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CHINA's IT LEADERSHIP Qing Duan, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: CHINA’S IT LEADERSHIP Qing Duan, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ernest J. Wilson, III Department of Government and Politics With the rapid expansion of China’s information and communications technology (ICT) sector, there has emerged a strategic group of IT leaders. These IT leaders are characterized by their “amphibiousness”. On the one hand, they have become bridges that introduce Western concepts of competition and decentralization to China. On the other, they do not want to challenge the state because they feel comfortable with their personal ties to promote their business interests. They belong to the “non-critical realm” of social elites and have not coalesce d into a coherent and organized social force. Even though they may not represent an independently innovative force that would push for political change in China, they have become catalysts and have created part of the necessary conditions for political changes, for example enhancing institutional performance of the state and creating a forum for public debate and political participation of the grassroots. Therefore, they have a subtle political impact on state responsiveness and civic participation. By ca refully contrasting the autonomous, parasitic, symbiotic, negotiating, and amphibious actor models, this study of IT leadership in China emphasizes the creative aspect of politics —their visions, craftsmanship, and courage for ICT diffusion in China. In co ntrast with the top-down or bottom-up paths of Communist transitions in East Central Europe, the Chinese path seems to be grounded in the middle. The conclusion of this dissertation is that in a time of uncertainty, a strategic group of IT leaders starts to inspire and lead this nation in new directions like a spark when China is in desperate need of a systematic and convincing rationale and vision for its progress in an era of great transformation. CHINA’S IT LEADERSHIP by Qing Duan Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor Ernest J. Wilson, Chair Professor Ma rgaret Pearson Professor Dennis Pirages Professor Vladimir Tismaneanu Professor James Gao, Dean’s Representative © Copyright by Qing Duan 2005 Table of Contents List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………….. iii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………….iv List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………. v Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………vi Chapter 1: Introduction—a Theoretical Framework to Study China’s IT Leadership…………..1 Chapter 2: The Amphibiousness of China’s IT Leaders —an Overview of Traits and Behaviors……………………………………………………………………………54 Chapter 3: Leadership in the Public Sector—Building the National Information Infrastructure and Breaking Up China Telecom………….……………………………………………93 Chapter 4: Leadership in the Private Sec tor—Internet service providers (ISPs) and E -Commerce Pioneers ……………………………………………………………………..…….145 Chapter 5: IT Leaders for a Burgeoning Civil Society — Internet Content Providers (ICPs) and IT Advocates at Non-Governmental Organizations. ……………..………………….. 178 Chapter 6: Conclusion: Leadership as a Spark during Uncertain Transitions………………….206 Appendix I: Interviewees …………………………………………………..……….243 Appendix II: Chronicles of IT Development in China ……………………..……...246 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..267 ii List of Tables Table 1: Four Theoretical Models on State -Society Relationship……………… 10 Table 2: The Golden Projects …………………………………………………..100 Table 3: China’s Main Public Networks ……………………………………….104 Table 4: Activities of IT Leaders...………………………..…………………….216 iii List of Figures Figure 1: The Autonomous Actor Model ……………………………………….…12 Figure 2: The Parasitic Actor Model ………………………………………………16 Figure 3: The Symbiotic Actor Model……………………………………………..19 Figure 4: The Negotiating Actor Model …………………………………………..20 Figure 5: The “Quad” Coordination between all Sectors……..…………………. ..28 Figure 6: The Divestiture of China Telecom ……………………………………. ..30 Figure 7: Functional Division of MPT and Entries of New Carriers in 1994..…….110 Figure 8: The First Breakup of China Telecom …………….….………………….115 Figure 9: Variables and Parameters of Research ……..…………………….……..210 Figure 10: The Working Process of Leadership …………………………………..212 Figure 11: Theoretical Development of China’s IT Leadership ……….…………224 iv List of Abbreviations MEI Ministry of Electronic Industries MEP Ministry of Electric Power MII Ministry of Information Industries MOR Ministry of Railways MPT Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications MSS Ministry of State Security NP C National People’s Congress SARFT State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television Selected Chinese names of the IT leaders who use English first names Edward Tian Tian Suning (China Netcom) ↰ḽቘ Michael Wan Wan Pingguo (Net China) ਁᐔ࿖ John Wang Wang Juntao (6688.com) ₺ፋᶢ Charles Zhang Zhang Chaoyang (Sohu.com) ᓴᳱ䰇 Jasmine Zhang Zhang Shuxin (Genesis Capital) ᓴᷥ⃷ Edward Zeng Zeng Qiang (Sparkice) ᦦ笶 v Acknowledgments I starte d my dissertation in the fall of 2002 and it produced three years worth of sweat and toil on the part of my advisors and myself. I am grateful to Prof. Ernest J. Wilson, III for his eclectic mind, scholarship, and intellectual enthusiasm, or more accurate ly, his exuberance and genuine interest in inspiring me to tackle the issues of leadership in the digital age, especially in developing countries. I also thank Prof. Margaret Pearson for her unflagging commitment to making me a well -disciplined scholar an d to be a critical inquirer in the field of comparative study of Chinese politics. Prof. Dennis Pirages has been a warm -hearted supporter and a generous and critical reader throughout the whole of the dissertation. Prof. Vladimir Tismaneanu’s work on civ il society in Eastern -Central Europe has been the inspiration for this work and helped me blend the empirical with theoretical frameworks. Prof. James Gao has also been a wonderful reader of my work and his comments are insightful. They all had a great deal of patience for my lengthy work and have been solid supporters while I pursue a career in comparative politics and international relations. During my field investigations from 2002 to 2005, my Chinese friends and colleagues gave me unwavering assis tance. Mao Wei and Yan Baoping from the Chinese Academy of Sciences offered many generous supports. Wang Xiangdong and Zhou Hong from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences also provided me with lots of help. My interviewees, Gao Hongbing, Song Ling, Sh en Jian, Zhang Shuxin, Wan Pingguo, Wang Juntao, Duan Yongchao, Wang Junxiu, and Liu Jun helped me intellectually. They also led by example and through the concrete ways that they made their career work. My friend Guo Beiping, Ph. D. in public affairs fr om George Washington University, and my classmate Fengshi Wu also shared stimulating ideas with me. My colleague Richard Longoria has been a steady friend in editing my work. Support both by the Center for International Development and Conflict Managemen t (CIDCM) and Harrison Program at the Department of Government and Politics of University of Maryland were essential for my early work on IT leadership. Prof. Valerie Hudson at Brigham Young University provided me with resourceful insights to reconceptual ize the dissertation. My family also encouraged me to continue this program by imploring me to finish sooner rather than later. My father, Duan Zuoguo, gave me generous financial support in the last two years and introduced me to his colleagues at China Railcom who address key issues on IT divestiture. I wish that my family will be proud of this project and of their future political scientist. vi Chapter 1. Introduction : A Theoretical Fram ework to Study China’s IT Leadership The rapid developme nt of China’ s information and communications technology (I CT ) sector has been an amazing phenomenon in a Communist country. 1 The fusion of computing and telecommunications, especially the Internet, has broken the bounds of cost, time and distance, launching an era of global information networking. By the end of October 2004, China had over 310 million fixed line telephones and over 325 million mobile phone users. 2 By January 17, 2005, there were 94 million Internet users including 42.8 million broadband users. 3 The ICT sector has become one of the most dynamic locomotives for development in China. IT brings about shrinking space, shrinking time and disappearing borders and therefore poses potential political challenges to China. Moreover, the transitio n of the ICT sector from one with strict control to one that is widely diffused and decentralized reveals a new pattern for resolving the tension in contemporary Chinese politics —fang (release) and shou (control). This intrigued us to locate those actors who push for changes in ICT sector and uncover the “black -box” of the inner workings of decisions behind the technical revolution in China. There are several groups of IT elites in China who push for changes in the ICT sector. They pass through Beijing’ s office buildings, absorb new values, and develop 1 The i nformation a nd communication technology (ICT) is defined as a “scarce and desirable resource that groups and individuals contend for in order to consume, control, or own those resources for their own purposes” (Wilson 2004a, 40). 2 Major Business Report of Ministry of Information
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