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A Comprehensive Model of Stress-Induced Binge Eating: the Role of Cognitive Restraint, Negative Affect, and Impulsivity in Binge Eating As a Response to Stress

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A Comprehensive Model of Stress-Induced Binge Eating: the Role of Cognitive Restraint, Negative Affect, and Impulsivity in Binge Eating As a Response to Stress The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Summer 8-21-2020 A Comprehensive Model of Stress-induced Binge Eating: The Role of Cognitive Restraint, Negative Affect, and Impulsivity In Binge Eating as a Response to Stress Rachael M. Huff [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Psychological Phenomena and Processes Commons, and the Women's Health Commons Recommended Citation Huff, Rachael M., "A Comprehensive Model of Stress-induced Binge Eating: The Role of Cognitive Restraint, Negative Affect, and Impulsivity In Binge Eating as a Response to Stress" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3238. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3238 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING: THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE RESTRAINT, NEGATIVE AFFECT, AND IMPULSIVITY IN BINGE EATING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESS By Rachael M. Huff B.A., Michigan Technological University, 2014 M.A., University of Maine, 2016 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Clinical Psychology) The Graduate School The University of Maine August 2020 Advisory Committee: Shannon K. McCoy, Associate Professor of Psychology, Chair Emily A. P. Haigh, Assistant Professor of Psychology Shawn W. Ell, Associate Professor of Psychology Fayeza S. Ahmed, Assistant Professor of Psychology Mollie A. Ruben, Assistant Professor of Psychology A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING: THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE RESTRAINT, NEGATIVE AFFECT, AND IMPULSIVITY IN BINGE EATING AS A RESPONSE TO STRESS By Rachael M. Huff Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Shannon McCoy An Abstract of the Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Clinical Psychology) August 2020 As obesity-related health issues account for the leading number of deaths in America, and these illnesses are even more prevalent in those that binge eat, treating obese individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) has become a matter of life and death. Stress, negative affect, cognitive restraint, and impulsivity have all been implicated in binge eating symptomatology, suggesting that these may be key variables to consider when developing a comprehensive model (Groesz et. al., 2012; Friese et. al., 2015; Galanti et. al., 2007; Gay et al., 2008; Racine et. al., 2015; Leehr et. al., 2015). This project aims to further examine the relationships between these factors in college-age participants and will not be limited to obese participants or those that meet criteria for BED, which has been a limitation of previous research. Electrocardiograph, impedance cardiography, and blood pressure equipment were used in this project to characterize a maladaptive stress response during a social-evaluative stressor and subsequent cognitive task measuring impulsivity. Self-report measures were administered throughout the lab session, and negative affect and drive to eat were assessed at the end. Information from the laboratory experiment (Study 2) study was sought to build on anonymous A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING self-report data (Study 1) which supported these factors as significant predictors in a proposed comprehensive model of stress-induced binge eating, especially impulsivity. Specifically, Study 2 aimed to replicate Study 1 and to examine whether women higher in binge eating react differently to maladaptive stress than those who are not (i.e., with increased impulsivity, negative affect, and drive to eat). Results of the self-report data showed that once again, perceived stress predicted increased binge eating through increased impulsivity. Further, the laboratory task demonstrated that for those who are higher (+ 1SD) in binge eating, more maladaptive stress (i.e., lower HF- HRV) was actually associated with lower negative affect while no relationship was present for others, suggesting a disconnect between conscious emotions and physical reactivity for binge eaters. This project enhances understanding of the etiology of binge eating, allowing clinicians to develop more efficacious treatments and target key factors that will lead to the greatest improvement Running head: A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first wish to broadly thank every friend, family, and colleague that helped indirectly by making me smile, encouraging me, and reminding me to breathe. I was incredibly fortunate to have 4 loving, generous, and supportive parents who are responsible for where I am today. Mom and Tom, Dad and Jody--you have always encouraged me and given everything you can to help me succeed and always make me feel loved; I am aware how privileged I am to never have had to question whether I might fall as you have always been there to catch me. As lucky as I was to have two loving and amazing parents growing up, I never imagined that I would one day have two more parents who would choose to take me in and love me, fully, as their own. I don’t think you will ever understand what this has meant to me and how you each changed my life forever. As in my personal life, I was blessed with a surplus of supportive colleagues and mentors who went above and beyond their responsibilities to create a collaborative project influenced by 3 labs. Shannon McCoy, I have learned so much with you as my advisor and your positive energy and unwavering support has helped me push through many a “panic.” Shelby Helwig, my rockstar labmate, you have been instrumental in the operation of our lab for years and my research could not have been completed without you. I also want to thank every undergraduate researcher who contributed to collecting this data and helped keep things running smoothly; though there are too many to name here I truly recognize that without each of you we would not have this data at all! Emily Haigh, as a clinical mentor, thank you for countless hours spent enhancing my research and professional development, as well as reminding me that there is an end in sight. Olivia Bogucki and Rachel Goetze, thank you for letting me be an honorary member of your lab and benefit from both your extraordinary spirits and expertise with physiological measures and affect. Shawn Ell, Rose Deng, and David Smith--thank you for ii A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING providing (patiently) all the stats and cognition expertise that I have ever needed, and a special mention to Rose for being my stop-signal task guru. I want to thank Mollie Ruben and Fayeza Ahmed for agreeing to serve on this committee; your expertise has enhanced this project and I appreciate you reading through this very long document. Thank you to Melissa Jankowski, Jessica Shankman, Laura Andrews for always making me laugh, peer-pressuring me into not procrastinating (too much), and so much more. Lastly, thank you to Megan Martell and Nicole Clay for being my oldest friends, seeing me through the most challenging times in my life, and pushing me through the last frantic months of this endeavor. iii A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF STRESS-INDUCED BINGE EATING TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................................xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Goals and Broader Impacts...................................................................1 1.2. Binge Eating Disorder Overview..........................................................................2 1.2.1. Diagnostic Criteria....................................................................................2 1.2.2. Occurrence............................................................................................... 4 1.2.2.1. Prevalence.....................................................................................4 1.2.2.2. Incidence...................................................................................... 6 1.2.2.3. Gender.......................................................................................... 8 1.2.2.4. Body mass index......................................................................... 11 1.2.2.5. Race, ethnicity, and national origin.............................................13 1.2.2.6. Socioeconomic status...................................................................15 1.2.2.7. Age...............................................................................................16 1.2.2.8. Course...........................................................................................17
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