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Trichogramma Brassicae in Maize Promotor: Dr Host-finding behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae in maize Promotor: dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar in de entomologie, in het bijzonder de oecologie der insekten Co-promotor: dr. F. Bigler Senior scientist, entomology Swiss Federal Reseach Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Zurich /üüo3?Qi ttfT~ Bastiaan Paul Suverkropp Host-finding behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae in maize Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, dr. C.M. Karssen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 10jun i 1997 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula. (Sn gTfóoo aan mijn vader CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Suverkropp, Bastiaan Paul Host-finding behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae in maize / Bastiaan Paul Suverkropp. - [S.l. : s.n.]. - Hl. Thesis Wageningen. - With réf. - With summary in Dutch ISBN 90-5485-725-0 Subject headings: Parasitoids / foraging behaviour / biological control / simulation The research described in this thesis was carried out at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Zurich, Switzerland, and at the Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, and was funded by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) of Basle, Switzerland. Copyright 1997 B.P. Suverkropp Cover: Trichogrammabrassicae on an Ostrinianubilalis egg mass. Photo: FAL Zürich- Reckenholz <t)h^-^! tlT-l- Stellingen behorende tot het proefschrift van B.P. Suverkropp. 1. Als aangetoond kan worden datee nparasitoïd e onderlaboratoriumomstandighede n op een bepaalde prikkel reageert, wil dat nog niet zeggen dat die prikkel het zoekgedrag van de parasitoïde inhe t veld beïnvloedt. Frenoy, G;Durier , G;Hawlitzky , NL, 1992. Journal ofchemica l ecology, 18:761-773 . Frenoy, G; Farine, J. P.;Hawlitzky , N.; Durier, G, 1991. 6thEuropea n Workshop onInsec t Parasitoids. Perugia 3-5 April, 1991.Redia , 74: 143-151. Renou, M; Hawlitzky, N.; Berthier, A.; Malosse,G ; Ramiandrasoa, F., 1989. Entomophaga, 34: 569-580. Dit proefschrift. 2. Gezien de zoekstrategie vanTrichogramma brassicae is hetvoo r deze sluipwesp essentieel dat veel planten onderzocht kunnen worden. Verlenging van de gemiddeld korte verblijftijden per blad leidt tot een vermindering van de kans om eimassa's van de gastheer te ontmoeten. Dit proefschrift. 3. Opplante n met kairomonen blijft Trichogramma brassicae langer zoeken dano p schone planten, maar ze wordt niet door kairomonen aangetrokken tijdens de vlucht, zoals geconcludeerd isdoo r Smits (1982). Smits, P. H., 1982. Les Trichogrammes, Antihes, Les Colloques de 1TNRA, 9:139-150 . Dit proefschrift. 4. Theorieën over optimale zoekstrategieën diezij n gebaseerd ophe tvergelijke n van diverse plekken met gastheren door parasitoïden zouden alleen gebruikt mogen worden als men een indicatie heeft van de ontmoetingskans van de betreffende soort met gastheren inee n veldsituatie. Tot nu toe ontbreekt deze informatie. Godfray, H.C.J., 1994. Parasitoids. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ: 26-81. 5. Genetische manipulatie van nuttige organismen kan leiden tot efficiëntere biologische bestrijding, maar dit weegt op korte termijn niet op tegen het verlies van het beeld van biologische bestrijding alsee nnatuurlijk e en natuurvriendelijke manierva n gewasbescherming. Hoy, M., 1994. In: Insect Parasitoids: Biology and Ecology. Proceedings from the 5th European Workshop on Insect parasitoids, Biri, Norway, 24-28 May 1994: 9-39. 6. Voor een effectief gebruik van simulatietechnieken dient men zich voortdurend te realiseren dat simulatiemodellen een middel en geen doel zijn. 7. Kwaliteitscontrole helpt een brug te slaan tussen sluipwespen als project en sluipwespen als produkt. 8. De opmerking "Man should stop fighting among themselves and startfightin g insects" moet tegenwoordig luiden "Man should stop fighting among themselves and make insects fight each other." Naar Luther Burbank (1849-1926) In: Seldes, G. (ed.), 1960. The Great Quotations. Lyle Stuart, New York. 9. Er zijn genoeg theorieën voor afwijkende sex-ratio's bij parasitoïden, maar nog niemand heeft de oorzaken van deextrem e ondervertegenwoordiging van vrouwen bij de amateurentomologen onderzocht. Godfray, H.C.J., 1994. Parasitoids. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ: 151-211. Ellis, W.N., 1995. In: Koomen, P., Ellis, W.N., van der Geest L.P.S. (eds.), 1995. Insekten onderzoeken. Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, Amsterdam: 189-196. 10. Het is merkwaardig dat veel mensen insecten als 'vieze beesten' classificeren, terwijl insecten om te kunnen overleven doorgaans grondig schoon moeten zijn en zich daarom voortdurend poetsen. Bernard Werber, B., 1991.Le s Fourmis. Albin Michel, Paris. 11. Het falen van de verkoop van Extenso graanproducten (graan uit geïntegreerde produktie) in de winkel in Zwitserland geeft aan dat de consument landbouwprodukten slechts in 'biologisch' en 'niet biologisch' kan of wenst te onderscheiden. 12. De tijd die men wint door goed met software om te kunnen gaan, gaat weer verloren aan hulp aan collega's die Softwareproblemen hebben. 13. Als je gelooft dat je iets niet kunt, dan lukt het je ook niet, hoe simpel het ook is. Urd, 1992. In: Fujishima, K., 1992.A a Megami-sama. Kodansha, Tokio. 188 pp. 14. Het is merkbaar dat beslissingen over het openbaar vervoer grotendeels gemaakt worden door mensen die het zelf niet gebruiken. 15. Iedereen die graag in tweedehands boekwinkels rondsnuffelt, kent de efficiëntie van lukraak zoeken. Contents Voorwoord 1 1. A simple tritrophic system: Trichogramma brassicae-Ostrinia nubilalis-Zeamays 3 2. Mating and oviposition behaviour of Ostrinianubilalis, th e European corn borer 19 3. Trichogramma dispersal and host-finding behaviour 41 4. Short range dispersal of Trichogramma brassicaei n maize fields 75 5. Landing of Trichogrammabrassicae o n maize plants 93 6. Movement and host-finding of Trichogramma brassicaeo n maize plants 107 7. Effect of temperature on Trichogrammabrassicae walkin g speed and 131 walking activity 8. Simulation of host-finding behaviour of Trichogramma brassicae on 141 maize leaves and plants 9. Simulation of Trichogramma brassicaehost-findin g behaviour in a maize crop 171 10. Summarising discussion 193 Samenvatting 211 Appendices 229 Curriculum vitae/Resume 249 Voorwoord It is because you are a very small animal that you will be Useful in the adventure before us. A.A. Milne "Winnie the Pooh" Dit proefschrift is het resultaat van vijf jaar werk met Trichogramma brassicae aan de Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für landwirtschaftliche Pflanzenbau, tegenwoordig Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Agrarökologie undLandba u Zürich-Reckenholz, en aan de vakgroep entomologie van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. Tijdens deze tijd heb ik van vele mensen assistentie en ondersteuning gekregen, die het onderzoek gemaakt hebben tot wat het is, en die ik bij deze hartelijk wil bedanken voor hun bijdrage. Allereerst Joop van Lenteren, die bereid was als promotor voor het proefschrift te fungeren. Hoewel hij in Wageningen zat en ik in Zwitserland, waardoor we elkaar niet zo vaak zagen, heeft de 'begeleiding op afstand' goed gefunctioneerd. Hij was altijd goed op de hoogte van mijn werk, voorzag mijn artikelen snel van gedegen kritiek, en hield de grote lijn van mijn onderzoek in de gaten. Franz Bigler war zuständig für die tägliche Betreuung von meinerDissertation . Er war immer offen für anregende Diskussionen und stellte seinereich e Erfahrung, Praxiskenntnisse und unpublizierte Daten über Trichogramma und Ostriniazu r Verfügung. Er hat auch das Stipendium von Ciba-Geigy organisiert, dass dieses Projekt ermöglicht hat. Stephan Bosshart hat Riesenmengen Trichogramma und Ostrina für mich gezüchtet. Hätte ich die Zuchten selber aufbauen und betreuen müssen, dann hätte ich mindestens ein Drittel weniger Zeit für meine Forschung gehabt. Auch sonst hat er mir immer mit gutem Rat und in praktischen Dingen geholfen. Auch MarioWaldburger , immerpara t ummei n Deutsch zukorrigieren , und Werner Jossi haben mir bei vielen praktischen Fragen zur Seite gestanden. Ana Dutton war einen Sommer lang meine Mitarbeiterin und hat in dieser Zeit viele Experimente mitgemacht. Auch inhaltlich hat sie einen wichtigen Beitrag zu meiner Dissertation geleistet. Ausserdem hat sie mir beigebracht, Huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis = Beulenbrand) zu kochen. Joel Schwarz bracht in het kader van zijn stage vele nachten in het insectarium door met het observeren van Ostrinia,e n vele middagen in de kas met het observeren vanTrichogramma. Professor Wolfgang Nentwig von der Universität Bern war bereit, mein Schweizer Doktorvater zu sein. Mein 'roommate' Fabio Cerutti hat mir an Anfang der Dissertation sehr geholfen, das Reckenholz kennen zu lernen. Die anregende Diskussionen mit ihm, und mit Stephan Blanche und Jerome Casas von der ETH Zürich, habe ich sehr geschätzt. Padruot Fried hatte als Abteilungsleiter immer eine offene Türun d hat sich sehr interessiert für meine Forschung. Im Reckenholz haben mir nicht nur viele Leute geholfen, es war auch schön mit meinen 'roommates' und Kollegen innerhalb und ausserhalb die Arbeitszeit zusammen zu sein. Also, Gerhard, Angelica, Dani, Andrea, Barbara, Padruot, Ruth, Andrea, Ursula, Annette, und alle andere: es isch d'Plausch gsii! Das Projekt wurde finanziert von Ciba-Geigy (jetzt Novartis). Ich möchte meinen Kontaktpersonen Philip Newton und Claude Brassel für ihr Interesse danken. De laatste fase van het onderzoek, de simulaties, werd in Wageningen uitgevoerd.
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