over solid waste management services; the vast majority of respondents (94.49%; 46.40% female/48.09% male) say they have never done so. If yes, how would rate the responsiveness to your complaint? (V14.2) Of those who report filing a complaint to the government regarding solid waste management services, nearly three-quarters (73.08%; 42.31% female/30.77% male) rate government responsiveness to the complaint as “very bad” and 11.54% (female) as “poor.” A total of 11.54% (7.69% female/3.85% male) rate it “fair” and 3.85% (male) rate it “good.”
Trash Disposal Do people throw their trash in the designated areas? (V14.5) A majority of survey respondents (59.32%) report that people properly dispose of their trash or use designated areas for trash disposal. However, 40.68% of respondents report that people do not do so. Do you pay a formal fee for trash removal services? (V14.6) Only 15.47% of respondents say they pay a formal fee for trash removal services, while 84.53% report that they do not pay such a fee. If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.7) Of those who report paying a formal fee, 41.10% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20), 54.799% pay between IQD5,000 and 15,000 (USD12.60), and 4.11% pay IQD15,000-30,000 (USD25.00). Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services? (V14.8) More than half (56.57%) of survey respondents say they do not pay an informal fee for trash removal. However, 43.43% report that they do. Al-Mosul City reports the highest percentage of respondents who report paying informal fees for trash removal (57.43%); al-Hamdaniya reports the lowest rate of informal fee payment (30.40%).
Table 24: Informal Fees for Tash Removal (Ninewa, Disaggregated by District) Do you pay an informal fee for trash removal services?
No Yes Grand Total Al-Hamdaniya 69.60% 30.40% 100.00% Al-Mosul 42.57% 57.43% 100.00% Tel Kaif 53.49% 46.51% 100.00% Grand Total 56.57% 43.43% 100.00%
If yes, how much do you pay for this service? (V14.9) Of those who report paying an informal fee, 71.22% pay less than IQD5,000 (USD4.20). A total of 28.29% pay between IQD5,000 (USD4.20) and IQD15,000 (USD12.60), and fewer than one percent (0.49%) report paying IQD15,000-30,000 (USD12.60–25.00).
USAID-FUNDED IGPA/TAKAMUL PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY - BASIC INDICATORS REPORT 142 Social and Traditional Media Use What social media platform(s) do you follow for notification and information on solid waste management services? (V14.12)
Nearly one-third, or 31.39%, of respondents in Ninewa say they do not use social media to obtain information about solid waste management services. Among those who do, 37.02% use Facebook, 1.01% use Twitter, 0.60% use Instagram, 0.20% use Telegram, 0.60% use Snapchat, and 0.20% use other platforms, such as YouTube. Notably, 28.57% of respondents report that they rely on television or radio as a source for such information, a departure from trends noted in other surveyed provinces. In addition, 0.40% obtain information about solid waste management services from the community.
Electricity
Availability of Electricity Services Do you have an electricity system in your area? (V15.0) A total of 67.80% of survey respondents report having access to a government-provided electricity system in their area, while 32.20% say there are not any such systems they can access nearby. How many hours per day do you have government provided electricity? (V15.1) Sixty percent (60.00%) of respondents report having 6-10 hours per day of electricity. A total of 21.88% report 11-15 hours, 11.25% have 3-5 hours, 6.56% have 16-20