Assessment of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental REDD-plus project sites Final report Imprint This publication is by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH through the Preparation of a National REDD-plus Mechanism for Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Philippines (National REDD- plus System Philippines) Project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) under its International Climate Initiative. BMUB supports this Initiative based on a decision of the German Parliament. For more information, see http://www.international-climate-initiative.com. As a federally owned enterprise, GIZ supports the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Statements from named contributors do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany 9th Floor PDCP Bank Centre Rufino corner Leviste Streets Salcedo Village Makati City 1227 Philippines Responsible For. Ricardo L. Calderon Director, Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Forest Management Bureau Forest Management Bureau Building Visayas Avenue, Quezon City Philippines T 63 2 928 9313 / 927 4788 F 63 2 920 0374 Dr. Bernd-Markus Liss Director and Principal Advisor, Climate Program 4th Floor Forest Management Bureau Annex Building Visayas Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines T +63 2 651 5100 Authors Leonida A. Bugayong, Priscila C. Dolom, and Antonio P. Carandang† Editor F. Mara Mendoza Photo Credits / Sources The photos in this publication are owned by GIZ unless otherwise indicated in the photo. Layout / Design F. Mara Mendoza Printed and distributed by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Place and date of publication Manila, Philippines January 2016 This work should be cited as: Bugayong, L.A., Dolom, P.C., and Carandang A.P. 2016: Assessment of Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental REDD-plus Project Sites. Manila, Philippines: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Contents List of tables 7 List of figures 8 Acronyms 9 ... Acknowledgments 11 Foreword 12 Executive summary 13 Introduction 15 1.1 Objectives 16 1.2 Methods 17 01 1.3 Limitations of the study 18 Results and discussion 19 2.1 Description of REDD-plus sites 19 2.1.1 Eastern Samar Province 19 2.1.2 Borongan City 23 02 2.1.3 Maydolong Municipality 24 2.1.4 Davao Oriental Province 25 2.1.5 Caraga Municipality 29 2.1.6 Manay Municipality 31 2.1.7 Tarragona Municipality 32 2.2 Tenured areas and forest management/governance in the REDD- plus sites 33 2.2.1 Eastern Samar 33 2.2.2 Davao Oriental 34 2.3 Current levels of deforestation and forest degradation 37 2.4 Proximate drivers and agents of deforestation and forest degradation 45 2.4.1 Unplanned drivers 45 2.4.2 Planned drivers 49 2.5 Estimated extent/levels of deforestation and forest degradation in the REDD-plus sites 53 2.6 Underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation 56 2.6.1 Socio-demographic factors 58 2.6.2 Cultural factors 59 2.6.3 Economic factors 59 2.6.4 Technological factors 60 2.6.5 Policy and institutional factors 60 2.7 Relative importance of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 61 2.8 Comparison of findings with results of the countrywide study on drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 62 2.9 Recommended interventions to address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 63 2.10 Priority interventions to address drivers of deforestation and forest degradation 66 2.10.1 FLUP 66 2.10.2 Co-management of forests and forest lands 67 2.10.3 Improved forest governance 67 2.10.4 Improved livelihood options 68 2.11 Other issues on implementation of REDD-plus 70 References 71 ref Appendices 73 Appendix 1. List of key informants in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental 74 Appendix 2. List of focus group discussion participants in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental 75 app Appendix 3. List if workshop participants in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental 77 Appendix 4. Assumptions for the financial analysis of potential interventions 80 Tables Table 1. Tenurial instruments and permits within the REDD-plus sites in Davao Oriental (as of 2014) 35 Table 2. List of CBFMA holders, area (in ha), and number of members in the REDD-plus sites in Davao Oriental 36 Table 3. Annual deforestation rates in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental REDD-plus sites, 2001–2012 37 Table 4. Forest cover change (in ha) at the regional (Regions VIII and XI) and provincial (Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental) levels, 2003 and 2010 38 Table 5. Land cover changes (in ha) in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental REDD-plus sites based on 2003 and 2010 NAMRIA maps 38 Table 6. Matrix showing the land classification changes in the Davao Oriental REDD-plus sites based on 2003 and 2010 NAMRIA maps 39 Table 7. Land cover changes (in ha) in Borongan and Maydolong, Eastern Samar, REDD-plus sites based on 2003 and 2010 NAMRIA maps 40 Table 8. Land cover changes (in ha) in Davao Oriental REDD-plus sites based on 2003 and 2010 NAMRIA maps 40 Table 9. List of proximate drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, description of activity, and agents involved in the REDD-plus sites of Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental, 2014–2015 46 Table 10. Hotspot areas of confiscation of forest products in REDD-plus sites by municipality and barangay 48 Table 11. Forest products confiscation reports in Eastern Samar (province) and Davao Oriental, 2006–2013 48 Table 12. Change in land cover (in ha) in Lamiawan Forest Developers’ Multi-Purpose Cooperative’s CBFMA area in Caraga, 2003 and 2010 (based on NAMRIA maps) 50 Table 13. Change in land cover (in ha) in Matuguina Timber Development Corporation’s IFMA area in Caraga, 2003 and 2010 (based on NAMRIA maps) 52 Table 14. Estimated extent/levels of deforestation and forest degradation in Eastern Samar (ES) and Davao Oriental (DAO) REDD-plus sites based on interviews and secondary data 55 Table 15. Estimated carbon stocks in land cover in the REDD-plus sites (various sources) 56 Table 16. Summary of the underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation in the REDD-plus sites in Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental 57 Table 17. Population in the REDD-plus sites of Eastern Samar and Davao Oriental 59 Table 18. Stakeholders’ priority criteria in determining drivers to be addressed in the REDD- plus sites 62 Table 19. Summary of strategies/interventions to address drivers in the REDD-plus sites recommended by the stakeholders and the study team 64 Table 20. Summary of financial analysis from different options for the REDD-plus sites in Eastern Samar 69 Table 21. Summary of financial analysis from different options for the REDD-plus sites in Davao Oriental 70 • • 7 Figures Figure 1. Location map of Borongan and Maydolong, Eastern Samar, Region VIII 20 Figure 2. Location of SINP and its buffer zone on Samar Island 21 Figure 3. Location of the active and inactive MPSA areas in Samar Island 22 Figure 4. Location map of Caraga, Manay, and Tarragona, Davao Oriental, Region XI 25 Figure 5. Forest cover, PAs, and KBAs in Davao Oriental 26 Figure 6. Ancestral domain and tenure map of Davao Oriental 28 Figure 7. 2003 forest land cover map of REDD-plus sites in Eastern Samar 41 Figure 8. 2010 forest land cover map of REDD-plus sites in Eastern Samar 42 Figure 9. 2003 forest land cover map of REDD-plus sites in Davao Oriental 43 Figure 10. 2010 forest land cover map of REDD-plus sites in Davao Oriental 44 Figure 11. Map showing the 2003 and 2010 land cover of Lamiawan Forest Developers’ Multi-Purpose Cooperative’s CBFMA area located in Caraga, Davao Oriental 51 Figure 12. Map showing the 2003 and 2010 land cover of the Matuguina Timber Development Corporation’s IFMA area located in Caraga, Davao Oriental 52 8 • • Acronyms AAC Annual allowable cut ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan BAU Business as usual BMB Biodiversity Management Bureau BMUB Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit/German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety CADC Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title CBFMA Community-Based Forest Management Agreement CDMP Comprehensive development and management plan CENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CPA Conservation priority area CR Critically endangered CRMF Community resources management framework CSC Certificate of Stewardship Contract DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DMC Dabawenyo Mineral Corporation ECC Environmental clearance certificate EIS Environmental impact statement EN Endangered EO Executive Order EP Exploration permit FGD Focus group discussion FLUP Forest Land Use Plan FMB Forest Management Bureau FPIC Free and prior informed consent GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH IBA Important bird area IEC Information, education, and communication IFMA Integrated Forest Management Agreement IP Indigenous people IRR Internal rates of return ISFP Integrated Social Forestry Program JMC Joint Memorandum Circular KBA Key biodiversity area KII Key informant interview LGU Local government unit LPG Liquefied petroleum gas MANTRIAOTA Mandaya