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AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

1984

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA The 1984 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, the eighty-fourth in the series, continues to offer a unique chronicle of developments in areas of concern to Jews around the world. The present volume features three articles dealing with the causes, course, and consequences of Operation Peace for Galilee: "Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon" by Ralph Mandel; "The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War" by George Gruen; and "U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War" by Geraldine Rosenfield. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Fried- man's "Intergroup Relations" and Paul Ritterband's and Steven Cohen's 'The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981" Alvin Chenkin provides revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and South Africa. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given.

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$23.5O

American Jewish Year Book

American Jewish Year Book 1984

VOLUME 84

Prepared by THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

Editors MILTON HIMMELFARB DAVID SINGER

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE NEW YORK THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA COPYRIGHT, 1983 BY THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper.

ISBN 0-8276-0235-9

Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 99-4040

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE HADDON CRAFTSMEN, INC., SCRANTON, PA. Preface

lie present volume features three articles dealing with the causes, course, and consequences of Operation Peace for Galilee: "Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon," by Ralph Mandel; "The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War," by George Gruen; and "U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War," by Geraldine Rosenfield. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Friedman's "Intergroup Relations" and Paul Ritterband's and Steven M. Cohen's "The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981." Alvin Chenkin provides revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Ru- mania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and South Africa. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given. Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out the 1984 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. We are very grateful to our colleagues Carol Sue Davidson and Nechama Dina Nerenberg for technical and editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to Joan Mar- gules for her proofreading efforts and to Diane Hodges for compiling the index. Finally, we acknowledge the aid of Cyma M. Horowitz, director of the Blaustein Library, Lotte Zajac, and all our other co-workers in the Information and Research Department.

THE EDITORS

Contributors

BERNARD BASKIN: rabbi, Temple Anshe Sholom, Hamilton, Ontario. ALVIN CHENKIN: research consultant, CJFWF, New York. STEVEN MARTIN COHEN: associate professor, sociology, Queens College, CUNY, New York. SERGIO DELLAPERGOLA: senior lecturer, Jewish demography, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. DENIS DIAMOND: associate director, World Jewish Congress, Israel branch, Jerusalem. MURRAY FRIEDMAN: director, middle Atlantic region, AJC, Philadelphia. GEORGE E. GRUEN: director, Israel and Middle East affairs, AJC, New York. LIONEL E. KOCHAN: Bearsted Reader in Jewish history, University of Warwick, Oxford. MIRIAM KOCHAN: journalist, translator, Oxford. ARNOLD MANDEL: novelist, reporter, literary critic, Paris. RALPH MANDEL: journalist, translator, Jerusalem. GERALDINE ROSENFIELD: research analyst, AJC, New York. PAUL RITTERBAND: professor, sociology, City College, CUNY, New York. FRIEDO SACHSER: reporter, editor, Dusseldorf. U. O. SCHMELZ: associate professor, Jewish demography, Institute of Contempo- rary Jewry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. LEON SHAPIRO: Rutgers University, retired, New York.

Table of Contents

PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS vn

SPECIAL ARTICLES

Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon Ralph Mandel 3 The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War George E. Gruen 73 U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War Geraldine Rosenfield 105

UNITED STATES

CIVIC AND POLITICAL Intergroup Relations Murray Friedman 119

COMMUNAL The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981 Paul Ritterband and Steven M. Cohen 128

DEMOGRAPHIC Jewish Population in the United States, 1983 Alvin Chenkin 162

IX X / CONTENTS OTHER COUNTRIES

CANADA Bernard Baskin 175

WESTERN EUROPE Lionel and Miriam Great Britain Kochan 187 Arnold Mandel 198 France CENTRAL EUROPE Federal Republic of Germany Friedo Sachser 205 German Democratic Republic Friedo Sachser 210

EASTERN EUROPE Soviet Union Leon Shapiro 212 Soviet Bloc Nations Leon Shapiro 224

SOUTH AFRICA Denis Diamond 235

WORLD JEWISH POPULATION U.O. Schmelz and Sergio DellaPergola 247

DIRECTORIES, LISTS, AND NECROLOGY

NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS United States 261 Canada 303

JEWISH FEDERATIONS, WELFARE FUNDS, COMMUNITY COUNCILS 306

JEWISH PERIODICALS United States 320 Canada 328

NECROLOGY: UNITED STATES 329

SUMMARY JEWISH CALENDAR, 5744-5748 (Sept. 1983-Sept. 1988) 344 CONTENTS / XI

CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR, 1983-1985 (5743-5746) 346

REPORT OF JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 375

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-83 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 386

INDEX 391

Special Articles

Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon

by RALPH MANDEL

LS ISRAEL MOVED INTO its 36th year in 1982—the nation celebrated 35 years of independence during the brief hiatus between the withdrawal from Sinai and the incursion into Lebanon—the country was deeply divided. Rocked by dissension over issues that in the past were the hallmark of unity, wracked by intensifying ethnic and religious-secular rifts, and through it all bedazzled by a bullish stock market that was at one and the same time fuel for and seeming haven from triple-digit inflation, Israelis found themselves living increasingly in a land of extremes, where the middle ground was often inhospitable when it was not totally inaccessible. Toward the end of the year, Amos Oz, one of Israel's leading novelists, set out on a journey in search of the true Israel and the genuine Israeli point of view. What he heard in his travels, as published in a series of articles in the daily Davar, seemed to confirm what many had sensed: Israel was deeply, perhaps irreconcilably, riven by two political philosophies, two attitudes toward Jewish historical destiny, two visions. "What will become of us all, I do not know," Oz wrote in concluding his article on the development town of Beit Shemesh in the Judean Hills, where the sons of the "Oriental" immigrants, now grown and prosperous, spewed out their loath- ing for the old Ashkenazi establishment. "If anyone has a solution, let him please step forward and spell it out—and the sooner the better. The situation is not good."

OPERATION PEACE FOR GALILEE

Background of the Lebanon War The military thrust into Lebanon that began on June 6, though launched in response to a specific occurrence, was, in retrospect, the seemingly inevitable consequence of a series of developments that began over a decade earlier with the expulsion of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Jordan and its subsequent move into Lebanon. The PLO's move did away with Lebanon's delicate political balance and unleashed a civil war that raged for over five years, bringing in its wake a large-scale military intervention by Syria. When the dust settled, as it were, Lebanon had ceased 4 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 to exist as a sovereign entity with an effective central government. The country had been carved up into a number of zones of control: Syria dominated the area east and north of Beirut and the strategic Beka'a valley along its own border; the PLO, with its headquarters in Beirut, controlled virtually the entire country south of the capital. Having established its own "state within a state" in Lebanon, the PLO sent murder squads across the Israeli border and provided training and haven for terrorist groups that operated against Jewish and other targets around the world. In the course of time, Israel's north became the virtual hostage of the PLO, which interspersed its dispatch of terrorist squads with mortar and rocket shellings of Galilee. Israel sought to deal with the increasingly intolerable situation through air, artillery, and commando strikes, and in March 1978 through "Operation Litani" (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 263). That large-scale ground operation in southern Lebanon resulted in the formation of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and helped consolidate the enclave of Major Saad Haddad, a defector from the Lebanese army who, with Israeli assistance, had formed his own militia in the south of the country, the so-called "Free Lebanon." In July 1981 a two-week "mini-war" erupted between Israel and the PLO, resulting in the partial evacuation of Israel's north and the paralysis of normal life there. A ceasefire, negotiated by U.S. special envoy Philip Habib, came into effect on July 24, 1981. (See AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 245-247.) However, that agreement was interpreted differently by Israel and the PLO. The latter claimed that the agreement referred exclusively to hostilities across the Israel-Lebanon border, whereas Jerusalem maintained that it covered all PLO terrorist activities everywhere. Thus, even though the actual ceasefire across Israel's northern border was for the most part maintained, Israeli spokesmen in the latter half of 1981 and the first half of 1982 charged that the PLO was violating the agreement by its massive stockpiling of arms in southern Lebanon, by attacking Jewish or Israeli targets abroad, and by attempting occasional raids into Israel across the border with Jordan. Throughout the first half of 1982, as the dramas of Yamit and the West Bank were being played out in the foreground (see below), Lebanon provided the background. Indeed, there were some in Israel who urged action against the PLO in Lebanon precisely to "test" Egypt before the final withdrawal from Sinai. In the event, the situation in Lebanon itself provided its own momentum toward the inevitable. In February 1982 Prime Minister Menachem Begin told Colombian television that Israel would take "immediate action" in southern Lebanon if any of its civilians were killed in a PLO raid or attack. On March 7 Defense Minister Ariel Sharon said in a U.S. television interview that the ISRAEL IN 1982 / 5 United States had asked Israel to refrain from taking action in Lebanon unless a "clear provocation" existed. By then, U.S. special envoy Philip Habib was back in the region, seeking to defuse an increasingly tense situation. On March 24 Israeli forces seized three armed terrorists in southern Lebanon. Two terrorists were apprehended on April 9 attempting to infiltrate from Jordan, in an incident that generated a series of dramatic pronouncements, a six-hour cabinet session, and emergency measures in Israel's north. Four days later two terrorists carried out an unsuccessful ambush against an Israeli military vehicle in the Jordan Valley and then escaped across the Jordanian border. On April 21 the Israeli air force bombed terrorist bases in southern Lebanon for the first time since July 1981, after an Israeli soldier was killed and another wounded by a land mine in southern Lebanon; two Syrian MiG-23 aircraft were shot down when they tried to intervene. Speaking one week later, on Israel's Independence Day (April 28), Prime Minister Begin warned that Israel would consider moving into Lebanon "to destroy the terrorists' aggressive potential" if Israel were shelled from that country. In an interview on Israel Radio on May 1, the director of military intelligence, Major General Yehoshua Saguy, stated: "This is a year in which sharp changes of direction are possible because of significant events in the region. One of these events, the evacuation of Sinai, has already occurred. In the summer there will be elections in Lebanon, and we also have to bear in mind the instability of many of the Arab states around us." On May 9 the Israeli air force again struck at terrorist positions in southern Lebanon, drawing a response of katyusha fire against Israel's north, though no casualties were reported and little damage was caused. A major Israeli troop buildup along the northern border and on the Golan Heights was implemented, and the regular army was placed on alert. Speak- ing in press and television interviews (May 14 and 16), the chief of staff, Lieutenant General Rafael Eitan, asserted that "the terrorists can be seriously weakened only by military action, not political action." He also revealed that katyusha rockets had been fired at Israeli settlements from Jordan on three separate occasions, while two other such attempts had been foiled. Closer to home, a large bomb was defused in downtown Jerusalem on May 14, minutes before it was due to go off. Across town, Labor party chairman Shimon Peres was just then meeting with Prime Minister Begin on how to defuse the situation in Lebanon. On May 25 two Syrian MiG fighters were downed in a dogfight with Israeli planes that were on what the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) spokesman termed a "routine" reconnaissance patrol near Beirut. The incident occurred as U.S. state department official Morris Draper wound up a tour of the region in an attempt to bolster the ceasefire agreement. He was told by 6 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir that Israel wanted the agreement to remain in force, but would react if the PLO attacked Israel or Israeli targets "anywhere and from anywhere." The trigger was an act committed in London. On Thursday, June 3, Israel's ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Shlomo Argov, was shot in the head and gravely wounded by Arab terrorists as he was entering his car after attending a diplomatic dinner. Argov, 52, was the highest ranking Israeli diplomat to be gunned down by terrorists in 12 years of sporadic attacks on Israeli missions abroad, which claimed the lives of four Israelis —the most recent having been the killing in Paris, on April 3, 1982, of Yaacov Bar-Simantov, second secretary of Israel's embassy in France—and of five local employees of Israeli legations. (Argov, one of Israel's top diplomats, was hospitalized in London in critical condition and flown to Jerusalem on August 8. At year's end he remained hospitalized, severely incapacitated.) On Friday, June 4, the cabinet, meeting in extraordinary session, authorized the air force to bomb and shell terrorist positions in Lebanon from the south all the way to Beirut. One of the targets hit in the raid was a large PLO arms depot located under the grounds of a sports stadium near the Sabra refugee camp in Beirut. The terrorists retaliated with massive rocket, artillery, and tank shelling of western and northern Galilee and the enclave commanded by Major Haddad in southern Lebanon. Saturday, June 5—the 15th anniversary, as it happened, of the Six Day War in 1967—saw a continuation of the exchanges of fire. All told, 23 Israeli settlements came under attack during the two days, in which about 500 katyusha rockets were fired, resulting in two deaths, 15 wounded, and extensive property damage. (On June 6 an IDF spokesman released a document stating that there had been 290 terrorist actions since the cessation of hostilities agreement in July 1981. Included in this figure were clashes between the PLO and UNIFIL, terrorist attacks against targets in southern Lebanon, deaths of terrorists in the administered areas while handling explosives, anti-aircraft fire directed against Israeli planes over Lebanon, and the arrest by the Italian police of a Syrian man and a German woman found carrying explosives and forged passports.) On Saturday evening, June 5, after the end of the Sabbath, the cabinet met in secret extraordinary session and decided to launch "Operation Peace for Galilee" the following day. The text of the cabinet resolution, made public on June 6 after the operation had already begun, stated that the government of Israel was determined to place "all the settlements in Galilee out of range of the terrorists concentrated in Lebanon—them, their headquarters, and their bases." The resolution continued: "The name of the operation is 'Peace for Galilee.' During implementation of the operation, ISRAEL IN 1982 / 7 the Syrian army is not to be attacked unless it attacks our forces. The State of Israel continues to strive for the signing of a peace treaty with an independent Lebanon which would preserve its territorial integrity." During the regular cabinet meeting on Sunday, June 6, even as Israeli troops were pushing across the border into Lebanon, Prime Minister Begin received a message from U.S. president Ronald Reagan. While deploring the "abominable" assassination attempt on ambassador Argov, Reagan urged Begin to give "the most serious consideration" to an earlier message of his calling for Israeli constraint—and expressed the hope that "[you] will do what you can to avoid military steps that could lead to a widening of the conflict and even greater Israeli casualties." In his reply that same day, Begin first made use of the figure that was to become a prime source of confusion, and eventually a rallying point for opponents, in Israel and abroad, of the war's later stages. "The army," Begin informed the president, "has been instructed to push back the terrorists to a distance of 40 kilometers to the north so that all our civilians in the region of Galilee will be set free of the permanent threat to their lives." Citing the country's right of self-defense under article 51 of the UN charter, the Israeli leader declared that "we do not covet even one inch of Lebanese soil."

The Conflict Begins The IDF's incursion got underway at 11 a.m. local time on June 6 in a four-pronged armored land assault bolstered by close air and artillery support and, in a surprise element, accompanied by a sea-borne troop landing on the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. On June 7, just after midnight, the IDF's crack Golani Brigade took Beaufort castle after fierce hand-to-hand fighting in which six Israeli soldiers lost their lives, including the commander of the assault force. From this mountaintop Crusader fortress, whose defenses had for years proved immune to Israeli air and artillery strikes, the PLO was able to observe and shell Israel's north at will. As Israeli forces continued to push northward—surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon, while giving the noncombatants there time to move out of the battle zone before moving against terrorist strongholds in the midst of population centers—initial contact was made with Syrian forces near Jezzine, in the central sector. Tank battles flared up on June 7 and 8, and the air force shot down six Syrian aircraft on June 8. Tuesday, June 8, also saw the first direct political challenge to the operation, in the form of a no-confidence motion introduced in the Knesset by the Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (DFPE), Israel's Communist party, against "the government's decision to launch war and invade Leba- non." Speaking on behalf of the Labor Alignment, Labor party chairman Peres, who together with other Labor leaders had been briefed on the 8 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 situation by the prime minister on June 6, said Israel had "no choice" but to demonstrate that the PLO's strategy of terrorism would achieve nothing. The "real problem," he continued, was "the extremism of the Palestinian leadership," whose resort to "irrational and hopeless violence" precluded any diplomatic settlement. Summing up the debate, Prime Minister Begin declared that the fighting in Lebanon would cease as soon as Israel achieved a line 40 kilometers beyond the country's northern border. He called on Syrian President Hafez Assad "to instruct the Syrian army not to harm Israeli troops, and in that case no harm will befall the Syrians." The Knesset rejected the no-confidence motion overwhelmingly, by a vote of 94 to 3, with only the three DFPE members present voting for it. However, nine left-of-center members who were present did not vote; 14 MK's were absent. Despite the declared Israeli desire to avoid a major clash with the Syrians, Wednesday, June 9, saw just such a development. As U.S. special envoy Habib—dispatched on June 7 to Israel from Paris after he had been briefed there by President Reagan and Secretary of State Alexander Haig—was about to commence his negotiations in Damascus in an effort to end the fighting, the Israeli air force destroyed 19 Syrian SAM anti-aircraft missile batteries in Lebanon (Habib himself had failed to negotiate their removal a year earlier: see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 245-247) and downed 22 Syrian MiG fighters, all without the loss of a single Israeli aircraft. Defense Minis- ter Sharon termed the air operation "a turning point in the war." Another 25 Syrian planes were shot down on June 10, and two more SAM missile batteries were knocked out of action. On the ground, the IDF's western sector task force, having taken the terrorist stronghold of Damour on the coast, was no more than 15 kilometers from Beirut and was shelling PLO and Syrian positions in the Lebanese capital. In the central sector, Israeli forces were within striking distance of the Beirut-Damascus highway, while in the east the IDF pushed on toward the Syrian border, encountering stiff resistance in the mountainous terrain. On the diplomatic front, President Reagan, in a message to Prime Minister Begin, quoted a message he himself had received from Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev. The Russian leader had termed the situation "extremely dangerous" and rife with "the seeds of escalation." The American president insisted that Israel declare a ceasefire by 6 a.m. Friday, June 11, local time. (On June 9 the U.S. had vetoed a UN security council resolution condemning Israel for its Lebanon action.) Following reception of the Reagan message, the cabinet was convened in urgent session at 4 a.m. on Friday. At 11 a.m. Israel announced that it was declaring a unilateral ceasefire to go into effect one hour later. The ceasefire referred to Syrian forces only, and on condition that they did not fire at Israeli troops or try to reintroduce anti-aircraft missiles into Lebanon. The PLO was excluded. Until minutes before the ceasefire came into effect, ISRAEL IN 1982 / 9 Israeli air and artillery forces pounded Syrian and PLO troops concentrated in and around Beirut. The PLO's six-story headquarters building in Beirut was demolished in an Israeli air strike, while on the eastern front Israeli- built Merkava tanks destroyed at least nine Soviet state-of-the-art T-72 tanks. The ceasefire for the most part held in the central and eastern sectors, but broke down within less than three hours in the Beirut area. Israeli forward forces moved toward the Beirut outskirts of Baabda—site of the Lebanese presidential palace—and Khalde, as heavy artillery barrages continued to be directed by the IDF at terrorist sites in and around Beirut. By Saturday, June 12, at 9 p.m. local time, when a second unilateral ceasefire came into force—altogether, there were to be no fewer than 11 ceasefire agreements, all of which broke down, before the PLO evacuated Beirut—Israeli troops had virtually encircled Beirut and were seeking to cut off possible escape routes by holding the south of the city, linking up with Christian Phalangist units in the area north of Beirut, and closing off the Beirut-Damascus highway to the east. A series of pronouncements on June 11 and 12 by ranking Israeli officials asserted that the set objectives of "Operation Peace for Galilee" had all been fully accomplished. An official communique, read to the press on June 11 by cabinet secretary Dan Meridor, stated inter alia: "In fiveday s of fighting, the IDF carried out completely the mission it was charged with—heroi- cally, conscientiously, and with great resourcefulness. . . . Following the execution of the mission assigned to the Israel Defense Forces, the government has ordered all branches of the armed forces to cease their fire today at 12 noon." Later that day, Defense Minister Sharon explained at a press conference that Israel had declared a unilateral ceasefire "because our aim of creating a security belt of 40-45 kilometers has been achieved." In reply to a question, he said that the government had decided to implement a further move, beyond that belt, toward the Beirut-Damascus highway, in order to threaten the Syrian forces from their rear, to clear the northern zone of terrorists, and to obtain a bargaining card for the political negotiations to follow. On June 12, Chief of Staff Eitan issued an order of the day stating in part: On the seventh day of Operation Peace for Galilee, the IDF has accomplished all its missions as set by the government of Israel. The threat of the katyushas and the cannons has been removed from the residents of the northern border, and the terrorist infrastructure in southern Lebanon has been destroyed. The Syrian army, which occupied Lebanon and exploited it for its own purposes while supporting the activities of the terrorists against Israel, attempted to aid the terrorists in their struggle with the IDF. In every place where a collision with them occurred, the IDF struck them a victorious blow and defeated them in battle. 10 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 The public's perception, then, was that the fighting was to all intents and purposes over, the operation having been successfully completed in terms of its original declared aims. Moreover, a heavy price had already been paid for these achievements: as of June 12, over 130 soldiers had been killed in action and about 600 wounded. Among those who fell was Major General Yekutiel Adam, a former deputy chief of staff, whose appointment as head of Israel's Mossad intelligence agency was to have taken effect just three days after he was killed. General Adam was the most senior Israeli officer ever to fall in battle. On the ground, in southern Lebanon, the terrorists' infrastructure lay in ruins. The vast PLO arsenal of weapons, many of them stored in immense underground bunkers, was confiscated. The war material taken out of Lebanon by the IDF included over 1,300 vehicles and armored vehicles (including several hundred tanks of various models), over 5,600 tons of ammunition, 33,000 light arms, 215 mortars, 88 field cannons, 62 katyusha rocket launchers, over 1,300 anti-tank weapons, and over 2,000 items of communications equipment. In all, some 4,330 truckloads of captured equipment were removed from Lebanon. In addition, the IDF detained over 9,000 persons suspected of being PLO members or of having aided and abetted PLO actions against Israel. Their nationalities spanned the Moslem world, from India to Morocco, Niger to Pakistan. A number of persons from European countries were also apprehended. By November over 3,000 of those detained had been released; the rest, representing 25 different countries, were interned at a 20-acre detention facility built by the IDF near the village of El-Ansar, 13 kilometers east of Tyre. These prisoners, while not regarded by Israel as prisoners of war as defined by the Third Geneva Convention, were covered by the Fourth Geneva Convention on the protection of civilians in wartime. Israel also sought to restore life in southern Lebanon to normal after it had been severely disrupted by seven years of internecine strife and terrorist domination. IDF civilian assistance units were sent into southern Lebanon from the second day of the campaign. Working with the local Lebanese authorities, they set as their first priority the restoration of local government and essential public services. They also helped ensure the supply of basic commodities and aided in the re-establishment of trade and commerce. It was estimated that about 100,000 residents of southern Lebanon soon returned to the homes they had fled during the civil war. Israeli military and civilian personnel, working with, and at times in the face of, the United Nations Relief and Welfare Agency (UNRWA) and the Lebanese authorities, sought to provide shelter—in the form of tents in the first stage—for Palestinian refugees, some of whom were made homeless for a second or ISRAEL IN 1982 / 11 even third time by the fighting. In mid-June the cabinet appointed Minister for Economic Coordination Yaacov Meridor to head this effort. (On August 1, Minister Without Portfolio Mordechai Ben-Porat was appointed to head a ministerial committee to formulate "principles, ways, and means for a solution of the refugee problem in the Middle East, through the refugees' resettlement." Brigadier General David Maimon, the IDF officer in charge of providing assistance to southern Lebanon, told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that about 30,000 Palestinian refugees were rend- ered homeless in the wake of the devastation wreaked in the fighting, mainly in the Ein Hilweh and Rashadiyeh refugee camps in southern Lebanon. Israel called on the government of Lebanon to take measures that would ensure housing for the refugees in the coming winter.) On June 13 Israel presented to U.S. special envoy Habib—who was engaged in intensive shuttle diplomacy between Jerusalem, Damascus, and Beirut—its initial outline for a settlement in Lebanon. The focus was on the creation of a multinational force to be stationed along a line 45 kilometers north of the Israel-Lebanon border. Foreign Minister Shamir, meeting in Paris with President Francois Mitterrand and other top French officials (June 14—17), urged France to take part in such a multinational force. In mid-June Prime Minister Begin addressed himself to some of the war's broader ramifications on a number of levels. With respect to the highly contentious issue of civilian casualties, he told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that while every effort had been made to spare civilians—to the point, at times, where IDF personnel were endangered due to the caution being exercised—such casualties were sometimes impossible to avoid. Drawing an analogy, Begin said that if Adolf Hitler were in a building which also contained innocent civilians, no one would hesitate to shell that building even at the cost of civilian casualties. In a television interview (screened while he was en route to the United States for a week- long visit), Begin asserted that Operation Peace for Galilee, by demonstrat- ing the IDF's strength and courage, had "healed the nation of the trauma of the Yom Kippur War." In addition, the campaign had put the peace treaty with Egypt to the test—and had proved the treaty's firmness. The prime minister also rejected press allegations that Defense Minister Sharon had strung along the cabinet with misleading information and fails accom- plis in order to accomplish his own broad objectives in Lebanon. "The cabinet took explicit decisions on everything," he said. On June 15 the Peace Now movement called on the government to end the fighting in Lebanon and invite the Palestinians to join the peace process. In a statement to the press, the movement said that it had exercised self- restraint during the actual operation, but now felt free to make its stand public. 12 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 In the United States, Prime Minister Begin addressed the UN general assembly (on the disarmament issue), met with American Jewish leaders, and held talks with senior administration officials, notably with President Reagan on June 21. Following their three-hour session, President Reagan told reporters: "It's clear that we and Israel both seek an end to the violence in Lebanon under a strong central government." He added: "We agree that Israel must not be subjected to violence from the north." Prime Minister Begin said "the day is near" when an independent Lebanon would sign a peace treaty with Israel. Begin told American Jewish groups that the IDF would "remain in Lebanon as long as the PLO poses a threat to the security of Israel." Underscoring his rejection of possible U.S. pressure on Israel, the prime minister declared: "I broke my leg—but my knee is unbent."

Beirut under Siege On June 24, following the end of one of the fiercest sustained engage- ments of the entire war—a 60-hour clash in which West Beirut came in for the heaviest bombardment since the June 12 ceasefire, and in which two Syrian MiGs were downed and three SAM anti-aircraft batteries were knocked out—Defense Minister Sharon told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that Operation Peace for Galilee had already achieved its minimum objective: the creation of a 45 kilometer security belt in southern Lebanon. However, he added, the operation also had a secondary aim—to remove all foreign forces from Lebanon—and a maximum goal of establishing in Lebanon a strong central government which would be able to sign a peace treaty with Israel. (In a television interview on June 16, Sharon revealed: "It is my dream to sign a peace agreement with a free and sovereign Lebanon. This is their golden chance, and I hope they can seize it.") The defense minister called for "patience and fortitude" on the part of the Israeli public, because "that is the only way we will be able to reap the political fruits of our military success." On June 27, following a U.S. veto of a security council resolution (sponsored by France) calling for an immediate separation of forces in West Beirut and a permanent ceasefire, Israel offered the terrorists in the Leba- nese capital safe passage to Syria under International Red Cross protection. Negotiations would then begin "between all the parties concerned" for an agreement guaranteeing Lebanon's territorial integrity and the departure of all foreign forces from its soil. Two days later the Knesset held its second debate on the operation since it began. Speaking for the Labor Alignment, former prime minister Yitzhak Rabin asserted that the nation was united on the original, declared purpose of Operation Peace for Galilee—to create a 45 kilometer buffer zone north of the Israeli border. However, Rabin warned against keeping the IDF in ISRAEL IN 1982 / 13 Lebanon for a lengthy period and endangering soldiers' lives for the "auxiliary goals" being mooted by the government—removal of the Syrians from Lebanon, liquidation of the PLO, or the establishment of an independent Lebanese government. Replying, Defense Minister Sharon said the government had resolved that the PLO must cease to exist and that Israel sought to forge "a triangle of peace in the Middle East, linking Egypt, Israel, and Lebanon, with open borders between the three neighboring countries." Sharon said it was not the Palestinian people that Israel was fighting in Lebanon—"we want to live with them in peace and brotherhood"—but the PLO terrorists. In 17 years of terrorism, Sharon said, from 1965 until the onset of Operation Peace for Galilee, PLO terrorism had caused 1,392 deaths in Israel and abroad, while over 6,200 persons had been wounded in their raids and attacks. (The figures also included non-Israeli nationals, IDF soldiers killed in operations against the PLO, and some 400 Arabs in the administered areas, many of whom were killed or maimed while handling explosives.) Summing up the debate, Prime Minister Begin said Israel did not seek to humiliate the terrorists; they could leave Beirut with their personal weapons. The Knesset adopted by 60 votes against 47 a resolution essentially restating the cabinet's announced terms for a settlement. As it became increasingly clear that U.S. envoy Habib—based in Beirut and dispatching his aide, Morris Draper, to Israel for frequent consultations —was unable to negotiate a quick resolution of the situation, the IDF, constantly exchanging gunfire with the PLO, tightened its seige of Beirut. On July 4 the IDF cut off the water and electricity supply, leading Lebanese Premier Shafik al-Wazzan to break off his talks with Habib in protest. Israel, responding to terms communicated from the PLO to Wazzan, through him to Habib, and thence to Israel (this due to Israel's refusal to speak directly with the PLO), issued the following statement: "The government of Israel rejects without any qualification whatsoever any proposal relating to any presence—political, organizational, or symbolically military —of terrorists in Lebanon. All of them without exception must leave Leba- non. No change in the existing lines in Lebanon will be implemented without Israel's consent." A spate of pro- and anti-war demonstrations took place early in July. The largest, sponsored by Peace Now and held in Tel Aviv on July 3, drew about 100,000 persons. About 7,000 persons turned out in the northern development town of Kiryat Shemona, often the target of terrorist shelling and raids in the past, to voice their support for the operation. Other demonstrations, for and against, were organized by small groups, nearly all of them ephemeral in nature. Yet the phenomenon itself, taking place as the guns continued to roar and the casualties to mount, was one that gave Israelis pause for reflection. That the split between the war's supporters and 14 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 deplorers was perceived—correctly or incorrectly—to be congruent with the deep-seated ethnic and religious cleavages that were increasingly mani- festing themselves in the Israeli polity (see, for example, AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 238), gave rise to added concern among many. Two polls were conducted during the third week of the fighting and published in the Jerusalem Post. Fully 93 per cent of the home-front Jewish adult public justified the operation in varying degrees, and an election, according to the poll, would have produced a crushing Likud victory (48 per cent vs. 31 per cent for the Alignment). The popularity of Prime Minister Begin had leaped 11 per cent since May (40.4 per cent to 51.5 per cent) and that of Defense Minister Sharon by 14 per cent (42.1 per cent in May to 56 per cent one month later). On July 17 a pro-government rally in Tel Aviv drew about 200,000 persons. Heavy fighting flared up toward the end of July in the wake of several ambushes against the IDF and the firing, on July 21, of a single katyusha rocket from southern Lebanon which hit the northern Galilee settlement of She'ar Yishuv. On July 22 Israel unleashed a heavy barrage against Syrian- PLO positions along a 40 kilometer line in the eastern sector, destroying over 70 Syrian tanks. In the following days the air force destroyed three Syrian vehicles carrying SA-8 anti-aircraft missiles that were moved into the Beka'a valley under cover of night; steady shelling of West Beirut, particularly the area of the refugee camps, was maintained. An Israeli Phantom jet was downed on July 24 by a missile fired from just inside the Syrian border opposite the Beka'a valley. A number of Israeli soldiers were killed and wounded in artillery and tank exchanges with the PLO in Beirut. As U.S. special envoy Habib visited a number of Arab and European capitals, seeking broad agreement on the PLO's evacuation of Beirut and the formation of a multinational force, the Israeli cabinet, under growing internal pressure to break the stalemate, was said to be split down the middle on whether to order the IDF into West Beirut. One soldier who refused to wait until the cabinet made up its mind was Colonel Eli Geva, who at the age of 32 was the IDF's youngest brigade commander. He asked to be relieved of duty as a commander of a tank brigade in Lebanon because he opposed any possible Israeli move into West Beirut. When Geva, who requested to be allowed to serve as a regular soldier, was discharged from the IDF altogether (July 25), his case became another rallying point for opponents of the war, though he himself made no public comment. On July 30, as the latest ceasefire in Beirut broke down (only to be replaced by another, negotiated by Special Envoy Habib, that night), and following passage of a UN security council resolution calling on Israel to lift its blockade of Beirut (the resolution, sponsored by Spain, passed 14 to 0, with the United States not participating), the PLO presented Habib with ISRAEL IN 1982 / 15 a six-point plan for leaving Beirut. The plan, similar to an 11-point plan offered by the PLO in mid-July, though dropping its earlier demand for a continued military presence in Lebanon, called for an Israeli pullback from Beirut and from the Beirut-Damascus highway, the entry of a multinational force into Beirut prior to the PLO's withdrawal, and a three-stage PLO evacuation. Israel rejected the plan out of hand, insisting on a one-stage withdrawal and refusing to move back from its positions as long as the PLO remained in Beirut. Israel agreed to give Habib more time, but warned that its patience was well-nigh exhausted.

PLO Evacuation of Beirut On August 1, as heavy fighting erupted again in Beirut, IDF units advanced along the runways of Beirut international airport, and by day's end had occupied the entire airfield and terminal. Pressure continued to build from Washington. The U.S. lent its support to a security council resolution of August 1 authorizing the UN secretary-general to post, at Lebanon's request, observers in Beirut to oversee the situation there. Israel rejected this resolution, and Israeli troops the following day turned back a contingent of 28 UN observers seeking to enter Beirut in accordance with the resolution. More substantive American pressure came as Foreign Minister Shamir met in Washington with President Reagan and other senior administration officials. In Washington's view, the continued Israeli shelling and bombing of Beirut was endangering Special Envoy Habib's mission just as it was on the brink of success. The president and his aides were particularly insistent that Israel not enter West Beirut. However, on August 4, in a series of moves involving house-to-house fighting and at a cost of 18 Israeli soldiers killed and 84 wounded, the IDF advanced some 300 meters across the "green line" dividing West Beirut from the rest of the city. The Israeli moves, which continued the following day accompanied by a land, sea, and air bombardment of PLO positions in Beirut, drew a furious response from the United States. Against a backdrop of hints of possible sanctions against Israel, President Reagan informed Foreign Minister Shamir that U.S.-Israel relations "would be affected" if Israel invaded West Beirut. On August 5 Reagan, in a sharp message to Prime Minister Begin, warned that further Israeli shelling of Beirut would place relations between the two countries "in the balance." (Nevertheless, the U.S. on August 6 vetoed a security council resolution calling for military sanctions against Israel.) The Israeli cabinet, meeting in extraordinary session for nearly six hours on August 5, rejected calls by the U.S. and the UN to have the IDF revert to the positions it held August 1, and asserted that Israel was not forgoing the military option should diplomacy fail in West Beirut. Prime Minister 16 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Begin replied to President Reagan, stating that "in the balance" were "Israel's security and the lives of its citizens," and not relations between the two countries. The Labor party's political bureau adopted a resolution "unequivocally opposing any military entry into West Beirut as well as any military action geared to facilitating such an entry." Calling for a mutual ceasefire and for "every effort to evict the PLO from Beirut by diplomatic means," the Labor party came out against any Israeli "initiatives which would render this diplomatic objective more difficult to attain." A major diplomatic breakthrough occurred on August 8 when Prime Minister Begin informed Secretary of State George Shultz (who had assumed office on June 25, 1982) that Israel would agree to a multinational force moving into West Beirut following the departure of "most" of the PLO personnel there. Israel had been insisting on the PLO's complete pullout from Beirut prior to the entry of a multinational force, because once such a force took up positions in the city, Israel's military options would be severely restricted and the terrorists could use the force as a cover behind which to halt their evacuation. The IDF restored the water supply to West Beirut following a two-week cutoff, and on August 9 Israel allowed fuel to be delivered to West Beirut hospitals so they could operate their power generators. On August 10 Damascus announced its readiness to take in the terrorists to be evacuated from Beirut, Special Envoy Habib arrived in Jerusalem, and the Israeli cabinet approved in principle the evacuation plan that he had worked out, while informing him that a number of changes, both "technical and substantive," would need to be made before it could be implemented. Israel was also demanding as a condition for going ahead with the plan the prior return of an air force pilot whose plane was downed by ground fire on the very first day of the operation, and the bodies of nine IDF soldiers, four of them still missing since Operation Litani four years earlier. At 5 a.m. on Thursday, August 12, the Israeli air force, with artillery support fire, launched what was reportedly the most massively concentrated bombardment of Beirut in the entire war. As the Israeli cabinet met in extraordinary session, President Reagan personally phoned Prime Minister Begin to express his shock at the Israeli action—he charged Israel with having violated the ceasefire—and to insist that it be halted. A sharply worded written message from Washington was also received in Jerusalem. The attack was called off after 11 hours, following mediation efforts by Special Envoy Habib. About 300 persons were said to have been killed in the bombing; 18 Israeli soldiers were wounded in the exchanges of fire. In a second phone call to Begin, during the cabinet session, President Reagan was informed that a ceasefire was in effect. The cabinet meeting itself was one of the most acrimonious of the war. A number of ministers charged that Defense Minister Sharon had exceeded ISRAEL IN 1982 / 17 the cabinet's instructions not only in ordering that day's attack, but also in having the IDF chop away at West Beirut in the preceding week. Deputy Prime Minister David Levy said it was "intolerable" that cabinet ministers should have to learn about major IDF military moves via the media. Reply- ing to the charges, Sharon said his actions had been taken to protect the lives of Israeli soldiers in the field. He explained that he was acting in accordance with a cabinet resolution approved some weeks earlier by which the IDF could advance into certain areas on the perimeter of downtown Beirut in response to PLO ceasefire violations. Summing up the discussion, Prime Minister Begin stated that no further ground advances into West Beirut and no more aerial activity over the city were to be implemented without his and, if need be, the entire cabinet's prior approval. Other measures would have to be taken against future PLO ceasefire violations, Begin said. Several hours later, Sharon told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that the cabinet resolution was "inconsistent with the security of the IDF's soldiers." In a radio interview on August 14, Sharon, rejecting calls for his resignation —"I don't engage in the wars of the Jews"—said the heavy air attacks were intended to help speed up the political negotiations. He further maintained that Israel should not panic at U.S. attempts to pressure it, because Washington was interested in the successful resolution of the negotiations. "The United States got a wonderful achievement against the Soviets on a silver platter and they won't want to give it up so easily," Sharon averred. With the ceasefire in Beirut being observed—though terrorist actions elsewhere in Lebanon continued to take their toll of Israeli soldiers—the final touches were put to the plan for the PLO's evacuation of Beirut. Conveyed to Israel via the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv on August 18, the amended Habib plan was approved the following day by the Israeli cabinet at a special session. The government of Lebanon also gave its approval. Israel agreed to allow the Syrian troops in Beirut to redeploy in the Beka'a valley (where, according to Israeli military sources, some 25,000 Syrian and PLO troops would remain even after the Beirut evacuation) because, as Foreign Minister Shamir explained, the Syrian forces had in fact originally been invited into Lebanon by the government there. The IDF further relaxed its siege of Beirut, allowing fuel and 40 tons of emergency food into the city. On August 20, as a prelude to the evacuation plan—Israel insisted on terming it a "plan" rather than an "agreement" in accordance with its position that the PLO could not constitute a valid partner for an "agreement"—the PLO released Aharon Ahiaz, the Israeli pilot captured on the first day of the war, and another IDF soldier, Ron Haroush, who had been abducted by terrorists in Lebanon on August 18. The bodies of the nine IDF soldiers, whose return was demanded by Israel 18 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 as a prior condition for the implementation of the evacuation plan, were also handed over. As spelled out in the Habib plan, the evacuation process was to begin on August 21 and end on September 4. The plan's first paragraph stated: "All the PLO leadership, officers, and combatants in Beirut will leave Lebanon peacefully for prearranged destinations in other countries, in accordance with the departure schedules and arrangements set out in this plan. The basic concept of this plan is consistent with the objective of the Government of Lebanon that all foreign military forces withdraw from Lebanon." With Defense Minister Sharon observing the proceedings from a nearby vantage point and hailing the event as "a great victory" for Israel, Lebanon, and the entire international community, a first group of 397 PLO and Syrian-controlled PLA (Palestine Liberation Army) personnel left Beirut by sea at 3:13 p.m. on August 21, bound eventually for Jordan and Iraq. The first contingent of a three-nation multinational force—about 300 French Foreign Legion troops—had arrived earlier that day to help supervise the evacuation along with the Lebanese army. The forces sent by the two other countries involved, the United States and Italy, arrived several days later in accordance with the Habib plan. The evacuation was completed by September 1, three days ahead of schedule, virtually without hitches. According to an official communique released by the IDF spokesman, entitled "Expulsion of Terrorists and Syrian Forces from Beirut," 14,398 terrorists, PLA members, and Syrian forces left Beirut between 3:13 p.m. August 21 and 4 p.m. September 1, along with 664 women and children. Of the military personnel, 8,144 left by sea, while 6,254 went by land. Those who left by land, including 3,603 Syrian soldiers and 2,651 PLA members, redeployed in the Beka'a valley or continued to Syria; while those who departed by sea were bound for eight different countries: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, North Yemen, South Yemen, Sudan, Syria, and Tunisia (which was to serve as the PLO's central base). Some 200 wounded PLO men went to Athens. Athens was also the destination of PLO chief Yasir Arafat, who set sail from Beirut on August 30, vowing to continue the struggle and telling reporters that he was "very proud to have had the honor of defending West Beirut from the barbarous and savage Israelis." Operation Peace for Galilee, which began on June 6 and was officially deemed to have ended on September 1, with the departure from Beirut of the last of the terrorists and Syrians there, claimed in that period the lives of 345 Israeli soldiers. Another 2,130 were wounded in the fighting, while three were in Syrian captivity and five were missing. Israel lost two planes and two helicopters, all from ground fire. Israel held nearly 300 Syrian soldiers in detention. The Syrians were estimated to have lost several ISRAEL IN 1982 / 19 hundred men killed and about 1,500 wounded. Between 450 and 500 Syrian tanks were destroyed, while the Syrian air force was dealt a severe blow with the downing of 86 of its planes and six helicopters. At least 19 SAM anti-aircraft missile batteries were destroyed by Israel, as well as a number of missiles deployed on vehicles. Terrorist losses were put at about 1,000 killed. In addition, about 6,000 were being held at the Ansar detention facility. The PLO's military and political infrastructure in southern Leba- non and its command headquarters in Beirut had ceased to exist. The IDF spokesman in Beirut estimated that fewer than 3,000 persons had been killed there since June 6, and 80 per cent of those, he said, were PLO terrorists or other armed personnel. Sources in Lebanon cited far higher figures. Regarding the rest of southern Lebanon, the IDF spokesman's office in December listed civilian casualties as follows: Tyre district —56 killed, 95 wounded; Sidon district—265 killed, 700 wounded; Naba- tiyeh—10 killed, 15 wounded. Speaking to an armored unit in Lebanon on July 7, Chief of Staff Eitan stated: "Our presence in Lebanon serves the struggle for Eretz-Israel. That is the point. This whole battle for Beirut is also the struggle for Eretz-Israel; it is a war against our chief enemy, which has been battling us for Eretz- Israel for the past hundred years." The present fighting, he said, had created "a once-in-a-generation opportunity to change conditions in our favor in the struggle for Eretz-Israel." Reinforcing the Lebanon-Judea-Samaria connection, Defense Minister Sharon on August 21 called on "the Arabs of Eretz- Israel" to seize this "historic opportunity" and join in negotiations with Israel "for peaceful coexistence." On August 22 the cabinet resolved to "initiate action for the establishment of comprehensive peace in the Middle East in accordance with the Camp David accords." (Whether because of the tragic events that were soon to occur in Beirut—see below—or due to the issuing a week later of the Reagan proposals—see Foreign Relations— or for other reasons, the "action" spoken of in the cabinet resolution had not been initiated by year's end.) Once it became clear that the PLO's evacuation of Beirut was an irrevoca- ble fact, the Lebanese parliament met (August 23) and elected Christian Phalangist leader Bashir Jemayel, aged 34, as the country's next president, with the inauguration scheduled for September 23. (On August 19, Israeli forces had withdrawn from the area of the parliament in Beirut so that the election could be held without undue external pressure.) Prime Minister Begin cabled Jemayel, with whom senior Israeli defense establishment personnel had been in close touch for some years: "Warmest wishes from the heart on the occasion of your election. May God be with you, dear friend, in the fulfillment of your great historic mission, for the liberty of Lebanon and its independence. Your friend, Menachem Begin." On September 1 20 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Begin met secretly with Jemayel in the northern Israeli resort town of Nahariya, reportedly to try to persuade the Lebanese president-elect to be more forthright in his public utterances regarding future ties with Israel. Jemayel, under heavy Syrian pressure not to talk to Israel, and desirous of a reconciliation with Moslem and Druze groups in Lebanon itself, had been adopting a more balanced tone in his public statements. Following a growing number of PLO and Syrian ceasefire violations in the central and eastern sectors, including the abduction on September 4 of eight Israeli soldiers by PLO terrorists from an Israeli lookout post east of Beirut, and the killing of three IDF soldiers in an ambush on September 10, the air force on September 13 pounded PLO and Syrian positions in central and eastern Lebanon for eight hours. Earlier in the week, a state-of- the-art Syrian MiG-25 was downed by Israeli aircraft over the northern Lebanese port of Jouniyeh. A number of SAM anti-aircraft missile units were also destroyed. Israel asserted that it would not countenance a "war of attrition" in Lebanon. On September 8 the Knesset met in special session to debate Operation Peace for Galilee. Defense Minister Sharon termed the war a success "unpar- alleled in the history of warfare." Sharon said the experience of Lebanon should "turn on a thousand red lights" and make manifest why Israel was opposed to a Palestinian state in Judea-Samaria and Gaza. With no more than 275,000 Palestinians in Lebanon, he said (citing the UNRWA figure for the number of refugees there), they were able to create an armed force, organized in units, of 25,000 men and a militia of 40,000. The lesson for Israel was unmistakable, he stated. Replying for the opposition, MK Haim Bar- Lev said the real issue was not the use of the IDF to bring about peace for Galilee, but "the use of force to achieve goals ancillary to the welfare of Galilee." For the first time, Bar-Lev averred, Israel had "slid into a military operation whose objectives were not vital to Israel's survival and well-being." The Knesset approved the government statement by a vote of 50 to 40. Earlier that week (September 5) Prime Minister Begin had stated at a cabinet meeting: Operation Peace for Galilee, an illustrious, historic campaign, has effectively ended in a total victory for Israel.... [The IDF has] guaranteed, in essence, peac<" for Israel for many years. No one will take away from us the fruits of victory. . . . We still have in our possession inventions that no one else has, and this is a result of the Jewish thinking and preparedness for sacrifice that was revealed in the past three months. There has been nothing more sublime than this since the time Jews, weapons in hand, went out to battle for the freedom of their nation more than 40 years ago. There was never more supreme sacrifice and lofty heroism in the history of humanity; certainly, very rarely has there been anything even similar. In all of this we are blessed and proud, and we shall know what a great privilege it is to be the government of Israel in these days and to command such an army. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 21 The Beirut Massacre Two weeks later, on Saturday, September 18, the first day of Rosh Hashanah, Prime Minister Begin, at home in his official Jerusalem residence, was listening to a BBC newscast. It was just after 5 p.m. The BBC was reporting that a massacre of civilians had apparently taken place in two Palestinian refugee camps in West Beirut. What made the report even more shocking was the fact that both camps were located in an area that had been under the control of Israeli forces for two days. The prime minister immediately contacted the defense minister and the chief of staff to find out what was going on. Ninety hours earlier, at about 11 p.m. on Tuesday, September 14, the prime minister, along with the defense minister and the chief of staff, had decided to order Israeli forces into West Beirut. They acted once the death had been confirmed of Lebanese president-elect Jemayel in a bomb blast at Phalangist headquarters in Beirut that afternoon. The IDF began to move into West Beirut early in the morning of September 15. By midday on September 16, Israeli forces had surrounded the remaining PLO and Mos- lem militia strongholds in the city, notably the three large refugee camps of Fakahani, Sabra, and Shatilla. The cabinet had met in extraordinary session on the evening of September 16. It was here that Prime Minister Begin, together with his cabinet colleagues, heard for the first time, from the defense minister and the chief of staff, that Phalangist forces, in coordination with the IDF, were about to enter the refugee camps for mopping up operations. After its four-hour session, the cabinet issued the following statement: Following the assassination of the president-elect of Lebanon, Bashir Jemayel, the IDF seized positions in order to prevent the danger of violence, bloodshed, and chaos in West Beirut, as 2,000 terrorists armed with heavy weapons remained in West Beirut and thereby violated the evacuation agreement. That danger was indeed prevented. The government of Israel has ordered the IDF to evacuate these positions when the Lebanese army will be ready to accept supervision of them in coordination with the IDF, in order to ensure public order and security. In eve-of-holiday interviews in the Hebrew press, published on Friday, September 17, though taped around noon on September 16—some five or six hours prior to the Phalangists' entry into the refugee camps—Defense Minister Sharon had declared (in Ma'ariv): "In the past 24 hours the IDF has taken control of all the key points in the city and has encircled the refugee camps. Today there is not one area in all of Beirut that is under the exclusive control of the terrorists." Chief of Staff Eitan told Yediot Ahronot: "The refugee camps—Burj-al-Barajneh, Shatilla, Sabra, and Fakahani—are surrounded and closed off by the IDF. But the soldiers will not enter them, 22 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 and they are calling on the terrorists remaining there to lay down their arms and turn themselves in." Yet when he was interviewed by Israel Television and by foreign news agencies on Sunday evening, September 19, after it had become clear that hundreds of unarmed men, women, and children had been massacred by Phalangists in the Sabra and Shatilla camps, General Eitan said that the Phalangists had penetrated the camps under cover of darkness from the east, whereas the IDF, which was positioned west of Shatilla only, had not noticed what was going on until it was too late. The Phalangists, Eitan explained, had been engaged in battle inside the camps and had even sustained casualties. "But in the morning, when we saw what had happened, we intervened quickly and they left." Eitan also accused U.S. special envoy Draper and Lebanese Premier al-Wazzan of having blocked IDF attempts at coordination with the Lebanese army so that the latter could take control of the camps. On the afternoon of Sunday, September 19, the second day of Rosh Hashanah, truncheon-wielding police used tear gas to break up a demonstration in front of the prime minister's residence in Jerusalem organized by Peace Now in protest against the massacre in the refugee camps. About 60 of the demonstrators were arrested and several dozen were injured. Other demonstrations took place in Tel Aviv and elsewhere. That evening the Alignment members of the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee, meeting under the chairmanship of Labor leader Peres, called on the prime minister and the defense minister to resign. Expressing its "profound shock and anger" at the Beirut massacre, an act "abhorrent to all Israelis," the Alignment voiced the call which was to be repeated relentlessly during the next ten days by groups and individuals of all political convictions: for the formation of a judicial commission of inquiry to investigate the events surrounding the massacre. The cabinet was convened in extraordinary session at the prime minister's residence in Jerusalem on the evening of September 19, following the end of Rosh Hashanah. As internal and foreign outrage and shock intensified, and pressure on the government began to mount—the United States was demanding an immediate IDF pullout from Beirut, and President Reagan had implicitly held Israel responsible for the atrocity—the cabinet issued a statement asserting that "a blood libel is being woven against the Jewish state and its government and against the IDF." The statement continued: "In a place where the IDF was not stationed, a Lebanese unit entered an area where terrorists were hiding, in order to trap them. This unit harmed the civilian population and caused it heavy losses. The government notes this fact while expressing regret." Going on to say that without the IDF's intervention the number of casualties would have been far greater, and that ISRAEL IN 1982 / 23 the PLO had violated the evacuation agreement by leaving 2,000 terrorists and immense arms stocks in Beirut, the resolution concluded: "No one will preach to us moral values or respect for human life, the basis on which we were educated and will continue to educate generations of fighters in Is- rael." Nevertheless, a tremendous groundswell of protest demanded the establishment of a formal judicial commission of inquiry to investigate the circumstances of the massacre. The calls for an independent investigation cut broadly across lines of party, religion, or social stratum. On September 20 President Yitzhak Navon, following a meeting with the prime minister, asserted that Israel was being unjustly accused abroad of responsibility for the massacre. He called for an inquiry by "reliable and independent persons" to determine what had happened. President Navon's predecessor in office, Professor Ephraim Katzir, was one of the signatories on a statement issued by six of the country's most respected scholars urging the cabinet to initiate "a thorough and impartial investigation." Another of the signatories, Professor Ephraim Urbach, president of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, told Israel Television that none of the explana- tions presented so far—he cited particularly the "confused" remarks by the chief of staff—could explain what had actually taken place. On September 21 the cabinet, reeling under the pressure to set up a commission of inquiry, met in special session. The statement it released following the meeting—that it would "deliberate upon the appropriate manner in which to examine the facts" within two weeks—only intensified the outcries. Jewish Agency chairman Arye Dulzin said that Jews abroad were "concerned lest the massacre harm Israel's good name." The Bar Association called for an inquiry and refuted the notion, aired by the prime minister and others at the September 21 cabinet meeting, that the creation of a commission of inquiry would constitute an implicit admission of Israeli culpability in the massacre. As the Israeli press was unearthing more and more facts about the course of events in Beirut following the assassination of Bashir Jemayel, the Knes- set met on September 22 to debate two motions for the agenda. One, introduced by the Labor Alignment, called for a full discussion of the IDF's "entry into West Beirut and the grave consequences thereof." Presenting the motion, Labor party chairman Peres articulated much of the sense of shame and repugnance that many Israelis felt in the wake of the massacre, even though no Israeli hand had been involved. Replying for the government, Defense Minister Sharon presented what he termed a "dry and laconic" 18-point military account of the events of September 15-18 in Beirut. Its gist was that the IDF agreed to the Phalangists' entry into the refugee camps after the Lebanese army had refused to seize control there. 24 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Sharon said that the Phalangist forces entered the Shatilla camp from the south and west during the night of September 16/17, "and their action was halted by the IDF on Friday, September 17, in the afternoon, after rumors reached us about what was happening in the camp." The Phalangists had vacated the area completely on Saturday morning, September 18. "We did not imagine in our worst dreams that the Phalangists would behave this way in battle," Sharon asserted. "They resembled a regular army in every respect. They promised to fight only against terrorists." Although the Alignment motion was defeated (47 to 40), observers noted that Sharon's statement was not consistent with the chief of staffs remarks in his television interview of September 18. Sharon's explanation also raised new questions, such as why the Phalangists had remained in the camps until Saturday morning despite "rumors" concerning their actions which had reached the IDF as early as Friday afternoon. The second motion, introduced by MK Amnon Rubinstein, leader of the Shinui party, called for the establishment of a judicial commission of inquiry into the massacre. Rubinstein noted that Phalangist leaders had made no secret of their intention to take revenge against the Palestinians in the refugee camps. Indeed, Israeli officers had been quoted in the IDF weekly Bamahaneh even before the Jemayel assassination, as warning against such Phalangist behavior. If the government had nothing to hide, Rubinstein said, an inquiry would only be to Israel's advantage. Prior to Justice Minis- ter Moshe Nissim's reply on behalf of the government, frantic efforts had been made by the coalition leadership to ensure that Tami and the National Religious party (NRP), both members of the coalition, would vote against the Shinui motion. Both Tami and the NRP were insisting on a binding government assurance that the massacre would in fact be investigated. After negotiating the issue throughout the day, the justice minister, with the prime minister's acquiescence, was able to tell the Knesset that the cabinet "will decide in the very near future on the appropriate manner in which the atrocities perpetrated by a unit of the Lebanese forces will be probed." This satisfied the two wavering parties—the Shinui motion was defeated 48 to 42—but not Energy Minister Yitzhak Berman (Likud-Liberal), who tendered his resignation and, along with his colleague, MK Dror Zeigerman, voted with the opposition. In the midst of all this, Amin Jemayel, older brother of the slain Bashir Jemayel, was on September 23 sworn in as Lebanon's president, having been elected two days earlier. Israeli troops maintained their positions in Beirut as calls grew for the return of the French-Italian-American peace-keeping force which had supervised the PLO's evacuation from Beirut. (The multinational force had been withdrawn in accordance with the Habib plan.) On the day of the inauguration, the International Red Cross announced that 293 bodies had so far been recovered in the refugee camps. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 25 The Commission of Inquiry On Friday, September 24, the cabinet convened in emergency session and decided to request supreme court president Justice Yitzhak Kahan to head an investigation into the massacre—though not a formal judicial commission of inquiry with the power to subpoena witnesses and seize documents. However, when Justice Minister Nissim presented the cabinet's request to Justice Kahan, he was informed that the high court of justice had several hours earlier issued an order, at the behest of two private persons, requiring the government to show cause why it was not setting up a statutory commission to investigate the massacre. The issue was in fact sub judice. Justice Kahan said. The concerted pressure on the government to set up a commission of inquiry peaked on the evening of Saturday, September 25, when an estimated 400,000 Israelis—the largest public gathering ever held in the country—converged in Tel Aviv to denounce the government, call for the resignations of the prime minister and the defense minister, and demand a formal judicial investigation of the refugee camps massacre. The protest rally was organized by several political parties—Labor, Mapam, Shinui, and the Independent Liberals—working together for the first time with Peace Now. Other dissident groups formed during the war, such as Yesh Gvul ("there's a limit/border") and Soldiers Against Silence, also took part. Many Israelis were shocked to see parents of soldiers whose sons were killed in Lebanon carrying signs saying "My son died in vain!" or "Why did my son die?". Sources close to Prime Minister Begin accused the Labor Alignment of "deliberately and hypocritically whipping up hysteria." However, President Navon, speaking to French television on the day following the rally, said: "The very fact that a moral issue has raised a storm in Israel, attests to the character of the State of Israel and constitutes a mark of honor." This was also the view of most foreign observers. (A Likud-sponsored rally, planned for October 2, to counteract the Labor-Peace Now gathering and demonstrate support for the government, was announced and then cancelled following the cabinet meeting of September 28. A Labor party call for another special Knesset session to demand Sharon's resignation was also shelved.) On September 28, the day after the Yom Kippur fast, the cabinet met again and resolved to establish a commission of inquiry in accordance with the commissions of inquiry law of 1968. "The matter which will be subject to inquiry," the cabinet's formal charge to the commission stated, "is: all the facts and factors connected with the atrocity carried out by a unit of the Lebanese forces against the civilian population in the Shatilla and Sabra camps." Under Israeli law, the president of the supreme court appoints the members of a commission of inquiry. In this case, Justice Kahan, aged 69, named himself as chairman of the commission and added as its members 26 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 supreme court justice Aharon Barak, aged 45, a former attorney-general who had played a key role in the Camp David talks, and Major General (Res.) Yona Efrat, aged 56, former O.C. central command, who retired from active military service in 1977. It was announced that the commission would begin its work around mid-October. In Beirut, the French and Italian contingents of the multinational force had returned on September 27 to take up security duties in the refugee camps and elsewhere. The U.S., however, refused to allow its marine task force to enter the city until all Israeli troops had been withdrawn. On September 29, after Israel had complied, the marines entered the city. Following the appointment of the Kahan Commission, political recrimi- nation inside Israel waned somewhat. However, reports began to surface of agitation within the IDF high command and in the defense establishment. Late in September, at a meeting attended by officers with the rank of colonel and up, including Chief of Staff Eitan, Defense Minister Sharon came in for acute criticism for his handling of the war. A second meeting of this same forum was then called by the defense minister himself. What was clear from these and other events—the Eli Geva case (see above), the threatened resignation of the commanding officer of the IDF's Staff and Command College in the wake of the Beirut massacre, the dismissal of a career officer with the rank of major for writing an unsigned article in the daily Ha'aretz in defense of Colonel Geva—was that the political-ideological rift within the nation was in some way reflected in the IDF. Whether the sharp differences among the officer corps and the evident alienation between the field staff and the political echelon within the defense establishment were political or professional in nature, they could not but cast a pall of unease over the general public and affect the Israeli public's perception of the IDF. This meant a further tarnishing of the country's self-image. There was mistrust within the cabinet itself vis-a-vis the defense establishment, and this began to have practical political repercussions. On October 3, six Israelis soldiers were killed and 22 wounded when a bus carrying soldiers was ambushed by terrorists in broad daylight on the main road near Beirut. When, at a cabinet meeting the following day, the prime minister and the defense minister urged a broad strike at PLO bases in the Tripoli area of northern Lebanon, a tie vote ensued—those against the strike were led by Deputy Minister David Levy—and the operation was called off. (The cabinet did, however, authorize the air force to destroy a SAM-9 anti- aircraft missile launcher some 35 kilometers east of Beirut.) A week later (October 10), the cabinet put forward its stand regarding the withdrawal of all foreign forces (including Israeli forces) from Lebanon. This was the opening gambit in a protracted, at times seemingly intermina- ble, series of comings and goings by U.S. mediators, of positions advanced ISRAEL IN 1982 / 27 and retracted, of hopes raised only to be dashed—all against the backdrop of sporadic terrorist acts in Lebanon that pushed the Israeli casualty rate ever higher, and intensified dissent among previously sanguine or unin- volved sections of the population in Israel. The Israeli plan had as its final goal the signing of a peace treaty with Lebanon, despite the altered political milieu due to Bashir Jemayel's assassination, and the withdrawal of all foreign forces from that country. How- ever, Israel would not withdraw until its soldiers being held prisoner were handed back, and until "all necessary arrangements" were effected to ensure that Lebanon could never again serve as a base for terrorist attacks on Israel. On October 13 the plan was conveyed to Foreign Minister Shamir, who was then in Washington for talks with senior U.S. officials. Shamir subsequently informed the cabinet that the plan had been very favorably received by the Americans. U.S. special envoy Draper was already in the region, shuttling between Beirut, Damascus, and Jerusalem. As IDF troops in Lebanon intervened to restore calm in clashes between Druze and Phalangists in the Shouf mountain area southeast of Beirut, drawing criticism both from the Druze community in Israel and from various sections of the Israeli public—the former complaining that the IDF was not doing enough to protect their coreligionists and the latter maintaining that it was not the IDF's business to act as a policeman in Lebanon, the more so as these clashes did not affect Israeli security—a mid-October poll in the Jerusalem Post showed public satisfaction with the government's performance falling sharply due to the impasse in Lebanon, and particularly in the wake of the refugee camp massacre. On October 20 the Kahan Commission began its formal hearings in a building at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Whereas the Agranat Commission of Inquiry after the Yom Kippur War held all its sessions in camera, the Kahan Commission functioned openly, except where considerations of state security necessitated closed sessions. A sense of high drama prevailed when, after a number of closed sessions involving the chief of staff and ranking intelligence personnel, the commission held its first open session on October 25. The witness, Defense Minister Sharon, told the tribunal that no one among Israel's policy-makers had foreseen such a massacre. Sharon said the first he had heard of something having gone wrong was when the chief of staff told him at about 9 p.m. on Friday, September 17, that "they overdid it"—meaning, apparently, that the Christians had wreaked havoc among the Palestinians beyond what was expected. (Sharon, like many others who testified in open session, also gave part of his testimony behind closed doors.) As the commission went about its business, internal inconsistencies began to emerge in the open testimony. Thus, for example, when Major General 28 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Amir Drori, O.C. northern command, testified (October 31) that "some- where in his mind" every Israeli had feared a Phalangist massacre of Pales- tinians in the refugee camps, he seemed to be at considerable odds with Defense Minister Sharon's assertion that "no one in his worst dreams could have foreseen such a conclusion." The array of figures appearing before the commission included three other ministers besides Sharon: Prime Minister Begin (November 8), Com- munications Minister Mordechai Zippori (November 18), and Foreign Minister Shamir (November 24). What jolted many Israelis about the prime minister's testimony—and also seemed to confirm the persistent reports that major decisions in the war were taken by Defense Minister Sharon and Chief of Staff Eitan without Begin's prior knowledge—was his confirmation that he learned of the Phalangists' entry into the camps along with the rest of the cabinet some two hours after their operation had begun and about 40 hours after Sharon and Eitan had decided to send them in, and that he first heard about the massacre via BBC radio about ten hours after the Phalangists had left the camps. Zippori, for his part, said he had first heard about a "slaughter" in the camps as early as 11 a.m. on Friday, September 17, from the military correspondent of Ha'aretz. Unable to make contact with senior intelligence personnel, Zippori had called Foreign Minister Shamir, who he knew was about to meet with ranking intelligence officials, and asked him to look into the matter. Shamir had a different version of the conversation. He said Zippori had used the term "running wild" and had not mentioned a "slaughter"; and that Zippori had not specifically asked him to verify the report. Shamir added that he had not raised the matter with the senior intelligence personnel, assuming that if anything was amiss they would already be apprised of it. On November 24 the Kahan Commission, acting under paragraph 15(a) of the commissions of inquiry law, notified Prime Minister Begin and eight other persons who had appeared before it that they were liable to be "harmed" by its findings. The nine were, besides the prime minister: De- fense Minister Sharon; Foreign Minister Shamir; Chief of Staff Eitan; Direc- tor of Military Intelligence Saguy; O.C. northern command Drori; the IDF divisional commander in Beirut, Brigadier General Amos Yaron; the head of the Mossad intelligence agency (whose identity is a secret while he holds office); and Avi Dudai, personal aide to Sharon. Each of the nine was informed that he had 15 days to ask to reappear before the commission, to study all the relevant material in the commission's possession, to cross- examine other witnesses, and to submit further evidence. They were also informed of their right to take legal counsel. The letter sent to Prime Minister Begin stated that he "may be harmed if the commission arrives at the following findings or conclusions: (A) That ISRAEL IN 1982 / 29 the prime minister did not appropriately consider the role to be played by the Lebanese forces during and due to the IDF's entry into West Beirut, and ignored the danger of acts of revenge and bloodshed by these forces against the populations in the refugee camps. (B) That the aforementioned omission is tantamount to non-fulfillment of a duty which was incumbent upon the prime minister." Similarly, Defense Minister Sharon might be harmed if the commission were to find or conclude that he "ignored or disregarded" possible revenge by the "Lebanese forces against the population in the refugee camps in Beirut, and did not order that the appropriate measures be taken to prevent this danger." In addition, he might be harmed if it were found that he did not act "as quickly as possible" to have the Lebanese forces removed from the camps when he received reports of aberrant actions perpetrated in the refugee camps which they had entered. Most of those who were warned by the commission chose to submit written letters or memoranda, or to have their lawyers appear on their behalf. By year's end the commission had virtually completed its formal work and was about to retire to consider the evidence. The commission had heard 49 witnesses, including nine who appeared before it twice (i.e., 58 testimonies), in 65 hours of hearings. The recorded testimony covered 1,692 pages. Twenty-three of the testimonies were given in open session, the rest behind closed doors. The commission staff interviewed about 160 persons, including officers, soldiers, local and foreign civilians, and local and foreign journalists. In the course of the hearings, the commission was presented with 245 exhibits and documents, covering 3,000 pages. In addition, some 12,000 pages of material were given to the commission at its request from government departments and the IDF, including notes, recordings, situation appraisals, intelligence reports, field logs, and the like. The Kahan Commis- sion was expected to issue its report in early 1983. (A full report on the Kahan Commission findings will appear in the 1985 AJYB.) Other dramas were not lacking in the open-ended aftermath of Operation Peace for Galilee. At 7 a.m. on November 11, a tremendous blast rocked Israel's military government headquarters building in Tyre, in southern Lebanon. Within seconds the seven-story structure was reduced to an eight- meter-high heap of rubble. Killed outright were 75 Israeli soldiers and security personnel, and 14 local Arabs who were in the building at the time of the explosion. Another 27 Israelis and 28 Arabs were injured; six of the Israelis were seriously hurt, and one died of his wounds two weeks later, bringing the death toll to 90. It was the worst single disaster in Israeli military history. Heart-rending scenes were played out before the television cameras as rescuers frantically searched through the rubble for possible survivors (three were pulled out). A military commission of inquiry established on the day of the blast by Defense Minister Sharon, and headed by 30 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Major General (Res.) Meir Zorea, comptroller of the defense establishment, found that the explosion was caused by a combination of two factors: the poor construction of the building, and a gas-air mixture that collected in a certain part of the structure. The commission was able to determine that no explosives were involved, nor did it come across "even one factor to suggest that the blast was caused by sabotage." However, a "basic re- examination" was to be undertaken regarding the position and maintenance of the gas tanks. The cabinet declared November 15 a national day of mourning for the victims of the disaster. Speaking on November 11, Defense Minister Sharon asserted that Israel would not leave Lebanon until Beirut signed a political agreement with Israel providing for normalization of relations. Israel was insisting that the talks be political in character, not military, and that, to underscore this, they be held in Jerusalem as well as in Lebanon. The Lebanese were balking at these terms. By early December, with special envoys Habib and Draper both in Washington to report on their ongoing mediation efforts, the United States was accusing Israel of deliberately stalling over a troop withdrawal from Lebanon. Washington was particularly incensed at Jerusalem's rigid posture on procedural matters. On December 19 the cabinet approved a written agreement, purportedly worked out by Defense Minister Sharon in secret talks with Lebanese officials, regarding the withdrawal of foreign forces from Lebanon. Israel dropped its insistence that the talks be held in Jerusalem. Although Sharon told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that he already had a detailed draft of the agreement to be signed with Lebanon, the Lebanese government failed to ratify Sharon's document and instead produced a new agenda of its own, downplaying the political aspects. Sharon came under fire from various quarters in both the coalition and the opposition for having leaked the terms of the purported agreement (and his own part in obtaining them), thus causing the Lebanese to disown them. At all events, on Tuesday, December 28, talks did open at Khalde, near Beirut, with the delegations of the participants, the United States, Israel, and Lebanon, seated around a large triangular table. Speaking first, the head of the Lebanese delegation, Antoine Fattal, said that his government's "first objective" was "to seek the restoration of Lebanon's sovereignty and full authority over the whole of its territory." To that end, "Lebanon requests that all non-Lebanese troops and forces actually stationed de facto within its internationally recognized boundaries must withdraw according to a comprehensive plan of evacuation by the terms of a specific and accelerated schedule." In a broader context, Fattal harked back to the Israel-Lebanon General Armistice Agreement of March 23, 1949, maintaining that it "remains the juridical instrument regulating Lebanese-Israeli relations"— ISRAEL IN 1982 / 31 notwithstanding Israel's claims that the agreement had been annulled by Lebanon's declaration of war on Israel in June 1967. Departing from his prepared text, the head of the Israeli delegation, David Kimche, director-general of the Foreign Ministry, took issue with Fattal's description of events in 1967 and thereafter. Kimche said that Lebanon's actions in 1967 and its subsequent signing of certain agreements were "in complete violation of the armistice agreement." Israel therefore considered that agreement to be "terminated de jure and de facto." Nonetheless, he stated, "no real conflict exists" between Lebanon and Israel, nor had Israel's military effort been directed against the people of Lebanon, "but against the terrorists, who have transformed Lebanon into a base for aggression against us, against the will of the Lebanese." With the removal of the terrorist threat, Kimche said, Israel sought a relationship of good-neighborliness and peace with Lebanon "as two sovereign and independent countries, living side by side in friendship and in security." The chief U.S. negotiator, Morris Draper, said that his government, being a "close friend" of both countries, would do all it could to help bring about an agreement. He noted that the United States was cognizant of Israel's "legitimate security interests," which "should be addressed and satisfied to the maximum extent possible." At the same time, Washington supported the "independence, national unity and integrity" of Lebanon, and the "restoration of full sovereignty" throughout that country. Since, as Draper pointed out, Israel had declared that it did not covet any Lebanese territory, and Lebanon had affirmed that its territory would not be allowed to become again a base for attacks on Israel, and since both countries agreed "on the need for the quickest possible withdrawal of all external military forces from Lebanon," the negotiations ought to prove productive. "We have an historic opportunity to set the stage for a future filled with hope," Draper asserted. Two days later, on December 30, the three delegations were greeted by flag-waving schoolchildren as they arrived in the northern development town of Kiryat Shemona, a chief target of terrorist attacks, for the second round of talks. (The negotiations were to alternate between Khalde and Kiryat Shemona.) At the community center, where the talks were to take place, the delegations were offered the traditional bread and salt welcome. Visibly moved, Lebanon's delegation head Antoine Fattal said: "I leave our political differences for the conference table. Here I wish to declare that the Jews and the Moslems are children of the same God."

Conclusion The first six months of Operation Peace for Galilee and its aftermath claimed the lives of 463 Israeli soldiers and other security personnel; over 32 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 2,500 were wounded. Eight soldiers were being held captive by the PLO, and three by the Syrians. Five soldiers were missing in action.

THE YEAR IN REVIEW

Terrorism Terrorism inside Israel in 1982 was confined to sporadic attempts at planting explosive devices. Following the onset of Operation Peace for Galilee, there was a marked decline in even this very limited activity. The year also saw a series of attacks on Israeli and/or Jewish targets abroad— including the shooting of Israel ambassador to London Shlomo Argov on June 3, sparking off the war in Lebanon—which intensified in the latter half of the year, almost in inverse proportion to the terrorist attacks inside Israel. In mid-January two bombs exploded within minutes of each other in the Petah Tikva market; the second device wounded a police bomb disposal expert. Early in March police explosives experts safely dismantled bombs in the Beersheba market, a Petah Tikva bank, and at a Jerusalem overpass. An eight-year-old girl was slightly wounded on May 9 when a bomb went off in a Jerusalem bus, while on May 29 a fuel tanker truck was damaged when it struck an anti-vehicle mine on a dirt road in Beersheba. A small explosive device was discovered and dismantled in the Beit Shemesh commercial center at the end of May. On November 8, four elderly persons were wounded, one of them seriously, when a bomb went off under a park bench in Herzliya. Abroad, an Israeli-owned restaurant in West Berlin was bombed on January 15, wounding 25 persons; a Beirut-based group claimed responsibility. On July 31, seven persons were wounded, two of them seriously, when a bomb went off at the El Al ticket counter in Munich's Riem Airport. Foreign Minister Shamir said the incident demonstrated that Israel was right to insist that "all sources of terrorism must be eliminated." An Israeli diplomat was seriously wounded and 43 other persons—40 of them schoolchildren—were hurt on September 17 in a car bomb blast in Paris. The following day four persons were wounded in a submachine gun attack in front of the main synagogue in Brussels. The worst outrage occurred on October 9, Simhat Torah, at the main synagogue in Rome when assailants opened fire and threw grenades at worshippers as they were leaving the building after the prayer service. A two-year-old girl was killed and 35 persons were wounded. A foreign ministry spokesman in Jerusalem said the attack "underscores once again the nature of those who plot against Jewish worshippers on their festivals. It is high time the enlightened world united against terrorism." Two persons were hurt late in December when a bomb ISRAEL IN 1982 / 33 exploded in the Israel consulate in Sydney; two other devices went off under cars parked near a Jewish recreation club in the city. According to the Israel consul-general there, the PLO claimed responsibility for the attacks. Of the trials of terrorists in 1982, that of Ziad Abu Eian, 24, of El- Bireh, which opened in Tel Aviv district court in January, attracted the most attention. The defendant was charged with having planted a bomb in Tiberias in 1979 that killed two persons and wounded 36. Abu Eian had fled to Chicago via Jordan and was extradited to Israel, following two-and-a-half years of negotiations. Reportedly, the U.S. government insisted that the trial be held in a civil rather than a military court as the condition for Abu Eian's extradition. Representatives of the state department, the International Red Cross, and the International Federation of Jurists attended the proceedings. On June 17 Abu Eian was found guilty of murder and causing harm with aggravated intent. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. In mid-February Dov Shilansky, deputy minister in the prime minister's office, told the Knesset that the security service was continuing to investigate the June 1980 bomb attack that seriously wounded two West Bank mayors (see AJYB, Vol. 82, 1982, p. 254; see also The Administered Areas, below). Shilansky, who was replying to a parliamentary question from MK Amnon Rubinstein (Shinui), stated that he was "constantly asking the head of the security service" about the course of the investigation. He noted, however, that such clandestine operations posed special problems for inves- tigators.

The Withdrawal from Sinai As the date approached for the final Israeli evacuation of Sinai by the terms of the Israel-Egypt peace treaty (April 26), a situation bordering on anarchy prevailed in the northern Sinai agricultural settlements and in the urban center of Yamit. (See AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 260.) On the one hand, the settlers, who had been lured to the area by government promises of development and assistance, were refusing to leave until a binding compensation agreement was worked out and passed by the Knesset. On the other hand, tension in the area was fueled by the presence there of members of the Movement to Stop the Sinai Withdrawal, most of them from Gush Emunim ("Bloc of the Faithful") settlements in Judea-Samaria or students from religious academies, who had taken up residence in abandoned buildings throughout the area. Driven by a potent mixture of ideological fervor, religious zeal, and security concerns, they called on the government to tear up the agreement with Egypt. Beyond that, they were also evidently seeking to "traumatize" the collective Israeli consciousness so as to preclude any possible future withdrawal agreement in Judea-Samaria. 34 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Caught in the middle was the government. Although official statements continued to insist that Israel would "carry out every commitment" and "implement the peace treaty down to the last word, phrase, and sentence," as cabinet secretary Arye Naor put it to reporters on January 3, some believed the government to be playing a double game. Leaders of the anti-withdrawal movement claimed that they had received "clear signals" from senior government personnel not to evacuate Yamit. Deputy Prime Minister Levy implicitly confirmed this when he told Israel Radio that some cabinet ministers were undermining public respect and authority by failing to maintain law and order in Yamit. "Giving up the settlements was the price we agreed to pay for the peace with Egypt," he pointed out. However, the cabinet soon agreed to pay a different kind of price. On January 7 it raised the proposed compensation agreement by some 20 per cent, pushing it well past the IS4 billion mark. Only five of 17 ministers voted for the new sum, following entreaties by the prime minister; four voted against, while no fewer than eight did not take part in the vote. Finance Minister Yoram Aridor noted that under the new terms, if an average factory worker saved all his wages for 70 years, he would attain the same sum as would be paid to just one Sinai evacuee. As diehard religious ultra-nationalists began actively to disrupt the dismantlement of greenhouses and other structures in northern Sinai early in February, leading the defense ministry to suspend the work, Israeli soldiers for the first time used force to oust withdrawal resisters. MK Hanan Porat (Tehiya-Renaissance), on hand to support the resisters, accused the IDF of using unwarranted "brutality" in removing the squatters. He added: "If our people are attacked, it may be assumed that they will defend themselves as best they can." In a surprise move on February 26, just two months before the final withdrawal date, Defense Minister Sharon, acting at the behest of the prime minister, ordered the IDF to seal off the Yamit and Northern Sinai areas. The move came to ward off a massive drive by Gush Emunim, slated to begin two days later, to bring thousands of settlers into the region with the aim of preventing the withdrawal. Scores, if not hundreds, of persons had already entered the area in the preceding weeks. Ugly scenes took place at IDF roadblocks. Settlers wearing yellow Stars of David baited soldiers with cries of "Nazis!", "Kapos!", and "Yamit will not be Judenrein!" On March 2 the Tehiya faction presented a motion of no confidence in the government following the IDF's actions against the anti-withdrawal movement. Defense Minister Sharon told the Knesset that the IDF had discovered nearly 500 grenades that had been smuggled into Sinai through a security fence cut by the withdrawal resisters. The motion was defeated 58 to four, with 43 Alignment abstentions. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 35 Throughout March, Israel Television brought home the events in the Yamit area, screening footage of men and women soldiers forcibly evicting opponents of the withdrawal, who usually practiced passive resistance. The Chief Rabbinate Council declared March 24 a day of fast and atonement, calling on Jews to pray that the government reconsider the withdrawal from the Northern Sinai approaches. The IDF was forced to increase the number of troops guarding equipment as settlers sabotaged giant cranes and other machinery being used in the dismantling of the settlements. On March 31 the coast from Eilat to Ophira (Sharm el-Sheikh) was closed to civilians as the IDF made final preparations to hand the area back to Egypt. Virtually all the transportable equipment had been sent north to Israel in some 2,000 truckloads. In Yamit nearly all the local residents left in a final mass exodus on April 1 (the date set by the government for vacating the area was actually March 31), leaving only the anti-withdrawal diehards and the army. The Knesset, which had gone into frantic action after the eleventh hour, managed to pass a law (at 3:40 a.m., April 1) guaranteeing the Yamit and Sinai evacuees compensation for having to leave their homes and businesses. A week later some 50,000 Israelis took advantage of the Passover holiday for one final campout on the Sinai coast of Eilat, opened up for civilians for the last time under Israeli control. However, only about 200 persons—a far cry from the predicted 2,000—arrived for the Passover seder meal (April 7) held by the three Tehiya MK's at the war memorial in Yamit. Defense Minister Sharon had in fact injected new hope into the anti-withdrawal movement by announcing that its adherents would be allowed to remain in the area until after Passover. In the view of a Jerusalem Post editorial (April 6), Sharon's "puzzlingly unsteady" tactics regarding Yamit were designed "to keep the Egyptians guessing about Israel's intentions in the event of an Egyptian violation of the peace treaty." (It was also just at this time that tension in the north escalated, with Israeli troops poised to move into Lebanon at a moment's notice following a series of security incidents and the government's reaction to them.) Most of the anti-withdrawal diehards had taken positions atop buildings, defying the soldiers to remove them. Since the troops were ordered not to use firearms or other undue force, they resorted to climbing ladders to get at the resisters. What ensued was, in the words of MK Amnon Rubinstein, "one of the most shameful spectacles Israel has ever known." Contrary to their promise not to use force against the army, the resisters used crowbars to try and topple the ladders as the soldiers were climbing them, dropped burning tires, bricks, and other heavy objects on them, and pushed, shoved, and cursed those soldiers—all of them officers—who did manage to get on to the roof. The entire scene took on a surrealistic aspect when soldiers, hoisted above the resisters in a cage by a giant crane, sprayed those on the 36 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 roof and, unavoidably, the troops trying to remove them, with a white foam. Elsewhere in Yamit, crack troops forced their way into a bunker where six men and three women of Rabbi Meir Kahane's "Kach" movement had barricaded themselves and were threatening suicide; they were quickly overcome, handcuffed, and led away. The final group to go—voluntarily— consisted of about 30 students who had occupied the 28-meter-high war memorial in Yamit. They emerged peacefully after one of their leaders said they had to choose between fighting their own feelings "or fighting soldiers with whom we may soon have to go north to guard the Israel-Lebanon border." On April 23, after the last of the resisters had been removed, a series of tremendous blasts rocked the seaside town; Yamit was razed; the only building left standing was the synagogue. Although no official explanation for this act was forthcoming, the destruction of Yamit was evidently carried out to prevent its becoming a magnet for opponents of the peace treaty in the future, and to deter Egypt from creating any major settlement in this strategically important sector. On April 25 at midnight, 15 years after the Six Day War and three years after the signing of the Israel-Egypt peace treaty, Sinai reverted to Egyptian hands. It was the third time the IDF had withdrawn from Sinai or parts thereof. The first was in 1949, following the War of Independence; the second time was in 1957, in the wake of the Sinai campaign the year before; and again in 1982, this time within the framework of a formal peace treaty. President Anwar Sadat, the initiator of that treaty in his visit to Jerusalem five years earlier, was gunned down less than a year before the final implementation of the agreement. However, during the cabinet meeting of April 25, the day of the handover, Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, phoned Prime Minister Begin to express the Egyptian people's appreciation for Israel's execution of the peace treaty on schedule. Mubarak also recalled that in his first meeting with the Israeli leader, following President Sadat's assassination, the two had pledged to maintain the peace between their countries "forever." It was, in fact, a letter from President Mubarak, along with a message from President Reagan, that had given Prime Minister Begin the last- minute assurances he was seeking, leading him on April 21 to recommend to the cabinet that the withdrawal proceed on schedule. The Egyptian president affirmed his commitment to the Camp David process, while the American leader promised to maintain Israel's "qualitative technological edge" in the security sphere, and to support the Camp David accords as "the only agreed plan to resolve the Palestinian problem." President Rea- gan also reaffirmed all the Israel-U.S. agreements since 1973, which included a U.S. undertaking not to talk to the PLO until that organization ISRAEL IN 1982 / 37 accepted security council resolution 242, and a number of key defense agreements. No joint ceremonies were held to mark the handover of Sinai. The Israeli flag was lowered at Ophira at 7:30 a.m. on April 25, while at Yamit the Israeli force, accompanied by about a dozen members of the Movement to Stop the Sinai Withdrawal, who spent the weekend in the synagogue, left around noon. One issue remained unresolved—the fate of the Taba area, just south of Eilat. Both sides cited the original Sinai frontier demarcation in support of their claims to the 700 square meter area. Direct negotiations to settle the matter were unsuccessful, and on May 21 Foreign Minister Shamir said the issue would be referred to a conciliation committee, and if that failed, to agreed arbitration. In the meantime, much to the Egyptians' discomfiture, construction continued on an Israeli hotel in the area; the hotel opened late in the year. While both sides remained unbending over the Taba issue, other elements of the peace treaty went ahead as scheduled, including the opening of the Israeli-Egyptian checkpoint just below Taba, for travellers entering Sinai from Israel or wishing to enter Israel, and the inauguration, on April 29, of the Tel Aviv-Cairo bus route.

Normalization of Relations with Egypt While the return of Sinai to Egyptian control was manifestly the domi- nant event in relations between the two countries in 1982, other developments also played a key role. An anticipated visit to Israel by President Mubarak, who had accepted President Navon's invitation (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 255), failed to materialize. Although Egyptian foreign minister Kamal Hassan Ali told Israeli journalists in mid-February that the Muba- rak visit would take place in March, the Egyptian leader balked at Israel's insistence that he include Jerusalem on his itinerary. A month later Prime Minister Begin formally re-extended the invitation through Foreign Minis- ter Ali, who was visiting Israel, but nothing came of it. Once the war in Lebanon broke out, such a visit was ruled out by Cairo. Operation Peace for Galilee was, as in many other spheres, a dividing line, if not a watershed, in Israeli-Egyptian relations. Prior to the eruption of hostilities at the beginning of June, relations at the diplomatic and governmental level proceeded relatively smoothly, although at the popular level, as reflected in tourism, relations were still a one-way street; there was virtually no tourism from Egypt to Israel. Besides several high-ranking reciprocal visits connected with the final stages of the Sinai withdrawal, a number of Egyptian missions spent time in Israel in the first half of the year. Among the visitors were industrial and agricultural delegations in January; a "youth mission" of 60 Egyptian teenagers who spent a week touring the 38 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 country that same month; Minister of Culture Mohammed Abdul-Hamid Radwan and Egyptian chief of staff Lieutenant General Rab el-Nabi Hafez, both of whom paid (separate) official visits in February; 180 singers, danc- ers, and orchestra members who took part in the Tel Aviv Spring Festival in May; and, on the very eve of the Lebanon war, a mission of ranking members of Egypt's ruling National Democratic party. On June 2 Foreign Minister AH and Osama el-Baz, President Mubarak's chefde bureau, arrived in Jerusalem for a lightning visit connected with a possible tripartite summit meeting between Mubarak, President Reagan, and Prime Minister Begin to revive the autonomy talks (see below). Presi- dent Mubarak took the occasion to send a personal message to Begin, recommitting himself and his country to "peace forever" with Israel. Although Egypt condemned the Israeli incursion into Lebanon, and normalization came to a virtual standstill, the peace itself held fast. How- ever, on September 20, following the massacre in the two Beirut refugee camps, the Egyptian ambassador to Israel, Sa'ad Mortada, was recalled to Cairo "for consultations." About a week later, President Navon called on the Egyptian leadership to use its influence to restrain "unbridled attacks" on Israel in the Egyptian press following the refugee camps massacre. Early in October Prime Minister Begin received another message from President Mubarak stressing Egypt's commitment to the peace treaty. The oral message was delivered by former U.S. special envoy Sol Linowitz, who was on a private visit to the region. However, a different note was sounded by Foreign Minister Ali in a speech marking the anniversary of the 1973 October war: "Mistaken are those, particularly Israel, who believe that the peace treaty has defused the mine of war and confrontation in the Middle East, and that matters can be left as they are for a long period during which Israel will impose a status quo." That, Ali asserted, was "a wrong assessment, because peace must be comprehensive if it is to be durable." On October 31 the cabinet urged Egypt to resume talks on all outstanding issues. Several days earlier, Prime Minister Begin had told the Knesset's defense and foreign affairs committee that notwithstanding the continuing denunciations of Israel in the Egyptian press, nothing fundamental had changed where the peace was concerned, including Cairo's adherence to the demilitarization terms. However, a senior IDF intelligence officer charged that Egypt was not doing enough to prevent terrorist infiltration across the new border, drawing a reaction from Cairo to the effect that Egypt was "meticulously discharging all its obligations under the peace treaty and is sparing no efforts in taking all security measures across its borders." On November 10 Foreign Minister Shamir told the Knesset that Egypt's continued refusal to return its ambassador to Israel would constitute "an ISRAEL IN 1982 / 39 explicit violation of the peace treaty." Shamir accused Egypt of "deviating from the path of peace" by showing an "evasive" approach to the renewal of the autonomy talks and to the normalization process. Cairo, he said, had not responded to Israeli requests for normalized relations in new spheres, and had backtracked on the implementation of agreements already signed. A more optimistic note was sounded by Egyptian minister of state for foreign affairs Butros Ghali in an interview with the Jerusalem Post marking the fifth anniversary of President Sadat's visit to Jerusalem. While criticizing Israel's military campaign in Lebanon, Ghali declared: "We still believe in peace and the peace process, and we still believe very deeply in the importance of a continuing dialogue." Ghali also said that Egypt was pinning its hopes on the re-emergence of "moderate" forces within Israel: "We believe that inside Israel, in spite of the apparent victory of the extrem- ists and the rejectionists, that the attitudes of the moderates, of the Israelis who really want peace, will prevail."

The Autonomy Negotiations Despite a flurry of activity late in 1981 (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 256) and its augury of a resumption of the stalled autonomy talks, 1982 saw no progress whatsoever on this issue. Secretary of State Haig, seeking to achieve an autonomy agreement prior to the final Israeli withdrawal from Sinai on April 26, visited Israel and Egypt twice in January. He was said to be worried that failure to reach agreement by April 26 could lead to the collapse of the Camp David accords due to pressure from various quarters for the adoption of a new approach. However, nothing substantive came of Haig's talks. On January IS, hours after Haig had left for Washington at the end of his first round of talks in the region, Defense Minister Sharon declared: "If the Egyptians believe that we will be more pliable and forthcoming on the autonomy issue after the withdrawal, they are badly mistaken. If the Egyp- tians will not sign an autonomy agreement, we will not flinch from per- petuating the present situation in the territories." The defense minister, who was speaking at a political meeting, revealed that Israel had told Haig it would not countenance the creation of a "second Palestinian state" (in addition to Jordan) in the territories, or permit the establishment there of anything liable to serve as the precursor to such a state. Early in February, Israel issued an official document stating its position on the autonomy talks. Going into considerable detail, the paper enunciated Israel's view of the "scope, jurisdiction, and structure of the self-governing authority (administrative council)." The council would have power in 13 separate areas such as justice, finance, education, religious affairs, and local police—but not in security or foreign affairs. The document, which also 40 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 spelled out Israel's conception of the council's size and the manner of its election, concluded; "All of the above indicates Israel's readiness to observe the Camp David agreement fully and in every detail, in letter and in spirit, while safeguarding the interests of all concerned." On February 12 President Reagan confirmed the appointment of Richard Fairbanks as the new U.S. envoy to the autonomy talks; Fairbanks had been serving as assistant secretary of state for congressional relations. A week after his appointment, the new envoy met in Jerusalem with a number of Israeli ministers involved in the autonomy process. Fairbanks said his approach would be to achieve agreement on the less complicated issues in the first stage. The new U.S. negotiator returned to the Middle East in May, in the midst of a new dispute which was preventing the resumption of the talks: Egypt's refusal to accede to the Israeli demand that the site of the talks be Jerusalem, and not Herzliya, as had been the case in the past. Speaking on Israel Radio on May 8, Foreign Minister Shamir said Israel would not accept a boycott of Jerusalem. This impasse had already led to a cancellation by Egypt of talks at the level of experts, in March. On August 27, in an article published in the Jerusalem Post, Foreign Minister Shamir linked Operation Peace for Galilee with the broader Pales- tinian issue. "Israel," he wrote, "is convinced that the expulsion of the PLO from Lebanon will have a positive impact on the Camp David process." Calling on the Arab governments to ban the PLO and seek regional stability, the foreign minister asserted: "Now is the time to resume the autonomy negotiations and bring them to a quick and positive conclusion." These and other hopes were dashed, at least temporarily, by the events in Sabra and Shatilla three weeks later.

The Administered Areas Menachem Milson, on leave from his Hebrew University post as professor of Arabic literature to serve as civil administrator of Judea-Samaria since November 1981 (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 249), told the Jerusalem Post in mid-February: "The basic assumption upon which I work—a very deep belief—is that the term 'Palestinian' is not synonymous with PLO." Explaining that Israel needed to "fight the PLO politically as well as militarily because the organization is the most serious impediment to peace in the Middle East," Milson aimed "to create an atmosphere of friendship, of trust, of confidence, of willingness to negotiate." However, few, if any, of those trends were visible in the administered areas in 1982. On January 23 Bethlehem mayor Elias Freij appealed to the PLO to recognize Israel, and thereby "challenge it and the U.S. for peace." The mayor asserted that the protracted impasse was working in Israel's favor: "Every day that passes sees new settlements, and in ten years there will be ISRAEL IN 1982 / 41 nothing left for the Palestinians to talk about." A political dialogue was the only viable solution, Freij said, adding that it was "the destiny of both peoples to coexist in this country." He called on other West Bank mayors to join him in urging the PLO to recognize Israel. However, a few days later, Nablus mayor Bassam al-Shaka, generally considered to be the chief exponent of the radical approach in the areas, termed the Bethlehem mayor's appeal "unhelpful." Al-Shaka said that since all the major Israeli political parties had already declared that they would not talk to the PLO, it would be pointless for the organization to recognize Israel. Early in February the high court of justice rejected a petition by 16 villages in the areas opposing the military government's seizure of territory after having declared it "state land." The court accepted the "state land" designation and upheld the authority of the military review boards set up to consider the ownership claims of local residents. In the view of many observers, the practical result of the ruling would be to end attempts to block Israeli settlement in the areas by recourse to the courts. However, Justice Meir Shamgar, who wrote the opinion, did instruct the military government to use "denned and fair administrative procedures" in these cases. The settlement boom in Judea-Samaria, set in motion by the first Likud government, was given accelerated momentum in 1982. On January 29 Defense Minister Sharon told a group of Israel Bond leaders from North America that the Jewish settlements in Judea-Samaria were meant to be Israel's "first line of defense" against any attack from the east. During the year it became increasingly clear that there were two types of settlers in Judea-Samaria. The "ideological settlers," spearheaded by the Gush Emunim movement, though still numerically insignificant, continued to press for the settlement of what they regarded as the divinely sanctioned eretz yisrael hashleima, the "whole land of Israel." Indications that these settlers were moving into a new, more assertive phase could be seen in reports that Jewish settlers had formed "vigilante groups" to deal with incidents of stone-throwing at Israeli vehicles in the areas; in the part played by armed Israeli civilians in quelling demonstrations; in the arrest of four residents of Kiryat Arba, the large urban settlement adjacent to Hebron, for possession of explosives and weapons (in November, two of them were formally charged with having deliberately destroyed a bomb, found in the local council building, which may have had some connection with the bombs used in the still unsolved June 1980 attacks on three West Bank mayors: see AJYB, Vol. 82, 1982, p. 254; see also Terrorism, above); and in the destruction by Jewish settlers of several empty buildings in Hebron's ancient Jewish quarter, as the incipient stage in a plan to create a Jewish residential area in the heart of the city. 42 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

The other side of the settlement coin was perhaps best encapsulated in a four-page supplement to the Jerusalem Post that appeared in November, sponsored by the World Zionist Organization. Directed at potential new immigrants from Western countries, the supplement listed a number of places where such persons might want to settle. The great bulk of the sites were located in "Judea and Samaria—Israel's fastest growing suburbs." Among the attractions of these areas, according to the World Zionist Orga- nization, were "an appropriate home for a growing family at a very reasonable cost" and "a pollution-free rural setting within easy commuting distance" from metropolitan Tel Aviv. On November 25 Deputy Agriculture Minister Michael Dekel, the driving force behind this new concept of the West Bank as suburbia, laid the cornerstone at Nofim, in Samaria, the first settlement in the areas being developed entirely by a private company. Three months earlier (September 1) the town of Maaleh Adumim, just east of Jerusalem on the road to Jericho, had been inaugurated by Housing Minister Levy. According to him, Maaleh Adumim, which was planned as a town of about 10,000 inhabitants, would help solve the problem faced by young couples who could not cope with the inordinately high costs of housing in Jerusalem and elsewhere. In December Deputy Minister Dekel and Matityahu Drobless, co-director of the WZO's land settlement department, informed the Knes- set's economic committee that an additional 40,000 settlers (8,000 families) would move to Judea-Samaria in the coming months—thus raising the Jewish population in these areas to about 70,000—while by 1986 some 130,000 Jews would be living there. The long-range plan called for a Jewish population of 1.3 million in the West Bank within 30 years. Dekel and Drobless told the committee that the cost of settling one family in the areas was approximately IS4.S million. It was against the background of an increasingly intensive settlement process that some of the worst violence in the entire period of Israeli rule erupted in the areas. On February 15, after an official of the civil administration was beaten by Arab students as he was leaving Bir Zeit University following a meeting with its acting president, the military government again closed down the institution for a two-month period. The closure touched off three weeks of sporadic demonstrations and violent incidents, generated chiefly by students at the various colleges and universities in Judea-Samaria. On March 9 Jordan announced that West Bank inhabitants who participated in "Israeli-sponsored civic organizations" would be liable to the death penalty for treason. The following day Defense Minister Sharon retorted that if Amman tried to carry out its threats against the village leagues—the main organization in question, which was being cultivated by the civil administration under Professor Milson (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, ISRAEL IN 1982 / 43 p. 249)—Israel would deal with Jordan in the same manner as it dealt with terrorists. On March 11 Sharon officially outlawed the National Guidance Committee, an informal group, made up of mayors and other public figures, that coordinated PLO-directed activities in Judea-Samaria and the Gaza Strip. One week later, the Israeli authorities dismissed El-Bireh mayor Ibrahim Tawil and disbanded the local municipal council, which had refused to deal with the civil administration, replacing it with an Israeli- appointed committee. On March 20 Israeli troops shot and killed a 17-year-old youth during a violent confrontation in El-Bireh; six other demonstrators were wounded, and an Israeli soldier was struck on the head by a rock. The youth was the first of twelve local Palestinians who were to be killed by Israeli fire, some of it from civilian settlers, in the coming six weeks. In that period, nearly 200 Arabs were wounded. Two Israeli soldiers were killed and over 90 other Israelis were wounded in the violent clashes that continued into the early part of May. On March 25 Nablus mayor Bassam al-Shaka and Ramallah mayor Karim Khalaf were dismissed by the Israeli authorities. Both mayors had been seriously injured when bombs exploded in their cars in 1980 (see AJYB, Vol. 82, 1982, p. 254; see also Terrorism, above). A document released by the IDF spokesman stated that the mayors had incited demonstrators, had been members of the National Guidance Committee, and had refused to deal with the civil administration. An Israeli civilian, Noam Tal, was appointed to run the Ramallah municipality, while IDF Major Nir Tsoref was named to head the Nablus town council. The strife in the areas took on added intensity after April 11, when Allan Harry Goodman, aged 38, a recent immigrant from the United States who was doing his army service, went on a shooting rampage on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Two persons were killed and 12 wounded before Israeli troops were able to subdue the apparently crazed assailant. Although the incident was condemned by the government, the mayor of Jerusalem, and Israel's two chief rabbis, Arab governments and the Soviet Union began whipping up anti-Israel hysteria. A draft resolution defining Jerusalem as "occupied Arab territory" and implicitly condemning Israel for the Temple Mount shooting was circulated at the UN security council. On April 15 the prime minister's office issued a statement asserting that in April 1982 "the forces of black reaction perpetrated a blood libel against the Jewish people in its homeland, while the civilized, democratic world once again stood by and remained silent." In the event, the United States vetoed the security council resolution. The trial of Goodman, who after psychiatric examination was declared fit to stand trial, opened on September 8. In Jerusalem a week of school and 44 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 commercial strikes, demonstrations, and violent clashes followed the Tem- ple Mount incident. Two persons were killed and nearly 200 wounded— local Arabs, Israelis, tourists, and policemen—in the violence. (On October 26, Yoel Lerner, aged 42, of the ultra-nationalist "Kach" movement led by Rabbi Meir Kahane, was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison for plotting to blow up the Dome of the Rock, the golden-domed Moslem shrine on the Temple Mount.) The outbreak of the war in Lebanon and the rapid advance of the IDF during the initial stages of the fighting stunned and shocked the residents of the areas—many of whom were also fearful for the fate of relatives in Lebanon. Early in July, as violence again flared up in the wake of the Israeli siege of Beirut, four demonstrators were killed in clashes with the IDF troops, bringing the total for the year to 16; the 1982 toll eventually reached 20. On July 2 a resident of the Jewish settlement of Tekoah, near Bethlehem, was savagely murdered at nearby Herodion, the ancient fortress where he worked as a supervisor. The perpetrators of the deed, a gang of Bedouin, were quickly tracked down. Strikes and demonstrations intensified once more following a call by the Voice of Palestine, still broadcasting from Beirut, to West Bank Palestinians to "open a second front against Israel" in the areas. On July 6 Israeli authorities dismissed Jenin mayor Ahmed Shauki and the local council for refusing to cooperate with the civil administration. Three days later Gaza mayor Rashad a-Shawa was ousted for engaging in political activity and for not ordering striking municipal employees back to work. (Another mayor, Wahid Hamdallah, of Anabta, had been dismissed on April 30 after being convicted by a military court of leaving his village in defiance of a confining order.) On July 8 Bir Zeit University was shut down for three months following a student demonstration against "the Israeli occupation." Ap- plauding the closure, the organization of Jewish settlements in the areas issued a statement saying it was "inconceivable that the PLO should be destroyed militarily in Lebanon but allowed to flourish politically in Judea- Samaria." Israelis on the other side of the political spectrum termed the closure "another attempt by Israel to destroy the national culture of the Palestinian people." Similar accusations were hurled at Israel later in the year in the wake of its insistence that foreign academics teaching in West Bank universities sign a pledge undertaking not to support the PLO. In October the president of an-Najah University in Nablus, Munser Salah, a Jordanian citizen, was deported from the West Bank for refusing to sign such a pledge. By mid- November Israeli authorities had barred 22 overseas academics from teaching in the area; all of them were expelled from the country. A group of several hundred Israeli academics signed a petition calling on the ISRAEL IN 1982 / 45 government to drop the pledge requirement, as it "would turn the university staff into an instrument for achieving political objectives." On November 18 U.S. secretary of state Shultz urged Israeli university staff to protest the anti-PLO declaration. Terming it a "loyalty oath," Shultz said it posed problems with respect to "freedom of thought." Israeli officials pointed out in rejoinder that the United States itself, in common with most countries, required incoming foreigners to sign declarations regarding their political views. However, a few days later the Judea-Samaria civil administration removed the controversial clause from the work permits. Foreigners wishing to work in the territories were instead asked to sign a statement expressing their awareness that support for the PLO constituted an offense under Israeli law. Washington welcomed the change, although the (Arab) West Bank Council of Higher Education said the new wording was "unacceptably ambiguous" and remained "a political commitment that academics cannot sign." At year's end, the situation remained clouded. The Beirut refugee camps massacre in September sparked off a new wave of violent protest demonstrations in Judea-Samaria (and among Israeli Arabs as well). The events in Beirut and the initial refusal of the government to appoint a judicial commission of inquiry to investigate them prompted Menachem Milson to tender his resignation as head of the civil administration on September 22. The cabinet's decision not to appoint a commission of inquiry, Milson claimed, had made it impossible for him to go on developing contacts with Palestinians in the areas who did not support the PLO. Some observers averred that the civil administration chief had seized on the Beirut tragedy to take a step he had long had in mind due to policy differences with Defense Minister Sharon. In December Colonel Shlomo Iliya, an intelligence officer, was promoted to the rank of brigadier general and appointed to replace Milson. Iliya, however, served in civilian clothes, rather than in uniform. On June 18, 12 days after Israeli troops moved into southern Lebanon and effectively destroyed the PLO's infrastructure there, Defense Minister Sharon told the IDF radio station that in his view the Arabs of Judea- Samaria and Gaza would soon be ready to talk with Israel. Two months later, on August 21, as he observed from an IDF position in Beirut the start of the PLO's evacuation of the Lebanese capital, Sharon expressly called on "the Arabs of Eretz-Israel" to commence negotiations with Israel. "We have all been freed from the terrorism of the PLO from Beirut," the defense minister said. "Let us not miss this moment. Let us build the peace together." Three months after Sharon made his remarks, a public rally was held in Hebron (November 12) organized by the civil administration and the village leagues in Judea-Samaria, now federated as the Palestinian Leagues. In an 46 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 impressive demonstration of support, some 2,000 persons from all over the West Bank turned up for the event, whose slogan was "Yes to peace." Mustafa Dudein, founder of the first village league and chairman of the new federation, declared: "We firmly reject terrorism, recognize the State of Israel as our neighbor, and demand mutual recognition between the Arab states and Israel." Dudein also urged Jordan's King Hussein to open talks with Israel. "The Jordanian nation and the Palestinian nation are one and their land is one," he asserted. In December eight IDF soldiers went on trial for the alleged systematic mistreatment of Hebron Arabs earlier in the year. The trial was ordered following public charges (levelled seven months earlier) by a group of Peace Now members, all of them holding officer rank, who had just completed reserve duty in the territories. They said that Arabs were humiliated, de- meaned, and sometimes physically beaten by Israeli soldiers, and that collective punishments were imposed by the IDF in which innocent persons suffered. They charged that a general atmosphere existed which legitimized such behavior by soldiers in the area. After two of the group met with the chief of staff to present a detailed report, a formal investigation was ordered. On the Golan Heights, the practical consequences of the application there, in December 1981, of "Israeli law, jurisdiction, and administration" (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 250-251) were soon felt. On February 14 the Druze on the Golan launched a general strike in protest against the detention of four of their leaders on suspicion of inciting a revolt against the state. A few days earlier, Golan Druze community leaders had sent a message to Prime Minister Begin in which they said: "The Druze residents are first of all Syrian Arabs. Their villages and their lands are part of Syrian soil. We do not intend to act against the security of the state, but we will resist if you force us to be Israeli citizens." As the strike intensified, a defense ministry official met with Druze representatives and urged them to call off their action and accept Israeli identity cards, in accordance with their status under the new law. The meeting was to no avail. On February 25 the IDF sealed off access to the Golan Heights—all telephone lines were discon- nected as part of these measures—though the O.C. northern command, Major General Drori, said the 13,000 Druze inhabitants on the Golan would be provided with food and medicine. On March 11 the interior ministry announced that all Druze residents on the Golan aged 16 and up would be required to hold Israeli identity cards as of April 1. By mid-March all three of the IDF's regional commands were busy quelling unrest of one sort or another in the territories held by Israel: in the east, Judea-Samaria seemed on the verge of civil revolt; to the south, Jewish opponents of the Sinai withdrawal were putting up increasing resistance to the IDF; while in the north, tension ran high on the border with Lebanon ISRAEL IN 1982 / 47 and the strike of the Golan Druze dragged on. In the meantime, free access to the Golan (and to Yamit) was denied to local and foreign journalists. The IDF was ready to permit only conducted tours of the region. The Israel Union of Journalists appealed to Prime Minister Begin to lift' the restrictions. It was pointed out in the Israeli press that the restrictions on journalists made a mockery of recent condemnations of the foreign press by government press officer director Ze'ev Chafets. Chafets had accused reporters in Lebanon of bowing to PLO intimidation and slanting their reports. According to the O.C. northern command, 4,399 Golan Druze had received Israeli identity cards by the beginning of April, including all the local secular and religious leaders. Although the military closure of the Golan was lifted, the general strike persisted in protest against the Israel government, which "compelled us to accept identity cards forcibly," as the pro- Syrian leaders on the Golan put it. Israeli Druze held a number of public meetings in solidarity with their coreligionists. Reports filtering out of the Golan said that dozens of persons who accepted the new cards had then torn them up. On April 15 the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) held a press conference at which the group's chairman, former deputy president of the supreme court Haim Cohn accused the IDF of having engaged in actions on the Golan which were "clearly illegal," including physical beatings of residents and the imposition of collective punishments. "This is not Israeli law or administration," Cohn asserted, "this is the law of barbarians." What the IDF had done amounted to "a thwarting of the Knesset's will in extending Israeli law to the Golan." The ACRI demanded the establishment of a commission of inquiry to investigate its charges, which were supported by signed affidavits of complainants. Denying the charges, the IDF spokesman added that it was not the army that took the decision to impose emergency regulations on the Golan. Moreover, the IDF had been meticulous in executing the regulations "wholly in accordance with the law, with patience, tolerance, and considerable respect." Interior Minister Yosef Burg said that "no violence was employed to force people to accept identity cards." Early in May Major General Drori was appointed coordinator of government operations on the Golan. Interior Minister Burg explained that this did not constitute a return of military government on the Heights. Drori, he said, would serve as chairman of a coordinating committee, and the civilian authorities would retain all their powers. On May 8, six Golan Druze were injured in a clash with police over the holding of Israeli identity cards. Three days later ten Druze residents of the Golan were fined by a local civil court for being found without Israeli identity cards. Attorney General Yitzhak Zamir circulated a memorandum among ministerial 48 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 directors-general noting that the IDF had exceeded its authority by imposing travel restrictions on Golan Druze who did not carry identity cards, since the maximum penalty for such an offense was a fine of IS500. The strike itself ceased to make an impact once Operation Peace for Galilee was launched and large numbers of Israeli troops were posted on the Golan to deter a possible Syrian attack. However, it was not until July 20, over five months after the strike was launched, that the Golan Druze called it off. Many of them found that their jobs had been taken by others. Tension on the Golan persisted between pro-Syrian radicals and more moderate groups, and the long-term effects of the strike on the previously cordial relations between the Golan Druze and the Israeli authorities had yet to be assessed. Matters were compounded in the wake of the IDF intervention in fighting between Druze and Christians in Lebanon, leading to renewed charges of anti-Druze bias by the Druze of Israel.

Israel and the Middle East Israel's actions in 1982, particularly in Lebanon where the aims of Opera- tion Peace for Galilee were both explicit and implicit, continued to reflect the Likud government's strongly activist approach to the problems of the Middle East. A number of pronouncements by ranking Israelis during the year helped to clarify further the government's security stance. In January, after Saudi Arabia officially denied remarks by its foreign minister, quoted in the New York Times, as saying that the Fahd plan, put forward in August 1981 (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 252), implied recognition of Israel, the foreign ministry spokesman in Jerusalem pointed out that this was not the first time the Saudis had played such a double game. "It just goes to show they don't mean it seriously when they seem to hint at peace and recognition," he said. Another apparent initiative along the same lines, this time by Syria in February, was also dismissed by Israel. In an interview published in the Lebanese weekly Monday Morning, Syrian information minister Ahmed Iskander Ahmed had called for a "just, lasting, and comprehensive peace in the Middle East," citing several "fundamental elements" which could bring about such a peace. The Israel foreign ministry spokesman dubbed the Syrian plan a "propaganda exercise," pointing out that Iskander had nowhere mentioned peaceful relations with Israel, negotiations with Israel, or recognition of Israel. Persistent reports in the foreign press about Israeli aid to Iran in its war with Iraq were confirmed by Defense Minister Sharon. Sharon said that Iraq had always been implacably hostile to Israel. Moreover, he noted, Israel had "to leave a small window open" in Iran, "a tiny small bridge to that country, because one day the war will be over and somebody will come back to Teheran and have influence in Teheran." Sharon's insistence that ISRAEL IN 1982 / 49 the U.S. had been informed in advance about the Israeli arms sales to Iran —which included tires and spare parts for U.S.-made Phantom jets and "maybe some munitions"—was denied by the state department. Sharon said he had decided to tell the public about the "largely symbolic" arms sales (a state department spokesman said they were worth about $27 million) to counter deliberately misleading reports that Israel was a major arms sup- plier to Iran. During his visit to the United States, Sharon several times noted three main dangers to Israel and to peace in the region. These were: Palestinian terrorism, which could generate a broad military confrontation in the Mid- dle East; sales of sophisticated weaponry to Arab states, particularly missiles of various kinds to Jordan (speaking in Tel Aviv on May 31, Sharon said that a combination of long-range artillery and anti-aircraft missiles in Jordan was "a sure recipe for war"; see also Foreign Relations, below); and an emerging anti-Iranian "coalition" of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq, with possible U.S. support. One major strategic issue that continued to be of concern to Israel was the development or acquisition of nuclear arms by Arab states. Replying in March to an urgent motion about the "renewal of French help to Iraq to construct a nuclear reactor"—Israel having destroyed Baghdad's reactor in June 1981 (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 251)—Deputy Foreign Minister Ben-Meir told the Knesset that Israel "will not tolerate the presence of nuclear weapons of any kind from any source whatsoever" in an Arab state "that considers itself in confrontation with and in a state of war with Israel." Ben-Meir added that Israel was keeping a close watch on the situation and had more than once expressed to France its "categorical and unreserved" opposition to Paris's resumption of nuclear aid to Iraq. Dis- missing international supervision or guarantees as inadequate, the deputy foreign minister said that as far as Israel was concerned, "the only guarantee is that no atomic reactor, no atomic installations or material that is convert- ible into nuclear military capability shall be in the possession of Iraq or any other Arab state or confrontation state." In September an Arab summit meeting in Fez, Morocco, convening after the PLO's Beirut debacle, put forward another plan for a Middle East peace, based on the Fahd plan but reintroducing the PLO as the Palestini- ans' "sole legitimate representative." The Fez plan also called for a UN security council guarantee of "peace among all states of the region, including the independent Palestinian state" to be established with East Jerusalem as its capital. Other points in the plan were: the dismantling of all Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza; Israel's withdrawal from all territories it seized in 1967, including East Jerusalem; and freedom of worship for all faiths at holy shrines. On September 10, the day after the Fez plan was 50 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 published, Foreign Minister Shamir termed it "a renewed declaration of war on Israel," adding that the Fez resolutions amounted to "one more plan for Israel's liquidation in one stage or two." Shamir declared that "all of Eretz-Israel from the River Jordan to the Mediterranean will remain in our hands." At its meeting on September 13, the cabinet asserted that the "anti-Israel resolutions of hostility passed at Fez are anchored in previous Arab summit resolutions whose purpose in practice was to destroy Israel." A few days later, Israeli officials reacted to an interview with Jordan's King Hussein on British television in which he stated that it had been "absurd not to recognize Israel for 34 years." The monarch said that he personally had recognized Israel's right to exist in having helped draft security council resolution 242 in 1967. While it was too early to speak of diplomatic or normal relations with Israel, Hussein argued, "obviously, at the end of the line, when we establish peace, one visualizes normal relations." Israeli officials said that Hussein's remarks amounted to "an optical observation that Israel exists" but indicated no readiness to negotiate. Hus- sein's "vague, hypothetical" talk about some future peace was "absurd," the officials stated, noting that if the Jordanian leader were sincere he could enter into concrete negotiations at any time and "not merely imply that he is ready to retake the West Bank and Gaza, without negotiations, under the new U.S. peace proposals." (This referred to the Reagan plan, launched on September 1: see Foreign Relations, below.) Early in November reports emanating from Tunis spoke of the approval by the Fatah organization (the largest group within the PLO and the one personally controlled by Yasir Arafat) of a joint Palestinian-Jordanian confederation. These reports followed the first meeting between Arafat and King Hussein since the PLO had been expelled from Jordan in 1970. Israel dubbed the reports "a worthless gimmick." Israeli officials pointed out that the Fatah organization advocated the "phased doctrine" in which a West Bank-Gaza state would constitute the first phase in the eventual dismantling of Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state on its ruins. The Fatah signals were directed not at Israel but at American public opinion, the officials added. Speaking in the Knesset on November 10, Foreign Minister Shamir said that recent Arab peace feelers were no more than psychological warfare, designed to mislead Israel and its friends. The chief purpose of the flurry of activity in the Arab world, following the PLO's evacuation of Beirut, was to get Israel out of Judea-Samaria as fast as possible and establish a Pales- tinian state there under PLO rule. As for the mooted Palestinian-Jordanian federation, Shamir said it would be no more than the first step in the creation of an independent Palestinian state. "Is there anyone familiar with the Arab world who does not know the meaning of a federation, of any ISRAEL IN 1982 / 51 federation in the Arab world?," Shamir asked the Knesset. "How many times have they had federations which turned out not to be worth the paper they were written on?"

Foreign Relations On January 11 U.S. ambassador to Israel Samuel Lewis conveyed to Prime Minister Begin a message from President Reagan in which he reaffirmed the American commitment to Israel's security and the U.S. determination to bolster the peace process in accordance with Camp David. This message was interpreted in Israel as signalling the end of a month-long period of tense and uncertain relations between the two countries following Israel's passage of the Golan law (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 243-244 and 250-251). Indeed, nine days later the U.S. vetoed a Jordan-sponsored security council resolution calling for sanctions against Israel for its annexation of the Golan Heights. Following the rapprochement, the main focus of Israel-U.S. relations during the first half of the year was on the United States' determination to effect an arms sale with Jordan which Israel viewed as menacing to its security. In mid-February Defense Minister Sharon told the cabinet that Israel must act "immediately and with resolution" to block a proposed U.S. sale of mobile Hawk air defense missile systems to Jordan. Believing that it had a good friend in Secretary of State Haig, Israeli officials, echoing Prime Minister Begin's ad hominem jabs at Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in the 1981 election campaign (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 235), vented their wrath on the secretary of defense as the chief proponent of the U.S.-Jordanian arms deal. Weinberger seemed to confirm Israel's worst suspicions during a visit to Amman in February, when he promised King Hussein that the U.S. would sell him both F-16 jets and mobile Hawk ground-to-air missiles. This was followed (February 13) by the remarks of a "senior official" aboard Weinberger's plane—his Middle East junket pointedly failed to include Israel—that the U.S. was now "getting tough with Israel," had embarked upon a "redirection of American policy" in the region, and would no longer "be hostage to Israel." On February 16, the day after the Knesset adopted, by a vote of 88 to three (six abstentions), a resolution calling on President Reagan "to refrain from gravely imperilling Israel's security" by going ahead with the proposed arms deal with Jordan, and just hours before Israel's new ambassador to the United States, Moshe Arens, presented his credentials, President Reagan, in a letter to Prime Minister Begin, pledged to maintain Israel's "qualitative technological edge" in the arms sphere. Reagan said that U.S. military assistance policies for the Middle East had been misinterpreted by the press, and added: "There has been no change regarding our military 52 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 supply relationship with Jordan." The letter went on to term Israel "Amer- ica's friend and ally." But the president also struck a note less pleasing to Israel when he stated that "it is in the interest of both our countries for the United States to enhance its influence with other states in the region" as well. Commenting on these developments, the Jerusalem Post noted (February 18) that in recent years neither Israel nor the United States had seemed interested in working out a comprehensive coordination of policy. The result of this "void," the paper said, would necessarily be "periodic strains" in the relations between the two countries. Those relations could be mode- rated either by "American domestic political considerations" or by "fears that Israel might be provoked into rash actions." Given the tension surrounding the final Sinai evacuation, the turmoil in Judea-Samaria, and the escalation along the Lebanese border, it seemed to be the latter consideration that underlay U.S. policy toward Israel in the first half of 1982. At the end of May Defense Minister Sharon paid a ten-day visit to the United States, meeting with secretaries Haig and Weinberger and with Jewish groups. Briefing the cabinet on his trip at a special session (June 1), Sharon said his talks in Washington had been held in a "cordial" atmosphere. Following the outbreak of the war in Lebanon just one week after Sharon's return, some reports alleged that the U.S., and in particular Secre- tary of State Haig, had given Israel the go-ahead for an incursion into Lebanon—reports that were vigorously denied by both sides. Whatever the accuracy of those reports, the initial U.S. reaction to Operation Peace for Galilee was perhaps best reflected in its veto on June 8, two days after the fighting began, of a security council resolution condemning Israel for its actions in Lebanon. Prime Minister Begin visited the United States from June 15-23, addressing the UN general assembly, speaking to Jewish groups, and meeting with President Reagan and other senior administration officials. At this stage in the war, with Israel's goals in Lebanon seemingly achieved (see Operation Peace for Galilee, above, on this point and for further details of Israel-U.S. interaction during the war), both President Reagan and Prime Minister Begin on June 21 sounded optimistic notes regarding the apparently immi- nent removal of all foreign troops from Lebanon. The following day, however, the Israeli leader had a decidedly less pleasant experience when he was subjected to rigorous questioning and criticism by members of the Senate foreign relations committee. The senators were especially angry at reports that Israel was using U.S. weapons, notably cluster bombs, against civilian targets in Lebanon. Senator Larry Pressler (R., S.D.) termed the meeting "confrontational." He predicted—correctly—that the administration would suspend a planned sale of 75 more F-16 jet fighters to Israel. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 53 (President Reagan was later to block the sale of additional cluster bombs to Israel pending a study of whether the IDF had used them in contraven- tion of U.S. conditions of sale.) Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D., N.Y.) said it had been "the most difficult meeting with a head of government" in his experience. Prime Minister Begin, however, described the session as "lively," denied there had been a "confrontation," and added "I enjoyed the discussion very much." Two days after the prime minister's return to Israel, the person he had called "Israel's great and good friend" in the U.S. administration, Alex- ander Haig, resigned as secretary of state. While Israeli officials were natu- rally loath to express an opinion in public on this issue, privately they voiced concern about future U.S. policy, particularly regarding the continuation of the war in Lebanon, and the more so when Haig's replacement turned out to be George Shultz, a former senior official, like Caspar Weinberger, in the Bechtel Corporation. Yet whatever effect the switch in the state department might have, much damage to Israel had already been done in the United States due to the course of the fighting in Lebanon. The senators' clash with Begin was one manifestation of an intensifying anti-Israel attitude not only in the administration but also among the public at large, not excluding the Jewish community. This was brought about by the images of Lebanon broadcast daily into the homes of Americans by the networks—sometimes showing damage actually caused years earlier in the Lebanese civil war, though without saying so—the vastly exaggerated refugee figures bandied about in the operation's incipient stages, the inevitable civilian suffering produced by the prolonged Israeli siege of Beirut, and the PLO's ability to project itself as engaged in a heroic Leningrad-type last ditch stand. As the PLO evacuation of Beirut got underway nine days after the heavy Israeli bombardment and the Reagan phone calls, the U.S. president praised "the statesmanship and the courage of President Sarkis and his colleagues in the Lebanese government," along with "the magnificent work of ambassador Habib." Israel was not mentioned in Reagan's nationally-televised remarks. (In a letter to President Reagan on September 5, following publication of the new U.S. ideas on the autonomy talks—see below—Prime Minister Begin said he had been "struck by the omission" of Israel's bravery and sacrifices in the president's remarks. Begin added: "The impression one could have gotten was that Mr. Philip Habib, with the help of expeditionary units, achieved the results.") Secretary of State Shultz sought to sum up the mood and the situation as the Beirut evacuation began when he repeated the traditional U.S. pledge of "support for the security of Israel" while adding: "The United States opposed the entry of Israeli troops into Leba- non. There were some occasions when it seemed to us that Israeli military 54 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 actions were excessive, and we said so. So those times presented great strains. But underneath it all, the relationship between the United States and Israel remains a strong one." That strong relationship was very soon subjected to new stresses and strains. On September 1, the day the PLO completed its evacuation of Beirut, President Reagan, in an address to the American people, outlined "the principles upon which American policy toward the Middle East conflict will be based." Calling for a "new realism on the part of all the peoples" of the region, and basing himself on the Camp David accords which, as he emphasized, refer to "the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements," President Reagan explained how his administration read the accords in concrete terms. During the five-year transition period in which "the Palestinian inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza will have full autonomy over their own affairs," the U.S. "will not support the use of any land for the purpose of settlements." The president called on Israel to adopt an immediate "settlement freeze" which, "more than any other action, could create the confidence needed for wider participation in the autonomy talks." Looking beyond the transition period, Reagan rejected both an independent Palestinian state and Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank and Gaza. Instead, "it is the firm view of the United States that self-government by the Palestinians of the West Bank in association with Jordan offers the best chance for a durable, just, and lasting peace." As for Jerusalem, it "must remain undivided, but its final status should be decided through negotiations." The president stressed several times that at no stage must Israel's security be jeopardized. Unanimously rejecting the proposals 24 hours after they were made public, the Israeli cabinet issued a lengthy document which, like the Reagan ideas, was also based on a reading of the Camp David accords—but this time to refute the U.S. ideas. Israel would continue to establish settlements "in accordance with our natural right," the document declared, adding that nothing in the Camp David agreement ruled out the application of Israeli sovereignty in the territories following the transitional period. Moreover, under the American plan "there would be nothing to prevent King Hussein from inviting his new-found friend Yasir Arafat to come to Nablus and hand over rule to him," thus bringing into being the very Palestinian state opposed by both the United States and Israel. Reiterating that Israel was ready to recommence the autonomy talks immediately, the cabinet statement added: "Since the positions of the government of the United States seriously deviate from the Camp David agreement, contradict it, and could create a serious danger to Israel, its security and its future, the government of Israel has resolved that on the basis of these positions it will not enter into any negotiations with any party." ISRAEL IN 1982 / 55 On the other side of the political spectrum, the new U.S. principles were welcomed by the Labor party, whose chairman, Shimon Peres, termed them "the most convenient for Israel that any American president has ever proposed." Taking the proposals as an endorsement of Labor's own "Jor- danian option"—Peres was to tell Israel Radio two days later that all of King Hussein's evasive statements were for "local consumption and cos- metic purposes" and that Jordan had in fact agreed to join the peace process —the party's political bureau passed a resolution accepting the U.S. views in principle, and emphasizing their positive aspects from the Israeli viewpoint: opposition to a Palestinian state and to a return to the 1967 borders; Jordan's inclusion in the peace process; an association between Jordan and the West Bank/Gaza without those areas being cut off from Israel; and the continued existence of the already established settlements. In a meeting with U.S. secretary of defense Weinberger, who was in Israel September 2-3 as part of a brief Middle East visit, Prime Minister Begin reiterated that Israel did not consider President Reagan's ideas to be a basis for renewing the autonomy talks. On September 5 Prime Minister Begin wrote a letter to President Reagan in which he enclosed the cabinet's September 2 resolution and expressed his "protest [at] the omission to consult us prior to forwarding your proposals to Jordan and Saudi Arabia, the former an outspoken opponent of the Camp David accords, the latter a complete stranger to and an adversary of these accords." On September 8 Begin told the Knesset: "The repartition of Eretz-Israel—that is the U.S. plan in a nutshell." However, he declared, "no one will determine the borders of Eretz-Israel for us," and "if anyone wants to take Judea and Samaria from us, we will say: Judea and Samaria belong to the Jewish people until the end of time." Indeed, as far as Begin was concerned, the Reagan plan "no longer exists." Nonetheless, the prime minister added, no change had occurred in Israel-U.S. friendship; that was not the issue. The Knesset approved the government statement on the Reagan proposals by a vote of 50 to 36, and defeated an Alignment motion urging acceptance of the proposals' positive aspects and negotiations on the others. On September 8 the joint Israel government-World Zionist Organization committee, chaired by Agriculture Minister Simcha Ehrlich, decided to establish eight new settlements in Judea-Samaria and the Gaza Strip. Secre- tary of State Shultz termed the decision "a very unwelcome development." A month later (October 10) Finance Minister Yoram Aridor spoke of "the friendship and support of the United States, for which we are most thankful." The occasion was Aridor's presentation of Israel's annual request for financial aid to Ambassador Samuel Lewis, for conveyance to Washington. The amount being sought in the financial year commencing in October 1983 was $3.1 billion. Lewis said the U.S. would attach no 56 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 strings to its aid to Israel. He was evidently referring to reports emanating from Washington, in the wake of Israel's rejection of the Reagan proposals and its continued settlement activity in the territories, that political differences between the two countries would find their reflection in the administration's attitude vis-a-vis Jerusalem's aid requests. The Lewis statement was echoed by Secretary of State Shultz who, while again chastising Israel's settlement policy as "a major stumbling block" in the peace process, asserted that continued U.S. aid to Israel was not linked to that policy. Nonetheless, the Reagan administration did intervene with the Senate appropriations committee when it voted to increase the aid level to Israel beyond the administration's request. This prompted Foreign Minister Shamir to tell the cabinet (December 5) that the seriousness of the administration's move "cannot be overstressed." Several days later, following Con- gressional rejection of White House pressures and the passage of an aid bill giving Israel somewhat more money and considerably better terms than the administration had requested, Shamir noted that Israel had taken special umbrage at the reasons cited by the administration to back up its opposition to more aid for Israel—namely, that such aid would constitute "a prize for inflexibility" and would be "detrimental to the prospects of Middle East peace." The pattern of Israel's relations with Europe in 1982 seemed to be largely determined by the return of Sinai and then by the war in Lebanon. In the first half of the year no fewer than one president and four foreign ministers of European nations, along with the foreign minister of another Western ally, Australia, visited Israel. The final months of the year saw just one visit at this level. In March President Francois Mitterrand became the first French head of state ever to visit Israel. Following his crowded 48-hour visit (March 3-5), Foreign Minister Shamir told Israel Television that the visit her- alded "the opening of a new era of friendship and understanding after 15 years of coolness." Mitterrand, who was accompanied by his wife and a large delegation, met with President Navon, Prime Minister Begin, For- eign Minister Shamir, and opposition leader Shimon Peres, a fellow member of the Socialist International. The French leader also found time to address the Knesset, receive an honorary doctorate from the Hebrew Uni- versity, visit the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial in Jerusalem, and travel north to visit the Museum of the Holocaust and the Revolt in Kib- butz Lohamei Hagettaot. France's ministers of foreign affairs, culture, and finance met with their Israeli counterparts and sought to find means to enhance bilateral cooperation between the two countries. In particular, foreign ministers Shamir and Claude Cheysson laid the groundwork for the revival of the long dormant France-Israel Joint Commission. (Shamir visited Paris June 14-17, in the midst of the Lebanon war, and urged ISRAEL IN 1982 / 57 France to participate in a possible multinational force to help keep the peace in Lebanon. France did in fact dispatch a contingent when the force was created in August.) It was the Palestinian issue that dominated the visits of the European statesmen. President Mitterrand asserted that "in the final analysis" the Palestinians must have a state of their own. Australian foreign minister Anthony Street, who visited Israel March 26-30, termed the Palestinian question "the central, crucial issue" of the Middle East, and told Prime Minister Begin that his country favored "a Palestinian homeland alongside Israel." British foreign secretary Lord Carrington, in Israel for 24 hours (March 31-April 1), asserted that the European Economic Community's (EEC) Venice declaration (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 244, ff.)( calling for the PLO's "association" in the peace process, "continues to be valid." However, Belgian foreign minister Leo Tindemans, visiting (May 29-June 1) in his capacity as president of the EEC Council of Ministers, averred that the Venice declaration was by now outdated and went on to praise the autonomy idea. In the meantime, Italian foreign minister Emilio Colombo (May 12-14) told Foreign Minister Shamir that his government would consider Israel's request for support against the Arab boycott. West Ger- man foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher (in Israel for 36 hours, June 2-3) told a festive dinner tendered in his honor by Foreign Minister Shamir: "Israel's comprehensive security presupposes comprehensive peace, in which all neighboring peoples are involved. The Palestinian people must not be omitted. Equality, self-determination, and security are as indivisible as is peace in the Middle East." Danish foreign minister Uffe Ellemann- Jensen, visiting Israel November 27-28—after the PLO's evacuation from Beirut—as president of the EEC's Council of Ministers, expressed the apprehension that Israel's West Bank policies could lead to the creation of a virtual "apartheid state." Jensen told reporters he had been instructed by the other EEC foreign ministers to make clear to the Israel government "our concern over what we see as lack of flexibility." Israel's relations with most Latin American countries remained stable. In March Minister of Industry and Trade Gideon Patt led a delegation of 12 businessmen on a visit to Venezuela and Chile, resulting in the signing of agreements with the former country worth $50 million in agriculture, electronics, and other spheres, and in a trade and cooperation agreement with the latter nation. Foreign Minister Shamir visited Costa Rica in October and signed a number of agreements, including one by which Israel was to deposit $7 million of its foreign currency reserves in Costa Rica banks. Defense Minister Sharon denied that he had concluded an arms agreement with Honduras during his visit there at the beginning of November. How- ever, he told reporters that an Israeli delegation would go to Honduras in December to finalizedetail s of a defense cooperation pact with that country. 58 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

While the hoped-for major breakthrough in relations with Africa did not materialize, Defense Minister Sharon's 1981 visit to a number of countries on that continent (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 244-245) and behind-the- scenes work by the foreign ministry bore fruit in one instance. On May 14 Zaire formally announced its intention to resume diplomatic ties with Is- rael, which had been severed on the eve of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. On May 21 the Israeli flag was raised over Israel's embassy in Kinshasa. On June 25 Israel's ambassador to Zaire, veteran diplomat Michael Michael, presented his credentials in Kinshasa, with Zaire's envoy to Israel, Mbuze N'some Lobwanabi, reciprocating in Israel on July 28. Although a scheduled visit to Zaire by Prime Minister Begin was postponed at the request of President Sese Seko, Foreign Minister Shamir, accompanied by Major General Avraham Tamir, the strategic planning adviser in the defense ministry, as well as a large delegation of government officials and directors of major Israeli firms, visited Kinshasa from November 28-30. Upon his return to Israel, Shamir told reporters the visit had been very satisfactory, adding that Prime Minister Begin would soon be visiting Kinshasa. Shamir and his Zaire counterpart, Kamanda Wa Kamanda, signed agricultural and economic cooperation agreements, and confirmed a military protocol, signed in December 1981, that was already being implemented. Israel's relations with the Vatican, always uneasy at best, seemed to take a turn for the better in January when Foreign Minister Shamir met at the Vatican with Pope John Paul II—the first such extended encounter since the late Moshe Dayan, then foreign minister, met with Pope Paul VI in 1978. Pope John Paul II urged Israel to make a firm commitment toward a "just and dutiful" solution to the Palestinian problem. Shamir expressed the hope that the Vatican would extend diplomatic recognition to Israel. Foreign ministry spokesman Avi Pazner said the meeting had been very cordial. However, when on September 15 the Pope received PLO chief Yasir Arafat, expelled from Beirut two weeks earlier, in audience, the foreign ministry expressed "shock" and "profound disappointment" at the meeting. "It shall now be recorded in the national memory of the State of Israel and of the Jewish People," the foreign ministry statement continued, "that the spiritual leader of millions of believers around the world did not recoil from meeting with the head of an organization that has written into its constitution as a central aim the annihilation of the Jewish state." When Israeli officials accused the Catholic Church of having remained silent during the Holocaust, the Vatican issued a sharply worded statement that "such an outrage to the truth cannot go unanswered. The statement of the Israeli government contains words that are incredible." It "should be well known to the many Jews who were saved who now live in Israel" and elsewhere that Catholics had saved thousands of Jews in World War II, the Vatican asserted. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 59 Political Affairs Perhaps the most significant political development in 1982 was one that did not take place—a new general election. The closest the nation came to a second election campaign within two years was on March 23, when in the aftermath of a tie vote (58 to 58) that day in the Knesset on a motion of no-confidence, the cabinet met in emergency session and persuaded Prime Minister Begin—who had earlier said he would resign in the event of a deadlocked vote—to remain in office. About three weeks later Labor party chairman Peres for the first time advocated an early election. The issue lay dormant for some months, but was raised again by Prime Minister Begin in the September 8 Knesset debate on the Reagan proposals. In that debate the prime minister challenged the Labor Alignment to prove its contention that the majority of the nation supported its platform of territorial compromise in Judea-Samaria. However, these and one or two other similar episodes came to naught largely because of the reluctance of the small coalition partners—Tami and the National Religious party—to go to the polls for fear of being decimated, and because of hesitations within the Labor Align- ment. Some Alignment figures thought the Likud should be left to stew in its own juice in Lebanon; others were waiting for President Yitzhak Navon to announce his plans. On September 15 Navon told Israel Television that he would announce in early 1983 whether he intended to seek a second five- year term as president (his first term would expire in May 1983). A ranking Labor party member and a highly popular figure among most strata of the nation, Navon was thought by growing numbers within Labor to be the party's main hope for regaining power. Others believed that his popularity, while genuine, was to a great extent a function of his holding the presidency, where he stood above the fray, as it were, but that in the rough-and-tumble of Israeli politics he would be as vulnerable as anyone else. At all events, many leading Labor party politicians were loath to set in motion an election process until Navon announced his decision. The Alignment received a boost in mid-May when two Likud MK's, Amnon Linn and Yitzhak Peretz, defected to the Labor party the day before a crucial no-confidence vote on the economy. In the event, the government survived the May 19 vote, 58 to 57. Following the switch of the two MK's, the coalition numbered 59 members, or two fewer than a majority in the 120-seat House. The figures were in many ways misleading, however, since in key votes the Likud-led coalition could count on support from individuals or blocs supporting its foreign and defense policies. The Likud soon regained the two seats it had lost when, in the wake of the formal dissolution on June 16 of the Telem party, formed in 1981 by the late Moshe Dayan (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 232), its two Knesset members, Yigael Hurvitz and Mordechai Ben-Porat, joined the coalition. Ben-Porat was on July 4 60 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 co-opted into the cabinet as a minister without portfolio and received formal Knesset approval the following day. Three weeks later (July 25) the number of coalition members was increased to 64 when the three members of the Tehiya party, who had been in the vanguard of the resistance to the evacuation of Sinai (see The Withdrawal from Sinai, above) but now felt that the government needed support in Lebanon and for its policy in the territories, joined the coalition. On July 26 the Knesset approved the co-option into the cabinet of Tehiya leader Professor Yuval Ne'eman as Israel's first minister of science and technology. The Beirut refugee camps massacre in September had its repercussions in the coalition as well when Energy Minister Berman, of the Liberal party, resigned when the government failed to establish a judicial commission of inquiry into the affair immediately. Berman's resignation came during a Knesset debate on September 22 (see also Operation Peace for Galilee, above), though for technical reasons it did not enter into effect until Septem- ber 30. Berman's Liberal party Knesset colleague Dror Zeigerman joined him in voting against the government on September 22 and on one or two other occasions, though both remained in the coalition. Liberal party MK and Minister Without Portfolio Yitzhak Modai, a former energy minister, was once again named to that post by the cabinet (October 17) and approved by the Knesset two days later. Following these shifts, the coalition numbered 64 MK's, consisting of the Likud (48), NRP (6), Agudat Yisrael—which supported the coalition though not as a formal member—(4), Tehiya (3), and Tami (3). The opposition's 56 MK's were made up of the Alignment (50), the DFPE (4), and Shinui (2). It was perhaps not coincidental that, with the Alignment's emergence as the largest single parliamentary force, and with the government battered by the political ramifications of the Beirut massacre and the unresolved war, Labor party chairman Peres should try to hasten, if not a new election, then a process whereby through a shift of allegiances within the present Knesset makeup, the Labor Alignment would gain power. Early in October, Peres told the Paris daily France-Soir that he might be able to form a new coalition without elections due to the disintegration of the coalition because of events in Lebanon. Peres was said to be counting on the defection of several disgruntled Liberal party MK's (including Berg- man and Zeigerman), the support of Tami and the NRP, and the return to active politics of former Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, who would be offered the defense portfolio in a Peres-led government. However, Tami and the NRP denied any part in such moves (although NRP leader Yosef Burg did confirm on October 10 that he had been approached by certain persons who sounded him out on his possible leadership of a government of national unity), while the rumors concerning Weizman led to the resurfacing of the ISRAEL IN 1982 / 61 internal Labor party feud between Peres and MK Yitzhak Rabin—who felt himself personally aggrieved over the reports that Peres had offered Weiz- man the coveted defense post. Weizman's name came up again in December in a similar connection, when he reportedly told the president of Costa Rica that he would form his own center party and head its list if elections were held in 1983. Weizman himself, a highly popular figure on the Israeli political scene, told reporters that he had taken no decisions and was "still weighing the options." In July the Knesset voted to postpone the municipal elections, scheduled for November 1982, until October 25, 1983. The bill for postponement was presented jointly by the Likud, the Alignment, and the National Religious party.

Economic Developments With the war in Lebanon not yet over as the year ended, its ultimate cost to the Israeli economy could not yet be calculated. However, Israelis were already feeling the war's economic effects in 1982, as the government introduced a series of measures designed to increase its revenues, both to help offset the costs involved in the direct use and amortization of weaponry and ammunition, as well as the cost of maintaining large numbers of troops in Lebanon for an extended period. The indirect costs to the Israeli economy of increased reserve duty (most reservists did double or even triple their usual 30-40 day annual average) could not even begin to be calculated. The direct cost of the war itself was estimated to be well over $1 billion by the end of the year. On June 13, one week after the fighting began, Finance Minister Yoram Aridor announced an increase in value added tax from 12 per cent to 15 per cent, and the imposition of a two per cent levy on all stock exchange sales transactions, in effect as of June 15. About six weeks later the government, the employers, and the Histadrut (Israel's General Federation of Labor) reached an agreement whereby salaried workers would be deducted at source for a compulsory war loan of between two per cent and five per cent of their gross salary (depending on their income), from July 1982 until April 1983. Self-employed persons and companies had to purchase war loan bonds in ten monthly installments based on their taxable income in 1980. At the end of August the cabinet executed the other main plank in the tripartite economic agreement by slashing civilian expenditure by about IS5 billion, largely in the sphere of subsidies. The prices of the subsidized basic commodities were indeed upped regularly throughout the year, particularly in mid-June, by 19 per cent, and early in August, by a further 25 per cent. None of these measures could reduce Israel's triple-digit inflation rate, one of the banes of the economy in recent years. In September the treasury 62 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 introduced a new economic program aimed at cutting the inflation rate to 85 per cent per annum. The new plan was based, inter alia, on a slowdown in the devaluation rate of the shekel, small regular increases in the prices of subsidized commodities (rather than large, sporadic increases), a reduction of several purchase taxes, and a partial monthly cost-of-living increment without an accompanying adjustment of tax brackets, thus eroding net salaries. Whatever the long-term effects of the plan might turn out to be, its immediate influence was imperceptible: the inflation rate in 1982 was 131.5 per cent, just 1.4 per cent lower than the 1980 record rate, and fully 30 per cent higher than the 1981 figure. The devaluation of the shekel against the U.S. dollar failed to match the inflation rate—apparently a direct result of the new economic policy. The shekel was devalued by only 115.65 per cent against the dollar, and by no more than 100.8 per cent against a basket of other major currencies. The devaluation slowdown was evidently one of the contributing factors to the country's trade deficit of nearly $3 billion, an 18 per cent increase over 1981. Exports fell by about seven per cent, while net commodity imports registered an increase of over one per cent. However, the import of consumer goods rose by ten per cent (including a 39 per cent increase in the import of new cars), and private consumption was up by 7.5 per cent. The GNP registered zero growth, industrial production was only very slightly better, while the industrial output per worker actually declined by 1.4 per cent. Unemployment remained steady at about five per cent, but there was an increase of four per cent (to nearly 80,000), particularly in the latter part of the year, in the number of persons from the administered areas working in Israel—reflecting the fact that in December a record 3,200 mainly young and unskilled Israelis refused jobs offered them by the Government Em- ployment Service—double the 1980 figure. Gross wages of salaried workers in the public services fell by 4.8 per cent, while the decline for all salaried workers was nearly one per cent—this following a ten per cent increase in their wages in the previous year. It was the workers in the public services who were involved in one of the major labor disputes of 1982. After negotiations between the Histadrut and the coordinating bureau of economic organizations over the size of the cost-of-living increment broke down at the end of March, an interim agreement was signed covering the immediate period following the expiration of the old agreement on March 31. Since the interim agreement was tantamount to an erosion of wages, work stoppages were declared in various sectors of the civil service in May. By mid-November, after talks—disrupted by the war—had dragged on without result, the civil servants union and others in the public sector began declaring labor disputes. After last- minute efforts to avert a strike failed, entire sectors of the Israeli economy ISRAEL IN 1982 / 63 were paralyzed for two days (December 7-8) when 400,000 civil servants and other public sector workers walked off their jobs. It was only at the end of the year, following additional large-scale strike action by local authority employees, teachers, some civil servants, and others, that a new wage agreement was finally concluded. The situation in El Al, Israel's troubled national airline (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 258) reached what was perhaps the inevitable outcome when it was shut down completely in September following months of labor friction. The events leading to the company's closure began in March, when the Council of Torah Sages, the group of rabbis whose pronouncements were binding on the four Agudat Yisrael Knesset members who supported the coalition, demanded that the government implement the clause in the coalition agreement by which El Al would not fly on the Sabbath and on Jewish holy days (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 240). On May 2 the cabinet resolved to ground El Al on those days "within three months." After a number of delays, caused by appeals to the supreme court against such a move and then by the outbreak of the war in Lebanon, Prime Minister Begin informed coalition chairman Avraham Shapira (Agudat Yisrael) that El Al would cease flying on the Sabbath as of September 1. On August 12 hundreds of El Al workers, chanting slogans such as "Aguda, to the army!" (referring to the non-service of ultra-Orthodox Jews) and "Shabbes!," blocked the entrance to the airport departure hall of Jews dressed in traditional Hasidic garb. The action was roundly condemned even by persons and organizations who were against the closure of El Al on the Sabbath. Events took a dramatic and fateful turn on September 12, when a wildcat strike by stewards, who lay down in front of El Al planes and prevented their takeoff, forced the company to suspend operations. Four days later the El Al management declared a lockout, and on Septem- ber 19 the 5,000 airline employees were sent on indefinite, unpaid leave. In the meantime, the government, in its reply to a petition submitted to the high court of justice by three private individuals who contended that the suspension of El Al flights would infringe their civil rights, noted that Sabbath flights by El Al constituted a violation of a 1969 order by the minister of transport who ruled that "no regular flights will take place on the Sabbath unless there is a security reason for them." On September 22 El Al's board of directors gave the management 30 days to recommend basic changes in the company's organization and operations. The airline's annual report, released October 7, showed assets of $350 million, debts of $510 million, and an annual loss in 1981/82 of $32.6 million, bringing the company's cumulative deficit to $202 million. On October 19 El Al's board of directors recommended the company's liquidation, but the cabinet on October 24 deferred this move, pending the 64 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 outcome of talks on the company's amelioration, after the Histadrut and seven of the El Al works committees—with the notable exception of the pilots—agreed to management's principles for restructuring the company. Negotiations on a new labor agreement for El Al finally opened on October 31, following a government threat to liquidate the airline by November 17 if no agreement were forthcoming by then, and in the wake of a 24-hour "takeover" of Ben-Gurion International Airport by workers and their families, who insisted that talks begin at once even without the pilots' consent. The government granted the negotiators an extra week, but on November 24, when no comprehensive agreement had been reached, El Al's sharehold- ers voted to approve the board's recommendation to liquidate the airline. Meeting in special session later that day, the cabinet resolved to establish a new airline to replace El Al. On December 5 the Jerusalem district court granted the government's request to appoint Israel's administrator-general, Amram Blum, temporary receiver to handle El Al's affairs. Blum was given wide-ranging powers by the court, including the authority to seize the company's assets worldwide, and the power to hire and fire workers. At year's end, the court authorized the resumption of El Al flights after the temporary receiver and the Hista- drut's legal adviser informed the court that all outstanding issues had been settled and a new labor agreement concluded. Under the agreement there would be pay slashes of 12.5 per cent to 25 per cent, annual leave would be cut, and about 20 per cent of the company's employees would be dismissed. The date of the airline's flight resumption was not yet clear, however, due to the need for thorough mechanical checks of the idled planes and the need to raise initial operating capital. The course of events at El Al was seen by many observers as the first major attempt by the Likud government to strike at and weaken the Hista- drut, a Labor bastion of political and economic strength. El Al workers also lacked broad public sympathy because of their generally high wages and unique benefits. Thus, while the government was able to stand firm in this instance, it remained to be seen what would happen if other, more essential sectors of the economy tried unbending confrontational tactics. All told, in 1982 over 1.8 million working days were lost in 112 full strikes in which more than 838,000 workers took part. This constituted a rise of 24 per cent over 1981 in the number of strikes, 132 per cent in the number of working days lost, and 166 per cent in the number of persons taking part. There was also an increase of 39 per cent in the number of partial strikes, including industrial sanctions and slowdowns. One area that seemed unaffected by other economic developments was the Tel Aviv stock exchange, where fortunes were made as the nominal value of all stocks rose by about 300 per cent in 1982 and by over 160 per ISRAEL IN 1982 / 65 cent in real terms. The carefully manipulated stocks of certain companies and banks gained by breathtaking amounts. One company's shares increased in value—on paper—by over 5,000 per cent, another by 1,430 per cent, and gains of hundreds of per cent were not uncommon. The lure, particularly in view of the slowdown in devaluation and the liquidity of stocks, was immense. For many families, the stock market replaced savings plans and some even liquidated other assets to raise the capital for investment on the stock exchange. A two per cent levy on oversubscriptions to new shares—another of the treasury's efforts to raise money for the war in Lebanon—had no perceptible effect on the stock exchange. On December 31, Bank Leumi board chairman Ernst Japhet sounded a strong cautionary note when he told the Tel Aviv Industrial and Commercial Club that "a stock exchange where prices always rise" held grave potential dangers for savings. Japhet also pointed to the phenomenon of new enterprises with "nothing behind them and very little in front of them" seeking to raise money via the stock exchange—an average of nearly one new share issue per week was floated on the stock exchange in 1982, raising well over IS3 billion—and added that "the relation between the stock value of a share and its real value has been severed." A potent indicator of the state of the Israeli economy was to be found in an amendment to the products and services law that came into effect on May 1. This required all prices of products to be displayed in local currency and not, as had been the rapidly growing custom due to the shekel's relentless and dizzying decline, in dollars. Houses and apartments were exempted since they were not "products," and tourism services also received special permission to advertise in foreign currency. Tourism dollars were down by some $70 million in 1982, the result of a 12 per cent decline (135,000 persons) in incoming visitors. Largely the result of the war in Lebanon, and aggravated by the Beirut massacre and the El Al strike, the fall in tourism—termed that industry's "most severe crisis since the establishment of the state" by Tourism Minister Avraham Sharir —led Sharir to announce emergency plans to deal with the crisis, based on a revamped advertising campaign abroad. Some of the lost tourism currency was recouped from an unexpected source: trade with Lebanon, largely one-way in nature. Toward the end of the year, Israel was exporting about $9 million worth of goods a month to Lebanon, mainly foodstuffs.

Other Domestic Matters Israel's population at the end of 1982 stood at 4,055,000, including 3,366,300 Jews (83 per cent) and 688,700 non-Jews. This constituted a population growth of 1.7 per cent relative to 1981, with the Jewish 66 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 population having grown by 1.4 per cent and the non-Jewish population by 3 per cent. The figures included the 13,000 Druze residents of the Golan Heights, annexed at the end of 1981. Early in January Minister of Economic Coordination Yaacov Meridor said that he would resign if a secret energy production system that had been brought to his attention failed to have revolutionary effects on Israeli society. True to his word that the wraps would come off in March 1982 (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 259), the device was unveiled in a dramatic television broadcast on March 12. However, the results were less than spectacular, and it was subsequently revealed that the inventor of the device, a 47-year-old Tel Aviv native named Daniel Berman, had two years earlier received a suspended 30-month prison sentence for fraud, theft, and impersonation of an army officer. In a meeting with Prime Minister Begin, Meridor offered to resign, but was dissuaded from doing so. One resignation that did come into effect was that of cabinet secretary Arye Naor, as of April 1. Naor denied that his resignation was in any way connected with a civil service disciplinary court hearing against him for leaking privileged information to a journalist. His replacement was a young Jerusalem lawyer, Dan Meridor (no relation to the minister of the same name). A more serious case concerned the second trial of Minister of Labor and Social Betterment & Immigrant Absorption Aharon Abuhatzeira (for the background, see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 234). Convicted on April 19, he was sentenced to a suspended term of four years and three months for offenses committed while he was mayor of Ramleh (30 months for larceny, 18 months for breach of trust and fraud by an administrator, and three months for breach of trust by a public servant). Abuhatzeira's chief mayoral aide received a year's suspended sentence. District court judge Victoria Ostrovsky-Cohen said in effect that she was not imposing an actual prison term on the two because they were the first persons to face trial on the mismanagement of charity funds, an area where the interior ministry's allocations system itself was badly in need of reform. After some hesitation, Abuhatzeira resigned his ministerial posts on April 30, and on May 4 the number-two man in the Tami party, MK Aharon Uzan, was sworn in as Abuhatzeira's replacement. Both sides—the state and Abuhatzeira—subsequently appealed the court's ruling, the former maintaining that it was too lenient, the latter that it was unjust. Late in January, one year almost to the day after the deed, the three sons of Druze Sheikh Jabar Muaddi were sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Bedouin MK Sheikh Hamad Abu Rabia. (See AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 258 for the background.) ISRAEL IN 1982 / 67 A 50-year-old murder case also came in for scrutiny, first in a best-selling book and then, in its wake, in the form of a cabinet resolution (March 14) to establish a commission of inquiry to review its circumstances. The case concerned the murder, in June 1933, of Labor Zionist leader Chaim Ar- losoroff in Tel Aviv—an act which so enflamed both the victim's party, Mapai, and the Revisionists, some of whose members were accused (though later acquitted) of having done the deed, that it continued to be a source of controversy nearly half a century later. Following a number of legal appeals and some difficulty in finding a jurist willing to head it, the three- man commission met for its first session on December 16 under the chairmanship of retired supreme court justice David Bekhor. Crime in 1982 declined by nine per cent, according to police statistics. Also down was the number of fatalities in road accidents, though road deaths still averaged over one per day: 386 in 1982 as compared with 440 the previous year. There were 12,736 road accidents during the year, in which 18,461 persons were injured. In the religious sphere, Justice Meir Shamgar, deputy president of the supreme court, late in the year suggested a possible compromise in a case in which two Reform rabbis had petitioned the court against the religious affairs minister and the chief rabbinate, charging that they were being discriminated against. Shamgar's idea was that the two Reform rabbis would be permitted to perform marriage services, while the chief rabbinate would remain in charge of verification and registration procedures. The suggestion was to be brought to the attention of the religious affairs minister for his consideration. At the City of David archeological dig, the focus of a dispute with ultra-Orthodox elements who claimed the site was a Jewish medieval cemetery and hence inviolable (see AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, p. 259), a compromise was reached whereby the excavation team would not dig in the entire area allowed it under the terms of its permit. Nonetheless, opponents of the dig staged a number of unlawful demonstrations which were forcibly dispersed by the police. On October 8 a fire that was deliberately set destroyed the Baptist church in Jerusalem. Prime Minister Begin joined in the general public condemnation of the act. One of the most unusual ceremonies in Israeli history took place on May 11 when 200 of the country's leading personalities, including the president, the prime minister and other ministers, the two chief rabbis, the chief of staff, and senior IDF officers were flown to a barren desert hilltop near the Dead Sea for the interment of 25 skeletons, unearthed in a nearby cave in 1960. The skeletons were said to be those of the followers of Shimon Bar-Kochba, leader of the Jewish revolt against the Romans in 132-135 68 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 C.E. Yigael Yadin, the archeologist who discovered 19 of the skeletons, boycotted the ceremony along with other archeologists. The full military ceremony, for which the IDF chief rabbi composed a special prayer casti- gating the "evil" Romans, cost about IS5 million. The normally anonymous film and theater censorship board was in the news several times during the year. In March the board ordered that The Great Whore of Babylon, a work by Israel's leading playwright, Hanoch Levin, and staged by the Cameri Theater, be presented "without complete nudity." This was a rare instance in which the board sought to intervene in a theatrical production, and after a good deal of protest, it dropped the ban. Some weeks earlier, Deputy Minister of Education and Culture Mir- iam Glazer-Ta'asa had bitterly flayed the Cameri production of another Hanoch Levin play, The Sufferings of Job—which also contained a nude scene—as "nothing but abomination and pornography." In the course of a Knesset debate on a motion by MK Rabbi Haim Druckman (NRP) regarding the "Hellenization" of Israeli society, Glazer-Ta'asa stated her belief that "freedom of speech and freedom of expression in this country are altogether exaggerated." However, Transport Minister Haim Corfu said she was not speaking for the government. In October the censors viewed a dress rehearsal of Yehoshua Sobol's Soul of a Jew, a play with several erotic scenes and one which called into question many values of the Israel-Zionist ethos. The board gave its approval for the Haifa Theater to stage the play. Later that month the board banned in its entirety yet another Hanoch Levin work, a satirical review called The Patriot, whose content was found to be offensive to national and religious values. This was the first Hebrew-language play ever to be banned in toto. Four board members resigned in protest at the sweeping ban. In the meantime, the play had been reworked by the playwright, and the Neve Zedek Theater Center was going ahead with its production, although warned that it could face criminal charges. Also on the cultural scene, the foreign ministry's prestigious quarterly of the arts and letters, Ariel, resumed publication after a lapse of several years. In April the Likud finally had a media organ that expressed its views—a weekly newsmagazine named Yoman Hashavua ("weekly diary"). A notable anniversary was the centenary of the birth of violinist Bronislaw Huber- man, founder of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. A week-long festival was held in December to mark the event, culminating in a gala concert in which six of the world's finest violinists performed with the IPO under the baton of Zubin Mehta. Israel's first test-tube baby, a girl weighing 3.78 kg., was born on Septem- ber 22 at Sheba Hospital. In December the Hebrew University of Jerusalem received the archives of the late Albert Einstein, heretofore deposited at Princeton University, in accordance with the scientist's will. ISRAEL IN 1982 / 69 Israel and World Jewry Immigration to Israel continued at only fractionally above the very poor showing of the previous year (some 13,000 in 1982, up about 700 over 1981). With the gates of the Soviet Union all but closed to Jewish emigration, the Jewish Agency in July shut down its hostel in Vienna for Soviet Jewish emigrants. There was better news from Rumania, where immigration to Israel in 1982 was up by over 50 per cent as compared with the previous year (1,606 vs. 1,067) according to information provided by Rumanian chief rabbi Moshe Rosen. He was also reported as saying that a travel tax imposed in November by the Rumanian authorities on all persons emigrating from that country would not affect Rumanian Jews bound for Israel. Jewish Agency chairman Arye Dulzin had earlier stated that "under no circumstances" could this Rumanian decision be countenanced, and that the Jew- ish Agency would mobilize all its resources to have it rescinded. The Jews of Ethiopia—the Falashas—were in the news in 1982 when leaders of Israel's 1,300 Ethiopian Jews told reporters that their brethren in Ethiopia were suffering terribly, and called for a government campaign to bring them to Israel. In November hundreds of Falashas in Beersheba and the southern development town of Ofakim staged a strike in protest against alleged government indifference to the plight of their relatives and friends in Ethiopia. The following month the Israel Public Committee for Ethiopian Jews welcomed an invitation by the Ethiopian government for "Israeli envoys" to visit the 28,000-strong Falasha community in Ethiopia. Minister Without Portfolio Ben-Porat told the Knesset that the government would cooperate in the establishment of a public council for Ethiopian Jewry which would seek to enlist world public opinion on behalf of the Falashas' right to immigrate to Israel. The sensitive question of Jewish "dual loyalty" was raised implicitly by Defense Minister Sharon when he stated that British and Argentinian Jews involved in the Falkland Islands fighting were taking part in a war "that is none of their concern." The Tel Aviv Spanish-language weekly El Tiempo castigated Sharon for the "audacity and arrogance" of his re- mark, adding that his declaration played into the hands of those who questioned the loyalty of local Jews. The paper said it had been contacted by Argentinian Jewish community leaders and others who were worried about the possible "repercussions" of Sharon's statement. Foreign Minis- ter Shamir, who visited Argentina and Uruguay in December, told reporters upon his return to Israel that Argentinian officials had promised to examine the cases of Jews who had "disappeared" in recent years. Shamir told Israel Radio that the Argentinian authorities "understand the organic relationship between Israel and Jews in other countries. They see Argentinian Jews as potential citizens of Israel—if not today, then tomor- row." Briefing the cabinet on his trip, he noted also the particularly 70 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 "helpful and favorable attitude" of the Uruguayan government toward the Jewish community in that country. The war in Lebanon generated manifestations of support for Israel among Diaspora Jewry. On June 25 the World Zionist Executive published a statement calling for solidarity with Israel and noting that Jewish community leaders "from all over the world" had met together with the Keren Hayesod and United Jewish Appeal leadership in Jerusalem from June 22-24. They had decided "to mount a special campaign to raise additional funds to support the increase in welfare, education, housing, and health services now needed by Israel." At about the same time, Sam Rothberg, general chairman of the Israel Bonds Organization, headed a three-day mission to Israel of 32 Jewish leaders from North and South America as well as Europe. The mission members issued a statement asserting that they would return to their communities "to start working immediately ... to fulfill the commitment that we made to Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Finance Minister Yoram Aridor—to produce an additional $100 million, in cash, to help keep Israel economically strong." On December 7 Arye Dulzin, chairman of the WZO and Jewish Agency executives, delivered the keynote address at the opening session of the 30th World Zionist Congress in Jerusalem. He urged the creation of a new movement of hagshama (self-realization) to enlist Jews everywhere to commit themselves to settle in Israel. However, during the ten days of the Congress, Dulzin also asserted that Zionism was not just aliyah: "Even a Zionist leader who does not come on aliyah himself is still a Zionist because of the hope that his son or his grandson may come on aliyah." The entire Congress seemed to have a never-never-land air about it. Born in the throes of a months-long dispute over the validity of the American delegation, since no elections had been held in the United States, and ending in a bitter, unresolved struggle over the allocation of portfolios in the new 34-member executive (the largest ever), the course of the Congress was marked by ideological conflict that at times erupted into actual physical violence. The spectacle staged by the 651 delegates who were eventually accredited, following rulings by the Zionist supreme court (the Likud bloc received 176 places and the Labor bloc 145), led former Knesset member Zalman Abramov to comment, "The Congress failed to elicit the interest and sympathy of the Israeli public, nor did it enhance the standing of Zionism. It was in many respects counter-productive; at best, it was a non-event." Arye Dulzin was re-elected to another four-year term as chairman of the Zionist executive. The vote came at dawn on December 17, after a full night of wrangling over the allocation of portfolios, when about one-third of the delegates were in the vast hall, many of them asleep. A resolution of the political affairs committee adopted by the plenum after tough in-fighting ISRAEL IN 1982 / 71 reaffirmed that "the right of the Jewish people to Eretz-Israel is inalienable" and that "settlement constitutes a central expression of the Zionist idea." However, the resolution concluded: "The Congress could not reach a consensus on the settlement issues" (referring to the establishment of settlements in the administered areas). The comments of Hebrew University professor Eliezer Jaffe (Jerusalem Post, December 20) on the Congress seemed to sum up the feelings of many in Israel: "I've heard a lot of complaints recently about our leadership in Israel. It's about time that we Israelis had some responsible leadership from the Diaspora. For those whose relationship with us is defined by philanthropy rather than by immigration—it's time you put your house in order. And in doing so, we may together save the Zionist movement and the Zionist Congress from the embarrassing circus it has become."

Personalia Moshe Mandelbaum replaced Arnon Gafny as governor of the Bank of Israel, having been nominated by the cabinet on January 3. The new state comptroller was Yitzhak Tunik, nominated by the Knesset's house committee on January 6 to succeed the retired Yitzhak Nebenzahl. On February 11 Major General Moshe Bar-Kochba (Bril) took over as commander of the IDF armored corps from Major General Amnon Reshef, who went on study leave. On April 30 Justice Yitzhak Kahan was sworn in as president of the supreme court, replacing Justice Moshe Landau, who retired after 42 years on the bench; Justice Meir Shamgar was sworn in as deputy president. On September 12 Major General Yitzhak Hofi retired after eight years as chief of the Mossad intelligence agency; as is traditional, his successor's name was kept secret. On November 25 Deputy Clerk of the Knesset Shmuel Jacobson replaced longtime Knesset Clerk Netanel Lorch, who was dismissed the previous day at the behest of Knesset speaker Menahem Savidor. Michael Elkins, Jerusalem-based BBC correspondent for 15 years, retired at the end of 1982. Major General Amos Lapidot was appointed commander of the Israel air force, replacing—effective January 1, 1983— Major General David Ivri, who was appointed board chairman of Israel Aircraft Industries. Personalities who died during the year included: Knesset member Moshe (Mussa) Harif, aged 48, killed together with his wife and son in a road accident on January 16; Leopold Leib Trepper, legendary leader of the "Red Orchestra" espionage network in World War II, on January 19, aged 77; Ino Sciaky, the father of dental education in Israel, on February 10, aged 70; Haim Gamzu, influential critic and founder of the new Tel Aviv Mu- seum, on February 16, aged 72; Gershom Scholem, the world's foremost authority on the Kabbala and Jewish mysticism, on February 21, aged 84; 72 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Yoel Sussman, retired president of the supreme court, on March 2, aged 71; Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, spiritual mentor of Yeshivat Mercaz Harav, on March 9, aged 91; Michael Argov, pioneer Israeli artist, on April 29, aged 61; Mendel Kohansky, theater critic and theater historian, on May 20, aged 70; Shmuel Mikunis, longtime Israel Communist party leader, on May 20, aged 79; Simha Blass, designer of the revolutionary drip irrigation method, on July 17, aged 84; Yefet Ben-Avraham Zedaka, leader of Israel's Samari- tan community, on July 30, aged 87; Aharon Danin, the first child born in the city of Tel Aviv, and a veteran JNF official, on August 25, aged 72; Nahum Goldmann, Zionist leader, diplomat, and statesman, in Germany on August 29, buried on Mount Herzl, Jerusalem, on September 2, aged 87; David Shifman, MK and deputy minister of transport, on October 18, aged 57; Aliza Begin, wife of Prime Minister Begin and a volunteer activist, on November 14, aged 62; Yehuda Ya'ari, third aliyah pioneer and leading writer, on November 6, aged 81; Rachel Kagan, longtime president of WIZO in Israel, on November 15, aged 94; Arye Tartakower, noted sociologist and historian, on November 20, aged 85; Lieutenant General Haim Laskov, Israel's fifth chief of staff (1958-1961) and first IDF ombudsman, on December 8, aged 63; Avraham Kidron, ambassador to Australia and former foreign ministry director-general, in Canberra, on December 8, aged 63; and Robert Weltsch, noted journalist, essayist, and editor, on December 21, aged 92. The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War

By GEORGE E. GRUEN

A HE WAR IN LEBANON OVERSHADOWED all other developments in the Middle East in 1982. The conduct of "Operation Peace for Galilee," as Israel termed the massive onslaught of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) against the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) military and political infrastructure in Beirut and southern Lebanon, aroused a sharp debate within the United States, as it did throughout the world. The administration of President Ronald Reagan was generally sympathetic to Israel's desire to remove the PLO threat to the civilian population of northern Galilee. Moreover, President Reagan expressed his "deep sense of shock and outrage" at the "cowardly and unconscionable attack" by Palestinian terrorists on Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador in London. In his message to Prime Minister Menachem Begin following the June 3rd assassination attempt, Reagan added, "I pray with you that the day will soon arrive when this mindless violence will no longer plague the earth." The Israelis thus had good reason to believe that the Reagan administration would applaud the destruction of the PLO's bases in Lebanon, which had served as training centers for Soviet-supported terrorists from more than twenty countries around the globe.

Strategic Implications of "Operation Peace for Galilee" The Reagan administration, in general, and Secretary of State Alexander Haig, in particular, viewed all developments on the international scene in terms of their impact on the global Soviet-American rivalry. From this perspective, the war in Lebanon—including Israel's decisive blow against Kremlin-backed terrorism, the IDF's destruction of Syria's Soviet-supplied SAM-missile sites and large quantities of Syrian aircraft and tanks, the apparent superiority of American over Soviet weapon systems this revealed, and the impotence displayed by the Kremlin in the final months of the Brezhnev era by its failure to save the PLO or its Syrian ally from humiliating defeat—served to enhance America's prestige in the power struggle with Russia. Because of the special relationship that existed between the United States and Israel, it was to Washington rather than Moscow that Lebanon and

73 74 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 most of the other states in the Arab world turned in hope of influencing the Israelis and promoting peace. Thus the United States took the lead in creating the multinational force that supervised the evacuation of the PLO from Beirut. The force was recruited from three Western NATO members —France, Italy, and the United States—excluding the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. In the diplomatic arena, it was the Reagan initiative of September 1, and not the Brezhnev peace plan announced two weeks later, that became the major focus of attention and debate in Palestinian, Jor- danian, and most other Arab circles. And it was the special envoys dispatched by President Reagan whom the Lebanese relied upon to facilitate the negotiations with Israel that began late in 1982. By destroying the PLO state-within-a-state in southern Lebanon, removing PLO and Syrian forces from Beirut, and exerting military pressure on Damascus, the IDF significantly changed the balance of forces within strife- torn Lebanon. For the first time since the outbreak of the bloody civil war in 1975, there was hope that an independent Lebanon, under Maronite Christian leadership, and with an essentially pro-Western orientation, might emerge. Thus, as Israeli defense minister Ariel Sharon argued, it was the power of Israeli arms that advanced America's strategic interests in Lebanon and the broader Middle East region. While Prime Minister Begin made it clear that Israel did not covet an inch of Lebanese territory, and that the IDF was prepared to withdraw when conditions assuring Israel's security had been met, the presence of Israeli armed forces in southern Lebanon provided the United States with a potential bargaining chip to negotiate the removal of the PLO and the approximately 30,000 Syrian troops, who had been stationed in Lebanon since 1975. (The Syrian troops ostensibly were in Lebanon as an Arab League-sanctioned peacekeeping force, but they actually served as an instrument for asserting Syria's claim to hegemony over Lebanon.) President Reagan underscored the extent to which the United States and Israel shared basic strategic objectives when he declared, at the conclusion of a three-hour meeting with Prime Minister Begin at the White House on June 21: "All of us share a common understanding of the need to bring peace and security to the Middle East. ... On Lebanon, it is clear that we and Israel both seek an end to the violence there and a sovereign, independent Lebanon under the authority of a strong central government. We agree that Israel must not be subjected to violence from the north. The United States will continue to seek these goals and the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Lebanon."

Differences Within Reagan Administration on Israel Nevertheless, there were sharp disputes between Washington and Jerusa- lem. These arose not only over the tactics employed by Israel in the conduct UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 75 of the war, but over the more fundamental question of the extent to which American and Israeli interests in the region were in fact congruent, and whether the United States should treat Israel as its primary strategic ally against Soviet penetration and radical destabilization of the region. While various reasons were advanced for the sudden resignation of Secretary of State Alexander Haig at the end of June, for Israel this meant the removal of a sympathetic voice and a firm advocate of close cooperation between Washington and Jerusalem. The departure of Haig also marked the ascend- ancy of Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who had alienated Israel and its American friends by his vigorous pressing of the AWACS and F-15 enhancement sales to Saudi Arabia, and of William Clark, who had recently replaced Richard Allen, also known for his understanding of Israel's position, as the president's national security adviser. Unlike Haig, who believed that occasional disagreements between Washington and Jerusalem could be best resolved by offering aid and other positive inducements to the Israelis, Weinberger and Clark were not afraid of confrontation, and at times advocated the use of pressure against Israel. Clark, who lacked experience in foreign affairs in general, and knew little about the Middle East, was reportedly sharply critical of what he regarded as Israeli "intransigence" and "aggression" in Lebanon. George Shultz, who succeeded Haig as secretary of state, was more evenhanded in his approach. At his Senate confirmation hearings in mid- July, he reiterated the traditional American recognition of Israel as "our closest friend in the Middle East," and confirmed America's enduring commitment to support Israel's security needs. However, he also stressed "the importance to our own security of wide and ever-strengthening ties with the Arabs," and defined America's vital interests in the Arab world in terms of oil, resistance to Soviet imperialism, and promoting Middle East peace. While expressing his support for the Camp David accords, Shultz emphasized their importance as the framework for resolving the Palestinian problem. The Lebanese crisis, he declared, "makes painfully and totally clear a central reality of the Middle East: the legitimate needs and problems of the Palestinian people must be addressed and resolved—urgently and in all their dimensions." This renewed emphasis by the administration on the Palestinian issue was to be reflected in the unveiling on September 1 of the Reagan initiative, an effort to induce King Hussein of Jordan and Pales- tinian Arabs to enter American-sponsored negotiations on the future of the West Bank. (For details, see below.) (At the confirmation hearings, Senate members questioned the secretary of state-designate about his connections with Bechtel, the giant construction company with extensive projects in the Arab world. Senator Paul Sarbanes (D., Md.) criticized Bechtel's non-compliance with American legislation forbidding U.S. firms to cooperate with the Arab boycott of Israel, and 76 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 questioned whether Shultz's past association with the company would color his policies on the Middle East. Senator Larry Pressler (R., S.D.) questioned Bechtel's intensive lobbying on behalf of the AW ACS sale to Saudi Arabia. Shultz replied that Bechtel had been entirely law-abiding under his leadership. He justified the company's advocacy of the AWACS sale, and firmly denied that his Bechtel experience would have any bearing on his conduct in office.) Shultz's testimony revealed a fundamental difference in the positions of the American and Israeli governments with regard to the Palestinian issue. The Americans hoped that a militarily weakened and chastened PLO might be induced to moderate its aims and agree to work with King Hussein of Jordan toward creation of a Palestinian entity on the West Bank linked to Jordan and at peace with Israel. But for this scenario to work, PLO leader Yasir Arafat would have to be provided with an opportunity to withdraw his forces from Beirut without humiliation and with his political organization intact. Some American visitors to the besieged PLO leader, notably Representative Paul McCloskey (R., Calif.) who saw him in Beirut toward the end of July, contended that Arafat had already agreed to "recognize" Israel. (This was promptly denied by Arafat and other PLO spokesmen.) Other American officials, while not convinced that the PLO had yet made any decisive change in its policy of rejection of Israel, still felt that the mainstream of the PLO might be moving in the direction of accommoda- tion. They pointed out that the British had uncovered evidence that the assassination attempt against Ambassador Argov, which triggered the Isra- eli attack on the PLO in Lebanon, had not been initiated by Arafat, but was the work of the dissident Abu Nidal faction, which had broken away from Arafat's al-Fatah and had been working, with Syrian and Iraqi backing, to destroy any chance of an Israeli-Palestinian political settlement. Critics of the Israeli incursion into Lebanon contended that Israel's action was unjustified because the PLO had not initiated any direct shelling of Israeli civilians across the border from Lebanon since the cease-fire arranged the previous summer by U.S. envoy Philip Habib had gone into effect. George Ball, an under secretary of state during the Johnson era, and a long-time critic of Israel, told the Senate foreign relations committee that Israel's invasion of Lebanon "was not a defensive action; it was an attempt to crush the only legitimate and recognized Palestinian opposition, so that Israel could proceed unchallenged to absorb the occupied areas." He urged the United States government to "recast its relations with Israel." While not going quite that far, committee chairman Charles Percy (R., 111.) questioned whether the time had not come to define what was meant by "defensive actions." Senator John Glenn (D., Ohio) asked for an inquiry into whether Israel's use of American weapons in the war in Lebanon had violated the UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 77 conditions under which the arms had been sold. The administration responded by suspending the sale of cluster bombs to Israel, by initiating an inquiry into Israel's use of U.S. weapons in Lebanon, and by holding up the pending sale of 75 F-16 fighter planes. (Israel had an option to purchase the planes as part of an earlier arms package to Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Israel. After the Reagan administration won congressional approval of the AW ACS and F-15 enhancement package for Saudi Arabia in 1981, Israel activated its request for the F-16's.) The Begin government was angered by the Reagan administration's embargo of the F-16 sale, both because Jerusalem regarded this as an improper form of pressure, and because it symbolized administration disapproval of the Israeli action in Lebanon, lending support to the charge that Israel was not acting strictly in self-defense. In the months before the launching of Operation Peace for Galilee, there had been extensive discussions between American and Israeli officials as to what would constitute an unquestionable breach of the cease-fire which Ambassador Habib had obtained in July 1981. The view of the PLO was that it had only agreed to stop direct shelling of Israeli targets from across the Lebanese border, but that it was entitled to continue its armed struggle against Israel and Israeli supporters abroad. Early in 1982 a variety of terrorist acts occurred in Israel and the occupied territories. After Israel had stopped several PLO attempts to infiltrate via Jordan, the state department had declared that the United States' understanding was that "any hostile action originating from Lebanon but going through Syria and Jordan into Israel would be a violation" of the cease-fire. This clarification was issued in March after Ambassador Habib had returned from yet another trip to the Middle East to defuse the rising tension. Habib told reporters that the Israelis had given him "a clear indication that they wish to abide by the cease-fire" and would "not be the first to attack." However, Israel had also put Washington on notice that it reserved the right to respond to PLO violations that constituted "clear provocation." More dangerous to Israel over the long run was the growing evidence that the PLO was engaged in a massive buildup of conventional military forces in southern Lebanon. In February the Kuwaiti News Agency reported that the Soviet Union had recently supplied the PLO with $50 million in sophisticated weapons, including surface-to-air and FROG missiles, as well as heavy artillery. An Associated Press dispatch on February 11 confirmed the PLO's acquisition of some 80 tanks and 500 artillery pieces. Secretary of State Haig condemned the provision of such armaments to the PLO in southern Lebanon as "an aggravation of the efforts we have been engaged in to prevent the outbreak of conflict." Nevertheless, the buildup continued, and, on March 16, Drew Middleton, veteran military analyst of the New 78 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 York Times, wrote that the PLO was "now able to attack most of the cities and towns in northern Israel at long range." Middleton reported that "a steady stream of long-range guns, rockets, and mortars has been reaching southern Lebanon in the last two months." He added that the Soviet- supplied PLO forces had been steadily reinforced by well-trained military volunteers from Iraq, Libya, and South Yemen. As the PLO increased its capacity to pose a serious threat to civilian life in Israel's northern population centers, Prime Minister Begin became convinced of the necessity to attack the terrorist organization. In February Major General Yehoshua Saguy, chief of Israeli military intelligence, was dispatched to Washington to seek the understanding of the Pentagon and Secretary of State Haig of the danger confronting Israel. After Soviet Air Force commander Pavel Kutakhov held talks with Syrian defense minister Mustafa Tlas in Damascus in March, diplomatic sources in Beirut reported that Syria and the Soviet Union had signed an arms agreement under which Moscow was to supply Syria with a new missile network and advanced MIG planes. This introduced an additional element of urgency to Israel's military planning, since if the IDF was to strike effectively against the PLO and the Syrian missile batteries in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, it had to do so before the Syrians had emplaced and learned to use the more sophisticated new Soviet equipment. Defense Minister Sharon visited Washington in mid-May and made no secret of the fact that if Israeli lives were threatened by the PLO, Israel would strike swiftly and firmly to protect its citizens. According to Ze'ev SchifFs account, published in the Spring 1983 issue of Foreign Affairs, Secretary of State Haig "issued no threat against Israel's forthcoming military action.... He emphasized that it would take an unquestionable breach of the cease-fire by the PLO to warrant an Israeli riposte. Without such a breach, he said, an Israeli attack would be neither understood nor accepted in the international arena." In a letter to Prime Minister Begin on May 28, Haig expressed American concern over the unforeseeable consequences of Israeli military action, and emphasized that the U.S. would appreciate "uttermost restraint" on the part of Israel. Yet Defense Minister Sharon did not interpret this as an American warning not to act. Indeed, a subsequent meeting between Haig and Israeli ambassador Moshe Arens seemed to support Sharon's contention that the United States would not oppose an Israeli move, since Arens reported that he had discussed "in a positive atmosphere" Israel's need to establish a security zone in southern Lebanon. There was a rather broad consensus among Israel's supporters in the United States favoring the initial Israeli incursion and the establishment of a 45-kilometer-deep security zone in southern Lebanon. Once Israeli forces moved further north, however, and especially when the bombardment of UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 79 Beirut intensified and casualties mounted, this consensus broke. During his visit to Washington in late June, Prime Minister Begin came in for harsh questioning even from traditional congressional friends of Israel. Secretary of State Haig's warning that Israel's action would not be understood or accepted internationally was borne out by the scathing condemnation of Israel not only by the Communist and Islamic blocs, but also by commentators and intellectuals in Western Europe and Latin America, as well as by liberal elements in the United States. One reason for the criticism of Israel was the confusion in the public mind as to the objective of the Israelis. If the aim was a 45-kilometer security zone, why besiege Beirut? The basic explanation—which was not adequately presented at first by the Israelis—was that the 1978 Litani operation had demonstrated that a quick "riposte" to the PLO terrorists in the south of Lebanon would not prevent their eventual return. The only way to assure that the PLO would not operate in the south was to destroy its headquarters in Beirut and eliminate its infrastructure. The vast extent of the PLO's military arsenal did not become known for several weeks. The total, including huge amounts contained in a network of 15-foot-high tunnels that the PLO had dug under Beirut, was not discovered until after the PLO evacuation in late August. According to military experts, the equipment was sufficient to equip three to four full divisions. It included tanks, artillery pieces, armored personnel carriers, mortars and rocket launchers, rifles and automatic weapons for 35,000 men, and 5,000 tons of ammunition. While much of the equipment was of Soviet and East European origin, there were arms and vehicles produced in 15 countries, including the United States. To the amazement and annoyance of American officials, the PLO arsenal even included crates of G-3's, the current NATO rifle.

Media Coverage Heightens Anti-Israel Sentiment Another difficulty the Israelis faced in presenting their case to the Ameri- can public was the sense of horror that was evoked by the war. Night after night, Americans sat in front of their television sets, absorbing images of death and destruction. In contrast to the immediacy of the graphic coverage of the carnage of war, the factual background analysis necessary to put the pictures into proper perspective was usually difficult to obtain, and even where available, did not lend itself to dramatic pictorial presentation. Moreover, the star reporters who were flown into Lebanon frequently lacked essential background information on the complicated situation. Thus they were unable to distinguish between damage caused in the course of the Israeli advance and destruction that had occurred years earlier during the civil war. It also took several weeks before detailed newspaper stories 80 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 began to appear on the extent to which the PLO had terrorized the civilian population of southern Lebanon. In at least one case, an American television crew stopped filming as soon as it became clear that the robbing and raping that a Lebanese woman was describing had not been perpetrated by Israeli soldiers but by armed PLO elements. The TV crew reportedly explained that this "old story" was of no interest to them since they were assigned to cover only the casualties inflicted in the course of the Israeli invasion. The Israelis were also at a disadvantage in the battle for public opinion about such disputed issues as the number of civilian casualties. The PLO and other Arab sources had no hesitation in issuing exaggerated and unsub- stantiated figures as part of a propaganda campaign to portray the Israelis as indiscriminate murderers and perpetrators of genocide. The information gap was especially severe during the first week of the war when it was impossible for reporters to obtain figures from the Israeli side. At first, the IDF was too busy fighting to take time out to consider the needs of the press. After persistent calls for timely information, liaison was established between the IDF and the relevant civilian information personnel to arrange press briefings and visits to the front. While this greatly improved the situation, the army still ruled certain areas out of bounds to reporters because of danger, as well as for military-security reasons. Another difficulty the Israelis faced was technical. If one sought facts rather than propaganda, it was necessary to go through the painstaking work of checking hospitals for the wounded, as well as identifying bodies, some of which were buried in the rubble of buildings that had been struck. Since many persons had fled their homes during the fighting, it took time and effort to distinguish between those who were missing because they had taken shelter with relatives or friends out of range of the fighting and those who had been killed. The extent to which civilian life in southern Lebanon had been disrupted by the fighting was also a matter of dispute. At first the Lebanese Red Cross claimed that 600,000 persons had been made homeless—an impossibility since the total pre-war population was scarcely half a million—and that some 10,000 persons had been killed. These figures came into question when it was revealed that they had originated with the Palestinian Red Crescent Society, whose director was the brother of PLO leader Yasir Arafat. The International Red Cross cut the refugee figure in half and the Lebanese government provided an estimate of 70,000. The number of Lebanese civilian casualties was far fewer than the ex- travagantly high figures widely circulated in the early days of the war. Mahmoud Khadra, director of civil defense for southern Lebanon and a native of Sidon, told one visitor that he estimated that fewer than 400 UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 81 civilians had been killed there. Moreover, he stated that of the 20,000 persons in Sidon who had heeded an Israeli appeal to evacuate to the seashore, only nine had been injured. Reporters for the New York Times and the Associated Press who interviewed Khadra duly filed his estimates, but they received far less play than the initial claim of 10,000 killed. Toward the end of June, Israeli officials put the total number of civilians killed in Sidon, Tyre and Nabatiye, where the heaviest battles took place, at 408, and the number of new refugees at 20,000. The Israeli side of the story of the fighting in southern Lebanon had just begun to reach the American public when the siege of Beirut began in earnest, and once again the television screens were filled with scenes of Israeli planes and ships pouring countless shells into civilian areas in Beirut. While the Israelis insisted that they were only targeting military emplace- ments and various PLO headquarters, it was inevitable that Lebanese and Palestinian civilians would be among the casualties. Although the IDF's intention was to put pressure on the PLO to withdraw, the Israelis also contributed to the suffering of civilians in Beirut by periodically turning off the electricity and water and limiting the entry of supplies into the city. The increasing ferocity of the Israeli bombardment led to anger and revulsion in Washington. The IDF faced the dilemma of exerting sufficient pressure on the PLO to force it to leave, without causing such extensive damage to Beirut as to jeopardize Israel's friendship with the United States. This dilemma was compounded by an American diplomatic blunder. Al- though the United States officially shared the Israeli strategic goal of removing the PLO from Beirut, Vice President George Bush allegedly assured the Saudi officials that the United States would not permit Israeli forces to enter Beirut. The Saudis in turn relayed this information to Yasir Arafat. Once the PLO leader believed that the United States would shield him from Israeli ground forces, he began to stiffen his terms, demanding that the PLO be permitted to retain political headquarters and other signs of a continuing PLO presence in Beirut. This was totally unacceptable to Israel and to the Lebanese Christian Phalangists as well. The latter, however, were not prepared to commit the Lebanese Forces under their command to the kind of house-to-house fighting that would force the PLO out of West Beirut. Thus it was left to the IDF to convince the PLO fighters that Israel was prepared to defy the United States and world public opinion, and drive the PLO out by force if it did not agree to leave voluntarily. This entailed an unprecedented shift in Israeli policy, for never before in any of the Arab-Israeli wars had the IDF undertaken a full-scale ground occupation of an Arab capital city. While the Israelis had bombed selected targets in Cairo during the war of attrition and the Iraqi nuclear reactor on the outskirts of Baghdad, Israeli forces had always stopped short of entering Arab capitals. The intensive 82 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Israeli bombardment of Beirut, and the growing public impression that Defense Minister Sharon was a ruthless commander who would stop at nothing to achieve his objectives, finally convinced the PLO it had no alternative but to agree to a total withdrawal from Beirut.

U.S. Concern for Palestinian and Lebanese Refugees In the course of the following weeks, as it became clear that the PLO would not be permitted to return to southern Lebanon, many civilians who had fled to Beirut and other places further north to escape from PLO domination and the dangers of warfare returned to reoccupy homes that had been taken over by Palestinian militants and to rebuild others that had been damaged in the fighting. Those who suffered most seriously were Palestinians living in United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) camps in the Sidon area. Refugees of the 1948 war with Israel, they had been joined by Palestinians fleeing from Jordan following the expulsion of the PLO by King Hussein in 1970. The PLO militants had turned an UNRWA technical school in Sidon into a PLO terrorist training center and had entrenched their military base within the Ein Hilwe refugee camp, using the Palestinian civilians as a shield. UNWRA's own report in September 1982 revealed that the PLO had also interfered with the distribution of needed supplies to Palestinian refugees. During the seige of Beirut, the PLO seized well-stocked UNRWA ware- houses and prevented the relief agency from distributing the supplies to the Palestinian civilians in the city. UNRWA regained control of its supplies only after the PLO evacuation. Yet these facts were not reported at the time. The fresh evidence of PLO interference with the humanitarian work of UNRWA aroused anger within the U.S. Congress, since the United States had long been a major contributor to that United Nations body. In Novem- ber Representative Benjamin S. Rosenthal (D., N.Y.) urged Secretary of State Shultz to suspend all aid to UNRWA, which had amounted to $67 million in 1982. In December, Congress cut $22 million from the UNRWA allocation requested by President Reagan for fiscal 1983. A major issue in the aftermath of the PLO withdrawal from Beirut was the fate of the Palestinian civilians remaining in the country. American and UNRWA estimates of the Palestinians were in the range of 375,000 to 400,000. Of these, about 100,000 belonged to families that came in 1948 and had been fairly well integrated, many even acquiring Lebanese citizenship. The problem was what to do about the other 300,000, especially those who had lived in refugee camps in the Sidon area and Beirut. The Israelis preferred to have them permanently resettled in Lebanon or Jordan. Al- though the Israeli government provided emergency medical service, clothing, blankets, and food for immediate relief, as well as assistance in repairing UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 83 the infrastructure of southern Lebanon, nothing came of the various long- range plans for Palestinian refugee resettlement. The deadlock was essentially political in nature. The Maronite Christian Lebanese who dominated the new government of Lebanon scarcely con- cealed their hostility to the Palestinians. In addition to anger at the havoc the PLO had wrought in the country, the Christians feared that the Pales- tinians, the great majority of whom were Muslims, would back other Mus- lim elements in Lebanon working to deprive the Christians of the newly won political power they had acquired thanks to the Israeli defeat of the PLO and its Syrian allies. The depth of the Phalangists' hatred of the Palestinians was revealed by the brutal massacres the former perpetrated in September in the Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps in Beirut. While the assassination of Phalangist leader and President-elect Bashir Jemayel triggered the Phalangist bloodbath, which resulted in the deaths of 700 Pales- tinian refugees, it is also possible that the action was a premeditated attempt to induce the Palestinian refugees to flee the country. In the absence of agreement on a permanent solution, Israeli and UNRWA officials, with grudging Palestinian approval, began to provide cement and other materials to help the refugees in the Ein Hilwe camp to lay concrete bases upon which tents could be erected that would withstand the winter storms. In some places the refugees were able to construct more durable structures. The Lebanese authorities reluctantly allowed the recon- struction to proceed, in part because of a desire to mitigate the impression of cruelty and callous indifference that the Phalangist atrocities had aroused in the United States and around the world, and in part because many of the refugees had found temporary shelter in schools and other communal institutions which were needed by the local Lebanese once the academic year began in the fall. Moreover, although the Lebanese feared the political influence of the PLO, they were reluctant to lose the services of Palestinian workers who provided manual labor in the agricultural and industrial sectors. In contrast to the congressional controversy over aid to the Palestinians, there was widespread bipartisan support for aid to the Lebanese victims of war. At a House foreign affairs committee hearing in mid-July, M. Peter McPherson, President Reagan's personal representative for disaster relief to Lebanon, testified that a total of $65 million was available from United States sources, and that other countries had pledged more than $41 million. When asked about the extent of Arab aid, he replied, "So far, it is a small amount; Saudi Arabia has given about $1 million." McPherson, who was administrator for the Agency for International Development told the White House press corps, on July 14, that Israel had sent a medical convoy to Lebanon with more than 20 ambulances and 60 doctors and other medical 84 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 personnel. Israel had already spent $1.9 million for food, relief goods, and health services, and the ministry of health had provided $87,000 worth of medical supplies. "People should know what the Israelis have done," he asserted, noting the "strong, popular response" from the Israeli citizenry.

Reaction in the Jewish Community While American Jews were distressed by the scenes of human suffering displayed on their television screens, and empathized with the Lebanese victims of the conflict, they were angered by what they took to be a double standard as applied by the media to Israel. Jewish viewers were incensed that the television editors invariably identified film taken by crews accompanying the Israeli forces as "subjected to Israeli censorship," while they rarely noted the restrictions placed on the reporters covering the Arab side. Crews in West Beirut focused on the wounded persons in hospitals and on buildings damaged by Israeli shelling, but they were forbidden by the PLO to photograph the nearby military installations that had drawn the Israeli fire. Other even more brutal conflicts in the Middle East were not portrayed on the American television screens because reporters were totally barred. Thus, in February 1982 the northern Syrian city of Hama was totally sealed off for three weeks while government forces used tanks, heavy artillery, and helicopter gunships to crush the opposition Muslim Brotherhood that had been assassinating Syrian officials and their Soviet advisers. When Thomas Friedman of the New York Times was finally permitted to visit Hama three months later, he reported that half of the city of 180,000 had been damaged or totally destroyed. The centuries-old market place had been demolished, "eight mosques were blown apart, and all the domed tombs in Hama's ancient cemetery were crushed to bits." Amnesty International investigated the numerous reports of "atrocities and collective killings of unarmed innocent inhabitants by the security forces," and concluded that while precise figures were unobtainable, "estimates of the dead on all sides ranged from 10,000 to 20,000." The number of orphans created was estimated at 20,000. Yet no scenes of the devastation in Hama appeared on American television. The electronic media also virtually ignored the heavy casualties in the Iran-Iraq war, which raged fiercely throughout much of 1982. Because both sides generally barred reporters from the battlefields, there was no action footage of the carnage, which, since the war's outbreak in September 1980, had resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 persons and the wounding of some 300,000. While restrictions on press coverage in the Arab world might be invoked to explain the failure of television news programs to portray the horrors of Hama and the shelling of cities in the Iran-Iraq war, friends of Israel asked UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 85 why news commentators and editorialists generally failed to subject Hafez al Assad of Syria, Saddam Hussein of Iraq, and Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran to the scathing condemnation that they applied to the actions of Ariel Sharon and Menachem Begin in the conduct of the war in Lebanon. The answer provided by some American media executives was that the Western world expected a higher standard of behavior from Israel than from third world dictators. Yet the general absence of criticism in the media of democratic Britain when it imposed censorship and resorted to massive force in the spring of 1982 to protect the Falkland Islanders, caused many members of the Jewish community to suspect that the readiness of the Western world to heap condemnation on Israel reflected not only a double standard but also a resurgence of antisemitic feeling. No doubt, it was this perception of bias and bigotry which prompted most American Jews to refrain from public criticism of the policies of Israel, and to moderate the tone of many of those who did speak out. Disapproval of some of the Begin government's policies had arisen even before the outbreak of the war in Lebanon. Observers of the American Jewish scene had perceived a growth in dissatisfaction which threatened to result in an increasing estrangement from Israel. On January 9, Rabbi David Polish, a well-known Reform leader and Zionist, urged Israeli leaders to pay attention to the "changing mood" in the American Jewish community. Speaking at the 25th convention of the Labor Zionist Alliance in New York, Polish declared that "Jews are not yet openly critical, but in contrast to their former undeviating assent, they are strongly dissenting in private." He decried the absence of a "proper forum for the discussion of controversial issues in our communities and on a national level." Polish asserted that it was harmful to adopt a stance that "Diaspora Jews must always approve of Israel's policies, even when they are being bitterly fought in Israel." He contended that such a course had resulted in "growing divisions within American Jewish life," which in turn led to alienation. "The alienation is due," he argued, "not so much to honest differences of opinion, but rather to the silencing and discrediting of those who entertain different judgments." The moral right and, indeed, the duty of American Jews to dissent publicly from Israeli government actions was also championed by Philip Klutznick, former U.S. secretary of commerce and president emeritus of the World Jewish Congress. Speaking at a meeting sponsored by the New Jewish Agenda in Washington on April 18, Klutznick declared that Ameri- can Jews were losing credibility and "fooling [them]selves" in believing that they were "fooling others" in maintaining that Jews in America and other countries were united behind every action of the Israeli government. He 86 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 contended that "we are doing great damage to Israel by our acts that give rise to serious questions of credibility of our own American Jewish institutions, our own American Jewish leaders, who are perceived in too many places as acting as rubber stamps" of Israeli policy. Although Israel had to make the final decision on issues affecting its security, Klutznick said, this did not mean that American Jews could not speak out on such matters. "I wish our Jewish community was as open and respected differences and the right to differ as much as the State of Israel." Klutznick said that the United States should not simply be a "by- stander," but should work vigorously to resume negotiations for West Bank and Gaza autonomy, and also bring Jordan and other Arab elements into the peace process. He urged Washington to "encourage" Israel and its Arab neighbors, including the PLO, to make "simultaneous commitments" in order to achieve a comprehensive peace. Klutznick warned that unless this were done, the Camp David agreements would come to nought. He urged the PLO, which he said had been sending "signals" through private contacts, to declare publicly that it was prepared to recognize the right of the Jewish state to exist. For its part, Israel should be prepared to yield territory on the West Bank to the Palestinians. The attempted assassination of Ambassador Argov was quickly condemned by spokesmen for the organized Jewish community. Maxwell Greenberg, national chairman of the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Brith, called on the Reagan administration to launch a worldwide "diplomatic offensive" with the goal of "quarantining the PLO, ousting it from international agencies . . . and denying it financial and military support." Edgar Bronfman, president of the World Jewish Congress, similarly condemned the PLO, and called for a "concerted effort" to halt international terrorism. On June 7, Americans for a Safe Israel issued a statement ap- plauding Israel's decision to "eliminate" the PLO in Lebanon. The Ameri- can Jewish Committee took note of Israel's declaration that it had no territorial ambitions in Lebanon, and issued a variety of background materials explaining the factors which had prompted Israel's move against the PLO bases. Robert Loup, national chairman of the United Jewish Appeal, called on the American Jewish community to respond to the Lebanon crisis by taking "all possible measures to increase the flow of cash to meet the basic human needs of the people of Israel." When Prime Minister Begin appeared in New York for an Israel Bonds luncheon on June 18, the organization raised a one-day record of $35 million in pledges. As the war went on and the fighting extended to the outskirts of Beirut in July, a painful ambivalence arose within the American Jewish community. "We all cherish Israel," said Roland Gittlesohn, a Reform rabbi in Boston, but the invasion "threatens to tear us apart We worry, agonize, fear, and also doubt." Leonard Fein, editor of Moment magazine, and a UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 87 supporter of the Peace Now movement in Israel, stated: "Our powerful communal disposition has always been to rally round the flag. The problem is that the flag now is in a suburb of Beirut, and that's a long way to go for a rally." On June 23 some 400 Jews in the San Francisco area published a denun- ciation of Israel, saying that "peace and the survival of the Jewish people cannot be achieved through Israeli aggression and disregard for Lebanese sovereignty." Many of the signers were from Berkeley and other university campuses, and few were affiliated with mainstream Jewish organizations. In New York on July 10, members of the New Jewish Agenda participated in a protest rally organized by the National Emergency Committee on Leba- non (NECOL), a broad coalition established on June 24 in opposition to the Israeli invasion. Among the members of the coalition were the Palestine Congress of North America, the American Friends Service Committee, Clergy and Laity Concerned, the United States Peace Council, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Mobilization for Survival, and Women Strike for Peace. Also participating in the protest was a contingent of 20 Israelis, carrying a banner that read "Israelis Against the Massa- cre in Lebanon." Dan Isaac, a Reform rabbi from Connecticut, told the protestors that he, along with hundreds of other rabbis, "reject the concept of turning West Beirut into a city of slaughter." He called on Jews to recognize the justice of the Palestinian demand for a state. Earlier, on June 30, Rabbi Israel Dresner, president of the Association of Reform Rabbis of Greater New York, had joined with two Christian clergymen in a press conference sponsored by NECOL. Dresner stated that "hundreds of thousands" of Israelis and "millions of Jews in the United States and around the world are opposed to what is going on" in Lebanon. "I am a lifelong Zionist dedicated to a democratic and just Israel," Dresner declared, but "what is happening in Lebanon today has nothing to do with that kind of Israel." While Dresner was sharply critical, he would not join in the more extreme sentiments voiced by the two Christian clergymen at the news conference—Bishop Dale White of the United Methodist Church in New Jersey and the Reverend Timothy Mitchell, chairman of the Na- tional Conference of Black Churchmen—who frequently used the words "genocide" and "holocaust" to describe what the Israelis were doing to the Palestinians and Lebanese civilians. In addition to calling for Israel's unconditional withdrawal from Lebanon, the Christian clergymen called for an end to U.S. military aid to Israel. When asked by reporters whether the panelists also supported the withdrawal of PLO and Syrian forces from Lebanon, only Dresner replied in the affirmative. The question of how to respond to events in the Middle East evoked impassioned debate at the annual meeting of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (Reform) in New York at the end of June. Rabbi Robert 88 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Marx of Chicago offered a resolution declaring that "the tragic loss of human life and the tremendous destruction of property" in the Lebanon war "leave us concerned, not only for the people in Lebanon but for the soul of Israel and the Jewish people. . . . The current Israeli leadership interpreted American Jewish support for Israel as support for its policies in Leba- non. This is not so." Rabbi Ronald Gittlesohn, who had just returned from Israel, succinctly stated the basic question: "Was Israel right in pushing beyond its 40-kilometer objective? I don't know," he said. "I have been among Israel's severest critics. ... I have criticized Israel in the past and I shall criticize again . . . but not now, my friends, not now. . . . The house is on fire and my brothers and sisters whom I dearly love are in that house. . . . For the sake of Zion, I will hold my peace." "Over and over," countered Rabbi Jerome Malino of Danbury, Connecti- cut, "we are told: 'this is not the time to criticize.' There are times when we must speak what we know to be right irrespective of the prevailing circumstances." Rabbi Herbert Rose defended the Begin government policy of driving the PLO from Lebanon. "Our philosophy in Judaism is not to turn the other cheek to evil," he said, "but to strike out at evil and cut off its arm." Rabbi Everett Gendler of Lowell, Massachusetts, said that it was wrong to "confuse moral principles with the politics of a given nation- state." The clinching argument was provided by Rabbi Stanley Davis of Worcester, Massachusetts, who reminded the rabbinic group that "this resolution is not going to be read by Israelis. ... It will go to Congress. ... It will influence funding ..." The critical resolution was defeated by what appeared to be a two-to-one show of hands. The Phalangist massacre in the Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut in September sent waves of shock and revulsion through the American Jewish community. Expressions of sadness and regret were issued by numerous Jewish organizations. The dismay within the Jewish community was intensified when the Begin government, in the face of Labor party demands for its resignation, seemed to stonewall all attempts to conduct an inquiry. Major American Jewish organizations, including the American Jewish Committee, B'nai B'rith, and the American Jewish Congress, as well as many prominent individuals, called on Israel to conduct an independent judicial inquiry into the facts, to discover what acts of omission or commission by Israeli military officers and government officials might have facili- tated the massacre. Once the Israeli government agreed to the appointment of the Kahan commission of inquiry, Jewish organizations expressed confidence that the truth would emerge. They also contrasted the strength of the moral conscience in democratic Israel with the callous indifference displayed by the Lebanese, who made only half-hearted efforts to find and bring to justice the Phalangist militiamen who had actually perpetrated the massacre. UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 89 Debate over Extent of Jewish Dissent The question of the extent to which the war in Lebanon fragmented traditional American Jewish solidarity with Israel received considerable attention in the general press. On July 6 the Christian Science Monitor ran a front-page story, "Some American Jewish Leaders Voice Anguish over Lebanon." The story noted that Philip Klutznick, former World Jewish Congress President Nahum Goldmann and former French premier Pierre Mendes-France, had called on Israel to lift the siege of Beirut and declare its readiness to negotiate with the PLO on the basis of mutual recognition. Within the American Jewish community, the statement by the three Jewish leaders had been quickly denounced. Julius Berman, the newly-elected chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Or- ganizations, maintained that Klutznick, Goldmann, and Mendes-France spoke only for themselves and were "overwhelmingly in the minority." "The overwhelming consensus of the Jewish community in the United States," he added, was "in support of the operation in Lebanon." On July 15 the New York Times ran a full-page article headlined, "Dis- cord Among U.S. Jews over Israel Seems to Grow." The article conceded that there was no way to determine with precision the feelings of American Jews, especially those who were not affiliated with synagogues or Jewish organizations. Supporters of Israel who were interviewed argued that the critics had become more vociferous, but not more numerous. Those who were critical generally said that they had opposed the Begin government long before the Lebanese invasion, but maintained that events were pushing the uncommitted toward dissent. Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commen- tary, contended that many of the critics were people who had shown little concern for Israel in the past, but who had been briefly converted to Israel's cause by the trauma of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. They "are being deconverted now," he maintained. Some observers argued that a split was developing between the leadership and the broader membership of Jewish organizations. Hans Jonas, professor of philosophy at the New School for Social Research, claimed that "the official Jewish organizations cannot bring themselves to say this, but in the rank and file I can assure you there is a feeling of disgust, of shame. I know rabbis who feel exactly as I do, but who cannot express it because their congregations would be up in arms." Jonas, who said he had been a Zionist since his youth in Germany and had fought as an artillery lieutenant in Israel's 1948 war of independence, was among 67 American Jewish scholars, writers, and rabbis who signed an advertisement in July in support of Israel's Peace Now movement. The ad expressed "grave misgivings" over the fighting in Lebanon, and advocated "national self-determination" for the Palestinians. It also posed a rhetorical question to American Jews: "Is it not time for us as supporters of Israel to speak out critically about those 90 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Israeli policies we know to be mistaken, self-defeating, and contrary to the original Zionist vision?" In addition to Jonas, signers included Saul Bellow, E.L.Doctorow, Alfred Kazin, Irving Howe, Meyer Schapiro, Daniel Bell, Nathan Glazer, and Seymour Martin Lipset. Whatever their private misgivings, most American Jews who had previously contributed to Israeli causes generally tended to increase their contributions after the Lebanon war started, just as they had in earlier crisis situations. Murray Wood, executive director of the community relations committee of the Los Angeles Jewish federation, noted that in early July he had received a letter from a benefactor stopping contributions because of Israel's continuing presence in Lebanon, but that such letters were "very few and far between." The Jewish community in Los Angeles tended to be "very supportive of Israel's policy," Wood said. "I can't perceive that we have the division you read about on the east coast," he told the New York Times. Arthur Hertzberg, former president of the American Jewish Congress, and a self-described "dove" in the Arab-Israel conflict, summed up moderate American Jewish opinion on Lebanon in July as "a kind of two-edged anger: first, anger at Begin and Sharon for having overdone it; second, anger at the press for using this as a holiday to beat up on Israel." Hertzberg labeled the proposal of Goldmann, Klutznick, and Mendes-France for Israeli negotiations with the PLO as "counterproductive" and likely to "polarize Jewish opinion." Instead, he argued for new effort to bring success to the long stalled Egyptian-Israeli talks on Palestinian autonomy. Joseph Kraft, the syndicated columnist, maintained that the division within the American Jewish community over the war in Lebanon provided the Reagan administration with a significant opportunity for diplomatic maneuver. In an article, "American Jewry Divided" (Washington Post, July 20), he argued that "the easing of Jewish support for Israel in this country makes it possible to press the Begin government hard on the West Bank." He warned, however, "that pressure can only succeed if it is set in a wider policy that involves a strong American line toward all the Arab parties to the dispute. Fairness, in other words, means renunciation all around."

Arab Disarray Provides U.S. Opportunities Developments in the Middle East also seemed to make the time oppor- tune for a new American peace initiative. The war in Lebanon had demonstrated the unwillingness or inability of the Soviet Union to save Syria and the PLO from humiliating military defeat. Indeed, Moscow had made a point of publicly proclaiming its unwillingness to extend the provisions of the Soviet-Syrian treaty of friendship and cooperation to cover Syrian forces UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 91 in Lebanon. The radical Arab states had been equally ineffectual; Muam- mar Qaddafi, the vocal Libyan champion of Arab unity and the Palestinian cause, had offered Arafat and his desperately besieged fighters in Beirut the not very helpful advice that they commit suicide and become martyrs to their cause. The PLO's attempt, encouraged by the Soviet Union, to have the Arabs impose an oil embargo on the United States for its alleged backing of the Israeli attack on Lebanon, also met with failure. Although Syria and the PLO were allied in the so-called "front of stead- fastness and confrontation" against Israel, Damascus had concluded a separate cease-fire with Israel after the first week of the Lebanon war that left the PLO isolated and on its own in Beirut. Friction had been developing for some time between PLO leader Arafat and Syrian president Hafez al Assad over tactics to pursue against Israel. Attempts at rapprochement between Arafat and King Hussein, who had expelled PLO forces from Jordan in September 1970, also angered Assad, who suspected that the Jordanians were aiding his Muslim Brotherhood opponents. Assad was also worried that Hussein and Arafat might be tempted to participate in Ameri- can-sponsored negotiations that would wrest the West Bank from Israel. This would satisfy at least some Jordanian and Palestinian aspirations and might result in a separate peace, leaving Syria out in the cold. While Assad was not ready to negotiate peace with Israel in his weakened position, he was also reluctant to be drawn into a full-scale war before he felt ready. Consequently, Assad kept the Palestinians in Damascus under tight rein. When, at the dramatic conclusion of the PLO exodus from Beirut at the end of August, Arafat decided to travel by ship to Athens, where he was officially welcomed, rather than to Damascus, this was seen as a snub of Assad. Washington had been making steady progress in convincing some Arab states of the value of economic, political, and even military cooperation with the United States. By mid-1982, Egypt, Sudan, Oman, and Somalia were all providing facilities for, or cooperating with, the U.S. rapid deployment force. Increased American military aid to Morocco had also strengthened that country's readiness to cooperate with the United States. Even Iraq, among the most implacable foes of Israel, had begun to drop hints to American officials in 1982 that it was not unalterably opposed to a fair, negotiated peace settlement. In return, the U.S. government had agreed in February to remove Iraq from the list of countries barred from purchasing American civilian aircraft and other sensitive products because it was a "terrorist" supporter. Also significant from the American point of view was the gradual rapprochement between Egypt and other Arab states. In addition to the manifest success of Egypt's American-backed peace effort in achieving the total 92 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 withdrawal of Israeli forces from its territory, Egyptian-Arab rapprochement was spurred by Iran's apparent success in its war with Iraq, which frightened the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. In February Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak paid an official visit to Muscat, and on a return visit in May, Omani Sultan Qabas bin Said held talks with Mubarak about promoting Egyptian reconciliation with other Arab states. Both Jordan and Morocco sent warm official greetings to Egypt upon the completion of the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. The ending of Egypt's period of ostracism was symbolized by the visit of Moroccan foreign minister Mohammed Boucetta to Cairo on June 7 and by President Mubarak's attendance, the following week, at the funeral of Saudi king Khalid. Mubarak met with his successor, Crown Prince Fahd, and other Arab leaders. A scheduled visit to Israel by President Mubarak, and an attempt by Secretary of State Haig to get the long-stalled autonomy talks resumed before the completion of Israel's Sinai withdrawal, both foundered on the issue of the venue for the talks. Prime Minister Begin insisted that the Egyptian leader come to Jerusalem, Israel's capital, as President Sadat had done on his first trip. Mubarak, sensitive to the strong feelings of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the Palestinians that "Arab Jerusalem" was occupied territory, refused to hold meetings in Jerusalem. The American position was closer to that of Egypt than Israel. While the Israelis had passed a law proclaiming all of unified Jerusalem the eternal capital of Israel, the United States never accepted it, and continued to maintain that although the city should never again be divided by barbed wire, its ultimate status would have to be determined through negotiations. There continued to be a wide gap between Cairo and Jerusalem as to how the Camp David provisions regarding Palestinian autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza were to be interpreted and implemented. Prime Minister Begin was prepared to grant extensive personal autonomy to the Arab inhabitants of "the Land of Israel," but insisted that Israel control internal security, defense, and foreign policy. Israel, in Begin's view, would also exercise a veto power over land and water use, and would actively seek to prevent any foreign sovereignty from attaining power within the territories. In contrast, President Mubarak spoke about the need for Palestinian "self- determination" and the creation of a "national entity." The escalation of PLO-Israeli clashes into a full-scale Israeli invasion of Lebanon on June 6 made all thought of an early resumption of Palestinian autonomy talks a moot point. Once the United States had succeeded in securing the agreement of Israel, Syria, and the PLO on terms for the withdrawal of PLO forces from Beirut, attention in Washington turned to the wider issue of Arab-Israeli peace. The Reagan administration put its emphasis on an intensified campaign to UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 93 induce King Hussein of Jordan to enter the Camp David peace process. Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs Nicholas Veliotes, who had served as ambassador to Jordan, made a secret visit to Amman, and he returned to Washington confident that King Hussein was now finally ready to take the step of openly entering into peace negotiations. The preoccupation of the Syrians with the Israelis in Lebanon and with the domestic opposition to the Assad regime made it less likely that Damascus would be able to exert heavy pressure, such as the marshalling of troops along the Syrian-Jordanian border, that it had used in the past to dissuade the Jordanians from entering the American-sponsored talks. Moreover, the intensification of ideological debate and struggle for power within the PLO following the Beirut debacle weakened the organization's claim to be "the sole, legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." The Arab League summit conference, which was scheduled to reconvene in Fez, Morocco, in early September, seemed to offer an opportunity to revise if not reverse the Arab League's earlier decision, at its Rabat conference, to have the PLO serve as the exclusive representative of the Palestinians. Moreover, the Arab League had on its agenda a revised version of the Fahd plan, which assumed increased significance because the Saudi crown prince had since assumed the throne, and because the plan represented, at least in the view of the more optimistic members of the Reagan administration, an attempt to achieve an Arab consensus in favor of a peaceful, final, and comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israel conflict. (On the original Fahd plan see AJYB, 1983, Vol. 83, pp. 83-84.) A new American peace initiative, sensitive to Jordanian and other Arab concerns, it was thought, might influence the decisions reached at the forthcoming Arab summit. The Reagan administration was also concerned about countering the widespread impression in the Arab world that the United States government, despite public criticism of Israel's actions in Lebanon, had in fact quietly colluded in the Israeli campaign to smash the Palestinian resistance movement. American diplomats in the area had been sending reports to the state department expressing fear that the Palestinians and their radical allies would enflame the Arab masses to engage in violence directed against American institutions and U.S. supporters in the Arab world. It was thus considered important for the Reagan administration to distance itself from Israel by making it clear that the United States did not share or endorse Prime Minister Begin's and Defense Minister Sharon's approach to the Palestinian question. If King Hussein could be brought around to joining in peace talks with Israel, this would also neutralize much of the opposition in the American Jewish community and among Israel's supporters in Congress to an Ameri- can arms sale to Jordan. During Secretary of Defense Weinberger's visit to 94 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Jordan in mid-February, press reports had indicated that he tried to dissuade the king from going through with the purchase of $200 million worth of advanced mobile SAM-8 missiles from the Soviet Union—to be paid for by Iraq—by offering Jordan U.S. mobile Hawk missiles and F-16 fighter planes. To justify the arms sales to Jordan, Weinberger had stated (on the NBC Today show on February 16) that "what is important is that the United States have more than one friend in the Mideast." After a bipartisan resolution opposing the sale was introduced in the Senate on May 27 by Edward Kennedy (D., Mass.), John Heinz (R., Pa.), Gary Hart (D., Colo.), and Rudy Boschwitz (R., Minn.), with 49 co-sponsors, the administration quietly informed Congress that any request for formal approval of a Jor- danian arms sale would be deferred until after the November congressional elections. The poor showing of Soviet equipment in the war in Lebanon presumably made Hussein less willing to rely on Moscow as an alternative to Washington as a source of arms. His proclaimed readiness to enter into peace talks would remove an important political obstacle to congressional approval of increased American-Jordanian military cooperation.

The Reagan Peace Initiative On September 1, President Reagan went on national television to set forth the U.S. position on how to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict and, most particularly, the Palestinian issue. It was the most comprehensive and detailed statement on the subject since the Reagan administration had assumed office more than a year and a half earlier. Reagan began by noting that Americans could be proud of the crucial role that the United States had played in bringing about the successful evacuation of the PLO from Beirut, which had been completed that day. The president said he was happy to announce that the U.S. marine contingent, which was part of the multinational force helping to supervise the evacuation, "had accomplished its mission" and that, therefore, "our young men should be out of Lebanon within two weeks." When first ordering the marines into Lebanon, Reagan had made a point of assuring congressional critics—who were concerned that the U.S. might be drifting into a Vietnam- like commitment—that their mission was solely as peacekeepers, that they would be there for only a month, and that they would be withdrawn earlier should they be subjected to attack. These assurances regarding the nature of the marines' mission and length of service had been necessary to obviate the need for formal congressional approval under the terms of the war powers resolution. President Reagan went on to note that for more than a generation successive American administrations had been working to bring peace to the Middle East. He underscored the strategic importance of the region to the UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 95

United States and the need "to deter the Soviets and their surrogates from further expansion" there, as well as the fact that the "well-being of much of the world's economy is tied to stability in the strife-torn Middle East." Reagan emphasized, however, that "our policy is motivated by more than strategic interests. We also have an irreversible commitment to the survival and territorial integrity of friendly states." Finally, "our traditional humanitarian concerns dictate a continuing effort to peacefully resolve conflicts." With respect to the Arab-Israel conflict, President Reagan said, "we've embraced the Camp David framework as the only way to proceed." The administration's first objective under the Camp David process was to in- sure the successful fulfillment of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. The president noted that intensive American diplomatic efforts had led to the creation of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), which was in place, supervising the peace treaty's terms in Sinai. He explained that "the successful completion of Israel's withdrawal from Sinai" in the spring, and "the courage shown by Prime Minister Begin and President Mubarak in living up to their commitments convinced me the time had come for a new American policy to try to bridge the remaining differences between Egypt and Israel" on the issue of Palestinian autonomy. Before any action could be taken, however, the conflict in Lebanon had "pre-empted our efforts." Nevertheless, Reagan argued, the Lebanon war, "tragic as it was, has left us with a new opportunity for Middle East peace. We must seize it now . . ." In the days before his September 1 address, President Reagan had dispatched American envoys to the leaders of Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Israel with personal letters from him as well as a detailed list of "talking points," which outlined the American position on the essential issues in dispute. As noted above, a major American objective was to induce King Hussein to enter into the Camp David negotiations. In the "talking points" presented to King Hussein, Reagan went quite far toward meeting the Jordanian monarch's concerns. Regarding the final status of the area, the president affirmed the American position, which was sharply at variance with that of the Begin government, that UN security council resolution 242 "applies to the West Bank and Gaza and requires Israeli withdrawal in return for peace." Yet he also reaffirmed the American interpretation that the resolution did not necessarily require total withdrawal to the pre-1967 lines: "Negotiations must determine the borders." In place of the formulations used by earlier American administrations, which had said that the changes should be limited to "minor rectifications" dictated by security needs and should not reflect "the weight of conquest," Reagan offered a more pragmatic yardstick: "The U.S. position in these negotiations on the extent of the withdrawal will be 96 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 significantly influenced by the extent and nature of the peace and security arrangements offered in return." In theory, this held out to Hussein the hope that Jordan, like Egypt, could in a full peace agreement regain sovereignty over all the territory lost in war, although the actual exercise of that sovereignty would be subject to demilitarization and other agreed restrictions in areas affecting Israel's security. In his public address on September 1, President Reagan modified his prepared text by inserting the following words to reassure Israel: "I have personally followed and supported Israel's heroic struggle for survival ever since the founding of the State of Israel 34 years ago. In the pre-1967 borders, Israel was barely 10 miles wide at its narrowest point. The bulk of Israel's population lived within artillery range of hostile Arab armies. I am not about to ask Israel to live that way again." The Israeli position, even under the Labor party, was that this narrowness was inherently a cause of insecurity and that the pre-1967 border—which was really only an armistice demarcation line set after the 1948 war, subject to future negotiation— would have to be changed. The president left ambiguous whether he endorsed actual changes in the line. He did spell out somewhat more clearly in his speech than in the "talking points" what kind of peace Jordan would have to offer, saying "the extent to which Israel should be asked to give up territory will be heavily affected by the extent of true peace and normalization and the security arrangements offered in return." Later in the speech, Reagan reiterated that the United States "will oppose any proposal—from any party and at any point in the negotiating process—that threatens the security of Israel. America's commitment to the security of Israel is ironclad and, I might add, so is mine." With regard to the final status of the territories, the Reagan initiative excluded both the Palestinian demand for an independent state and the Begin government's desire for permanent Israeli control. While stressing that the outcome must be determined by negotiations, the president told the American people that "it is the firm view of the United States that self- government by the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza in association with Jordan offers the best chance for a durable, just and lasting peace." In the talking points, Reagan indicated that "there is no foundation of political support in Israel or the United States" for the creation of an independent Palestinian state in the territories. However, the president said, "we believe that the Palestinians must take the leading role in determining their own future" and he went on to spell out the broad powers of self-government that the Palestinians would enjoy under the American interpretation of the Camp David autonomy provisions. President Reagan proceeded to call for "full autonomy" for the Pales- tinian inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza, and due consideration to UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 97 "the principle of self-government." He emphasized that the aim of the five-year transitional period called for by the Camp David agreement was "the orderly and peaceful transfer of authority from Israel to the Palestinian inhabitants" of the territories. The Palestinians' autonomy should include "real authority over themselves, the land and its resources, subject to fair safeguards on water." This was in sharp contrast to the Begin government's view that the autonomy was to be personal and not territorial. Moreover, to allay the frequently expressed fear of Jordanians and Palestinians that the United States was encouraging an Israeli policy of "creeping annexation" by doing nothing to stop rapid settlement activity, Reagan declared that "the United States will not support the use of any additional land for the purpose of settlements during the transitional period." He publicly urged Israel to adopt a "settlement freeze," saying that this "could create the confidence needed for wider participation in these talks." While in the talking points, President Reagan said that the United States backed the view that external security "must remain in Israel's hands during the transitional period," and that Washington would oppose any "provisions which represent a legitimate threat to Israel's security, reason- ably defined," in his speech the president explicitly rejected the Israeli view, propounded by Defense Minister Sharon, that all the settlements filled a security need. Reagan declared that "further settlement activity is in no way necessary for the security of Israel and only diminishes the confidence of the Arabs that a final outcome can be freely and fairly negotiated." In the talking points, the president stated that the United States would oppose "dismantlement of the existing settlements" during the transitional period, but this intended reassurance to the Begin government was undercut by the assertion that the ultimate status of the settlements "must be determined in the course of the final status negotiations," and the further reassurance to King Hussein that the United States "will not support their continuation as extraterritorial outposts." While calling on Israel to show "magnanimity, vision, and courage" to achieve peace, President Reagan also called on the Palestinian people to "recognize that their own political aspirations are inextricably bound to recognition of Israel's right to a secure future." In the talking points, Reagan reiterated that the United States would maintain its commitment to Israel not to recognize or negotiate with the PLO until it had met the conditions previously set down, i.e., recognition of Israel's right to exist and acceptance of security council resolutions 242 and 338. The president called on the Arab states to "accept the reality of Israel, and the reality that peace and justice are to be gained only through hard, fair, direct negotiation." He acknowledged Israel's security concerns, and said that during the transitional five-year autonomy period the Palestinians of the West Bank would 98 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 have to prove not only that they would run their own affairs, but also that "such Palestinian autonomy poses no threat to Israel's security." President Reagan outlined several areas, including the utilization of joint water resources, in which there would be natural interaction and, hopefully, cooperation among Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinians. In the talking points, he said that the United States would oppose "isolation of the West Bank and Gaza from Israel," implying a continuation of the existing economic ties and free movement of persons back and forth. With regard to Jerusalem, President Reagan declared that this city "must remain undivided," adding, however, the longstanding American view that "its final status must be determined through negotiations." In the talking points, Reagan also endorsed the view, advocated earlier by U.S. special envoy Sol Linowitz, that "the Palestinian inhabitants of East Jerusalem" be permitted to participate in the election of the West Bank-Gaza authority. Ambassador Linowitz had tried, unsuccessfully, to convince the Israelis that such a form of "absentee ballot" for Arab Jerusalemites did not imply that the territory of East Jerusalem was part of the West Bank. President Reagan made it clear that he was determined to stick to his position even if, as anticipated, it would provoke a critical reaction from the Israeli government or among some of the Arabs. He informed Prime Minis- ter Begin that the same proposals had been given to King Hussein, who was giving them "serious attention," and that "Hussein understands" that "Camp David is the only base that we will accept for negotiations." The proposals were also being discussed with the Saudis. Should the response be positive, the United States planned to take immediate steps to relaunch the autonomy talks with the broadest possible participation.

Reaction to the Reagan Plan The negative reaction of the Begin government to the Reagan initiative was swift and total. Within 24 hours the Israeli cabinet adopted a resolution declaring that President Reagan's proposals either went beyond the provisions of the Camp David agreement or "contradict it entirely." The cabinet offered a point by point rebuttal of the American proposals with regard to Jerusalem, security, the settlements, the definition of full autonomy, ties of the West Bank and Gaza with Jordan, possible Israeli sovereignty over the territories, and the establishment of a Palestinian state. While endorsing President Reagan's stated opposition to a Palestinian state, the cabinet pointed out that "were the American plan to be implemented there would be nothing to prevent King Hussein from inviting his newfound friend, Yasir Arafat, to come to Nablus and hand the rule over to him." The result would be a PLO state allied to and armed by the Soviet Union, and this state would over time form a joint front with the neighboring Arab states to UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 99 "launch an onslaught against Israel to destroy her." The cabinet bluntly stated that since the Reagan proposals "seriously deviate from the Camp David agreement, contradict it and could create a serious danger to Israel, to its security and its future, the government of Israel has resolved that on the basis of these positions it will not enter into any negotiations with any party." The American press headlined the Israeli response as "Begin Rejects Reagan Peace Plan," giving the impression that Israel was the intransigent party in the Middle East, and that it did not desire peace. When this was pointed out to Prime Minister Begin by a visiting American Jewish delegation in October, he said that this was an unfair impression to draw from the cabinet statement, since it also included the following: The government of Israel is ready to renew the autonomy negotiations forthwith with the Governments of the United States and Egypt. . . and with other states and elements invited at Camp David to participate in the negotiations, with a view to reaching agreement on the establishment of full autonomy for the Arab inhabitants of Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza district, in total conformity with the Camp David accords. It was suggested to Begin that had this paragraph been at the beginning of the cabinet's statement rather than at the very end, Israel's position might have received more balanced and sympathetic coverage in the American media. Opposition Labor party leader Shimon Peres welcomed the Reagan plan, saying that it contained "a great deal of very positive points," as well as some points to which he might object. He stressed, as had state department spokesman John Hughes, that the Reagan plan was not a "dictat" or imposed solution, but only a "basis for negotiations." Peres had recently urged reviving the so-called Jordanian option, under which much of the heavily populated area of the West Bank would be returned to Jordan, with Israel retaining a security belt, this in accordance with the Allon plan, propounded by the late foreign minister in the Labor alignment government. Since this was similar in major respects to the Reagan initiative, the opposition Alignment urged the Knesset to accept the positive aspects of the U.S. initiative and agree to negotiations on issues in dispute. The opposition motion was defeated; the Knesset endorsed the Begin government rejection of the Reagan plan by a vote of 50 to 36. Many people in the American Jewish community tended to favor the Labor party's approach to the Palestinian question, either because they found it ideologically more to their taste than the religio-historical, nation- alistic approach of the Likud, or because they believed it had a greater practical chance of success. In any case, since the Labor party had former chiefs of staff, defense ministers, and generals to support its position of territorial compromise with Jordan in the West Bank, there was room for 100 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 disagreement with the Begin government's categorical declaration that the Reagan plan constituted a grave danger to Israel's security. Accordingly, the response within the organized American Jewish community to the U.S. initiative tended to be temperate and balanced. American Jewish Commit- tee president Maynard I. Wishner maintained that there were a "number of positive aspects of the Reagan peace plan" which were "obscured by several procedural faults." The first fault was the absence of adequate consultation with Israel before extensive discussions had been held by the United States with the Arab nations. Second, Reagan's approach "missed the genius of Camp David, the process of taking one step at a time, . . . allowing further steps to evolve, rather than specifying outcomes in advance." The third tactical error was that the United States "stepped into a double role, that of protagonist for certain positions as well as of media- tor." Wishner noted, however, that President Reagan had not made acceptance of all his points a precondition for the resumption of negotiations, and that Israel had also indicated a readiness to enter negotiations forthwith. The American Jewish Committee president therefore called on "Jordan and moderate Palestinians" to enter into negotiations with Israel, noting that the history of the Sadat peace initiative showed that "anything is possible once negotiations get under way." In a speech in Washington on September 12, Wishner went somewhat further in giving qualified endorsement to the Reagan initiative. Despite some objectionable features, he said, President Reagan's effort "deserves thoughtful and thorough consideration," and represents "a reasonable approach to be dealt with on its merits." Turning to the question of Reagan's call for a settlement freeze, Wishner noted that the American Jewish Committee had urged a moratorium on new settlement construction after Egypt had agreed to negotiate with Israel, and that Prime Minister Begin had indeed agreed on a three-month freeze at Camp David. Wishner said that if King Hussein joined the peace process, "I would again be willing to call upon Israel for such pause and restraint." In subsequent debates within the American Jewish Committee, Wishner's position was endorsed, while the more radical position of calling on Israel for an unconditional settlement freeze unlinked to Hussein's entry into negotiations was defeated. After a meeting with Secretary of State Schultz on September 2, Julius Berman, chairman of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, said that while the Reagan plan contained "a lot of solid points," his group had told the secretary that they found it "on balance, in terms of moving forward, not constructive." Berman expressed concern that the Reagan administration would hurt peace prospects by deviating from its role as an honest broker enjoying the confidence of all UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 101 parties. Presenting a specific American plan "does violence to the spirit of Camp David." For peace negotiations to succeed, he explained, it was critical that the United States "not pre-ordain the ultimate results." In a formal letter to President Reagan, Berman reiterated the view that it was not Israeli settlements, but Jordan's refusal to negotiate with Israel, that was the fundamental obstacle to peace. The New York Times, on September 7, gave front-page coverage to the comment by Thomas Dine, executive director of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) that there was "a lot of value" in President Reagan's Middle East peace plan. Since AIPAC was the official pro-Israel lobby in Washington, Times reporter Bernard Gwertzman considered Dine's comment to be in the category of a man bites dog story. Another of Israel's major supporters in Washington, Senator Rudy Boschwitz (R., Minn.), chairman of the foreign relations subcommittee on the Middle East, said that the speech "had positive value" and he praised the president for taking "considerable political risk" in the effort to get King Hussein to act. In the Arab world, the Reagan initiative received a mixed reaction. It was welcomed by President Mubarak of Egypt and Mayor Elias Freij of Bethle- hem. King Hussein reiterated in public his private pledge to give it "serious study." The Reagan plan was rejected out of hand by Damascus radio, which denounced it as "a new maneuver in an established American policy that supports Israel's aggression, expansionist plans, and racist goals." Libya and South Yemen also denounced the American initiative. While some PLO leaders said they saw some "good points" in President Reagan's initiative, they invariably criticized his failure to support an independent Palestinian state and provide an explicit role for the PLO. The final declaration issued by the Arab League summit conference in Fez, on September 9, made no reference to the Reagan plan. Instead, it noted that it had taken into account two Arab plans in its deliberations. The first was that of Tunisian president Habib Bourguiba, who had long coun- selled the Palestinians to base their claim to an independent state on the UN general assembly's Palestine partition plan of 1947, which the Zionist leadership of what was to become Israel had accepted, but which the Arabs had rejected at the time. The second plan explicitly mentioned in the Arab League declaration was that of Saudi king Fahd. The eight principles adopted by the Arab summit were a somewhat tougher version of the original Fahd plan. The Fez summit called for Israeli withdrawal from "all Arab territories occupied in 1967 including Arab al Qods (Jerusalem)," the dismantling of Israeli settlements in Arab territories, and the "establishment of an independent Palestinian state with al Qods as its capital." Jewish access to the Western Wall was implied in a call for "freedom of worship and practice of religious rites for all religions in the holy shrines." Those 102 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 who had hoped that Jordan would be given a mandate to negotiate were disappointed by the Fez declaration's reaffirmation of "the Palestinian people's right to self-determination . . . under the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization, its sole and legitimate representative." Indemnifi- cation was to be paid to all Palestinians "who do not desire to return." Some western observers claimed to see implicit recognition of Israel in the Fez declaration's statement that "the (UN) security council guarantees peace among all states of the region including the independent Palestinian state," as well as in the observation that "the security council guarantees the respect of these principles." This was not likely to reassure Israel in view of the security council's patent failure to guarantee peace between Iraq and Iran, or to bring about an end to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. (Reference to the UN security council was reportedly inserted at Syrian and PLO insistence in order to provide a renewed role for the Soviet Union, which possessed veto power in the council.) Moreover, in view of Arab denial of Israel's legitimacy, the omission of any explicit mention of Israel in the context of the phrase "all states of the region including the independent Palestinian state," as well as the failure to limit the borders of the proposed Palestinian state, left open the ominous interpretation that it was designed eventually to replace the State of Israel entirely. The immediate objective, stated in the Fez declaration, was the placing of the West Bank and Gaza Strip "under the control of the United Nations for a transitory period not exceeding a few months." Pessimists noted that by simply restating Arab demands and once again refusing to assume any explicit Arab responsibility to bring about peace, the Fez declaration constituted a rejection of President Reagan's clear call to "accept the reality of Israel, and the reality that peace and justice are to be gained only through hard, fair, direct negotiation." Optimists saw as a good sign the absence of explicit condemnation of the Reagan plan, and regarded the Fez declaration as an Arab consensus position, which might serve as an opening bargaining position. This more optimistic view was bolstered by the Fez summit decision to send delegations to Washington, London, Paris, Moscow, and Peking—the capitals of the five permanent members of the UN security council—to explain the Arab League position. Meanwhile, King Hussein and PLO chief Arafat intensified their discussions in an attempt to overcome mutual suspicion and achieve an agreed formula for Palestinian-Jordanian cooperation. In other actions, the Fez summit rejected a Sudanese proposal that Egypt be formally readmitted to the Arab League. However, it did agree that individual Arab states should be free to resume bilateral relations with Egypt. The Arab summit waffled on the request of Lebanon that the Arab League terminate the mission of the Arab deterrent force in Lebanon and UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL / 103 thus call for the removal of the Syrian army. The Fez declaration merely noted that "the Lebanese and Syrian governments will start negotiations on measures to be taken in the light of the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon."

Conclusion As the year ended, American influence and prestige in the Middle East far outshadowed that of the Soviet Union. This was true even though the hasty withdrawal of American marines from Beirut in early September, and the consequent inability of the United States to prevent the massacre in the Palestinian camps, somewhat weakened American credibility as a protector of the Palestinians. The return of the marines later in the month, and active American efforts to bring about Lebanese-Israeli negotiations for the withdrawal of Israeli forces in the context of the termination of the state of war between the two countries, once again underscored the crucial position of the United States in relation to Israel and the other states of the region. Much of the acrimony in Israeli-American relations that had developed in the course of the Lebanon war abated by the end of 1982. The underlying sense of shared democratic values between Jerusalem and Washington and their common concern to resist Soviet expansion and radical penetration of the Middle East once again came to the fore. The Reagan plan remained a matter of dispute between the United States and Israel, but this was more a potential than an actual issue as long as Jordan and the Palestinian leadership were unprepared to commit themselves in support of President Reagan's plan. At year's end, King Hussein was still sitting on the fence. Fears of serious and permanent erosion of support for Israel on Capitol Hill, frequently mooted during the height of the Lebanon war, failed to materialize. On the contrary, as measured in terms of United States economic and military aid to Israel, the situation actually improved. On De- cember 14, Congress approved a total of $2,485 billion in aid for Israel for fiscal 1983. Not only was the total $300 million greater than the year before, but Congress sweetened the terms. The administration had proposed that only $1,025 billion be in the form of a grant and the remainder a loan, but Congress stipulated that $1,535 billion, or more than 60 percent of the total, be in the form of a grant. Public opinion surveys also indicated that among the American public at large, Israel had regained much of the traditional sympathy it enjoyed before the outbreak of the war in Lebanon.

U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War

by GERALDINE ROSENFIELD

OETWEEN JUNE 6 and the end of September 1982 a number of polls measured American reactions to the Israeli incursion into Lebanon and the subsequent Beirut massacre. This article examines ten such polls and compares them with earlier ones. The polls are as follows: Gallup, June 11-14; NBC, June 14-16; Harris, June 18-22; CBS, June 26-27; Los Angeles Times, July 4-8; Gallup, Au- gust 4-5 (Newsweek, August 16); NBC, August 9-10; ABC/Washington Post, August 17; Gallup, September 22-23 (Newsweek, October 4); ABC/ Washington Post. September 24-26.*

Findings Reading the poll responses chronologically, it is clear that there was some decrease in support for Israel as well as in seeing Israel as an ally. The popularity of Prime Minister Menachem Begin dropped with increasing media coverage of the events in Lebanon. Simultaneously, there was a rise in pro-Arab sentiment, though Israel was still preferred to the Arab nations. Only Egypt was looked upon as favorably as Israel. Two of the ten polls asked about American Jews, and for the first time in several years the issue of the loyalty of Jews to the United States surfaced as a significant factor. What is more, many Americans, who in previous years had been almost unaware of the existence of antisemitism, stated that they expected it to increase because of events in Lebanon. Between 20 and 25 per cent of the respondents consistently fell into the "don't know" category. In fact, on September 24, an ABC poll found as many as 44 per cent of Americans saying that they were not following Middle East events closely. (It has been repeatedly shown that many Ameri- cans are not interested in foreign affairs.)

Support/Sympathy The standard question is: "In the Middle East, are your sympathies more with Israel or more with the Arab nations?" Table 1 shows how feelings

*See Appendix for tables.

105 106 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 about Israel have fluctuated over the years, depending on events, but always remaining between 40 and 50 per cent approving. Sympathy for the Arabs has grown steadily during the same period, with a jump from 18 to 27 per cent occurring after the Beirut massacre (while support for Israel remained close to 50 per cent). A likely assumption is that sympathy for the Arabs in August and September 1982 came from the ranks of those who in previous polls had said "neither." Note the drop in this category from 29 per cent in June 1982 to 12 per cent in September 1982 (Table 1). On the whole, the public supported Israel over the Arabs by a margin of nearly two to one in June 1982 (Table 2). This was essentially the same as in June 1980, when CBS reported a ratio of 43 to 23 per cent. After the Beirut massacre, a question about sympathy for Israel's position now as compared with the previous year (Table 3) indicated a sharp drop in support for the Jewish state: 51 per cent of the respondents were less sympathetic.

Perceptions of Israel How is Israel's government regarded by Americans? Do Americans think of Israel as an ally? In July respondents were fairly evenly divided about Israel (Table 4): 46 per cent had a favorable impression of the Israeli government, whereas 48 per cent did not. A similar division manifested itself with regard to Saudi Arabia (45 to 45 per cent), while Egypt was seen in a far more positive light (59 to 27 per cent). A question posed by Harris asked respondents to label various countries in the Middle East as either allies, friends, non-friends, or enemies (Table 5). Over a third saw Israel as an ally, and more than two-fifths as a friend. Egypt and Saudi Arabia were seen as friendly by more Americans, but were less often labeled as allies. On three occasions an ABC question asked whether certain countries were reliable allies (Table 6). In October 1981, 64 per cent of the respondents had seen Israel as a reliable ally. By September 1982, however, only 40 per cent held this view. Still, with Egypt at 41 per cent, Israel and Egypt were the Middle East countries that Americans regarded most highly. After the first news accounts of the Beirut massacre, most Americans judged Israel to be either partially or entirely responsible (Table 7).

Lebanon The public seems not to have known its own mind on the subject of Israel's action in Lebanon. A week after Israel made its move into Lebanon, Gallup asked about Israeli military operations to stop Palestinian artillery attacks (Table 8). PUBLIC OPINION POLLS / 107 More people said they approved (40 per cent) than disapproved (35 per cent). Several days later, however—presumably following intensive TV coverage—there was a sharp reversal in response to a similar NBC question (Table 9): 51 per cent disapproved and 25 per cent approved. A week later the respondents were almost evenly divided; asked by CBS whether Israel was right or wrong to go into Lebanon to stop the PLO, 34 per cent said right and 38 per cent replied wrong (Table 10). Contradictory attitudes abounded. After the initial approval and subsequent disapproval, Americans seem to have wanted Israel to defeat its enemy, but without being aggressive (Tables 11 and 12), and to remain in Lebanon until a buffer zone was established, yet without having attacked in the first place (Tables 13 and 14). Despite growing disapproval by Au- gust, more respondents felt that Israel's action was justified than not (Tables 15 and 16). The findings of the ABC poll conducted on September 24-26 (Tables 17 and 18) were particularly contradictory: by more than four to one, Americans felt that removing the PLO from Lebanon would change things for the better; yet, 46 per cent of the same respondents felt that the Lebanese invasion was unjustified. (Compare the wording in Tables 16 and 18 for a possible explanation of the difference in response. In Table 16, Israel is "sending troops into Lebanon," in 18, Israel is "invading Lebanon.")

American Aid for Israel On the whole, Americans approved of United States policy toward Israel. In July three-fifths said they wanted United States policy to remain as it was (Table 22). In August a plurality of 43 per cent stated that the United States gave Israel the right amount of military aid (Table 24). When asked specifically about reducing military aid to Israel, the respondents were equally divided, with 44 per cent saying yes and 46 per cent saying no (Table 19). On two occasions, military aid reduction was mentioned as one of a number of possible American responses to events in Lebanon. Within that framework, in June (Table 20), 24 per cent of Americans favored a reduction in military aid; in August (Table 23), 27 per cent said that the United States should suspend military aid for the time being, while 16 per cent wanted it cut off permanently. The most decisive response came to a question about selling F16 fighter planes to Israel: 55 per cent disapproved (Table 21).

Menachem Begin Prior to the Beirut massacre, Prime Minister Begin enjoyed the good opinion of the American people. The 1978 Camp David agreement had brought his favorable rating to 59 per cent (Table 26), and in July 1982 three-fifths of the respondents still had a favorable impression of him (Table 108 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

27). Three ABC polls showed a lower favorable rating, and a steady decline from March to September 1982 (Table 28). To a question in the September 22-23 Gallup poll (Table 29) whether Prime Minister Begin's policies were hurting support for Israel, fully 70 per cent of the national sample (and 78 per cent of an oversample of Jews) said yes. But the answers to this question, not to speak of the question itself, may have reflected the emotions of the moment.

American Jews Two polls taken at the end of September posed questions about American Jews. In addition, Gallup interviewed an oversample of American Jews for their opinions. The response to the question about antisemitism, which asked whether people thought it would increase because of Mideast developments (Table 30), was striking. Heretofore most Americans had not thought of rising antisemitism as a real likelihood. In February 1981 Yan- kelovich, Skelly & White had asked whether people thought an increase in antisemitism was possible. Only a fifth of the sample thought so, and of that fifth only a tenth said problems in the Middle East could be a cause. Events in Lebanon obviously accounted for the SI per cent who told Gallup in September 1982 that increased antisemitism was a possibility (Table 30). More than three-quarters of the Jews feared a rise in antisemitism. Another disquieting element was the response to an ABC question about American Jewish support for Israel (Table 31). Forty-one per cent of the national sample agreed that Jews would support Israel even if this worked against the best interests of the United States. In the past (Gallup, March 1982 and other polls), only 30 per cent had expressed the view that Jews were more loyal to Israel than to the United States. Of course, most Jews did not see themselves as favoring Israel to the detriment of the best interests of the United States. When Gallup asked Jews what they saw as the most appropriate role for American Jews in regard to Israel (Table 32), slightly less than a quarter urged unconditional support, more than a third recommended taking an active role to affect Israel's policies, and slightly under a third wanted to "remain neutral." Despite the shock of the Beirut massacre (Table 7), American Jews did not withdraw their staunch support for Israel. When Gallup asked (Septem- ber 22-23) whether United States aid to Israel should be suspended to force an Israeli pullout from Lebanon, 75 per cent of American Jews said no, compared with 38 per cent of the national sample (Table 25). PUBLIC OPINION POLLS / 109 APPENDIX TABLE 1. In the Middle East situation are your sympathies more with Israel or more with the Arab nations? ABC L.A. Times Gallup 9/82 8/82 7/82 6/82 5/82 '81 '79 '75 '67 Per Cent Israel 48 52 48 52 51 44 40 44 56 Arab Nations 27 18 17 10 12 11 14 8 4 Neither 12 16 22 29 26 34 31 22 25 No Opinion 13 14 13 9 11 11 15 26 15

TABLE 2. What should the United States do: Dav more attention to the Arabs or give strongest support to Israel? (CBS, June 26-27) Per Cent Israel 41 Arabs 21 Both/Neither 12 No Answer 26

TABLE 3. Compared with a year ago, would you say you are more sympathetic or less sympathetic to the Israeli position? (Gallup, September 22-23)

National Sample American Jews Per Cent More 24 33 Less 51 36 Same 10 28 Don't Know 15 3

TABLE 4. What is your impression of the government of the following as of today? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Favorable Unfavorable Not Sure Per Cent Israel 46 48 6 Egypt 59 27 14 Saudi Arabia 45 45 10 Lebanon 16 66 18 PLO 9 83 8 110 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

TABLE 5. Is this country a close ally of the United States, friendly, not friendly, enemy, not sure? (Harris, June 18-22) Ally Friendly Not Friendly Enemy Not Sure Per Cent Israel 35 44 11 2 8 Egypt 23 58 9 1 9 Saudi Arabia 12 46 25 6 11 Jordan 6 42 26 2 24

TABLE 6. Tell me whether you think this country is a reliable ally of the United States—one that can be trusted to cooperate with the U.S. (ABC/ Washington Post, September 24-26) Reliable Not Reliable No Opinion 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 9/26 8/17 10/18 9/26 8/17 10/18 9/26 8/17 10/18 Per Cenit Canada 88 89 92 7 6 4 5 5 5 France 58 53 59 30 36 27 12 12 14 Egypt 41 39 59 40 41 24 19 19 17 Israel 40 44 64 45 42 24 15 15 13 Saudi Arabia 28 28 33 56 57 45 16 15 21 Jordan 21 26 n.a. 48 44 n.a. 31 30 n.a. Syria 10 9 n.a. 62 64 n.a. 27 27 n.a. Libya 10 11 8 69 66 71 21 23 20

TABLE 7. Which of the following comes closest to your view? Israel cannot be held responsible for the massacre because it was carried out by: (Gallup, September 22-23)

National Sample American Jews Per Cent Lebanese Christians 8 28 Israel must bear partial responsibility 49 54 Israel is very much responsible 32 11 Don't Know 11 7 PUBLIC OPINION POLLS / 111 TABLE 8. Israel recently began military operations in southern Lebanon to stop Palestinian artillery attacks on settlements in Israel. Do you approve or disapprove of this action? (Gallup, June 11-14) Per Cent Approve 40 Disapprove 35 No Opinion 25

TABLE 9. Have you heard about recent fighting between Arab and Israeli forces in southern Lebanon? Do you approve or disapprove of the Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon? (NBC, August 9-10) 8/82* 6/82 Per Cent Haven't Heard or Read 8 24 Approve 25 24 Disapprove 51 41 Not Sure 16 11

*In August the order of the words Arab and Israeli was reversed and southern was omitted before Lebanon.

TABLE 10. Some people say Israel is right to fight in Lebanon in order to stop the PLO. Others say Israel is wrong to go into Lebanese territory. Do you think that Israel is right or wrong to fight in Lebanon? (CBS, June 26-27) Per Cent Right 34 Wrong 38 Other 4 No Opinion 24

TABLE 11. Do you think Israel's military action in Lebanon was defensive or aggressive—or haven't you heard enough yet to say? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Unaware 20 Defensive 27 Aggressive 42 Not Sure/No Answer 11 112 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

TABLE 12. Should the Israeli army have finished the job of pushing the PLO out of Lebanon? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Unaware 20 Should 46 Should Not 24 Not Sure/No Answer 10

TABLE 13. Should the Israeli army stay until a buffer zone is established between southern Lebanon and northern Israel? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Unaware 20 Should 51 Should Not 18 Not Sure/No Answer 11

TABLE 14. Should Israel have attacked Lebanon to begin with? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Unaware 13 Should 24 Should Not 50 Not Sure/No Answer 13

TABLE 15. The Israelis sent their military forces into Lebanon. Do you approve or disapprove of this action? (Gallup, August 4—5) Per Cent Approve 30 Disapprove 60 Don't Know 10

TABLE 16. The Israelis have given the following reasons for sending troops into Lebanon: to stop the rocket attacks on Israeli settlements and to remove PLO military forces from Lebanon. Do you think the Israelis were justified in sending troops into Lebanon for these reasons or not? (Gallup, August 4-5) Per Cent Justified 47 Not Justified 41 Don't Know 12 PUBLIC OPINION POLLS / 113

TABLE 17. Do you think the Israeli invasion to remove the PLO from Lebanon will change things for the better or worse in the Middle East? (ABC/ Washington Post, September 24-26) 9/24-26 8/17 Per Cent Change for the Better 46 42 Change for the Worse 10 22 Won't Change Things at All 7 9 No Opinion 17 26

TABLE 18. Some people say Israel was justified in invading Lebanon. Others say Israel was not justified. What do you think? (ABC/Washington Post, September 24-26) 9/24-26 8/17 Per Cent Justified 37 37 Not Justified 46 41 Don't Know/No Opinion 17 21

TABLE 19. Should the United States reduce nlilitarv aid to 1Israel 14-16) Per Cent Yes 44 No 46 Not Sure 10

TABLE 20. What should the United States do? (CBS, June 26-27) Per Cent Publicly Support Israel 20 Say or Do Nothing 32 Publicly Criticize Israel 7 Reduce Military Aid to Israel 24 No Opinion 17

TABLE 21. Should Congress approve the sale of F-16 fighter planes to Israel? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Approve 35 Not Approve 55 Not Sure/No Answer 10 114 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

TABLE 22. Do you think United States foreign policy should be more pro-Israel or more pro-Arab, or should it stay the way it is? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) PerCent More Pro-Israel 10 Same 60 More Pro-Arab 16 No Answer 13

TABLE 23. In the past few days Israel has sent its military forces into West Beirut to try to expel the PLO military forces. What should the United States government do? (Gallup, August 4-5) Per Cent Support Israel's Actions 16 Criticize Israel & Pressure Diplomatically 16 Suspend Military Aid for Time Being 27 Permanently Cut Off Military Aid 16 Do Nothing 15 Don't Know 10

TABLE 24. How do you feel about United States military aid to Israel? (NBC, August 9-10) 8/82 1/82 8/81 Per Cent We Give Too Much Aid 36 30 37 Right Amount of Aid 43 49 42 Not Enough Aid 6 7 7 Not Sure 15 14 14

TABLE 25. Do vou think United States aid to Israel should be sust reduced in order to force a pullout of Israel's forces from Lebanon? (Gallup, September 22-23) National Sample American Jews Per Cent Should Be Suspended 50 18 Should Not Be Suspended 38 75 Don't Know 12 7 PUBLIC OPINION POLLS / 115

TABLE 26. On a scale of plus-5 (most favorable) to minus-5 (most unfavorable) how far up or down the scale would you rate Menachem Begin? (Gallup, June 11-14) 6/82 1981 1978 1978 (After Camp David) (Before Camp David) Per Cent Total Favorable 52 54 59 39 Highly Favorable 9 10 11 8 TABLE 27. What is your impression of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, as of today? (L.A. Times, July 4-8) Per Cent Favorable 60 Unfavorable 35 Not Sure 5 TABLE 28. Would you say your feelings about Prime Minister Menachem Begin are: (ABC/Washington Post, August 17) 9/26/82 8/17/82 3/8/82 Per Cent Favorable 26 32 39 Unfavorable 47 32 22 No Opinion 27 36 38 TABLE 29. Do you think Israeli Prime Minister Begin's policies are hurting support for Israel in the United States? (Gallup, September 22-23) National Sample American Jews 9/22/82 9/22/82 9/81 Per Cent Yes 70 78 53 No 12 12 34 Don't Know 18 10 13 TABLE 30. Do you think antisemitism in the United States is likely to increase because of recent developments in the Mideast? (Gallup, September 22-23) National Sample American Jews Fer Cent Yes 51 77 No 35 20 Don't Know 14 3 116 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

TABLE 31. American Jews will support anything the country of Israel does even if it is against the best interest of the United States. Do you agree or disagree? (ABC, September 24-26) Per Cent Agree 41 Disagree S3 No Answer 6

TABLE 32. What do you believe is the most appropriate role for American Jews concerning Israel? (Gallup, September 22-23) American Jews 9/82 9/81 Per Cent Take an active role in trying to affect Israel's policies 36 31 Support Israel's government regardless of the Israeli government actions 24 30 Try to remain neutral 30 27 Don't Know 10 12 Review of the Year

UNITED STATES OTHER COUNTRIES

Civic and Political

Intergroup Relations

. CENTRAL CONCERN of American Jews in 1982 was the impact of the Arab-Israeli conflict on intergroup relations in the United States. Israel's incursion into Lebanon aroused criticism in the important sectors of American society, especially the media, which, for a good many years, had been largely supportive of the Jewish state. Whether justified or not, many Jews came to feel that this criticism constituted a veiled attack on American Jewry.

American Jews and the Middle East An issue that emerged at the beginning of 1982, in the wake of the defeat sustained by Jews the year before over the sale of AW ACS radar planes to Saudi Arabia, was the proposed sale to Jordan of sophisticated American weapons. A measure sponsored by senators John Heinz (R., Pa.) and Edward Kennedy (D., Mass.), which attracted 46 co-sponsors, opposed the sale, and instead looked toward bringing "Jordan into the Mideast peace negotiations." In May, just prior to Israel's move into Lebanon, a public opinion poll conducted for the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith by Garth Furst International/Penn and Schoen Associated found that 66 per cent of Americans opposed the arms sale, 21 per cent favored it, and 13 per cent were undecided. In late June, following Israel's invasion of Lebanon, a CBS News poll found the public evenly divided as to whether the incursion was justified. However, only a quarter of the respondents felt that the United States should reduce military aid to Israel. The poll also indicated that twice as many Americans believed that the United States should give its "strongest support to Israel" as maintained that it should "pay more attention to the demands of the Arabs." In late September, following the Christian Phalangist massacre of hundreds of Palestinians in refugee camps in Beirut controlled by the Israelis, a Washington Post- ABC poll, as well as a Gallup poll for Newsweek, took note of a sharp rise in negative views of Israel. Fifty-one per cent of the respondents said that they were less sympathetic to Israel than they had been a year before. Israel was seen as either partially or very much responsible for the massacre by 81 per cent of the public;

119 120 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 50 per cent of Americans favored suspending aid to the Jewish state. The spillover of these feelings in relationship to American Jews was indicated by the fact that 41 per cent of the respondents agreed with the question: "Most Jewish people in America will support anything the country of Israel does even if it is against the best interests of the United States." Moreover, 51 per cent of the national sample and 77 per cent of American Jews believed that antisemitism was likely to increase as a result of the events in Lebanon. At a June 22 meeting with 36 senators, Prime Minister Menachem Begin, who was visiting the United States, was subjected to hostile questioning. On July 21 the New York Times reported that "Israel's support in Congress has been significantly eroded"; Senator Paul Tsongas (D., Mass.) was quoted as saying that the "love affair with Israel ... is gone." However, these shifts in attitude seemed to have little practical impact. Thus, in mid-July, only nine of the 435 members of the House of Representatives signed a resolution calling for Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, while 38 senators identified with a statement defending the incursion. At year's end, despite the furor over Lebanon, Congress added $510 million to the amount of military and economic aid to Israel that President Reagan had proposed. Congress also declared that any attempt to exclude Israel from the United Nations or its agencies would be met with a withdrawal of American financial support. Other Middle East related matters were also in the news. In February the Ameri- can Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, and Jewish Community Rela- tions Council of New York denounced the reported decision of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art to refuse to sponsor an Israeli archeological exhibit because it included artifacts originating in the disputed West Bank. Also in New York, attorneys for the American Jewish Congress and Anti-Defamation League sought to block a $30,000 bequest to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), on the ground that the PLO was a terrorist group. Late in the year, the American Jewish Congress announced a campaign to compel major United States corporations to reveal the extent of their efforts to influence U.S. foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East. The specific focus of attention was lobbying efforts during the 1981 debate over the sale of AW ACS radar planes to Saudi Arabia. In June former undersecretary of state George Ball, interviewed on ABC's "Nightline," charged that the "Jewish lobby" controlled American government policy in the Middle East in a manner that was contrary to American interests. Ball's charge precipitated an exchange of letters in the Washington Post between himself and Morris B. Abram, a former president of the American Jewish Commit- tee. Abram asserted that Ball was accepting and spreading "age-old calumnies about Jews." Denying any antisemitic intent, Ball refused to retract his statement, asserting that the "effect [of Jewish community action] is to circumscribe the freedom of action of our government. . . ." In June Interior Secretary James Watt stated in a letter to Israeli ambassador Moshe Arens that United States support for Israel would be jeopardized if "liberals of the Jewish community join with other liberals of this nation" in opposing the Reagan administration's accelerated energy development policies. The White House INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 121 quickly disavowed the statement, but it caused sharp anger in the Jewish community. In October Representative Paul McCloskey, Jr. (R., Calif.) was quoted as saying that Jews in the media slanted news about the Palestinians and stereotyped Arabs.

American Arab Attacks on Israel The Israeli invasion of Lebanon brought an immediate response from Arab organizations in the United States, such as the National Association of Arab Ameri- cans. These groups, which had first emerged on the scene after the 1973 Yom Kippur War, were becoming an increasingly active and militant force on Middle East issues. The heightened activity of Arab propagandists could be seen in a well-financed campaign that placed a large number of pro-Arab advertisements in newspapers throughout the country; in personal appearances by wives of Arab diplomats; and in lectures by pro-PLO advocates, particularly on college campuses.

Jews and the Media A pronounced feeling emerged in the Jewish community and elsewhere of anti- Israel bias in news coverage and editorial comment relating to the Lebanon war. Writing in the New Republic on August 2, Martin Peretz, who had visited Lebanon during the fighting, asserted that "much of what you have read in the newspapers and news magazines about the war in Lebanon—and even more of what you have seen and heard on television—is simply not true." In September the Anti-Defama- tion League released a study prepared by public opinion analyst David Garth, which dealt with the nightly newscasts of the three major television networks from June through August. Garth, like Peretz, alleged that there were distortions and biases in reporting about the number of civilian casualties inflicted by the Israelis. CBS and ABC rejected the Anti-Defamation League charge that their coverage had turned public opinion in the United States against Israel. They did concede, however, that for various technical reasons the reporting of casualty figures had been exaggerated. The Garth findings were echoed in a survey commissioned by the Heritage Founda- tion, a Washington-based, conservative, research organization. The Heritage Foun- dation noted that news coverage "tended to exaggerate the destruction wrought by the Israelis, while dwelling most briefly on that done by the PLO." The report singled out NBC and the Washington Post for their "inaccuracies and imbalance." The most serious charge, however, was made by Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentary, in an article, "J*Accuse," which appeared in the magazine in Septem- ber. He argued: "I charge here that the antisemitic attacks on Israel... are a cover for a loss of American nerve ... for acquiescence in terrorism . . . and for the appeasement of totalitarianism." The most thorough response to assertions of media bias was contained in an article by Roger Morris which appeared in the November-December issue of Co- lumbia Journalism Review. He concluded: "In June, American journalism came to 122 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 a bloody new war in the Middle East, reported what it saw for the most part fairly and accurately and sometimes brilliantly, provided balanced comment, and provoked and absorbed controversy."

Catholic-Jewish Relations In the fall Pope John Paul II granted a Vatican audience to Yasir Arafat, head of the PLO. A number of Jewish groups, including the Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Committee, and Union of American Hebrew Congregations, asserted that the Pope's meeting with Arafat would harm Catholic-Jewish relations. In a letter to Julius Berman, president of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, Johannes Cardinal Willebrands, secretary of the Vatican's commission for religious relations with the Jews, explained that the Pope was prepared to "receive all men and women ... to further the aims of peace. . . . [The meeting was] in no way a sign of approval of all the ideas and actions attributed to [Arafat]."

Antisemitism In The Real Anti-Semitism, by Ruth Ann and Nathan Perlmutter, the latter the head of the Anti-Defamation League, it was noted that groups traditionally seen by Jews as allies and supporters, such as the liberal Protestant denominations, no longer shared common interests and goals with the Jewish community. On the other hand, fundamentalist Protestants and political conservatives, whom Jews had often opposed in the past, tended to side with the Jewish community on current issues. In a symposium conducted in the January-February issue of Moment magazine, the executive heads of the Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, and National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council agreed that popular antisemitism, as reflected in such indices as a willingness to live next door to Jews or to vote for Jewish candidates, had abated. There was serious concern, however, about what Bertram Gold, executive vice president of the American Jewish Committee, called "situational antisemitism." This referred to a belief that Jews, as a group, stood opposed to the efforts of American corporations to do business with the Arab countries, or, more generally, that Jews supported Israel to the detriment of American interests and security. In seeming confirmation of the abatement of traditional forms of antisemitism, the Anti-Defamation League reported at the end of the year that there had been a noticeable decline in antisemitic vandalism in the United States. The annual survey reported 829 incidents in 35 states and the District of Columbia in 1982 as against 974 in 31 states and the District of Columbia in 1981. It was also thought significant that not a single incident resulted from the activities of organized hate groups. (A contrary view was taken by the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, which, on the basis of a poll conducted among rabbis between fall 1981 and summer 1982, argued that antisemitic vandalism had actually increased.) INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 123 In March President Ronald Reagan made use of a speech before the National Conference of Christians and Jews to correct the impression he had left at the height of the AW ACS fight the year before, that Jews manifested an improper dual loyalty toward Israel. "No group should be bullied into silence by racial or ethnic slurs, or fear of them," he stated. One area that continued to concern some Jewish organizations, as well as other groups, was private club discrimination. In January the American Bar Association voted to support legislation banning discrimination by private business clubs on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin—an action hailed by the American Jewish Committee. In the summer, however, the legal group rescinded its action.

Extremism Isolated episodes of violence and harassment associated with the Ku Klux Klan or Nazi-like groups occurred in various parts of the country. A Jewish student at the University of Maryland was wounded by a BB gun wielded by a student pretending to be a Nazi. In Manchester, Massachusetts, a group of eighth grade boys formed a club to harass Jews and blacks. Anti-Klan demonstrations in Boston and Washington erupted into violence. In Chattanooga a jury awarded $535,000 to five black women wounded by shotgun blasts fired by three former Klansmen in 1980.

Nazi War Criminals Late in the year the justice department reported entering into an agreement with Hans Lipschis of Chicago, a former Auschwitz guard, that would result in his being deported by April 1983. In the case of Rumanian Orthodox archbishop Valerian Trifa, who had been ordered deported from the United States for Nazi crimes, Switzerland refused to accept him and approaches to other governments were begun. In May John Loftus, a former justice department prosecutor, charged on "60 Minutes," a CBS news program, that hundreds of Nazi collaborators had been brought to the United States illegally after World War II to form an anti-Soviet spy army. Both the justice department and the government accounting office launched investigations of the matter.

Economic Downturn The United States experienced a serious economic decline in 1982, and cutbacks in government funding for social welfare programs were seen in some quarters as exascerbating the suffering of the poor. Meeting in New York, the Central Confer- ence of American Rabbis (Reform) decried the Reagan administration's budget cuts, arguing that they increased "the gap between rich and poor" and caused "overall social unrest." In a speech to the board of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in December, Alexander Schindler, head of the Reform group, urged 124 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Jews to seek closer ties to the poor. Schindler argued that the Reagan administration labored "to multiply missiles rather than to mitigate human misery." In a similar vein, Rabbi Henry Siegman, executive director of the American Jewish Congress, charged that the central organizing principle of the Reagan administration was "greed" rather than "economic necessity." For the most part, however, Jewish groups were not in the lead in challenging what some had come to call "Reaganom- ics."

Civ// Rights Civil rights activities by Jewish groups did not figure prominently in the news in 1982. However, Jewish groups did play a role in seeking an extension of the 1965 voting rights act. One matter that drew considerable attention was the decision of President Reagan to reverse the previous denial of tax exempt status to private schools that practiced racial discrimination. At its plenary meeting early in the year, the National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council, representing more than 100 Jewish groups, was sharply critical of the move. When President Reagan reversed himself and the issue moved to the supreme court, the American Jewish Committee joined with the American Civil Liberties Union, the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, in a friend of the court brief arguing that the case was not moot. On the other hand, the National Jewish Commission on Law and Public Affairs (COLPA), an Orthodox legal aid group, welcomed the action of the president in raising the issue, because it had important implications for Hebrew Day schools which did not have minority students.

Quotas The quota issue continued to worry Jewish organizations, although it came in for less intense discussion in 1982 than it had in the previous few years. Early in the year the Harvard Law Review approved a plan that would take a student's race, but not sex, into account in filling some editorial positions. The plan reversed a policy considered the year before that would have reserved up to eight positions for women or minority group members who did not otherwise gain posts on the law review. An episode that attracted some attention involved black students at the Harvard Law School who voted to boycott a course on racial and legal issues that was scheduled to be taught by both a black lawyer and Jack Greenberg, executive director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. It was argued that Greenberg, because he was white, could not sufficiently empathize with the "third world community." In June the supreme court was asked to review a lower court ruling in Boston which held that the current proportion of black teachers had to be maintained even INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 125 as teacher lay-offs were implemented. This resulted in a disproportionate number of white teachers losing their jobs, even though many of them had longer periods of service than the blacks. Late in the year the supreme court also took under consideration appeals by the police and firefighters unions in Boston, as well as the Massachusetts Civil Service Commission—joined in by the Reagan administration —arguing that municipal lay-offs should not necessarily be structured so as to preserve racial balance at the expense of seniority.

Church-State Relations In January the supreme court refused to overturn a lower court ruling in a case involving a Lubbock, Texas school district. The lower court had maintained that voluntary gatherings of students in public schools for religious purposes were uncon- stitutional. Pressure continued to mount during the year for some form of prayer in the public schools. Two bills were introduced in the Senate that would have removed the jurisdiction of the supreme court and lower federal courts in cases involving government sponsored and supervised school prayer. The American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Committee, and Anti-Defamation League joined with a group of mainline Protestant denominations and civil liberties groups in opposing these measures. In May, at a ceremony marking a "national day of prayer," President Reagan called on Congress to pass a constitutional amendment permitting voluntary prayer in the public schools and other public institutions. The Synagogue Council of America, representing Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform religious bodies, criticized the president, arguing that even voluntary prayer would offend the sensibilities of some students. Public opinion polls, however, showed considerable support for prayer in the schools. In June the Southern Baptists became the first major denomination to support the voluntary prayer amendment. In September the push for school prayer received further impetus, when the administration announced that it would not oppose legislation sponsored by Senator Jesse Helms (R., N.C.) stripping the supreme court of jurisdiction over school prayer cases. At about the same time, President Reagan repeated his call for officially sanctioned prayer in the public schools. At year's end the school prayer issue was also being debated at the state level. In December the New Jersey legislature overrode a veto of a bill calling for a minute of silence at the start of each school day. Among the groups supporting the veto were the Anti-Defamation League, American Jewish Congress, and Association of School Administrators. On April 15 President Reagan told the National Catholic Education Association convention that he would send to Congress a tuition tax credit proposal aiding parents who sent their children to private and parochial schools—a measure opposed by most Jewish groups. However, Agudath Israel, an Orthodox group, praised the president's stand. During the inconclusive debate over the tax credit 126 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 issue, new federal rules went into effect that made it possible for private and parochial school pupils to receive increased aid under a block grant program for gifted children. Advocates of scientific creationism suffered setbacks during the year when U.S. district court judges in Arkansas and Louisiana struck down laws requiring that the biblical account of creation be taught in schools together with the theory of evolution. However, the New York Times reported that in many school districts creationism was still being routinely taught. In New York City three high school biology textbooks were rejected for use by Board of Education because they were thought to give insufficient attention to the Darwinian theory of evolution.

Cults During the summer, the major religious organizations in metropolitan New York joined together in a program directed against "destructive cults." The Unification Church, headed by Sun Myung Moon, was a special target. Earlier, Moon had been sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for income tax evasion. On the other hand, New York State's highest court ruled unanimously that religion was the "primary purpose" of the Unification Church and that it was therefore eligible for tax exempt status.

The New Right Activities of the New Right continued to receive widespread attention. At the summer meeting of the American Library Association, there were reports about efforts by Moral Majority and other groups to remove or ban books from community libraries. Earlier, the Coalition for Better Television had threatened once again to boycott one or more companies that advertised on prime-time television. How- ever, Moral Majority, which belonged to the Coalition, demurred. It argued that the networks had made a serious effort to provide more suitable programming, and that quiet lobbying rather than threats was the best course of action. A major thrust backed by the New Right was Senator Jesse Helms' bill banning all federal funding for abortions, and declaring that the supreme court had erred in 1973 when it legalized most abortions. In September the Senate narrowly set aside the measure, as it did an anti-abortion constitutional amendment sponsored by Senator Orrin Hatch (R., Utah). As the 97th Congress drew to a close, it was evident that the "old center," guided by pragmatism, rather than the New Right, was in control of the situation. In addition to rejecting anti-abortion bills, the Senate had blocked the Helms school prayer bill, the family protection act, and efforts to halt school busing. Right-wing conservatives felt that the administration and the Republican leadership were not sufficiently supportive of their concerns. In the fall elections "social issues" played little or no role according to most observers, who recalled that two years earlier half INTERGROUP RELATIONS / 127 a dozen liberal Democrats had been defeated, presumably through New Right efforts. Indeed, eight of the nine senators targeted for defeat by the National Con- servative Political Action Committee (NCPAC) were reelected, as were 15 House members opposed by NCPAC. However, an article by Morton Kondracke in The New Republic (Dec. 20), and a book, Post Conservative America, by political analyst Kevin Phillips argued that the New Right was far from dead. A number of books were published during the year attacking the Christian Right, among them Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics, and Our Private Lives by Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman; The New Religious Right in America by Samuel Hill and Dennis Owen; The Religious Right and Christian Faith by Gabriel Fackre; and God's Bullies: Power Politics and Religious Tyranny by Perry Deane Young. Young's volume placed much of the blame for the Christian Right's intolerance on Roman Catholics in the movement. Support for Israel by fundamentalist Christians continued to be manifested. In September, following the Beirut massacre, Jerry Falwell, leader of Moral Majority, called on Christians to rally around the Jewish state. During a November trip to the United States that was cut short by the death of his wife, Prime Minister Begin had been scheduled to meet with fundamentalist leaders in Dallas. The planned meeting was criticized by Howard Squadron, president of the American Jewish Congress, who argued that Israel, in courting Christian fundamentalists, risked alienating those members of the Jewish community who were opposed to the New Right's political agenda.

Jews and Politics Despite the feeling of many Jews that their position in the United States had been damaged by events in the Middle East, five more Jews were elected to the 98th Congress, raising the total number to 38. Representative Paul Findley (R., 111.), considered the leading supporter of the PLO in Congress, was defeated in a reelec- tion bid. Representative Paul McCloskey (R., Ca.), another sharp critic of Israel, gave up his seat to run a losing senatorial race. In a period widely seen as conservative, Jews continued to remain the most liberal of white groups. According to a New York Times- CBS News exit poll, 70 per cent of Jews in the 1982 election voted Democratic. In the gubernatorial race in Califor- nia between Democrat Tom Bradley, a black, and George Deukmejian, Jews voted overwhelmingly for Bradley (75 to 23 per cent). Two out of every three Jewish voters in the New York State gubernatorial race cast their ballots for Democrat Mario Cuomo, a liberal, who ran against Lewis Lehrman, a conservative Jewish Republi- can.

MURRAY FRIEDMAN Communal

The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981

Current Distribution and Recent Trends

ILN 1981 AN ESTIMATED 1,670,700 Jewish persons resided in the eight- county area consisting of New York City (Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island), Westchester, Nassau, and Suffolk (see Table 1.1).* Within New York City there were 1,133,100 Jewish persons, with an additional 537,600 in the three suburban counties. Brooklyn had the largest Jewish population —one fourth of the area's total—followed by Queens, Nassau, and Manhattan. The Bronx and Staten Island had the smallest Jewish populations; less than a tenth of the region's total Jewish population lived in these two counties combined. Jews constituted 16 per cent of the population of the eight-county area, with the highest concentration (i.e., Jews as a percentage of total population) in Nassau, where Jews comprised 23 per cent of the total. In Manhattan and Brooklyn, the Jewish population was 19 per cent of the total population. By contrast, in Suffolk, Staten Island, and the Bronx, the Jewish population was less than one-tenth of the total. The other counties lay between these two extremes.

Note: In 1981, UJA/Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York asked the authors to conduct a scientific sample survey of Jews in Federation's eight-county service area. The 1981 Greater New York Jewish Population Study interviewed 4,505 Jewish respondents by telephone and mail. The study sought to ascertain population size and distribution, family patterns, Jewish identity, social status, and neighborhood orientations. This article is based on the public report issued by UJA/Federation. It contains a broad overview of the major social characteristics of New York area Jews, emphasizing the considerable inter-county diversity that exists. Additional analytic and descriptive studies of the New York area Jewish community are currently under way. Among the subjects being dealt with are the Jewish family, patterns of Jewish identity, intermarriage and conversion, the Jewish poor, Soviet Jews, Israelis, and philanthropic behavior. *See Appendix for tables.

128 NEW YORK JEWRY / 129 Between 1957 and 1981 there were significant changes in the distribution and location of the eight-county area population as a whole, as well as in the Jewish population specifically. One of the most striking changes was the growth of the Jewish suburban population. In 1957, only 18 per cent of the area's Jewish population resided in the suburbs. By 1981, 32 per cent of the Jewish population was suburban. By way of comparison, the total suburban population (i.e., Jews and non-Jews together) was 24 per cent of the area's total in 1957, and 33 per cent in 1981. Relative to the total population, the Jewish population was less suburbanized in 1957, but was equally suburbanized by 1981. The older areas of Jewish settlement tended to decline, some quite dramatically, while the newer areas grew. The sharpest decline occurred in the Bronx, where the Jewish population decreased from several hundred thousand in the 195O's to 95,800 in 1981. The greatest increase in Jewish population occurred in Suffolk County; in the 195O's relatively few Jews lived in Suffolk, whereas by 1981 the Suffolk Jewish community numbered over 100,000 persons. During the same period, the total Suffolk population grew from 529,000 to 1,284,000. Nassau was the only suburban county that experienced a decline in total population during the 1970's. Nassau's total population was 1,179,000 in 1957; it peaked at 1,424,000 in 1970; following that it dropped to 1,322,000 by 1980. The Long Island Regional Planning Board, in commenting on the decline in Nassau's population, pointed to several contributing factors. It noted, for example, that there had been a virtual cessation of in-migration to Nassau County by the 1970's. In addition, the Nassau population had been aging, thus leading to a reduction in the birth rate. Finally, young adults and retirees had been moving out of the county. These trends affected Nassau's Jewish population as well. An estimate of over 300,000 Jews in 1981 is consistent with what is known about general population developments in Nassau County. With all the shifts and changes that have occurred in population numbers and population mix over the years, certain factors have remained constant. An example is the Jewish population of New York City as a fraction of the total white, non- Hispanic population. In 1940, 30 per cent of the white, non-Hispanic population was Jewish; in 1950, 31 per cent; in 1955, 31 per cent; and in 1981, 31 per cent.

Household Composition and Age Distribution Of the eight counties, Brooklyn had the largest number of Jewish households, followed closely by Manhattan. At the other end of the spectrum, Staten Island had the smallest number of Jewish households. The Bronx and Westchester were closest to Staten Island. The number of Jewish households in each of the counties of the study area where one or more persons in the household was Jewish is shown in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2. For purposes of this study, a Jewish household was denned as one in which there was at least one self-defined Jew. Thus, an intermarried household was defined as 130 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 "Jewish," even though there were one or more persons in it who were not currently Jewish. Two different population figures can be derived: (1) only Jewish persons residing in a household previously defined as Jewish and (2) a larger figure which encompasses non-Jewish persons as well. Both sorts of figures are shown in Table 2.1. The New York area's nearly 700,000 Jewish households can be divided into recognizable social types of families based on stages in the life cycle—young singles, young couples without children, two and one-parent families with children, mature couples, and mature singles. Such distributions are found in Table 2.3, parts A and B. Table 2.3A gives the number of each type of household found in each of the counties, while Table 2.3B reports percentages. The largest single group, 208,000 households, was made up of two-parent families with children. The two-parent household was most common in the three suburban counties and Staten Island. Though the three suburban counties accounted for only one-third of the total Jewish population of the area, they held almost half of the households with two-parent, two-generation families. Reflecting the recency of their settlement, over half of the Jewish households in Suffolk and Staten Island were in the "parent" category. Overall, there were 27,300 single-parent households. The Bronx and Manhattan had the smallest average household sizes, and were most likely to contain single-person households. "Singleness" lies at the extremes of the adult life cycle. For the eight-county area, the number of young singles (under 45) and mature singles (45 and over) was almost equal. Half of the young singles in the eight-county area resided in Manhattan; none of the other counties approached Manhattan either in the proportion or absolute number of young singles. Approximately one-third of all mature singles in the eight-county area also lived in Manhattan. However, the Bronx, followed by Manhattan, had the largest proportion of mature singles relative to the population within the county. Mature couples without children living at home were found most frequently in the older areas of Jewish settlement, i.e., Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, Nassau, and Westchester. The distribution of marital status (Table 2.4) presents patterns which are consistent with the distribution of household types. In each of the counties, the currently married were the most common type. The incidence of marriage was highest in the suburbs and Staten Island, and lowest in Manhattan. Manhattan was the preeminent home of the never-marrieds; very few never-marrieds lived in the suburbs or Staten Island. Manhattan also had a relatively large number and proportion of divorced Jews. The Bronx had a relatively large proportion of widowed Jews, a correlate of the county's age distribution. Approximately two-thirds of all Jewish households were without children living at home (see Table 2.5). The highest proportions of households without children were in Manhattan and the Bronx, although the factors that were applicable in each case were quite different. At the other end of the spectrum, large families (3 or more children at home) were most frequently found in Staten Island, Suffolk, and Nassau. Household size and composition tend to reflect age distribution. Overall, the NEW YORK JEWRY / 131 eight-county area median age for the Jewish population was 40 years; this may be contrasted with medians for the general American population and the general eight-county area population that were, respectively, ten to eight years less. The high Jewish median age was a result of both lower mortality and fertility. The proportion of persons aged 14 and younger in the Jewish community was smaller than in the general population of the eight-county area and the nation, while the proportion aged 55 and older was larger. (See Table 2.6) The median age of the Jewish population varied by county: the youngest was in Staten Island and Suffolk; the oldest in the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn; the other counties fell between these extremes. The rank order of the median ages by county followed in part the relative recency of large-scale Jewish settlement. Staten Island and Suffolk were the two most recent areas of Jewish settlement, and they had the youngest populations. These two counties were followed by the older populations of Nassau and Westchester, which received large influxes of young Jewish families in the post-World War II period. Queens was the next oldest county, having experienced a very sizable Jewish influx in the immediate, post-World War II years. The Bronx was largely an area of second settlement, and its Jewish population reached a maximum size sometime between 1930 and 1940. Table 2.7A and Table 2.7B present more detailed age distributions by county. The former reports the number of Jewish persons in each age category, while the latter reports their percentages. Senior citizens (65 years of age or older) comprised almost a third of the Jewish population of the Bronx. By contrast, Manhat- tan, Brooklyn, and Queens each had no more than a fifth of their populations in this age category. In the suburban counties and Staten Island, senior citizens amounted to less than a tenth of the population. As one would expect, Suffolk and Staten Island, the newest areas of settlement, had the highest proportions of dependent children, with approximately two-fifths of each of their Jewish populations under the age of twenty. In Nassau and Westchester the under-20 population was 29 per cent of the total. The other counties ranged from 13 per cent (the Bronx) to 21 per cent (Brooklyn) under-20 population. As was noted above, Man- hattan had relatively few young children and large numbers of young singles. Manhattan, followed by Brooklyn and Staten Island, was the home of the young adults (ages 20-34), who were establishing themselves in their careers, and were in the early stages of family formation. In significant ways, both Manhattan and Brooklyn prove exceptions to the common sense notion of a close connection between current age distribution and historic period of settlement. Manhattan, despite its being the first area of Jewish settlement (the turn-of-the-century Lower East Side received an enormous influx of new Jewish arrivals from abroad) was among the youngest counties in 1981. Brooklyn, with a predominantly second-generation Jewish population that was approximately one- and-one-half times as large as that which existed in the Bronx for many years (roughly from the Depression to the post-World War II period), still retained a very large Jewish population, with substantial numbers of children and young parents. 132 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

The Jewish population of the Bronx was less than a quarter of that of Brooklyn, and consisted of disproportionate numbers of the elderly. The reasons for Manhattan's unique pattern are readily apparent. For over a decade, the county had experienced an influx of socio-economically "upscale" individuals (often singles or young couples) of all ethnic backgrounds. Why Brook- lyn's Jewish population decreased very little, while that of the Bronx declined considerably, is more of a mystery. Among the factors that might have played a role here are the substantial number of Orthodox institutions that were historically located in Brooklyn, the availability of private homes in the county to accommodate and anchor an upwardly-mobile Jewish population, and Brooklyn's highly developed infrastructure of general community facilities, including major shopping areas, recreational outlets, and cultural institutions. Nativity is an important correlate of age. Areas of older settlement would be likely to contain larger first-generation populations, while newer areas would be expected to have more native-born persons, whose parents were also born in the United States. Table 2.8 shows that this is in fact true. The suburbs, Staten Island, and Manhattan had larger proportions of third-generation Jews (native-bom individuals with native-born parents), while the areas of second settlement (e.g., the Bronx) had the smallest fraction of third-generation adults.

Jewishness: Identification, Affiliation, and Practice In this section the Jewishness of the Jewish population of New York will be described from several perspectives. Attention will be given to aspects of religious behavior and identification, affiliation with major communal institutions, Jewish education, relationships with Israel, and relationships with fellow Jews. Table 3.1 reports eight Jewish rituals and practices in the order of their frequency of observance among Jewish households in greater New York. The most common Jewish observance was attendance at a Passover Seder. The Seder, with its gathering of family and friends, and festive meal, was observed by nine out of ten Jewish households. The wide appeal of the Seder was such that there was little variation by county. Following the Seder were the kindling of Hanukkah candles, having a mezuzah on the doorpost, and fasting on Yom Kippur. With the exception of unusually low rates in Manhattan, there was little variation in the proportions observing these practices. (Manhattan is a special case; the county's unconventional family patterns, particularly the absence of children, no doubt helped to depress ritual observance frequencies.) The next three practices—lighting Sabbath candles, having separate meat and dairy dishes, and buying only kosher meat—were observed by substantial minorities (30 per cent to 37 per cent). The most stringent ritual—not handling money on the Sabbath—was practiced by a much smaller group, 12 per cent. The patterns of ritual observance suggest the existence of subcommunities within New York Jewry. At one end of the spectrum were the traditionalists, who were NEW YORK JEWRY / 133 strict Sabbath observers. At the other end of the spectrum were the totally secularized Jews, who observed none or few of the rituals. In the middle were the partially traditional Jews. In terms of these loosely constructed categories, Manhattan had the highest proportion of secularized Jews, while Brooklyn was home to the highest proportion of fully traditional Jews. The Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island were closer to the traditional pole, while the suburban counties leaned toward the secular end of the spectrum. Turning to the service attendance data (Table 3.2), as many as 30 per cent of adult men and women never attended synagogue services. At the same time, one-seventh of the men, and one in twelve women, reported attending synagogue services at least weekly. The world of daily, public Jewish worship was largely a man's world. Consistent with the other ritual observances, Manhattan had the highest proportion of those who never attended synagogue services, while Brooklyn had the highest proportion of regular weekly and daily worshipers. Two in five New York area Jewish households reported belonging to a synagogue. (Data not shown.) This percentage is somewhat higher than expected, although Jewish community studies in other cities generally report even higher rates of synagogue membership. It is important to note that some individuals may simply have attended synagogue services and participated in synagogue activities without being dues-paying members. Manhattan reported the lowest level of affiliation. The suburbs, despite their relatively low rates of ritual observance and synagogue attendance, had high rates of synagogue membership—in two instances higher than that of traditionalist Brooklyn. Clearly, suburban Jews reflected the middle-class suburban penchant for joining voluntary organizations, especially religious congregations. Area-wide, one out of eight Jewish households reported belonging to a YMHA or Jewish community center. There was little variation between counties. New York Jews had little trouble in using denominational labels to describe their Jewishness. (See Table 3.3) Overall, more than three-fourths of New York Jews identified with one of the three large denominational movements. The largest single group claimed allegiance to Conservative Judaism. This was followed by the Reform Jews, and, finally, the Orthodox. Manhattanites, with their low levels of ritual observance, were twice as likely as all others to reject identification with a major denomination. Identification as Reform Jews occurred most frequently in the suburbs, where Orthodox adherents were least likely to be found. Orthodoxy was most common in the Bronx and Brooklyn; the latter county, with its large population, was the demographic "heartland" of New York's Orthodox community. Con- servative Jews were fairly evenly distributed throughout the suburbs and in the city proper. The maintenance of a large network of Jewish social, religious, and cultural services in New York is made possible by voluntary contributions. Historically, such philanthropic contributions have been an integral part of Jewish communal life. (See Table 3.4) One in four New York Jewish households reported having made a 134 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 contribution of $25 or more to the UJA/Federation campaign during the previous year, and almost half reported contributions of $25 or more to other Jewish causes, excluding synagogues. Over 60 per cent of Jewish households reported giving $25 or more to non-sectarian causes. Westchester and Nassau, with their affluence and high rates of synagogue affiliation, had the highest proportions of UJA/Federation givers, while Brooklyn and the Bronx—two of the poorer counties—had the lowest. Manhattan was home to many economically comfortable Jews, but, because they tended to be secularized and unaffiliated, the county had a relatively low level of UJA/Federation giving. Two crucial indicators of Jewishness within the family are rates of intermarriage and the kinds of Jewish education given to children. Intermarriage is here defined as marriage to a spouse who is currently not Jewish; where an originally non-Jewish spouse converted (formally or not) to Judaism, the household is not defined as intermarried. Area-wide, one out of ten Jewish households was intermarried. The intermarried were most common in Staten Island (18 per cent) and Suffolk (22 per cent), the two counties of newest settlement, as well as in secularized Manhattan (19 per cent); they were less common in Queens (7) and Brooklyn (6), the Bronx (9), Westchester (11), and Nassau (9). Analysis (not shown) indicates that intermarriage was more prevalent among younger Jews; the number of intermarriages among recently married couples was certainly higher than the composite figures reported here. An estimated 67,000 Jewish children (48 per cent of all children attending a Jewish school) were reported to be enrolled in either a yeshivah or a day school. Over half (35,000 or 52 per cent) of all yeshivah/day school enrollment was in Brooklyn, with another 9,000 (13 per cent) in Queens. The yeshivah/day school enrollment data are consistent with other reliable studies on pupil enrollment in the New York area. An estimated 52,000 (37 per cent) children were enrolled in supplementary afternoon schools (Hebrew schools or talmud torahs), and another 22,000 (16 per cent) in Sunday schools. Over 70 per cent of the Sunday school enrollment was in the suburbs, reflecting the suburban strength of Reform temples, which were the major sponsors of Sunday schools. Afternoon school enrollments were evenly distributed between the suburbs and city. The reported supplementary school data appear to be somewhat higher than currently collected school enrollment figures. This apparent discrepancy might be explained by the inclusion by survey respondents of informal Jewish education, such as private tutoring, community center educational programs, and bar/bat mitzvah lessons. The respondents were asked to indicate whether they had been exposed to one or another form of Jewish schooling when they were children. About two-thirds reported that they had received some formal Jewish education. Almost half of the total (46 per cent) went to Hebrew school or some other part-time institution. About one in nine (11 per cent) attended Sunday school. Another one in nine studied in yeshivah, day school, or other full-time Jewish educational institution (Table 3.5). NEW YORK JEWRY / 135

Because of the association of certain types of Jewish schools with particular denominations, it is not surprising that the geographic distribution of the alumni of the schools roughly paralleled the distribution of the self-designated members of the various denominations. Thus, the highest proportion of yeshivah/day school-trained respondents within a county—21 per cent—was found in Brooklyn, which contained the largest proportion of Orthodox Jews. The percentage having attended Hebrew school was fairly uniform in six of the counties, ranging between 43 per cent and 52 per cent; it was highest in Suffolk (55 per cent), and lowest in Brooklyn (37 per cent). Sunday school alumni percentages also varied across the eight counties. Social science research has demonstrated the remarkable extent to which Ameri- can Jews restrict their friendship choices to their own group. Jews, in fact, do so more than any other white ethnic group. Many Jews tend to concentrate in certain neighborhoods for economic, cultural, and ethnic reasons. Moreover, American Jews have distinctive patterns of educational attainment, occupational achievement, and income. As a result, when Jews look for friends or marriage partners within their neighborhoods, professional communities, or social circles, they often encounter other Jews, even if they have no special desire to do so. In line with these considerations, a full 70 per cent of the respondents stated that their three closest friends were Jewish. (Data not shown.) The patterns of inter- county variation in the rate of in-group friendship paralleled the patterns of intermarriage discussed above. Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Nassau had both the lowest rates of intermarriage and the highest rates of in-group friendship; at least three-quarters (71 per cent to 82 per cent) of the respondents in each of these counties reported that their three closest friends were Jewish. Westchester, which had an intermediate rate of intermarriage, exhibited an intermediate rate of in-group friendship (63 per cent). Conversely, in the areas of recent Jewish settlement— Manhattan, Staten Island, and Suffolk—where there were higher than average rates of intermarriage, there were also lower rates of in-group friendship; in these areas, roughly half of the respondents (48-57 per cent) reported that their three closest friends were Jewish. The survey questioned respondents about their Jewish newspaper reading habits. Over the entire region, three households in ten (32 per cent) received at least one Anglo-Jewish paper, with Jewish Week and Jewish Press being read in roughly equal proportions (15 per cent and 13 per cent). The extent of Jewish newspaper readership varied geographically. It was lowest in the three counties of most recent Jewish settlement—Staten Island (16 per cent), Manhattan (24 per cent), and Suffolk (26 per cent). Queens, Brooklyn, and Nassau had the highest percentages of Jewish newspaper readership. (Table 3.6) Particularly since 1967, Israel has come to occupy a central place in the religious and ethnic identity of American Jews. This has prompted participation in several activities connected with the Jewish state. Among New York area adult Jews, 37 per cent had visited Israel at least once, while 15 per cent had been there at least 136 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 twice. Eighteen per cent of the respondents reported that they had considered settling in Israel.

Education, Occupation, and Income Various studies have documented the extraordinary socio-economic success of American Jewry. Still, there are poor Jews. The educational attainment, employment, and income data presented below reveal the reality of many poor and working-class Jews existing in a community with remarkably high overall averages in the major dimensions of status attainment. In the United States generally, one in six adults, aged 25 years or older, has completed four or more years of higher education. In contrast, more than half (see Table 4.1) of the New York area Jewish heads of households had done so. Among Jewish male heads of households, four per cent held medical or dental degrees, and three per cent had Ph.D.'s or Ed.D.'s. This was substantially higher than the national pattern. There was considerable inter-county variation with regard to education. Thus, 36 per cent of the male heads of households in Manhattan had graduate degrees, while in the suburban counties, the figures ran from 26 per cent to 37 per cent. The proportions were lower in Staten Island (23 per cent), and Queens (19 per cent), and lowest in the Bronx (14 per cent) and Brooklyn (12 per cent). Conversely, the majority of men in Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx did not have college degrees; comparable proportions in the other counties were no greater than 39 per cent. As is true of American women generally, Jewish women had slightly lower levels of education than their male counterparts. However, the educational attainment of New York Jewish women was significantly greater than that of other American women. The county variations in educational attainment were the same for women as for men. Employment patterns reflected inter-county variations in age, family structure, and values. Table 4.2 reports employment figures as proportions of all adults. As shown in the table, 75 per cent of adult male heads of households and 37 per cent of adult female heads of households were employed full-time. Of this full-time employed group, two out of fivemale s and one out of six females were self-employed, as compared with under seven per cent in the total national labor force. Self- employment among men was particularly high in Nassau and particularly low in Staten Island. Among women, the highest rates of self-employment were in Manhat- tan and Westchester. Over a third of Jewish men in the Bronx were retired, as were more than one-fifth in Brooklyn and Queens. In the other counties, the male retirement rate was substantially lower. Women displayed a different employment picture than men. Fourteen per cent of the women were employed part-time, as compared with four per cent of the men. A fourth of the women were full-time homemakers. The full-time employment rates NEW YORK JEWRY / 137 for women were fairly uniform (about 37 per cent), except for the high rate in Manhattan, where over half of Jewish women worked full-time. As might be expected, female retirement rates paralleled those of men, and reflected the age structure of women; they were highest in the Bronx, relatively high in Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan, and significantly lower in Staten Island and the suburban counties. The income figures (Table 4.3) display many of the central themes already noted in this section. Overall, the Jewish median income of $34,000 far exceeded the national median (1980 census) of nearly $20,000. The highest median incomes were in Westchester and Nassau, and the lowest in Brooklyn. The data reveal large numbers of lower-income Jewish households; 27 per cent (196,000) of the households in the eight county area were earning under $20,000, while 11 per cent (83,000) were earning below $10,000. (Table 4.3A) A useful way of looking at incomes is to divide the population into four groups of equal size, following the rank order of income, with the poorest people at the bottom, and the richest at the top. The first quartile figure is the income of the household that stands exactly one-fourth the way up the scale. The median is the middle of the distribution, where 50 per cent of the population have incomes equal to or less than the median household, and 50 per cent have more. The third quartile number is the income of the household which stands three-fourths the way up the scale; 75 per cent of the households have incomes at or below that figure, while 25 per cent have incomes higher than the figure. Table 4.3B, reporting first quartile, median, and third quartile incomes, summa- rizes the income data and readily facilitates cross-county comparisons. The first quartile figures give some idea of the distribution of lower-income families. Brooklyn and the Bronx, with first quartile figures of $13,000 each, had the highest proportions of low-income households among the eight counties. The first quartile figures were highest in the three suburban counties; in Nassau, for example, the first quartile level reached $35,000, a figure in excess of the eight-county median. The third quartile figures indicate the distribution of affluent Jews. Two of the three suburban counties—Westchester and Nassau—reported the highest third quartiles; at least a quarter of all Jewish households in these counties earned incomes of more than $60,000. Manhattan and Suffolk were close behind; third quartiles in these counties were about $50,000. At the other end of the spectrum were Brooklyn and the Bronx, in which the top quarter of the income distributions were $35,000. Queens and Staten Island had relatively few households at either end of the income distribution spectrum; they were disproportionately middle income. The sizable number of households earning under $10,000 suggests that a large number of Jews were living at or near the poverty line. The extent to which these Jews were suffering economic deprivation was, of course, partly dependent on the size of their families. Table 4.4 (A and B) presents the distribution of income within household size categories, first in absolute numbers and then in percentages. Low- income households tended to be small households. Almost 24 per cent of single- person households earned under $10,000, as against 10 per cent of two-person 138 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 households, and five to six per cent of larger households. There were 25,900 two- person households earning $10,000 or less. In addition, 14,900 households of three or more persons earned less than $10,000. Another 27,700 households of three or more persons earned less than $20,000. In general, over four-fifths of three-or-more person households earned at least $20,000 (the approximate national median), and almost half earned over $40,000. In contrast, only about half of the single-person households earned over $20,000, and only 12 per cent earned over $40,000. Part of the reason for the higher incomes of the larger households was that some contained two wage earners, many of whom were approaching their peak earning potential.

Neighborhoods Table S.I reports on length of neighborhood residence within each of the eight counties. There were considerable variations with regard to neighborhood newcomers (those resident five years or less) and neighborhood veterans (those resident 16 years or more). Newcomers were most in evidence in Staten Island, Manhattan, and Suffolk. The Bronx contained the smallest group of newcomers, only 15 per cent. About half of the Jews in Queens and Brooklyn had lived in their neighborhoods for at least 16 years. Somewhat smaller proportions of veterans—about two-fifths —were found in the Bronx, Nassau, and Westchester. The smallest proportions of long-term Jewish residents were found in Staten Island (nine per cent) and Suffolk (14 per cent). Almost a third of the area's Jews resided in single-family homes (data not shown). Nearly half of New York's Jewish households owned the house or cooperative apartment in which they lived. Again, there was substantial variation between counties. Both Manhattan and the Bronx consisted almost entirely of apartment dwellers. On the other hand, Nassau, Suffolk, and Staten Island had few multiple- dwelling unit households. Westchester had a substantial minority (34 per cent) of apartment dwellers, while slim majorities in Brooklyn and Queens lived in apartments. The three suburban counties and Staten Island contained majorities living in one-family homes. Between a quarter and a third of the Jews in Staten Island and Brooklyn lived in two-family homes, a pattern undoubtedly reflecting their more modest economic means. The inter-county variations in monthly housing costs probably reflected several factors, including differentials in income, large discrepancies in costs between owners and renters (owners spent about 50 per cent more on their dwellings every month), and differences in time of home purchase or in-migration. Average monthly, county housing costs among owners (data not shown) were highest in the three suburban counties and Manhattan (over $700), and lowest in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens (between $390 and $480). Staten Island showed a figure of $550 in owners' costs. Interestingly, there was relatively little inter-county variation in average renters' costs, which ranged from the mid-$300's in Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Staten Island, to $500 or more in Manhattan and Nassau. NEW YORK JEWRY / 139 Table 5.2 presents the reactions of heads of households to questions about neighborhood safety and cleanliness. In all, about one-fourth of the sample reported that they were very satisfied with the safety and cleanliness of their streets. As would be expected, suburbanites registered the highest proportions of very satisfied householders; they were followed at some distance by residents of Staten Island and Queens. Inhabitants of the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Manhattan expressed the lowest rates of satisfaction. The suburban residents overwhelmingly expected their neighborhoods not to change for the worse (Table 5.3). A large fraction of householders in Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx expected conditions to worsen, with Bronx residents being particularly concerned about the future. Two-fifths of Manhattan residents expected conditions to improve. While clean and safe streets are of concern to all residents of a community, certain specifically Jewish neighborhood characteristics interest Jewish families. The respondents were asked whether these Jewish attributes of neighborhoods were very important, somewhat important, or npt important, in making a neighborhood at- tractive to themselves and their households. Over half of the people interviewed said that a sizeable number of Jews in a neighborhood was a very important factor, and another 30 per cent said that it was somewhat important^Jews in Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Queens were most desirous of a sizeable numbe'r of Jews in a neighborhood. They were followed by the three suburban counties and Staten Island. Man- hattan had by far the smallest proportion of individuals expressing a preference for Jewish neighbors. Living near a synagogue had a similar rank order by county, though the proportions calling it very important and somewhat important were smaller. Still fewer Jews found living near a Jewish "Y" or a community center very or somewhat important, though here too the rank order by county remained the same. When asked if they were looking for a new place to live, 21 per cent of Bronx residents said yes, while in the other counties the proportions responding affirma- tively ranged from 10 per cent to 14 per cent (data not shown). Fully 37 per cent of Jews in the Bronx did not expect to be residing in the same neighborhood three years into the future, as compared with 18 per cent to 26 per cent of Jews in the other counties.

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~~~~TABLE 4.4A INCOME BY SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD, NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS~~~~

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~~~~03 Staten s x: o c X e o S on ft H Brooklyn R tan Quee Island otal 1 o 3 3 o 3 z ON s Is ON / 161 Demographic~~~~

~~~~Jewish Population in the United States, 1983~~~~

J. HE JEWISH POPULATION in the United States in 1983 is estimated to be 5.728 million. Because community estimates are derived by establishing the number of households (identified through a Jewish member), and then multiplying this number by an average size of household figure, the resulting estimates—as well as the national total—include non-Jews. The 1970 National Jewish Population Study (NJPS) found the proportion of non-Jews to be seven per cent of the total number of individuals in households containing at least one Jewish member. If seven per cent is assumed for the current national total, (and a recent New York City survey supports this assumption), the number of individuals in 1983 who identify themselves as Jewish would be 5.327 million. The state and regional totals shown in Table 1 and Table 2 are derived by summing individual community estimates, shown in Table 3, and then making three adjustments. First, communities of less than 100 are added. Second, duplica- tions within states (e.g. Los Angeles includes a portion of Ventura County as part of its total) are eliminated. Third, communities falling within two or more states (e.g. Washington, D.C. and Kansas City, Missouri) are distributed accordingly. The largest proportion of Jews (two-thirds) still resides in the Northeast and the North Central states. However, a shift to the South and West, following general population trends, is evident. Table A indicates that the proportion of the total Jewish population residing in the Northeast and the North Central states declined from 72.7 per cent in 1974 to 66.1 per cent in 1983. Concomitantly, the South and West showed an increase from 27.3 per cent to 34.0 per cent. Since the size of the Jewish population in the United States has been at a plateau for the past decade, these proportionate shifts involve a shift in actual numbers as well.

~~~~162 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 163~~~~

TABLE A. DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. JEWISH POPULATION AND TOTAL POPULA- TION, BY REGIONS, 1983, 1974 Total Jewish Population Population Region 1983 7974 1983 1974_ Northeast: 21.4 23.5 54.1 60.1 New England 5.4 5.8 6.9 7.1 Middle Atlantic 16.0 17.7 47.2 53.0

~~~~North Central: 25.5 27.4 12.0 12.6 East North Central 18.0 19.5 9.4 10.1 West North Central 7.5 7.9 2.6 2.4~~~~

~~~~South: 33.8 31.6 17.4 14.1 South Atlantic 16.5 15.6 14.8 11.8 East South Central 6.4 6.3 0.8 0.7 West South Central 10.9 9.7 1.8 1.6~~~~

~~~~West: 19.4 17.5 16.6 13.2 Mountain 5.2 4.4 2.1 1.1 Pacific 14.2 13.1 14.5 12.1 TOTALS: 100.0 10O0 10O0 100.0 N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding.~~~~

~~~~ALVIN CHENKIN 164 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 APPENDIX~~~~

~~~~TABLE 1. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1983~~~~

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * Of Total Alabama 9,160 3,943,000 0.2 Alaska 960 438,000 0.2 Arizona 49,285 2,860,000 1.7 Arkansas 2,885 2,291,000 0.1 California 789,260 24,724,000 3.2 Colorado 41,765 3,045,000 1.4 Connecticut 108,575 3,153,000 3.4 Delaware 9,500 602,000 1.6 District of Columbia 30,000 631,000 4.8 Florida 479,180 10,416,000 4.6 Georgia 40,855 5,639,000 0.7 Hawaii 5,775 994,000 0.6 Idaho 505 965,000 0.1 Illinois 261,985 11,448,000 2.3 Indiana 21,360 5,471,000 0.4 Iowa 7,395 2,905,000 0.3 Kansas 11,960 2,408,000 0.5 Kentucky 12,685 3,667,000 0.4 Louisiana 17,925 4,362,000 0.4 Maine 8,185 1,133,000 0.7 Maryland 199,915 4,265,000 4.7 Massachusetts 249,045 5,781,000 4.3 Michigan 86,635 9,109,000 1.0 Minnesota 32,040 4,133,000 0.8 Mississippi 3,080 2,551,000 0.1 Missouri 85,235 4,951,000 1.7 Montana 640 801,000 0.1 Nebraska 7,850 1,586,000 0.5 Nevada 18,200 881,000 2.1 New Hampshire 5,880 951,000 0.6 New Jersey 425,180 7,438,000 5.7 New Mexico 5,305 1,359,000 0.4 New York 1,869,190 17,659,000 10.6 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 165

Estimated Estimated Jewish Jewish Total Per Cent State Population Population * Of Total North Carolina 15,145 6,019,000 0.3 North Dakota 1,085 670,000 0.2 Ohio 137,785 10,791,000 1.3 Oklahoma 7,160 3,177,000 0.2 Oregon 11,940 2,649,000 0.5 Pennsylvania 408,475 11,865,000 3.4 Rhode Island 22,000 958,000 2.3 South Carolina 9,060 3,203,000 0.3 South Dakota 605 691,000 0.1 Tennessee 18,100 4,651,000 0.4 Texas 77,110 15,280,000 0.5 Utah 2,600 1,554,000 0.2 Vermont 2,465 516,000 0.5 Virginia 59,265 5,491,000 1.1 Washington 21,985 4,245,000 0.5 West Virginia 4,295 1,948,000 0.2 Wisconsin 31,295 4,765,000 0.7 Wyoming 310 502.000 0.1 U.S. TOTAL 5,728,075** 231,534,000 2.5

N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. •Resident population, July 1, 1982, Provisional. (Source: Provisional Estimates of the Population of States: July 1, 1982, Bureau of the Census, Series P-25, No. 930, issued April 1983.) ** Exclusive of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, which reported Jewish populations of 1,800 and 510, respectively. 166 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

TABLE 2. DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. JEWISH POPULATION BY REGIONS, 1983 Total Per Cent Jewish Per Cent Region Population Distribution Population Distribution Northeast: 49,456,000 21A 3,098,995 541 New England 12,493,000 5.4 396,150 6.9 Middle Atlantic 36,963,000 16.0 2,702,845 47.2 North Central: 58,927,000 25.5 685,230 12.0 East North Central .. 41,585,000 18.0 539,060 9.4 West North Central.. 17,342,000 7.5 146,170 2.6 South: 78,136,000 33.8 995,320 17.4 South Atlantic 38,213,000 16.5 847,215 14.8 East South Central... 14,812,000 6.4 43,025 0.8 West South Central .. 25,111,000 10.9 105,080 1.8 West: 45,015,000 19.4 948,530 16.6 Mountain 11,967,000 5.2 118,610 2.1 Pacific 33,049,000 14.2 829,920 14.5 TOTALS 231,534,000 100.0 5,728,075 100.0 N.B. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 167

~~~~TABLE 3. COMMUNITIES WITH JEWISH POPULATIONS OF 100 OR MORE, 1983 (ESTIMATED)~~~~

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

ALABAMA Fontana 165 Vallejo 400 Anniston 100 Fresno 2,500 ••Ventura County 6,000 ••Birmingham 4,100 Kern County 850 Dothan 205 Lancaster (incl. in COLORADO Gadsden 180 Antelope Valley) Colorado Springs 1,000 Huntsville 550 •Long Beach.... 13,500 ••Denver 40,000 •Mobile 1,250 •Los Angeles Metropoli- Pueblo 375 ••Montgomery ... 1,800 tan Area 500,870 Selma 210 Merced 100 CONNECTICUT Tri-Cities1 150 Modesto 260 ••Bridgeport.... 20,000 Tuscaloosa 315 Monterey 1,500 Bristol 250 Oakland (incl. in Colchester 525 ALASKA Alameda & Contra •Danbury (incl. New Mil- Anchorage 600 Costa Counties) ford) 3,500 Fairbanks 210 Ontario (incl. in Pomona ••Greenwich 4,000 Valley) ••Hartford (incl. New ARIZONA ••Orange County 60,000 Britain) 26,000 ••Phoenix 32,000 •Palm Springs 4,950 Lebanon 175 ••Tucson 17,000 Pasadena (also incl. in Lower Middlesex Los Angeles Metropol- County (incl. in ARKANSAS itan Area) 2,000 New London)" Fayetteville 120 Petaluma 800 Manchester (incl. in Ft. Smith 160 Pomona Valley1.. 3,500 Hartford) Hot Springs (incl. in Riverside 1,200 Meriden 1,400 Little Rock) •Sacramento 7,000 Middletown 1,300 •Little Rock 1,600 Salinas 350 Milford (incl. in Pine Bluff 175 San Bernardino.. 1,900 New Haven) Southeast ••San Diego .... 34,000 Moodus 150 Arkansas" 140 ••San Francisco . 80,000 ••New Haven ... 22,000 Wynne-Forest •San Jose 25,000 •New London 3,500 City 110 San Luis Obispo ... 450 Newtown (incl. in San Pedro 300 Danbury) CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara ... 3,800 Norwalk 4,000 • Alameda & Contra Costa Santa Cruz 1,000 Norwich 2,500 Counties 28,000 Santa Maria 200 Putnam 110 Antelope Valley ... 375 Santa Monica ... 8,000 Rockville (incl. in Bakersfield (incl. in Kern Santa Rosa 750 Hartford) County) ••Stockton 1,300 •Stamford 12,000 El Centro 125 Sun City 800 Torrington 450 Elsinore 250 Tulare & Kings County Valley Area' 700 Eureka 250 (incl. in Fresno) Wallingford 440 168 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

•Waterbury 2,800 Augusta 1,500 INDIANA Westport 2,800 Brunswick 120 Anderson 105 Willimantic 400 Columbus 1,000 Bloomington 300 Winsted 110 Dalton 235 Elkhart (incl. in Fitzgerald-Cordele . 125 South Bend) DELAWARE Macon 900 Evansville 1,200 •Wilmington (incl. rest of •Savannah 2,600 ••Ft. Wayne 1,200 state) 9,500 Valdosta 145 Gary (incl. in Northwest Indiana-Calumet DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HAWAII Region) •Greater Washing- Hilo 100 ••Indianapolis... 10,000 ton' 160,000 Honolulu 5,000 •Lafayette 600 ••Kona 150 Marion 170 FLORIDA Kuaii 100 Michigan City 425 •Boca Raton- Maui 200 Muncie 175 Delray 15,000 ••Northwest Brevard County . 2,250 IDAHO Indiana-Calumet •Daytona Beach .. 2,000 •Boise 120 Region' 4,000 •Fort Lauderdale 80,000 Richmond 110 Fort Myers 300 ILLINOIS Shelbyville 140 Fort Pierce 270 Aurora 400 •South Bend 1,900 Gainesville 1,000 Bloomington 125 Terre Haute 450 •Hollywood 55,000 Champaign- •Jacksonville 7,200 Urbana 2,000 IOWA Key West 170 *'Chicago Metropolitan Cedar Rapids 330 Lakeland 800 Area 248,000 Council Bluffs 245 Lehigh Acres 125 Danville 240 Davenport (incl. in Quad ••Miami 253,340 •Decatur 350 Cities, 111.) •Orlando 15,000 East St. Louis (incl. •Palm Beach County in So. 111.) •Des Moines 3,500 (excl. Boca Elgin 830 Dubuque 105 Raton) 45,000 Galesburg (incl. in Fort Dodge 115 Pensacola 725 Peoria) Iowa City 750 Port Charlotte 150 •Joliet 800 Mason City 110 ••Sarasota 7,500 Kankakee 260 Muscatine 120 St. Augustine 100 •Peoria 1,900 Ottumwa 150 •St. Petersburg (incl. •Quad Cities' .... 1,800 ••Sioux City 770 Clearwater) 9,000 Quincy 200 Waterloo 450 Tallahassee 1,000 Rock Island (incl. in ••Tampa 11,500 Quad Cities) KANSAS •Rockford 975 Topeka 500 GEORGIA •Southern Illinois" .. 950 ••Wichita 1,000 Albany 525 •Springfield 1,250 Athens 250 Sterling-Dixon 110 KENTUCKY ••Atlanta 32,000 Waukegan 1,200 ••Lexington 2,500 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 169

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

•Louisville 9,200 ••Framingham .. 10,000 Iron County 160 Paducah 175 Gardner 100 Iron Mountain .... 105 Gloucester 400 Jackson 375 LOUISIANA Great Barrington .. 105 ••Kalamazoo 1,700 Alexandria 700 Greenfield 250 Lansing 1,800 ••Baton Rouge... 1,200 Haverhill 1,650 Marquette County . 175 Lafayette 600 Holyoke 1,100 Mt. Clemens 420 Lake Charles 250 Hyannis 1,200 Mt. Pleasant 100 Monroe 550 Lawrence 2,550 Muskegon 235 ••New Orleans.. 12,000 •Leominster 750 ••Saginaw 450 ••Shreveport 1,800 Lowell 2,000 South Haven 100 •Lynn (incl. Beverly, MAINE Peabody, and MINNESOTA Augusta 215 Salem) 19,000 Austin 125 ••Bangor 1,400 Medway (incl. in Fra- •Duluth 900 Southern Maine (excl. mingham) Hibbing 155 Portland) 950 Milford (incl. in Fra- •Minneapolis 22,000 Calais 135 mingham) Rochester 240 Mills (incl. in Framing- ••Lewiston-Auburn . 735 ••St. Paul 7,500 ••Portland 4,000 ham) Virginia 100 Waterville 300 ••New Bedford... 2,655 Newburyport 280 MISSISSIPPI MARYLAND North Berkshire ... 675 Biloxi-Gulfport 100 Annapolis 2,000 Northampton 700 Clarksdale 160 •Baltimore 92,000 Peabody 2,600 Cleveland 180 Cumberland 265 •Pittsfield (incl. all Berk- Greenville 500 Easton Park Area'.. 100 shire County) .. 3,500 Greenwood 100 Frederick 400 Plymouth 500 Hattiesburg 180 Hagerstown 275 Salem 1,150 Jackson 650 Hartford County... 500 Southbridge 105 Meridian 135 Howard County . 4,000 •Springfield 11,250 Natchez 140 Montgomery and Taunton 1,200 Prince Georges Webster 125 Vicksburg 260 County' 100,000 •Worcester 10,000 Salisbury 300 MISSOURI MICHIGAN Columbia 350 MASSACHUSETTS Ann Arbor (incl. all Joplin 115 Amherst 750 Washtenaw •Kansas City.... 20,000 Athol 110 County) 3,000 Kennett 110 Attleboro 200 Battle Creek 245 Springfield 230 Beverly 1,000 Bay City 650 St. Joseph 430 •Boston (incl. Benton Harbor 650 •St. Louis 53,500 Brockton) ... 170,000 •Detroit 70,000 Fall River 1,780 ••Flint 2,380 MONTANA Fitchburg 300 Grand Rapids... 1,500 Billings 160 170 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

NEBRASKA Morristown (incl. in Auburn 315 •Lincoln 750 Morris County) Batavia 165 •Omaha 6,500 Mt. Holly 300 Beacon 315 Newark (incl. in Essex "Binghamton (incl. NEVADA County) all Broome ••Las Vegas .... 17,000 New Brunswick (incl. in County) 3,000 Reno 1,200 Raritan Valley) Brewster (incl. in Dan- North Hudson bury, Ct.) 300 NEW HAMPSHIRE County" 7,000 ••Buffalo 18,500 Claremont 130 •North Jersey"... 32,500 Canandaigua 135 Concord 350 Northern Middlesex Catskill 200 Dover 425 County' 22,000 Coming 125 Keene 105 Ocean County... 8,100 Cortland 440 Laconia 150 •Passaic-Clifton .. 7,500 Dunkirk 150 ••Manchester .... 3,000 Paterson (incl. in North Ellenville 1,450 Nashua 450 Jersey) •Elmira 1,100 Portsmouth 1,000 Perth Amboy (incl. Geneva 300 in North Middlesex ••Glens Falls .... 1,200 NEW JERSEY County) Gloversville 535 •Atlantic City Plainfield (incl. in Union Herkimer 185 (incl. Atlantic County) Highland Falls .... 105 County) 12,000 Princeton 2,600 Hudson 470 Bayonne 5,500 •Raritan Valley*. 22,500 Ithaca 1,000 Bergen County' 100,000 Salem 230 Jamestown 185 Bridgeton 375 ••Somerset County14,100 •Kingston 3,000 •Camden1 28,000 Somerville (incl. in Som- Liberty 2,100 Carteret 300 erset County) Loch Sheldrake- Elizabeth (incl. in Union Toms River (incl. in Hurleyville 750 County) Ocean County) Monroe 400 •Englewood (also incl. Trenton" 8,500 Monticello 2,400 in Bergen ••Union County. 32,000 Mountaindale 150 County) 9,300 ••Vinelandv 2,750 New York City •Essex County™.. 95,000 Wildwood 425 Metropolitan Flemington 875 Willingboro (incl. in Area 1,734,800 Gloucester Camden) New Paltz 150 County" 165 Newark 220 Hoboken 350 NEW MEXICO •Newburgh- •Jersey City 3,500 •Albuquerque 4,500 Middletown 4,900 Metuchen (incl. in North Las Cruces 100 ••Niagara Falls 600 Middlesex County) Santa Fe 300 Norwich 120 Millville 240 Olean 140 ••Monmouth NEW YORK Oneonta 175 County 33,600 ••Albany 12,000 Oswego 100 Morris-Sussex Amenia 140 Parksville 140 Counties0 16,000 Amsterdam 595 Pawling 105 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 171

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

Plattsburg 275 OHIO •Altoona 580 Port Jervis 560 •Akron 6,000 Ambridge 250 Potsdam 175 •Canton 2,850 Beaver (incl. in Poughkeepsie 4,900 ••Cincinnati 22,000 Pittsburgh) •Rochester 19,600 •Cleveland 70,000 Beaver Falls 350 Rockland •Columbus 13,000 Berwick 120 County 25,000 •Dayton 6,000 Bethlehem 960 Rome 205 East Liverpool 300 Braddock 250 Saratoga Springs... 500 Elyria 275 Bradford 150 •Schenectady 5,400 Hamilton 560 Brownville 150 Sharon Springs .... 165 Lima 290 Butler 350 South Fallsburg.. 1,100 Lorain 1,000 Carbon County.... 125 •Syracuse 9,000 Mansfield 600 Carnegie 100 Troy 1,200 Marion 150 Central Bucks •Utica 2,250 Middletown 140 County 400 Walden (incl. in New- New Philadelphia .. 140 Chambersburg 340 burg-Middletown) Newark 105 Chester 2,100 Warwick 100 Piqua 120 Coatesville 305 Watertown 250 Portsmouth 120 Connellsville 110 White Lake 425 Sandusky 150 ••Delaware Valley Woodbourne 200 Springfield 340 (Lower Bucks Woodridge 300 ••Steubenville 220 Cty)' 20,500 ••Toledo 6,300 Donora 100 NORTH CAROLINA Warren 500 Easton 1,300 Asheville 1,000 Wooster 200 EllwoodCity 110 ••Chapel Hill- ••Youngstown ... 5,230 ••Erie 875 Durham 1,955 Zanesville 350 Farrell 150 ••Charlotte 4,000 Greensburg 300 Fayetteville (incl. all ••Harrisburg 6,500 Cumberland OKLAHOMA ••Hazleton 481 County) 500 Muskogee 120 Homestead 300 Gastonia 220 ••Oklahoma City . 2,900 Indiana 135 Goldsboro 120 Oklahoma City •Johnstown 550 •Greensboro 3,200 Zone" 190 Kittanning 175 Hendersonville .... 105 •Tulsa 2,900 High Point 400 Lancaster 1,800 Raleigh 1,375 OREGON Lebanon 425 Rocky Mount 110 Corvallis 140 Lock Haven 140 WhitevilleZoneV.. 160 Eugene 1,500 McKeesport 2,000 Wilmington 500 ••Portland 8,845 Monessen 100 Winston-Salem 440 Salem 200 Mt. Pleasant 120 New Castle 400 NORTH DAKOTA PENNSYLVANIA New Kensington. .. 560 Fargo 500 Aliquippa 400 •Norristown 2,000 Grand Forks 100 •Allentown 4,980 North Penn 200 172 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population Store and City Population State and City Population~~~~

Oil City 165 TENNESSEE VIRGINIA Oxford-Kennett Chattanooga 2,000 Alexandria (incl. Falls Square 180 Johnson City' 210 Church, Arlington 'Philadelphia Metropoli- Knoxville 1,350 County, and urban tan Area .... 295,000 •Memphis 9,000 Fairfax County) 30,000 Phoenixville 340 •Nashville 4,925 Arlington (incl. in ••Pittsburgh .... 46,000 Oak Ridge 240 Alexandria) Pottstown 700 Charlottesville 800 Pottsville 500 TEXAS Danville 180 Amarillo 300 •Reading 2,800 Fredericksburg 140 ••Austin 3,000 Sayre 100 Hampton (incl. in Baytown 300 Newport News) •Scranton 3,800 Beaumont 400 Sharon 330 Harrisonburg 115 Brownsville 160 HopeweU 140 State College 450 •Corpus Christi .. 1,200 Lynchburg 275 Stroudsburg 410 ••Dallas 22,000 Martinsville 135 Sunbury 200 1 De Witt County* .. 150 •Newport News (incl. Uniontown 290 ••El Paso 4,500 Hampton) 2,575 Upper Beaver 500 •Ft. Worth 3,000 •Norfolk (incl. Virginia Washington (incl. in Galveston 620 Beach) 11,000 Pittsburgh) •Houston 28,000 Petersburg 600 Wayne County 210 Laredo 420 •Portsmouth (incl. Longview 185 West Chester 300 Suffolk) 1,100 Lubbock 350 •Wilkes-Barre.... 4,000 Richmond 10,000 McAllen 295 Williamsport 415 Roanoke 1,200 North Texas Zone* 100 •York 1,600 Williamsburg 120 Odessa 150 Winchester 110 RHODE ISLAND Port Arthur 260 •Providence (incl. rest of •*San Antonio ... 9,000 Texarkana 100 WASHINGTON state) 22,000 Tyler 450 Bellingham 120 ••Waco 600 Bremerton (incl. in SOUTH CAROLINA Wharton 170 Seattle) •Charleston 3,500 Wichita Falls 260 •Seattle 19,500 ••Columbia 2,600 ••Spokane 900 Florence 350 UTAH Tacoma 750 Greenville 600 Ogden 100 Orangeburg ••Salt Lake City.. 2,500 WEST VIRGINIA County 105 Bluefield-Princeton. 250 Spartanburg 295 VERMONT Charleston 1,105 Sumter 190 Bennington 120 Clarksburg 205 Burlington 1,800 Huntington 450 SOUTH DAKOTA Rutland 350 Morgantown 200 •Sioux Falls 125 St. Johnsbury 100 Parkersburg 155 JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES / 173

~~~~Jewish Jewish Jewish State and City Population State and City Population State and City Population~~~~

Weirton 150 Green Bay 350 Superior 165 Wheeling 650 Kenosha 250 Waukesha (incl. in Madison 4,500 Milwaukee) WISCONSIN Manitowoc 115 Wausau 155 Appleton 250 •Milwaukee 23,900 Beloit 120 Oshkosh 150 WYOMING Eau Clair 120 Racine 405 Cheyenne 255 Fond du Lac 100 Sheboygan 250

•Denotes estimates submitted in current year. ** Estimates submitted in current year; represents change from previous estimate. 'Florence, Sheffield, Tuscumbia. Towns in Chicot, Desha, Drew Counties. 'Includes Alta Loma, Chino, Claremont, Cucamonga, La Verne, Montclair, Ontario, Pomona, San Dimas, Upland. dCenterbrook, Chester, Clinton, Deep River, Essex, Killingworth, Old Lyme, Old Saybrook, Seabrook, Westbrook. 'Ansonia, Derby-Shelton, Oxford, Seymour. 'Greater Washington includes urbanized portions of Montgomery and Prince Georges Coun- ties, in Maryland; Arlington County, Fairfax County (organized portion), Falls Church, Alexandria, in Virginia. •Rock Island, Moline (Illinois); Davenport, Bettendorf (Iowa). Towns in Alexander, Bond, Clay, Clinton, Crawford, Edwards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jersey, Johnson, Lawrence, Mascou- pin, Madison, Marion, Massac, Montgomery, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, St. Clair, Saline, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White, Williamson Counties. Includes Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Munster, Valparaiso, Whiting, and the Greater Calumet region. Towns in Caroline, Kent, Queen Annes, Talbot Counties. 'Allendale, Elmwood Park, Fair Lawn, Franklin Lakes, Oakland, Midland Park, Rochelle Park, Saddle Brook, Wykoff also included in North Jersey estimate. 'Includes Camden and Burlington Counties. "Includes contiguous areas in Hudson, Morris, Somerset, and Union Counties. "Includes Clayton, Paulsboro, Woodbury. Excludes Newfield; see Vineland. "See footnote (m). 'Includes Guttenberg, Hudson Heights, North Bergen, North Hudson, Secaucus, Union City, Weehawken, West New York, WoodclifT. '•Includes Paterson, Wayne, Hawthorne in Passaic County, and nine towns in Bergen County. See footnote (k). 174 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

'Includes Perth Amboy, Metuchen, Edison Township (part), Woodbridge. 'Includes in Middlesex County, Cranbury, Dunellen, East Brunswick, Edison Township (part), Jamesburg, Matawan, Middlesex, Monmouth Junction, Old Bridge, Parlin, Piscataway, South River, Spottswood; in Somerset County, Kendall Park, Somerset; in Mercer County, Hights- town. 'Excludes Kendall Park and Somerset, which are included in Raritan Valley. "Includes Mercer County in New Jersey; and Lower Makefield, Morrisville, Newtown, and Yardley in Pennsylvania. 'Includes in Cumberland County, Norma, Rosenheim, Vineland; in Salem County, Elmer; in Gloucester County, Clayton, Newfield; in Cape May County, Woodbine. 'Elizabethtown, Fairmont, Jacksonville, Lumberton, Tabor City, Wallace, Warsaw, and Loris, S.C. 'Towns in Alfalfa, Beckham, Cadelo, Canadian, Cleveland, Custer, Jackson, Kingfisher. Kiowa, Lincoln, Logan, Oklahoma, Payne, Roger Mills, Tillman, Washita Counties. "Bensalem Township, Bristol, Langhorne, Levittown, New Hope, Newtown, Penndel, Waring- ton, Yardley. Also includes communities listed in footnote (u). 'Includes Kingsport and Bristol (including the portion of Bristol in Virginia). "Includes communities also in Colorado, Fayette, Gonzales, and La Vaca Counties. "Denison, Gainesville, Greenville, Paris, Sherman, and Durant (Oklahoma). Canada

~~~~National Affairs~~~~

THE BEGINNING of 1982 there were bright expectations of an economic upturn, but the year ended with only faint hope of recovery. Despite a dramatic drop in interest rates, the economy declined by at least 4.5 per cent, the worst performance since 1957. A relentless parade of business closings and layoffs bred anxiety in the work force and helped moderate wage demands by organized labor. While manufacturing suffered a slump, the collapse of the resource sector— oil, gas, mining, and logging—put entire communities out of work, particularly in the north. The Canadian government had little room to apply fiscal stimuli to deal with the situation because of its massive deficit. With inflation running at ten per cent, the Bank of Canada was determined to maintain a restrictive monetary policy. The Canadian government was upset by what it considered foot-dragging on the part of the Reagan administration in curbing airborne pollution that was entering Canada. The United States, for its part, looked askance at the so-called "back-in" provision of Canadian energy policy, which required foreign energy companies to turn over to Canadian interests 25 per cent of the leases on which oil or gas were found. The Reagan administration argued that the retroactive nature of the provision violated accepted business norms. Queen Elizabeth flew to North America to participate in a historic ceremony that was attended by most of Canada's leaders, but was boycotted by the Quebec government. The queen signed the constitution act, which put into effect the country's first truly Canadian constitution and formally ended nominal British rule. Before tens of thousands of Canadians massed outside the Parliament building in Ottawa, Queen Elizabeth declared her "unbounded confidence in the future of this wonderful country." The new constitution contained a notable charter of rights guaranteeing basic freedoms and equality regardless of race, religion, sex, age, or disability. Despite the Conservative party's high standing in the polls, Joe Clark, the party leader, was unable to quiet a number of mutinous factions. Liberal prime minister Pierre Trudeau showed no sign of wishing to end his long-standing, love-hate relationship with the Canadian people. 175 176 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 JEWISH COMMUNITY

Demography The Jewish population of Canada in 1982 was estimated at 308,000. Leading Jewish centers were Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, Vancouver, and Ottawa. A preliminary report released by the Allied Jewish Community Services' long- range planning committee indicated that the current Jewish population of Montreal was between 90,000 and 95,000, compared with 114,000 in 1971. The report maintained that by 1987 the population figure could fall as low as 80,000. At present, 20 per cent of the population was elderly and 20 per cent was Sephardic; roughly six per cent of family units were headed by single parents. The report forecast that by 1987 the aged could constitute anywhere from 27 per cent to 37 per cent of the total Jewish population, or 25,000-30,000 persons. Only 11 per cent of anglophone Jews in Quebec stated that they would continue to live in the province if it were to separate from the rest of Canada, according to a Centre de Recherches sur L'Opinion Publiques poll commissioned by CBC television. The remainder of the respondents were almost equally divided between those who said that they would not stay (47 per cent) and those who did not know (42 per cent). A study of Winnipeg's Jewish community, completed by B'nai B'rith Canada's midwest region with the aid of a grant from the Canadian government, revealed, among other things, a generally aged Jewish population and a large percentage of synagogue members. A total of 282 randomly-selected members of the Winnipeg Jewish community were interviewed for the study. Vancouver, which had a Jewish population of 7,000 in 1961 and 8,500 in 1971, was thought to have 18,000 Jewish residents at present, a figure very close to that of Winnipeg. In 1959, when Calgary's first Jewish telephone and services directory became available, there were some 400 families listed in the volume. At present, the directory listed about 3,000 Jewish families. Despite financial problems, a Jewish community center had been established in Calgary. The city also boasted four growing congregations—two Conservative, one Orthodox, and one Reform.

Communal Activities The year 1982 had special meaning for Canadian Jewry. In June, the Jewish and French communities of Quebec joined in a warm celebration of the 150th anniversary of a British law that accorded Jews in the province (then called Lower Canada) political rights equal to those of all other British subjects—the first such law anywhere in the British empire. A full day of activities, sponsored by the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), the Quebec city Jewish community, and the Quebec government, launched a week-long official commemoration of the law. CANADA / 177

After working together with B'nai B'rith for decades to combat antisemitism, the CJC decided to go its own way in this area. The joint community relations committee that the two organizations had maintained was widely regarded in Canada as the single most effective instrument in fighting discrimination against Jews in employment, schools, and public accommodations. Recent headlines had focused on the committee's work in eliminating hate messages transmitted by phone and mail, as well as in frustrating the Ku Klux Klan's bid for media exposure. The Canadian Jewish News editorialized: The dissolution of the partnership between B'nai B'rith and Congress is regret- table. Neither organization will, under any circumstances, surrender what each considers is its legitimate mandate in community relations. Both are convinced that they have the expertise and professional skills to carry on the important work of combatting antisemitism both in the short and long run. Probably, they are right. But will the community gain or lose by having two separate, competing organizations? In the view of both sides, the community will lose. If that is the case, they have a duty to patch up their differences—none of which seem that serious that they can't be overcome. The CJN urges members of Congress and B'nai B'rith to negotiate a reprieve for a partnership which has consistently proven its viability and worth to this community. This is not the time for a house divided. Sharply differing experiences with the integration of Russian Jews were reported by representatives of 11 Canadian cities at the inaugural meeting of the national board of directors of the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services (JI AS). A positive picture was painted by Clara Mintz of Edmonton, who reported that 300 Russian families had been absorbed in that city, and that "on the whole they are established and gainfully employed." A bleak report was offered by Shirley Barnet of Vancouver, who stated that in her city the Jewish community was "generally... not interested" in newcomers. Other reports indicated that some communities were becoming more accomplished in handling the integration and employment problems of Russian Jews. "The Russian Jews tend to socialize among themselves," said Leo Strub of Hamilton, "but they are slowly coming into the community framework." Strub noted that 34 out of 250 children in the Hamilton Hebrew Academy were from Russian homes. The chief obstacle faced by the Halifax Jewish community in taking care of the relatively few Russian immigrants directed there, was that few of the men had occupations suitable to that maritime city. The arrival of 1,000 Russian Jews in Calgary brought its share of integration problems, according to Ken Taub; for one thing there was a "burnout" of the professional staff responsible for servicing the immigrants. Orin Krivel of Regina said the declining size of the Jewish community in that city made it difficult to integrate 37 Russian families, but that the enterprise had proved "generally successful." In Toronto there was an active committee that dealt with the problems of newly-arrived Russian immigrants, reported Harold Ashley, JIAS Toronto president. Ashley added that Toronto continued to absorb a large number of immigrants from other countries as well; out of a total of 701 newcomers in 1981, 340 were from the Soviet Union, while the remainder 178 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 originated in Israel, Rumania, and Poland. George Hegedus of Montreal indicated that Russian Jews were a minority among newcomers to that city in 1981; 30 Jews had arrived from the Soviet Union, as compared with 73 from Israel, 56 from Morocco, and 46 from other countries. Montreal's United Israel Appeal (UIA) campaign for 1982 was the most successful ever, according to outgoing UIA president Joe Ain. He reported that funds raised through the combined Jewish appeal had gone up, even though they had not kept pace with inflation. Due in part to good weather, Toronto's 13th annual United Jewish Appeal walkathon attracted a record crowd of 17,000 people. Project Connect, which sought to coordinate the growing number of activities and programs focusing on singles in the Jewish community, was launched in Toronto. The project was being funded, as a three-year experiment, by two gifts totalling $145,000 from the endowment fund of the Toronto Jewish Congress (TJQ. Staffing and other assistance was being provided by the participating agencies. Marjorie Blankstein, president of the Winnipeg Jewish Community Council (WJCC) told 350 people gathered at the organization's annual meeting that the WJCC was $2.5 million in debt. She called for increased fund-raising and warned, "We may well have to cut services." Among the possibilities mentioned in this context was closing the YMHA community center or the Joseph Wolinsky Colle- giate, a high school. The question of the future of Jewish youth in Atlantic Canada was high on the agenda at the Atlantic Jewish Council's three-day conference, which drew 119 participants from 12 communities. In a region with a total Jewish population of 4,000—ranging from 2,000 in Halifax to only 17 in Antigonish—there were serious problems in maintaining Jewish identity and preventing intermarriage. The region was also plagued by serious economic problems. A joint program of the CJC and the Canadian Zionist Federation (CZF) to aid small Jewish communities across the country, funded by a $60,000 federal multiculturalism grant, was well under way. If the program proved to be successful, the Canadian government planned to involve itself in similar projects with other ethnic groups.

Communal Relations There was a two-hour exchange of views between Prime Minister Trudeau and a six person CJC delegation, headed by President Irwin Cotler. Cotler described the session as "excellent. . . both in tone and substance." The meeting was the first in at least five years between Trudeau and an official delegation of Canadian Jews. The discussion focused on four areas: Canadian foreign policy in the Middle East; human rights and antisemitism; oppressed Jewish communities; and Holocaust remembrance and the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in Canada. CANADA / 179

There was an upswing in "mean and petty" actions against Jews—obscene phone calls, bomb threats, and graffiti—following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, according to Ben Kayfetz, national community relations director of the CJC. He told a symposium at Toronto's Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue that the actions were attributa- ble to the "lunatic fringe." "Though there is a higher level of antisemitism in the open, it does not necessarily mean there is more antisemitism than before; the main body of Canadian opinion on Jews is sound," Kayfetz argued. Still, he saw reason for concern: "As long as actions by lunatic groups abound, there is a threat. They represent a sickness on the periphery and in tough economic times the peripheral groups can edge to the center." A three-man special board appointed by Canadian postal authorities confirmed a ban issued on the mailing privileges of a periodical emanating from Australia. The periodical, published in Hungarian under the title Ut Es Cel (Path and Destination), was banned because of its hate-mongering content. The CJC's Ben Kayfetz stated that Ut Es Cel was "replete with attacks on Jews in the classical antisemitic vein." Solicitor General Robert Kaplan roused the ire of Canadian Jews when he stated that alleged Nazi war criminals living in Canada could only be brought to justice if they were extradited to another country. The Jewish community had been pressing the Canadian government for a number of years to place suspected former Nazis on trial. The number of such individuals living in Canada was estimated to be around 200; their names had been submitted to Kaplan by Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal in 1980. Just as all hope of obtaining justice seemed to fade, a Toronto resident was arrested for possible extradition to West Germany. Seventy-five-year-old Albert Helmut Rauca was wanted for taking part in the massacre of thousands of Li- thuanian Jews during World War II. Rauca's arrest, according to David Matas, a Winnipeg lawyer active with the CJC, marked the first time that the Canadian government had taken steps to extradite an alleged war criminal. Rauca had been living in Canada for 30 years. A postal board of review rescinded a one-year ban that had been placed on Ernest Zundel of Toronto, a commercial artist who had been circulating material in Canada and abroad to the effect that the Holocaust never happened.

Zionism and Israel Michael Chernack, communications director of the Canada-Israel Committee, told the CJC's 24th Ontario regional conference that Canada's reaction to a number of anti-Israel resolutions in the United Nations suggested increasing official support for the Arabs. In April Secretary of State for External Affairs Mark MacGuigan, addressing the annual policy conference of the Canada-Israel Committee in Ottawa, condemned various aspects of Israeli policy, including the Jerusalem law, West Bank 180 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 settlements, and the annexation of the Golan Heights. Prime Minister Trudeau, at an economic summit meeting in Europe, denounced Israel's invasion of Lebanon as "an unjustified act of aggression." The Israeli invasion was also condemned by MPs during a session of the House of Commons; not one MP stood up to defend Israel. The Canadian government called for an "immediate and unconditional withdrawal" of Israeli forces from Lebanon. The trade partnership between Canada and Israel continued to grow. By the end of 1982, the volume of trade between the two countries amounted to more than $200 million, and involved close to 1,000 Canadian and Israeli companies. John Nelson, a Canadian trade official, announced that he was preparing a treasury board submis- sion requesting $200,000 to set up a joint Canadian-Israeli industrial research and development institute; Israel was prepared to match this amount. It was hoped that the institute would be in operation before the end of the year. The Arab-Israel conflict appeared to be having an antisemitic fallout on Canadian university campuses, and the national cabinet of B'nai B'rith Canada's league for human rights launched a campaign to combat it. The most serious incident occurred at the University of Ottawa, where anti-Israel elements in the student body scuffled with members of the Jewish Students Union-Hillel; police had to be summoned to the campus. Other problems were reported by Hillel students at the University of Calgary, Toronto's York University, and McMaster University in Hamilton. The faculty association of the University of Ottawa issued a strong condemnation of the antisemitic campaign that was being waged there. The group, representing more than 1,000 professors, stated its opposition to attempts to equate Zionism with racism, and criticized anti-Jewish material that was being circulated on campus. Jewish students attending universities in Montreal reported that their campuses were being inundated with anti-Israel propaganda. While the war in Lebanon had served to intensify attacks on Israel, the students pointed to the opening of a PLO information office in Montreal in 1981 as the root of the problem. Pro-PLO propaganda took the form of speakers, films, cultural events, printed material, and special days and even weeks devoted to the PLO, said Moshe Chalom, executive-director of the Quebec-Israel Student Committee. Pro-Israel student groups were working with the Israel consulate in an effort to deal with the situation. Concordia University in Montreal was a center of controversy because of its negotiations with King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia over a proposed exchange agreement. The plan met with stiff opposition from some faculty members and students because of its potential for anti-Jewish discrimination, and the university rector, John O'Brien, was forced to suspend the talks. Several other Canadian schools, including McGill University in Montreal, the University of Guelph, and the University of Toronto, already had exchange agreements with King Faisal University. Dennis McDermott, president of the Canadian Labor Congress, and Clifford Pilkey, president of the Ontario Federation of Labor (OFL), both of whom were strong supporters of Israel, repudiated the OFL's call for recognition of the PLO CANADA / 181 as the "legitimate representative of the Palestinian people." The controversial resolution was passed by a 55 per cent majority at the OFL annual convention. More than 33,000 people came to Ontario Place in Toronto to celebrate "Israel Day '82," which was organized by the CZF. There were speeches expressing support for Israel in its war against the PLO in Lebanon, as well as entertainment and various exhibits. A new research complex was to be built at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot with funds provided by Canadian Jews. The Canadian Society of the Weizmann Institute of Science pledged to raise $4,850,000 toward the project, and members of the Society in Calgary and Edmonton agreed to provide an additional $610,000. The three-building complex was to be called the Canadian Institute for the Energies and Applied Research. Israeli and Canadian representatives met in Ottawa to sign an information exchange agreement in the areas of medical research, health-care delivery systems, and public health.

Soviet Jewry Long-time Jewish prisoner of conscience Anatoly Shcharansky turned 34 in Chistopol Prison, and in Mayor Arthur Eggleton's office in Toronto, members of Shcharansky's family, politicians, religious leaders, and community spokesmen gathered to mark the occasion. The ceremony was co-sponsored by Eggleton and the Canadian Committee for Soviet Jewry. May was observed in Toronto as solidarity month for Soviet Jewry. A Sabbath kiddush honoring "prisoner of Zion" Vladimir Tsukerman was held at Congrega- tion Beth Haminyan. On the same day, Beth Emeth-Bais Yehuda synagogue held a kiddush honoring Vladimir Prestin, a refusenik. On May 19, there was a "prisoner of Zion" luncheon at Nathan Phillips Square. On the 20th of the month Hadassah was addressed by Sister Anne Gillen, director of the National Interreligious Task Force on Soviet Jewry; Hadassah also organized a postcard protest on behalf of Jewish prisoner of conscience Vladimir Kislik. On May 25, the Israel Cancer Research Fund paid tribute to refusenik scientist Grigory Goldshtein. On May 28, many synagogues held Shavuot symposia on Soviet Jews. On May 29, the Canada- Israel Cultural Foundation presented the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in a program honoring refusenik musicians Vladimir Feltsman, Stella Goldberg, and Carmella Raiz. Finally, on May 30, the Deer Park United Church honored prisoners of conscience Yuri Federov and Aleksei Murzhenko.

Holocaust Observances Holocaust memorial day observances were organized in Montreal, Toronto, Van- couver, Hamilton, Halifax, Edmonton, and Ottawa. A capacity crowd of 1,200 people filled the sanctuary of the Tifereth Beth David synagogue for the Montreal 182 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 observance. Toronto held its community commemoration at Beth Emeth-Bais Yehuda synagogue; the highlight was the presentation of the righteous gentile award to Wanda Olbrysky, 95, who also accepted the award on behalf of her late brother Tadeus Fice. The Vancouver Holocaust program featured a film produced and directed by William Rader, which was made at the 1981 Holocaust survivors gathering in Jerusalem. The Halifax Holocaust remembrance included a candle- lighting ceremony by survivors and their children, and prose and poetry readings on the theme, "lest we forget." The Edmonton Jewish Community Council dedicated a Holocaust memorial in a ceremony that was attended by over 300 people; the event included a candle-lighting ceremony by the children of survivors. The Ottawa Holocaust observance was held at the site of the Holocaust memorial in the Jewish community cemetery.

Religion Temple Emanu-El (now Temple Emanu-El-Beth Sholom) celebrated its centen- nial in 1982. Leon Oziel was named interim president of the newly-formed Ontario Sephardic Association, which was made up of Toronto's four Sephardic congregations—Petah Tikva, Magen David, Minyan Sephard, and Tiferet Israel—and the Sephardic elementary school, Or Haemet. The Association sought to preserve Sephardic tradition through education; it strongly supported the Or Haemet school, and looked toward the development of a secondary school program for Sephardic youth.

Jewish Culture Montreal was the site of the plenary of the World Council of Yiddish and Yiddish Culture—supported in part by a $5,000 grant from the ministry of state for multiculturalism to the CJC—which attracted more than 300 delegates, including 200 from 16 countries outside North America. Canadian delegates were drawn from Vancou- ver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Hamilton, Ottawa, and Montreal. In terms of numbers and breadth of international representation, the Montreal conference far outdid the previous two meetings of the World Council in Israel. In fact, it more closely resembled the initial International Congress on Yiddish in Jerusalem in 1976, which gave birth to the World Council of Yiddish and Yiddish Culture. Members of the Jewish community turned out in large numbers for those events that were open to the public. Arthur Lermer, chairman of the local arrangements committee, estimated that close to 1,200 people attended a Saturday night symposium on the spiritual heritage of modern European Jewry. On the very platform where only two months before he had given a reading of his work, a memorial service was held for the renowned Yiddish writer, Chaim Grade. An overflow audience of more than 200 people attended the service. A moving tribute to Grade was given by Peretz Moranski, a Toronto Yiddish poet who CANADA / 183 had been a member of the Vilna young writers' group that had formed around Grade. A four-day cultural arts extravaganza for senior citizens, the first of its kind held in North America, took place in Toronto. More than 350 senior citizens from Canada and the United States participated in performances of music, dance, and drama at the northern branch of the Jewish Community Center. The festival was subsidized by the new horizons program of the Canadian government. The YM-YWHA in Montreal announced that the Saidye Bronfman Center's English professional theater would close at the end of its current season because of financial difficulties. The final movement of Harry Freedman's "Concerto for Orchestra," commissioned and world-premiered by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, was hailed as one of the most exciting contemporary Canadian compositions. "Shirim Asher L'Yisrael," an evening service for the Sabbath, composed and conducted by Srul Irving Glick, received its first Canadian performance at Beth Tikvah synagogue in Toronto. Glick was well known for his Jewish music; his "Psalm for Orchestra" was performed by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra at New York's Carnegie Hall. The Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Ottawa awarded a $225,000 grant to the CJC's national archives. This was the largest single grant that the CJC had ever received from a government agency. It was issued under the Council's Canadian studies program, which was in its first year of operation. The grant would permit the CJC to carry out a three-year project to transform the source materials in its possession on the reception, settlement, and integration of Canadian Jews into research tools available to scholars and other interested members of the public. The materials included the records of the Jewish Colonization Association, United Jewish Relief Agencies, and the JIAS, which together covered more than 100 years of Jewish immigration to Canada. Funds would also be used to prepare a guide and computerized index to historical materials about Canadian Jewry. After a decade of negotiations, the JIAS formally agreed to transfer all its records dating back to 1919 to the CJC's national archives. These records, which filled more than 100 filecabinets , offered a detailed history of Jewish immigration over the past 60 years. JIAS' executive vice-president Joseph Kage stated that the agency had handled the cases of more than 200,000 Jewish immigrants to Canada during that period, about 130,000 of whom had come after World War II.

Publications Few non-fiction Canadian books were as widely discussed or highly praised as Irving Abella's and Harold Troper's None is Too Many. The book, as its subtitle indicates, deals with "Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948," revealing a pattern of political calculation, bureaucratic red-tape, and bigotry toward the Jewish victims of Nazism. 184 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

The Canadian Jewish Anthology is a trilingual compilation of works of major Yiddish writers in Canada, co-edited by Chaim Spilberg and Jacob Zipper. The volume was published by the CJC's national committee on Yiddish, supported in part by grants from the multiculturalism department of the Canadian government and the cultural affairs ministry of Quebec. Jacob Zipper was awarded the 1982 international Itzik Manger prize for his Yiddish essay, "An Insight into Yiddish Literature." Zipper was the sixth Mont- realer in 12 years to win this award for outstanding contributions to Yiddish literature. The previous winners were Chava Rosenfeld, Rochel Korn, Yehuda Elberg, Melee Ravitch, and Shimshon Dunsky. Beyond Sambation: Selected Essays and Editorials, 1928-1955, edited by M. W. Steinberg and Usher Caplan, focuses on the late A. M. Klein's journalistic writings. Its publication served as one more reminder that Klein, an eminent poet, had until recently been a half-forgotten figure in Canadian letters. Rabbi Elazar Grafstein of Toronto completed the first volume of his English- language interpretative translation of the Torah. Pioneers, Ploughs, and Prayers: The Jewish Farmers of Western Canada was a joint publication of the Jewish Historical Society of British Columbia and the Jewish Western Bulletin. The booklet was written by Cyril Edel Leonoff to mark the centenary of Russian Jewish settlement in Western Canada. Alan Abrams' Why Windsor? An Anecdotal History of the Jews of Windsor and Essex County is a spritely volume. Stage Left by Toby Gordon Ryan is a vivid depiction of Toronto's Theater of Action, which during its four years of life (1936-1940) was a creative force in drama and politics. Paul Axelrod's Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Economics, and the Universities of Ontario, 1945-1980, carefully documents the rise and fall of higher education in a Canadian province. In Murder on Location, Howard Engel's fictional detective, Benny Cooperman, solves a complex crime. Flowers of Darkness is the fourth and final volume of Matt Cohen's Salem series. In Donna Steinberg's / Lost it All in Montreal, the heroine undergoes a series of zany and unexpected adventures. Recent books of poetry included Miriam Waddington's The Visitants and Eli Mandel's Dreaming Backwards.

Personalia A number of Canadian Jews received important appointments from the federal government: Senator Jack Austin of Vancouver was named minister of state responsible for social development; George Cohon, president of McDonald's Restaurant of Canada, was named a director of the new Canada Post Corporation; Allan Ezra Gotlieb, one of Canada's top professional diplomats, was appointed Canada's CANADA / 185 ambassador to the United States; and Winnipeg lawyer Saul Cherniack, who served as Manitoba finance minister for five years under Edward Schreyer, was appointed chairman of Manitoba Hydro. Maxwell Cohen was sworn in as an ad hoc judge of the International Court of Justice to hear a case involving a Canadian maritime boundary dispute with the United States. Cohen, former dean of the law faculty at McGill University and former chairman of the International Joint Commission, was the first Canadian judge to be appointed to the International Court of Justice since 1958. The first Canadian woman to be named chief of a court under federal jurisdiction was Constance Glube of Halifax, an Ottawa-born, Nova Scotia-trained jurist. She was appointed chief justice of the trial division of the supreme court of Nova Scotia. Jacquelin Holzman was the first Jew elected to the Ottawa city council since former mayor Lorry Greenberg left politics four years ago. The Medical Research Council awarded a $4 million grant to Leonard Pinsky of Jewish General Hospital and Charles Scriver of Montreal Children's Hospital to continue their research on genetic diseases. Karl Abeles was the first Jew to be inducted into the Ontario Agricultural Hall of Fame, in Milton, Ontario. Abeles' lasting contribution to Canadian agriculture was the introduction of a system of permanent pasture. Harvey Fields, senior rabbi of Toronto's Holy Blossom Temple for the past four-and-one-half years, left the community to become rabbi of the Wilshire Boule- vard Temple in Los Angeles. Madeleine Epstein was named recipient of the Toronto Jewish community's prestigious award for outstanding leadership, the Ben Sadowski Award of Merit. Mrs. Epstein's husband, Arnold, had received the award in 1972. Wolfe Goodman was selected as the first recipient of the annual award of honor of the United Jewish Welfare Fund. Morley Wolfe was elected president of B'nai B'rith Canada at the organization's annual convention. Gert Cohos, elected president of the Jewish Community Council of Calgary, was the first woman ever to hold that office. She had previously served as president of the Calgary branch of the National Council of Jewish Women. Judy Feld Carr was installed as president of Beth Tzedec Congregation in Toronto. Among Canadian personalities who died in 1982 were Ida Lewis Siegel (97), who was instrumental in the founding of Canadian Hadassah and was active in many of the organization's educational and social projects; Sol Granek (71), businessman and communal leader; Joseph Goodman (69), former executive vice-president of the Ontario Trucking Association and a member of the Order of Canada; Louis Posluns (83), apparel manufacturer and communal leader; Leo Moss (66), former national executive director of the Labor Zionist Organization and executive director of the Canadian Zionist Federation, eastern region; Solomon Frank (82), rabbi of the historic Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue in Montreal from 1947 until his 186 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 retirement, and before that spiritual leader of Winnipeg's Shaarei Zedek Synagogue; John Sherman (81), pioneer in modern dentistry and founding member of the Toronto chapter of the Alpha Omega dental fraternity; Anne Glass, long-time Yiddish educator and university professor; Leo Hausman (69), well-known Toronto photographer, who covered Jewish community events and organizational activities; and Charles Grosberg (63), artist and community activist.

~~~~BERNARD BASKIN Western Europe~~~~

~~~~Great Britain~~~~

~~~~National Affairs~~~~

J_/VENTS IN 1982 WERE dominated by the Falklands crisis, which stretched from the Argentine invasion on April 2 until the British governor's return to Port Stanley on June 25. The political repercussions were swift and significant: Lord Carrington, the foreign secretary, and two of his ministers were forced to resign. Though the loss of Carrington was widely regretted in Conservative party ranks, the standing of the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher did not suffer in any way. On the contrary, the government's prestige rose, as was shown in May, when local election results, flying in the face of all precedent, gave the Conservative party an increased number of seats. Even more startling was the government's standing in public opinion polls. Just before the Falklands campaign, a Gallop poll had indicated that the Liberal-Social Democratic alliance and the Labor party were each supported by 33 per cent of the public, while the Conservative party enjoyed 31.5 per cent of public support. By the end of the year the figures were 42 per cent for the Conservatives, 35 per cent for Labor, and 21 per cent for the Liberal-Social Democratic alliance. Tory popularity was enhanced not only by military success in the Falklands, but also by the government's ability to cope with labor problems in the nationalized industries—railroads, mining, and the health services. Also helping to buttress the "Falklands factor" was the decline in the annual rate of inflation from 12 per cent at the beginning of the year to 6.3 per cent in December—the lowest figure in ten years. Bank base rates dropped from 15 per cent to 10 per cent. All this combined to fuel a consumer boom, since the real disposable income of most householders rose slightly. However, there was no check on the rise in unemployment. In December the number of people claiming unemployment benefits reached a post-war high of 3,063,026. Support for the right-wing National Front party (NF) in local government elections fell to between one-half and one-quarter of 1978 levels. Jacob Gewirtz, director of the Board of Deputies of British Jews' defense and group relations department, 187 188 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 stated that a sharp reduction in the number of NF candidates (e.g., 47 in Greater London in 1982, compared with 598 in 1978) reflected not only a decline in NPs electoral appeal but also the NF's waning interest in the electoral process as against direct action. In January, Joseph Pierce, editor of the NF's youth division newspaper, Bulldog, was jailed for six months for publishing material likely to incite racial hatred; in June, Pierce polled only 547 votes in the Merton, Mitcham, and Morden parliamentary by-election. In September Robert Edwards was jailed for one year for contributing racist cartoons to The Stormer.

Relations with Israel In February a more sympathetic British attitude toward Israel seemed to be developing when Great Britain voted with the Common Market nations against a United Nations general assembly resolution condemning Israel for its occupation of the Golan Heights. In March Foreign Secretary Carrington visited Israel to "look and learn," while at the same time defending the European Economic Community's [EEC] Venice declaration. In April Prime Minister Thatcher welcomed Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai in accordance with the Camp David agreement. The atmosphere changed in April when Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov was called to the foreign office to discuss reported arms sales by Israel to Argentina during the Falklands war. Argov denied the charges. In May a foreign office spokesman labeled Israel's bombing of PLO bases in Lebanon "a further clear breach of the ceasefire, a serious infringement of Lebanese sovereignty, and a dangerous escalation of violence." In June Prime Minister Thatcher declared Britain's support for UN efforts to obtain a ceasefire in Lebanon; she condemned Israel's actions there, but also denounced PLO attacks across the border into Israel. The British government, she stated, believed that the principle of self-determination should be applied to both the Falklands situation and the problem of the Palestinians. Prime Minister Thatcher condemned the assassination attempt of Ambassador Argov in London's Park Lane—the event which sparked Israel's invasion of Leba- non. In June Britain showed disapproval of the invasion by withdrawing an invitation to Israeli representatives who had been scheduled to attend a defense ministry exhibition at Aldershot. In July, in the wake of Israel's refusal to withdraw from Lebanon, Great Britain, together with the other EEC countries, placed an embargo on military sales to Israel. However, in August, Britain abstained on a UN security council resolution calling for an arms and military-aid embargo against the Jewish state. In the same month, Douglas Hurd, senior minister of state, informed Yoav Biran, a member of Israel's London embassy, that the casualties and damage inflicted by Israel in Lebanon were unacceptably high. In September Prime Minister Thatcher described the massacre of Palestinians in refugee camps in Beirut as a "barbaric act for which those responsible should be utterly condemned." In September the British government welcomed U.S. president Ronald Reagan's Middle East peace plan, even while maintaining that it did not go far enough in GREAT BRITAIN / 189 meeting the requirements for a Palestinian state or in recognizing the PLO's role in the peace process. In November newly-appointed foreign secretary Francis Pym stated at the Commonwealth Conference that the Arab League's Fez summit principles were insufficiently clear: "They failed to confirm explicitly Israel's right to live in peace and security in the context of a settlement which also met Palestinian aspirations ... A clear statement of this kind is absolutely necessary if negotiations are to begin." In December Pym announced that Great Britain would send an 80-man armored reconnaissance unit to serve with the multinational, peace-keeping force in Lebanon. In June Israel protested to the foreign office after Minister of State Hurd officially received Farouk Kaddoumi, the PLO's political head, as part of an Arab League delegation. In November an Arab League request that both Prime Minister Thatcher and Foreign Secretary Pym receive a PLO representative, who was due in London with other Arab League delegates, was turned down. The government reiterated its policy of limiting contacts with the PLO to lower-level British officials until the PLO renounced terrorism and recognized Israel's right to exist. In response, Morocco's foreign minister informed the British embassy in Rabat that the Arab League delegation would not visit London. In addition, Saudi Arabia indicated to Foreign Secretary Pym that his proposed visit to Riyadh in January 1983 would not be timely. Labor's Middle East policy moved closer to that of the Conservatives. In May the national executive committee of the Labor party expressed deep concern over the "deteriorating situation" in the Middle East, pointing specifically to Israel's "repressive actions" and aggressive settlement policy on the West Bank. In Novem- ber a detailed statement was issued by the Labor executive welcoming the Fez and Reagan initiatives, and supporting the right of Israel to live in peace and security and the Palestinians to have a state of their own. In July the Liberal party passed a resolution recognizing the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and calling for the PLO to be involved in any future negotiations. For its part, the PLO was urged to recognize Israel's right to exist within the pre-1967 borders. At its annual Brighton conference in September, the Trades Union Congress adopted a resolution condemning Israel for "death and destruction" in Lebanon, and affirming that "only the recognition of the natural rights of the Palestinian people to self-determination within an independent and sovereign state can bring peace and security to all states, including Israel, in the Middle East."

The Arab Lobby In February an Institute of Jewish Affairs study of ten pro-Arab organizations concluded that Britain's pro-Arab lobby, despite the use of increasingly sophisticated propaganda techniques, had achieved little in the way of influencing public opinion or attracting support from the major political parties. There were those, however, who felt that the conclusion was premature. 190 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 In March pro-Arab MP's tabled a motion in Parliament deploring the closure of Bir Zeit University on the West Bank, and calling on the Israeli military authorities to restore academic freedom to Palestinian students. In May the Glasgow University student council twinned with the Bir Zeit University student organization. On May 1S two thousand PLO supporters massed in London's Trafalgar Square to celebrate "Palestine Day." In July pro-Arab advertisements were placed in the Guardian by the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and in The Times by the League of Arab States' London office; the League also arranged for four MP's to visit Lebanon. Nearly 4,000 people attended a meeting centering on the theme "Let the Lebanese and Palestinians Live," which was held under the auspices of the Middle East councils of the Conservative, Labor, and Liberal parties. Demonstrations protesting the Beirut refugee camp massacre included a march organized by the United Kingdom Muslim Solidarity Committee in London's Hyde Park, and a rally organized by the Action Committee Against Genocide in Lebanon in Blackburn. In November an International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinians was marked in several cities. During the autumn term, anti-Zionist motions were debated on many British university campuses, including Sussex, Aston, Manchester, Newcastle, Essex, and King's College, Cambridge. In December Board of Deputies education officer Clive Lawton indicated that 26 of the motions had been defeated. Anti-Zionist motions put forward at the December annual conference of the National Union of Students also failed to pass; the group continued to call for mutual recognition between Israel and the Arabs, and demanded that the PLO "renounce its avowed aim... to destroy the State of Israel."

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

Demography The Jewish population of Great Britain was estimated to be 350,000. Leading Jewish population centers were London, Manchester, Leeds, and Glasgow. The number of synagogue marriages in 1981—1,180—was the lowest in the century, according to the Board of Deputies research unit. The figure compared with 1,222 marriages in 1980 and an average of 1,318 in the five-year period 1976-1980. The largest declines were in the Liberal synagogues (56 weddings in 1981, as compared with 71 in 1980 and an average of 80 in the 1976-1980 period) and the Sephardi congregations (24 weddings in 1981, as against 34 in 1980 and an average of 43 in the 1976-1980 period). The survey noted a high proportion of marriages in London, suggesting the continued movement there of young Jews. Anglo-Jewry's divorce rate, though below the national average, was unacceptably high and growing fast, according to Muriel Markham of the Jewish Marriage Council, which in June opened a marriage bureau. GREAT BRITAIN / 191

A Board of Deputies survey showed that the mortality rate was stable, with 4,659 burials and cremations recorded under Jewish religious auspices in 1981, as compared with 4,656 in 1980 and an average of 4,799 during the period 1976-1980.

Communal Activities In December Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip attended a Board of Deputies reception for Jewish Commonwealth leaders. The leaders agreed to establish a permanent council, headquartered in London, to work in concert with the World Jewish Congress. In the face of economic problems, the Jewish Welfare Board's (JWB) June annual meeting heard calls for an increased emphasis on voluntary services. In February the JWB had been forced to close two homes that it had administered on behalf of the Jewish Women's Homes Association since 1980. A fund in memory of Lionel Leighton, who died in April, was established to provide additional social services to Jews left behind in inner-city areas. Reflecting the economic climate, JWB's careers and employment section assisted 333 applicants in 1982. In August, in a move to save money, two London day centers—JWB's Sylvia Leighton Center in Clacton and the Jewish Blind Society's (JBS) Robert Zimbler Center in Stamford Hill—which together served some 800 people, were merged into a combined North-East London Jewish Day Center. Savings were also expected from a move by JWB, JBS, and Norwood Child Care to offices at the Michael Sobell Center complex in Golders Green, North London. A report in March by a Central Council for Jewish Social Services' sub-committee criticized British Jewry for its apathy toward the problems of the disabled. In March the Jewish Society for the Mentally Handicapped conducted a training course for volunteers and professionals involved in its youth integration program. In July the same organization announced a pilot training program for handicapped school leavers and young adults. In March construction began on a £300,000 Bnei Akiva youth center. On the negative side of the ledger, the Kenton Jewish youth club faced closure because of a Brent borough-council decision eliminating funds for a full-time youth leader. In July the Jewish Social Responsibility Council, which was founded in Leeds in 1976 to encourage racial harmony, held its first London meeting. In August the Jewish Employment Action Group was formed in London to help Jews who were encountering discrimination at work.

Zionism and Israel In June a London rally organized by the Board of Deputies, in association with all the major Jewish organizations, expressed outrage at the attack on the life of Ambassador Argov, and called for the closing of the PLO's London office. The Joint Israel Appeal launched an immediate fund drive to aid the Jewish state. 192 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

In July a Board of Deputies delegation and officers of the Conservative Friends of Israel expressed concern about the government's Middle East policy to Foreign Secretary Pym; a British Herut delegation met with Secretary of State Hurd for the same purpose. The Board of Deputies unanimously passed a resolution expressing strong solidarity with Israel in the Lebanon war. United Synagogue (US) president George Gee informed Prime Minister Menachem Begin that his organization supported Israel. The Zionist Federation (ZF) placed an advertisement, "The Truth About Lebanon," in The Times, while the Board of Deputies set up a special committee to coordinate public-relations efforts. Despite strong Jewish organizational backing of Israel, Anglo-Jewish opinion about the war in Lebanon was, in fact, divided. In June Jewish academics placed an advertisement in the Guardian dissociating themselves from Israel's actions. In July British Friends of Peace Now held its first public meeting. In August a meeting centering on the theme "Lebanon and After" was organized by the Interna- tional Jewish Peace Union, the Jewish Socialists' Group, and Peace in Lebanon and Israel. In July the latter group had placed an advertisement in the Guardian calling for Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. In August MP Neville Sandelson resigned as the Social Democratic party's Friends of Israel vice-chairman, in protest against Israel's activities in Lebanon; MP Leo Abse called for Israel to "aban- don the unjust war in Lebanon." The Board of Deputies and the ZF condemned both MP's. Seventy rabbis signed a resolution supporting Israel that was drafted by British Herut. Reports of the Beirut refugee camp massacre brought expressions of horror from all sectors of the Jewish community. British Friends of Peace Now demonstrated outside Israel's London embassy and placed an advertisement in the Jewish Chroni- cle. The Board of Deputies, while voting overwhelmingly to reiterate its "proud commitment to Israel," called for a full investigation of Israel's role in the massacre. Three religious bodies—the Council of Reform and Liberal Rabbis, the Union of Liberal and Reform Synagogues, and the Reform Synagogues of Great Britain (RSGB)—expressed concern about the situation. However, when Board of Deputies president Greville Janner and other officials of the organization visited Israel in October, they indicated to Prime Minister Menachem Begin that British Jews, despite differences over some aspects of Israeli policy, were united in their affection for the Jewish state. Protests over the anti-Israel stance of the British press were made throughout the Lebanon crisis. In June the RSGB's annual conference criticized "biased and dis- torted treatment" of Israel in the media. Demonstrations outside the offices of The Times were held in July by Concerned Jewish Youth, and again in August by the Union of Jewish Students (UJS). Statistics produced by the all-party, multi-faith, Joint Committee Against Racial- ism showed that almost one-quarter of the 44 serious attacks on synagogues and other Jewish communal buildings throughout Great Britain between November 1981 and September 1982, occurred in June and July. This was clearly related to GREAT BRITAIN / 193

Israel's invasion of Lebanon. At the end of June, Board of Deputies president Janner had spoken about an "ominous time for the Jewish community," while Vice-Presi- dent Martin Savitt had appealed for vigilance against violent attack. The final report published in March by the special committee established in 1981 to look into ZF affairs recommended increased membership dues and the abolition of grants to political parties. Other proposals included streamlining the organization by means of an elected national council of 46 members, an elected six-man management committee responsible for overall supervision of ZF business, and fewer standing committees and staff. In May George Garai, the new ZF general secretary, asserted, "We are now living within our means." In April the United Zionists launched a campaign to mobilize all British Zionists who stood opposed to the dominance of Israeli political parties in Zionist affairs in Great Britain. In July the group announced its intention to seek affiliation with the ZF. In February the British Aliyah Movement's request for affiliation with the ZF was accepted. In March a World Zionist Organization (WZO) aliyah department report indicated that 964 Britons had emigrated to Israel in 1981, two-thirds of them people under the age of thirty. In July Uzi Baram, chairman of the Knesset's aliyah and absorption committee, stated that ten per cent of immigrants from Great Britain returned home within two years of taking up residency in Israel; this compared with a 40 per cent figure for immigrants from the United States. At year's end appeals were pending to the WZO executive, the World Zionist Congress tribunal, and the central election board, over irregularities in Britain's elections to the Zionist congress.

Soviet Jewry Protest on behalf of Soviet Jewry continued in all sectors of the Jewish community, with youth groups being particularly active. In February ULPS youth club members and the 35's (Women's Campaign for Soviet Jewry) heckled guests arriv- ing at a celebration of Soviet Weekly's fortieth birthday. In March the National Youth Council for Soviet Jewry organized a forest fair at the Manor Farm complex. In November the same group lit Chanukah candles outside the Soviet embassy in London, while protesting the imprisonment of Yosef Begun. In November Con- cerned Jewish Youth members disrupted a performance by a Soviet singer at Lon- don's Festival Hall. Professional groups also initiated campaigns. In February the Medical and Scien- tific Committee for Soviet Jewry held a major international seminar at University College, Oxford, dealing with the theme "Soviet Refusenik Scientists—Their Wor- sening Plight." In July the same group organized a rally and an appeal to Soviet authorities on behalf of exiled scientist Victor Brailovsky. In October an emergency meeting of the Medical Council for Soviet Jewry produced a resolution on behalf of Russian health workers. 194 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Religion Attempts to change the US's image continued. In April four women took their seats on the US council as observers; though they did not have voting rights, they were able to participate in debates and general operations. A special US sub-committee was formed in April to determine whether, in the light of diminished local needs, some synagogues might be closed. In July another sub-committee undertook a major inquiry into the chief rabbinate. There was also talk of a public affairs committee that would speak out on such matters as race relations and social services. In April it was announced that Judge Israel Feinstein would join with honorary US officers in discussions of the future role of the rabbinate. In December US president George Gee said that a panel of rabbis would be established to assist the London Beth Din. Other plans included regional rabbinic councils, assistance to smaller communities, sabbatical leave for rabbis to undertake university chaplain- cies and youth work, and a grass-roots membership conference. In December the US council agreed to impose a 7.5 per cent surcharge on membership contributions to cover, among other things, a four per cent salary increase that was due to US officials and staff. As a result of economic recession, joint treasurer Mark Kosky noted, there had been an increase in unpaid memberships. According to chairman Frank Levine, economic recession, coupled with the proliferation of other kashrut authorities, had resulted in a sharp decline in the number of functions supervised by the Kashrus Commission—348 fewer in 1981 than in 1980. If such a situation continued, he argued, it could jeopardize the Commission's survival. At the Commission's July annual meeting, Federation of Synagogues representatives participated for the first time since 1964. In November Europe's first custom-built, kosher meat abattoir opened in Tower Hamlets, East London, under the auspices of the London Board for Shechita. However, this was balanced by the closing of abattoirs in Waltham Abbey, Newcas- tle, and Castle Bromwich. In October Empire Kosher Poultry Ltd. closed its Lanca- shire abattoir. In June Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits met with the pope. In July Jakobovits and community leaders attended a Falklands Island service of thanksgiving and commemoration at St. Paul's Cathedral. In November the chief rabbi, as president of the Conference of European Rabbis, expressed concern to the Vatican over the pope's meeting with PLO leader Yasir Arafat.

Jewish Education In January Michael Cohen, director of the London Board for Jewish Religious Education, put forward a plan to have two or more synagogues in particular locales share religious classes. It was hoped that the plan would result in better use of well-qualified teachers. Cohen indicated that the Board, the largest of its kind in Europe, served 5,500 children. In November London's Central Synagogue split with the Board over the regionalization plan. GREAT BRITAIN / 195

In February the salaries of part-time London Board for Jewish Religious Educa- tion teachers were raised by ten per cent. In August, 29 teachers graduated from the training program that was conducted under the auspices of the Board, Jews' College, and the WZO's department for Torah education. In June two leading Israeli educators visited Great Britain as part of a program to improve the teaching of Hebrew; in November they demonstrated an experimental method for teaching Hebrew and Jewish knowledge to nursery-school children. Increased interest in Jewish education for younger age groups was reflected in plans for kindergartens at the Bayswater and Maida Vale synagogue and the South- gate Reform synagogue. A primary school in Ilford was also planned. In July Sherman kindergarten, attached to the Simon Marks School, opened. In February Chief Rabbi Jakobovits announced plans to restructure Jews' College as a college of Jewish studies that would train teachers, social workers, synagogue officials, and communal civil servants, as well as rabbis and cantors. An academic advisory committee was exploring ways to expand the school's library and giving thought to the possibility of setting up a community services department. The resignation of Rabbi Nahum Rabinovitch as principal of Jews' College was followed by the appointment of Rabbi Jonathan Sacks to a chair established in the name of Chief Rabbi Jakobovits. Jews' College started the academic year with a total of 55 students, including 21 newcomers. In February Leo Baeck College, which trained Reform and Liberal ministers and teachers, appointed Professor Judah Segal as principal and Rabbi Albert Fried- lander as dean. In August the school moved to new premises at the Manor House Center for Judaism, Finchley, North London. In March it was announced that the Pincus Jewish Education Fund for the Diaspora would provide additional grants for British projects. During the past five years, thirteen Anglo-Jewish institutions and programs, including Carmel College, Jews' College, and Yakar Study Center, had received grants. In May Yakar sold its Stanmore, Middlesex premises for financial reasons. In May the Oxford Center for Post-Graduate Hebrew Studies and Tel Aviv University began a new cooperative program involving the Jacob and Shoshana Schreiber fellowship. Attempts to save Hebrew studies at Leeds University continued throughout the year. In November the ZF education trust and the Pincus Foundation provided funds for a teacher to introduce modern Hebrew into the curricula of non-Jewish high schools, the Leeds Jewish Day School Committe reported. In November B'nai B'rith of Great Britain established a fund in memory of Werner Lash and J. C. Gilbert to further Jewish education.

Publications The Jewish Chronicle-Harold H. Wingate literary award went to Zionism: The Formative Years by David Vital and The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, edited and translated by T. Carmi. In future years, one award of £2000 (instead of two awards 196 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 of £1000 each) would be made annually for the best fiction or non-fiction book of Jewish interest. Biographical and autobiographical works included Marx: Economist, Philosopher, Jew by Murray Wolfson; Martin Buber's Life and Work: The Early Years by Maurice Friedman; Koestler by Iain Hamilton; Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship by Gershom Scholem; Shimon Peres by Matti Golan; Lord Reading by Denis Judd; The Mond Legacy: A Family Saga by Jean Goodman; How to be Seventy by George Mikes; Bronze in My Blood: A Memoir by Benno Schotz; and Refusenik: Trapped in the Soviet Union by Mark Azbel. Biblical and religious studies included Interpreting the Hebrew Bible, (essays in honor of E. I. J. Rosenthal), edited by J. Emerton and Stefan Reif; The Story of the Stories: The Chosen People and its God by Dan Jacobson; The Sacred Executioner: Human Sacrifice and the Legacy of Guilt by Hyam Maccoby; The Great Code: The Bible and Literature by Northrop Frye; Introduction to the Critical Study of the Text of the Hebrew Bible by J. Weingreen; The Art of Biblical Narrative by Robert Alter; A New-Old Rendering of the Psalms by Solomon Schonfeld; Teyku: The Unsolved Problem in the Babylonian Talmud by Louis Jacobs; The Treatise of the Pool by Obadyah Maimonides, edited for the first time with translation and notes by Paul Fenton; and Jews: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices by Alan Unterman. Among historical works were Essays in Modern Jewish History, (a tribute to Ben Halpern), edited by Frances Malino and Phyllis Cohen Albert and Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655 by David Katz. The Holocaust period was covered in Schindler's Ark by Thomas Keneally, which won the Booker Prize for a work of literature; Upon the Head of the Goat: A Childhood in Hungary, 1939-1944 by Aranka Siegal; Who's Who in Nazi Germany by Robert Wistrich; Stolen Years by Sara Zyskind; and Vichy France and the Jews by Michael Marrus and Robert Paxton. Contemporary studies included The Third Way: A Journal of Life on the West Bank by Raja Shehadeh; Inside the Middle East by Dilip Hiro; Jewish Radicals and Radical Jews by Percy Cohen; and On the Other Hand by Chaim Bermant. Fiction included Proofs of Affection by Rosemary Friedman; The Survivors by Elaine Feinstein; and The White Hotel by D. H. Thomas. Other works of note were A Jewish Icongraphy, a supplementary volume, by Alfred Rubens; The Falashas: The Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia by David Kessler; and The Arab in Hebrew Prose, 1911-1948 by Risa Domb. Important additions to the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization series were Principles of Faith by Isaac Abravanel, translated by Menachem Kellner; Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas of Assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary by Robert Wistrich; Economic History of the Jews in England by Harold Pollins; Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair by Stephen Wilson; The Emancipation of the Jews in Britain by M. C. N. Salbstein; Mystical Theology and Social Dissent: The Life and Works ofJudah Loew of Prague by Byron Sherwin; and Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Disputations in the Middle Ages, edited and translated by Hyam Maccoby. GREAT BRITAIN / 197 Personalia Sir Derek Ezra, who retired as chairman of the National Coal Board in July, was raised to a life peer. Basil Feldman, leader of the Conservative party in the Greater London area, received a knighthood. Aaron Klug, Cambridge molecular biologist, was awarded the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize for Chemistry for his work in the development of electron microscopy. Sir Zelman Cowen, former governor-general of Aus- tralia, was appointed provost of Oriel College, Oxford. British Jews who died in 1982 included Rabbi Mordechai Knoblowicz, Talmud scholar, in January; Arthur Snowman, communal worker, in February, aged 68; Sir Jack Cohen, civic and communal figure, in February, aged 85; Lottie Reizenstein, artist, aged 78; Harry Corbett, actor, in March, aged 57; Harold Goldblatt, theatrical producer and actor, in March; Lionel Leighton, JWB chairman, in April, aged 68; George Him, graphic artist, illustrator, and designer, in April, aged 81; Sir Barnett Janner, communal leader, in May, aged 89; Harry Moss, businessman, in May, aged 86; Henri Tajfel, Bristol University professor of social psychology, in May; Sidney Weiner, director of the Medical Research Council's environmental psychology unit and professor of environmental psychology at London University, in June, aged 66; Jack Salmon, businessman and philanthropist, in June, aged 86; Rabbi Alec Silverstone, emeritus minister of Southport's Hebrew Congregation, in June, aged 85; Albert Polack, former housemaster at Clifton College's Jewish house, in July, aged 90; Sir Raphael Tuck, barrister and one-time Labor MP, in July, aged 79; Hyman Leon, leading figure in local government in Richmond, in July, aged 84; Henry Sanders, artist, in July, aged 64; Amnon Pilley, architect, in August, aged 74; Constance Freedman, sculptress, in August, aged 54; Jack Cinna, communal worker, in August, aged 79; Joseph Gilbert, communal leader, in August, aged 82; Werner Lash, B'nai B'rith national president, in September, aged 71; George Web- ber, emeritus reader in civil law at London University and communal worker, in September, aged 83; Sir Maxwell Joseph, hotel and property magnate, in September, aged 72; Sir Siegmund Warburg, banker, in October, aged 80; Rabbi Leib Gurwicz, Gateshead rosh yeshivah, in October, aged 76; Anna Freud, psychoanalyst, in October, aged 86; Jack "Froggy" Hyams, boxer, in November, aged 72; Immanuel Bierer, physician and Zionist, in November, aged 81; David Davies, psychiatrist, in November, aged 72; J. Edward Sieff, businessman and communal figure, in Novem- ber, aged 76; Rabbi Morris Nemeth, for nearly 40 years an Anglo-Jewish minister, in December, aged 68; Reginald Levitt, sheriff of Kilmarnock, in December, aged 69; Marty Feldman, comedian, in December, aged 49; Isidore Fishman, Jewish educator, in December, aged 74; and Michael Wallach, member of the Jewish Chronicle editorial staff, in December, aged 64.

~~~~LIONEL AND MIRIAM KOCHAN France~~~~

~~~~National Affairs~~~~

LLN 1982 THE SOCIALIST government of Francois Mitterrand was forced to deal with the economic crisis that its predecessor, the Gaullist government of Valery Giscard d'Estaing, had been unable to solve. The Socialists decided upon strong measures, including, as openers, increases in both the guaranteed minimum wage and pensions for retired low-salaried workers. Other measures followed, but they were less well received in various quarters—by businessmen who complained of a destructive fiscal policy, by peasants who felt their interests were being inade- quately protected in the European Economic Community [EEC], and by the industrial sector which saw a shrinkage in investment opportunities. Despite wage increases, low-salaried workers saw no improvement in their situation, as rising inflation cut into purchasing power. Growing unemployment and business deficits were also very much in evidence. Due to the fact that President Mitterrand's cabinet included four Communist ministers, and the Communist party was determined to cling to its power position at all costs, the government was spared serious industrial strife. Nonetheless, there were sporadic strikes in such areas as mining and the nationalized automobile factories. New features of labor unrest were religious and nationalist demands by Arab workers from North Africa, including the right of Muslims to pray at the work place. Anti-clerical French workers, often with a tinge of racial prejudice, labeled such demands as scandalous "ayatollah-khomeinisme." The economic problems confronting the Mitterrand government provided the Gaullist opposition with an opportunity to make a political comeback. The two principal opposition parties, Giscard d'Estaing's Union pour la Democratic Fran- chise (UDF, Union for Democracy in France) and Jacques Chirac's Rassemblement du Peuple Republicain (RDR, Rally for the Republic), set aside their differences and regrouped. In a series of sharp speeches, Chirac, the mayor of Paris, attacked Justice Minister Robert Badinter for liberalizing the prison system, Interior Minister Gas- ton Defferre for a rash of scandals, and Council of Ministers president Pierre Mauroy for unkept promises. Chirac accused the four Communist ministers in the government of systematically packing their offices with political supporters. Ebbing public confidence in the Left was reflected in the partial legislative elections which were held early in the year. In all but four of the races, opposition candidates won the first round. The opposition made a particularly strong showing in the provinces, thereby gaining executive power over decentralization measures that were being implemented in the various departments of France. 198 FRANCE / 199 A proposal to nationalize the entire French educational system, including a large network of Catholic schools, was still being debated at the end of the year. The Socialist government promised that any new education law would be negotiated rather than decreed. On April 24, 100,000 people marched in Paris in support of free schools.

Terrorism Terrorist attacks, directed against a wide variety of targets, grew in number in 1982. On January 18 Charles Rey, military attache at the American embassy in Paris, was assassinated; the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction, a group un- known until then, claimed responsibility for the act. On February 11 the Corsican National Liberation Front committed 25 violent acts on the island, leaving one foreign legionnaire dead and two wounded; on February 16 the same group perpetrated 17 violent acts in Paris. On March 29 a bomb exploded on a Paris-Toulouse train, leaving five passengers dead and 27 wounded; Carlos, the notorious international terrorist, was thought to be behind the act. On April 3 Yaakov Bensimantov, second-secretary of the Israeli embassy in Paris, was shot to death with the same gun that had killed Charles Rey; the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction again claimed credit. On April 22 a bomb explosion at a pro-Iraqi Arab weekly in Paris left one person dead and about 60 wounded; Syrian secret service agents were believed to have planted the bomb. Responsibility for an explosion in front of the Iraqi embassy in Paris on July 11, which left five people wounded, was claimed by an Iraqi Shiite movement taking orders from Iran. On July 19 the offices of Minute, a right-wing daily, were severely damaged in an attack by leftists belonging to the Action Directe group. On July 21 two mechanics were killed in a car explosion directed against Roderick Grant, commercial attache at the American embassy; the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction once again claimed responsibility. On the same day several people in the Latin quarter were wounded in an explosion that was set off by an Armenian group. On July 23 Fati Dani, assistant director of the PLO office in Paris, was assassinated. On September 17, the automobile of an Israeli embassy functionary exploded in front of a high school in Paris, wounding SI people; the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction claimed responsibility. On December 28 there were seven violent incidents on Corsica. A terrorist attack in Paris' rue des Rosiers on August 9 provoked outrage in the Jewish community, particularly among North African Jews, who were residents of the neighborhood. Two men with automatic pistols entered Goldberg's Restaurant and opened fire on the customers, leaving six dead and 22 wounded. While the attack was attributed to members of Abu Nidal's dissident Palestinian group, it was openly antisemitic in nature, since the restaurant was nothing more than a Jewish eatery, with no links to Israel or Zionism. President Mitterrand attended a memorial service for the victims in a neighborhood synagogue, but was denounced by some participants who held him responsible for an anti-Israel atmosphere which, they felt, 200 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 encouraged terrorism against Jews. At the request of the government, the Commu- nist-dominated General Confederation of Labor canceled a pro-Palestinian demonstration that had been scheduled for the day after the attack.

Relations With Israel The change for the better in France's relations with Israel, which had been expected after President Mitterrand assumed office, did not fully materialize. One positive development, most certainly, was Mitterrand's recognition that the Camp David accords constituted an important first step toward a solution of the Arab- Israeli conflict—something which Giscard d'Estaing had never done. Mitterrand visited Israel in early March, becoming the first European head of state to do so. In a speech to the Knesset, he declared his general support for the idea of a Palestinian state. In sharp contrast to President Mitterrand, Foreign Minister Claude Cheysson was a strong advocate of "fraternization" with the PLO. Cheysson met with Yasir Arafat, and on one occasion compared the Palestinian struggle against Israel to the struggle of the French resistance against the Nazis. At a press conference in July, which took place against the background of Israel's invasion of Lebanon, President Mitterrand stated that a "new Oradour" was intolerable. (Oradour, a small town in southwest France, became a symbol of barbarism and cruelty during World War II when an SS division massacred the entire population.) In fact, Mitterrand had fallen into a trap set by a Palestinian journalist who referred to Oradour in posing a question about the Lebanese situation. Needless to say, the comparison evoked great consternation in Jewish circles. From the very outset of Israel's invasion of Lebanon, the French press and broadcast media attacked the Jewish state. These attacks reached a peak following the September 17 massacre of Palestinians in refugee camps in Beirut—the Israelis were likened to Nazis and Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Adolph Hitler. Among the Paris dailies, only the right-wing Figaro maintained a certain reserve in criticizing Israel. Moreover, the paper opened its pages to Annie Kriegel, the highly-regarded sociologist and political scientist, who skillfully defended Israel's actions. A number of Jewish intellectuals joined the anti-Israel chorus, not failing to explain, of course, that they represented "authentic" Jewish conscience, unperverted by Zionism. With one exception—the philosopher Wladimir Yankelevitch—these protesters, including Eugene Minkovski, the noted surgeon, and Pierre Vidal- Naquet, the historian, were de-Judaized Jews. At the beginning of the Lebanon war, a small group of Jews, including a few members of Hashomer Hatzair, the Zionist youth group, protested in front of the Israeli embassy in Paris, declaring their solidarity with the Palestinians. Further into the war, there was an emergency meeting in Paris of former World Jewish Congress presidents Nahum Goldmann and Philip Klutznick and former French premier Pierre Mendes-France, who FRANCE / 201 sought to find a common ground between Israel and the PLO. All this served to strengthen the public's impression that there were "good Jews" and "good Israelis" who stood opposed to Prime Minister Begin's "fascist" wickedness, just as there had been good Germans who opposed Hitler's brutality. While the leading organizations of French Jewry—the Consistory, Conseil Re- presentatif des Juifs de France (CRIF, Representative Council of French Jewry), and Fonds Social Juif Unifie (FSJU, United Jewish Philanthropic Fund)—did not take a formal stance in favor of Israel's invasion of Lebanon, they did make clear their basic solidarity with the Jewish state. This position reflected the strong pro- Israel outlook of the French Jewish establishment, which had become the norm since the 1967 Six Day War. Among Jewish newspapers and magazines, only Tribune Juive ("Jewish Tribune") was critical of Israel.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

~~~~Demography The Jewish population of France was estimated to be 535,000. Leading Jewish population centers were Paris, Marseilles, Nice, Lyons, and Toulouse.~~~~

Communal Activities The Jewish community was deeply disturbed by an incident that occurred in Reims. A Jewish textile manufacturer decided to close his business on Yom Kippur, and proposed that the workers make up the lost time over the next few days. The reaction of the representative of the General Confederation of Labor to the proposal was totally negative. In the ensuing debate over the matter, the General Confedera- tion of Labor newspaper ran a shocking, Streicher-style caricature of the manufacturer, depicting him as a gnome wearing a hasidic hat and a jacket buttoned with dollar bills and smoking a cigar banded with a star of David. The Ligue Interna- tionale Contre le Racisme et l'Anti-semitisme (LICRA, International League Against Racism and Antisemitism) lodged a complaint. At year's end, there were several candidates for the CRIF presidency, a post left open by the death of Alain de Rothschild. The leading candidate was thought to be Theo Klein, a Zionist with socialist leanings, who maintained close ties to the Mitter- rand government. Klein's pro-government stance was sharply criticized by some Jews, who pointed to Foreign Minister Cheysson's open bias in favor of the Arabs. At a gathering of French rabbis on January 25, the main topic of discussion was the issue of conversion to Judaism. With regard to another area, the rabbis passed a resolution strongly advocating full-time Jewish schools. In January the chief rabbi of France, Rene Samuel Sirat, installed a new chief rabbi in the city of Nancy and a new rabbi in Lille. 202 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 A major theme of the plenary meeting of the Assises du Judaisme Franc.ais (Assembly for French Judaism) in June was the need to strengthen ties between French Jews and Israel. In June, Jean Paul Elkann, who had been serving as president of the Paris Consistory since 1967, was elected president of the Central Consistory of France. Emile Touati, an economist and Orthodox Jew, who had been functioning as editor of Information Juive ("Jewish Information") for many years, took over the Paris post. At the general assembly of the Association Consistoriale General Israelite de Paris (ACIP, The Jewish Consistorial Association of Paris) in June, there were discussions of plans to build new synagogues and community centers in the suburbs. As in earlier years, raucous debates characterized the campaign for French delegates to the World Zionist Congress. During the vote, there were discoveries of irregularities.

Jewish Education and Culture Elie Cohen, director of aliyah for the Jewish Agency in France, took sorrowful note of the fact that 80 per cent of Jewish children attending secular schools did not receive any Jewish education at all; another 12 per cent were exposed to nothing beyond bar mitzvah preparation. As for the adult Jewish population, Cohen estimated that about 400,000 Jews in France had no formal involvement with things Jewish—religious, cultural, or political. Efforts to expand the teaching of modern Hebrew in public and private high schools continued. During the 1981-1982 school year, 3,720 students were enrolled in such courses. Before a course in modern Hebrew could be introduced into a particular school, it had to be requested by parents of at least 15 students. A private organization, established with Jewish and non-Jewish participants, was seeking to promote such requests. The dramatic rise in interest in midrash, Talmud, and kabbalah continued, in some instances drawing individuals who had previously been completely alienated from Judaism. The phenomenon was largely associated with the intellectual elite of the universities. L'Union des Etudiants Juifs (Jewish Student Union) continued in its habitual lethargy. Neo-Yiddishist groups, however, showed some vitality.

Publications L'au dela du Verset ("Beyond the Verse," Editions de Minuit), by Emmanuel Levinas, consists of excerpts from the Talmud, together with analyses which reveal the penetrating thought of this French philosopher and master of Jewish learning. Arlette Elkaim-Sartre, the adopted daughter of Jean-Paul Sartre, translated the rabbinic classic Ein Yaakov into the French (Verdier). Two new books introduced cultivated French readers to the thought of Franz Rosenzweig, the great 20th century German-Jewish theologian. L'Etoile de la FRANCE / 203

Redemption ("The Star of Redemption," Seuil) was Rosenzweig's most important work. Systeme et Revelation ("System and Revelation," Seuil), by Stephane Moses, is an examination of Rosenzweig's ideas. L'avenir d'une Negation ("The Future of a Denial," Seuil), by Alain Finkielkraut, a rising young author, is a brilliant analysis of the psychological and political background of the campaign to deny the historical reality of the Holocaust. La Onzieme tpreuve d'Abraham ("The Eleventh Test of Abraham," Lattes), by Elaine Amado-Levy-Valensi, a French philosopher and psychoanalyst teaching in Israel, uses the Biblical story of Abraham and Lot as a vehicle for commenting on contemporary Arab-Israeli relations. Arnold Mandel's Un Apprentissage Hasidique ("A Hasidic Apprenticeship," Mazarine) tells the story of a young Algerian Jew living in Paris who becomes a Lubavitcher hasid. La Maison des Levy ("The House of Levy," Hachette), by Roman Fister, translated from the English, is a moving chronicle of a typical German-Jewish family from the end of the 19th century down to the Hitler era. Elie Wiesel's Contre la Melancolie ("Against Melancholy," Seuil) deals with aspects of hasidism. Le Jour de la Comtesse ("The Day of the Countess," Gallimard) by David Shahar, translated from the Hebrew, is a brilliant delineation of Jerusalem's myster- ies and magical charms. The volume won the Medici Prize for foreign books. Itzik Manger's Le Livre du Paradis ("The Book of Heaven," Lattes), translated from the Yiddish, is a humorous tale. A small Orthodox synagogue in Paris provides the setting for Bernard Mathias' excellent novel, Les Concierges de Dieu ("The Gatekeepers of God," Grasset). Un Amour de Soi ("A Self-Love Affair," Hachette), by Serge Doubrovski, who teaches in New York, is a powerful, introspective novel strongly influenced by psychoanalysis. The 1982 prize for literature of the Fondation du Judaisme Franc.ais (Foundation for French Judaism) was awarded to Edmond Jabes, the Egyptian-born, French- Jewish poet.

Personalia Nahum Goldmann, the internationally-known Jewish leader who resided in Paris, died in Germany on August 29, aged 87. He was a former president of the World Zionist Organization and the founder of the World Jewish Congress. Former French premier Pierre Mendes-France died on October 18, aged 75. He took great pride in his double Portuguese-Sephardi/Alsatian-Ashkenazi origins. Baron Alain de Rothschild, president of CRIF, died on October 17, aged 70. He was a staunch Zionist who labored for the welfare of the Jewish state. Albert Cohen, the great French-Jewish novelist, died in Geneva in October, 1981, aged 86. His works included Solal, Mangeclous, Le Livre de ma Mere, and Belle du Seigneur; the latter volume won the French Academy's Grand Prix. Cohen, who was 204 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 born in Greece, was brought to Marseille as a young child. He became a functionary of both the League of Nations and the United Nations. Cohen also worked for a time with Chaim Weizmann. Clara Malraux, former wife of Andre Malraux, died on December 15, aged 85. She was a close political companion of her husband for many years, but later drew closer to Zionism. She made several trips to Israel, and wrote an important book about the kibbutz movement. Georges Perec, an important novelist who was the grandson of I. L. Peretz, died on March 3, aged 47. Perec had very little connection with Jewish life and knew no Yiddish.

~~~~ARNOLD MANDEL Central Europe~~~~

~~~~Federal Republic of Germany~~~~

~~~~Demography~~~~

JANUARY 1, 1982 the 66 local Jewish communities in the Federal Republic and West Berlin had 28,374 members. In 1981, 842 immigrants and 301 emigrants were recorded, together with 105 births and 487 deaths; there were 45 conversions to Judaism. On January 1, 1983 a total of 28,202 Jewish community members were registered—14,450 males and 13,752 females. In 1982 there were 620 immigrants, 340 emigrants, 95 births, 410 deaths, and 20 conversions to Judaism. The largest Jewish communities as of January 1, 1983 were West Berlin with 6,548 members (about 40 per cent of whom were recent arrivals from the Soviet Union), Frankfurt with 4,872, Munich with 3,920, Diisseldorf with 1,704, Hamburg with 1,391, and Cologne with 1,279. An additional 25,000 unregistered Jews were thought to be living in the Federal Republic and West Berlin.

Communal Activities A survey of Jewish life in the Federal Republic was contained in the Rosh Hashanah message prepared by the Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland (Central Council of Jews in Germany), the representative political organization of the Jewish community, in September 1981. The message noted that Jewish existence in Ger- many was burdened both by the experience of persecution in the past and a degree of undisguised prejudice in the present. While the Central Council maintained cordial relations with various governmental bodies and parliamentary parties, the average Jew experienced a degree of unease in everyday affairs. German public awareness of the Jewish community appeared to be less than friendly, the message maintained. Jews in Germany were also troubled by the political strains between the Federal Republic and Israel. Against the background of the Lebanon war and the strong anti-Israel reaction that it produced among the German public, the Central Council, in summer 1982, expressed concern about a revival of antisemitism. The organization noted with chagrin that political, religious, and labor groups had all joined in the attack on the Jewish state, and that the Israelis had been likened to Nazis. Still, the Central 205 206 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Council welcomed the fact that mutual contacts and youth exchanges between the Federal Republic and Israel continued, even if on a somewhat diminished basis. The Central Council kept a watchful eye over neo-Nazi tendencies in the Federal Republic. While the organization believed that neo-Nazism did not pose a threat to the constitutional order, there was concern about potential violence. The Central Council stated: "We and all citizens have a claim to be protected from potential murderers. We note with approval that the appropriate federal and state departments have begun to recognize the danger posed by neo-Nazism and to combat it appropriately." The Central Council alluded to the fact, emerging from various studies, that one out of every ten Germans held strongly antisemitic views. On the anniversary of the January 1942 Wannsee conference, at which plans were completed for the final solution to the Jewish question, the Central Council declared: "We expect that all the relevant bodies of the Federal Republic, in common with parents and teachers, will continue to pass on ... the disastrous story of the Nazi past, in order to alert younger people to the terrible consequences that intolerance, irrational racism, and national arrogance can have." While the issue of Jewish security stood in the forefront of the Central Council's deliberations, the organization was also concerned about the status of youth, the integration of new arrivals (mostly from Soviet bloc countries), cooperation with Israel, contacts with international Jewish organizations, and cultural activities. Representatives of the Central Council held numerous meetings with leading Ger- man political figures to discuss various issues. Werner Nachmann, chairman of the board of the Central Council, warned against German arms shipments to Saudi Arabia. On the occasion of a visit to the Federal Republic by Soviet party chief Leonid Brezhnev, Nachmann appealed to leading German political figures to raise the issue of Soviet Jewry. Regarding German-Israel relations, Nachmann noted that the period of unbounded sympathy for the Jewish state was now over; the Federal Republic was gradually withdrawing from the special role it had taken on as a result of the crimes which the Nazis had committed against the Jews. The Central Council awarded the Leo Baeck Prize to three individuals: rabbi and historian Bemhard Brilling of Israel; lawyer and journalist Robert Weltsch of Israel; and politician and historian Anton Keim of Mainz. The latter had published numerous studies relating to German-Jewish history and had undertaken a variety of initiatives to further German-Jewish and German-Israeli relations. In May 1982 the Central Council held its fifth youth and culture conference in Saarbriicken; the meeting, which drew over 100 participants, was devoted to the theme "Israel and Us." Professor Shemeryahu Talmon of the Hebrew University succeeded Professor Leon Feldman of Rutgers University as rector of the College for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg, which had been established at the initiative of the Central Council. The College for Jewish Studies sought to train a new generation of leaders in the areas of Jewish education and Jewish communal service. The Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Germany, in conjunction with the Central Council, carried out a program of aid to needy Jews in Poland, providing them with kosher food. By the end of 1982, over 323,000 marks had been raised for this FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 207 purpose. The Central Welfare Agency also conducted vacation programs for young people, as well as training seminars for youth leaders, kindergarten teachers, and social workers. During the Lebanon war, the Zionist Organization of Germany urged increased activity on behalf of Israel. The Jewish National Fund conducted a successful fund-raising campaign. The WIZO Federation of Germany supported several projects in Israel. The Jewish community of West Berlin awarded the Heinrich Stahl Prize to German publisher Axel Springer, in appreciation for his ongoing efforts toward German-Jewish reconciliation and his labors on behalf of Israel. The most active Jewish youth organization was the Bundesverband Jiidischer Studenten in Deutschland (BJSD, Federal League of Jewish Students in Germany), which either sponsored or participated in the following activities: "An Encounter with Chabad," in London; a seminar on "The Holocaust and Modem Antisemit- ism," in Thessaloniki, Greece; a leadership training seminar, in Jerusalem; a seminar on "The Effects of the Holocaust," in Milan; a seminar on "Israel—Tendencies and Perspectives," in Cologne; a seminar on "Fascism as a Historical and Social Phe- nomenon," in Frankfurt; a seminar on "Jewry and Judaism in Education," in Bad Nauheim; and a seminar co-sponsored with the College for Jewish Studies on "Messianism in Judaism," in Heidelberg. BJSD delegates participated in international student meetings, including one in Strasbourg, and visited the Budapest Jewish community. A BJSD delegation met with representatives of the Central Council to discuss the problems of Jewish students. A meeting between BJSD delegates and the executive committee of the Circle of Christian Democratic Students had the aim of furthering cooperative efforts. The BJSD repeatedly took a stand on issues of the day, e.g., protesting the possible delivery of German arms to Saudi Arabia, criticizing the Soviet Union for human rights violations, appealing to the Soviet government to shed light on the fate of Raoul Wallenberg, protesting against the pro-PLO policies of the Greek government, and criticizing the pope for meeting with Yasir Arafat. BJSD members conducted pro-Israel public information campaigns in connection with Israel Independence Day. BJSD chairman Joram Hess, who was elected general secretary of the European Union of Jewish Students, represented the latter organization at a conference of the European section of the World Jewish Congress. The Bund Jiidischer Jugend (BJJ, Jewish Youth League) organized a variety of workshops, seminars, and social events to promote ties between Jewish youth in the Federal Republic. Particularly noteworthy were the following: a seminar on "Reli- gious Problems of Young Jews Today"; a workshop on "Israel After the Elections"; a workshop on "The Peace Movement—A Jewish Question?"; and a seminar on "Jewish Life and Religion in the Visual Arts." The College for Jewish Studies in Heidelberg presented a lecture series for young people on Jewish history, religion, and culture. Maccabiah Germany, through its local affiliates, provided Jewish youth with excellent opportunities for physical training. In 1981 the organization's activities 208 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 were geared toward the 1 lth Maccabiah in Israel; 74 Jewish athletes from Germany participated, winning several medals. In November 1982 the congress of the Euro- pean Maccabiah Confederation, meeting in Diisseldorf, decided to hold the 1987 European Maccabiah games in Cologne. This would mark the first time since World War II that the games were held on German soil.

Religion At its annual meeting in Frankfurt, in December 1981, the Rabbinerkonferenz in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Rabbinical Conference in the Federal Republic of Germany) elected Emil Davidovic of Dortmund as managing director for the years 1982-1983. The Rabbinical Conference sought to formulate halakhic responses to all the matters brought before it, but the decisions were only advisory in nature; conversions to Judaism fell totally within the domain of individual rabbis. Among the issues that the Rabbinical Conference discussed were ecumenical religious services and the burial of non-Jewish spouses in Jewish cemeteries. With regard to the latter, the setting aside of a special parcel for mixed-married couples was recommended. In Munich, in 1982, Paul Biberfeld was inducted as the new rabbi of the community, succeeding Rabbi Hans Griinewald. The Jewish community of Diisseldorf engaged Abraham Hochwald as the new rabbi for the whole North Rhine district. In June 1981 the Leo Baeck Synagogue in the Senior Center on the Lietzensee in West Berlin was dedicated—the first new synagogue constructed in Berlin in more than SO years. With funds provided in part by church groups, the municipality, and non-Jewish individuals, a new synagogue was built in Krefeld, Rhineland; the building was dedicated in May 1981.

Personalia On the occasion of his 70th birthday, Heinz Galinski, president of the West Berlin Jewish community, received the Great Service Cross with Star and Ribbon, the highest distinction that the Federal Republic could bestow. Ernst Roth, rabbi of Hesse and the Rhineland-Palatinate, received the Great Service Cross. The following were awarded the Federal Service Cross: Arno Katin, longtime advisor on environmental questions in the federal ministry of the interior and representative of the Bonn Jewish community; Hans Lamm, journalist and chairman of the Munich Jewish community; Alfred Weichselbaum, director of the Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Germany; Arno Lustiger, leading representative of Jewish organizations; Gabriel Peled, Israeli agrarian expert; Artur Levi, local politician and Jewish representative in Gottingen; Simon Snopkowski, physician and president of the Union of Hebrew Congregations in Bavaria; Elias Canetti, Nobel Prize winner for literature; Alfred Israel, representative of Jewish organizations; Shmuel Rodensky, Israeli actor; Rudolf Gottschalk, Alice Schwarz-Gardos, and Hanna Gluecksmann, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY / 209

Israelis who played an active role in furthering German-Israeli relations; Max Bass, president of the Jewish community of Freiburg; and Moshe Gerhard Manfred Hess, director of the Bank fur Gemeinwirtschaft in Frankfurt. Walter Strauss, chairman of the Organization of the Jews from Wlirttemberg in the United States received the Service Medal of Baden-Wiirttemberg. Franz Uni- kower, representative of Jewish organizations, received the Letter of Honor of Hesse. French politician Simone Veil received the International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen. Painter Marc Chagall was awarded honorary citizenship of Mainz in appreciation for the six windows which he created in St. Stephen's Church. Anna Freud, psychoanalyst and daughter of Sigmund Freud, who lived in London, received an honorary doctorate from Goethe University in Frankfurt. The city of Wiirzburg awarded its cultural prize to Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai, who was born in Wiirzburg. Austrian writer Hilde Spiel was awarded the Roswitha Commemora- tive Medal of the city of Bad Gandersheim. Russian writer Lev Kopelev, now living in the Federal Republic, received the Peace Prize of the Organization of German Booksellers for advancing German-Russian understanding. Journalist Eva Reich- mann, a resident of London, received the Moses Mendelssohn Prize of the Berlin Senate. Literature expert Walter Berendsohn, a resident of Stockholm, was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Hamburg. The Grand Lodge of Ancient Freemen and Accepted Masons of Germany awarded its cultural prize to violinist Yehudi Menuhin. The Literary Union of Berlin awarded its Medal for Humane Studies to Israeli author Meir Faerber. American author Myron Levoy received the Buxtehuder Bulle, the literary prize of the north German city of Buxtehude. The Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts awarded its prize for literature to author Wolfgang Hildesheimer, who lived in Switzerland. The city of Heidelberg awarded the Richard Benz Medal for Art and Science to resident lyric poet Hilde Domin. The German Academy for Language and Poetry awarded its Georg Biichner Prize to writer Peter Weiss, who died in May 1982. Ludwigshafen was the first German city to honor the work of Ludwig Guttmann, Jewish physician and promoter of sports for the handicapped; a street in the Ogger- sheim section was renamed for him. A street in Fiirth, Bavaria, was renamed for Isaak Hallemann, former Jewish teacher and head of the Fiirth orphan home, who died at the hands of the Nazis. Julius Spokojny, chairman of the Jewish community of Swabia-Augsburg, was elected by the Union of Jewish Communities in Bavaria as representative to the Bavarian Senate; Spokojny succeeded David Schuster, chairman of the Jewish community of Wurzburg. Herbert Lewin, physician and longtime leading representative of Jewish organizations in the Federal Republic, died in Offenbach on November 21, 1982, aged 83. I.D. Evian, attorney and representative of the Jewish community, died on August 28, 1982 in Diisseldorf, aged 80.

~~~~FRIEDO SACHSER German Democratic Republic~~~~

AN THE ENTIRE German Democratic Republic (DDR) there were less than 600 registered Jews in eight communities—about 200 in East Berlin, 70 to 75 in Dresden, 50 in Leipzig, and smaller groupings in Halle, Karl Marx-Stadt, Mag- deburg, Mecklenburg/Schwerin, and Erfurt. Most of the Jews were quite elderly, making further population shrinkage inevitable. Peter Kirchner, president of the East Berlin Jewish community, predicted that in ten years' time there would be as few as 120 Jews in his city. The Jewish community received financial aid from the DDR, which also provided funds for the maintenance of more than 100 Jewish cemeteries in the country. In his Rosh Hashanah greeting in September 1981, Klaus Gysi, state secretary for church affairs in the DDR, expressed thanks for the "active help given by our Jewish fellow citizens in forming our socialist society." Representatives of the DDR's Jewish community participated in international Jewish conferences in 1981 and 1982, including a meeting in Vienna of the European section of the World Jewish Congress. Members of the International Conference of Christians and Jews visited the East Berlin Jewish community in connection with a conference that was held in West Berlin in August 1982. The Jewish community was also visited by American journalists in September 1982. Helmut Aris, president of the Verband der Judischen Gemeinden der DDR (Federation of Jewish Communities in the German Democratic Republic), declared in a 1981 message commemorating the 43rd anniversary of Kristallnacht: "The legacy of all the victims of fascism, including Jewish citizens, has been fulfilled in the DDR. The policy of our state guarantees that a Kristallnacht cannot happen again." The commemoration in 1982 of the 44th anniversary of Kristallnacht received wide publicity in the DDR press, and was used as an occasion to honor the Jewish victims of Nazism. Representatives of the state laid wreaths at memorials and Jewish cemeteries. In the cathedral of Magdeburg a photographic exhibition, "Jews as Neighbors," was mounted. In a number of cities in the DDR, church groups were formed to promote Christian-Jewish understanding. In February 1982 the Dresden church group organized a major event to commemorate both the Dresden pogrom of February 14, 1349, and the Nazi murder of Jews. Federation president Aris, who spoke at the event, stressed the common roots of Judaism and Christianity, which he saw as a basis for mutual understanding. In spring 1982 an "ecclesiastical sign of reminder" in memory of the Jewish victims of Nazism was unveiled in the cathedral of Halberstadt. At the beginning of 1982 the Jewish cemetery in Gotha was desecrated. In October 1981 the district court in Halle sentenced 69-year-old Karl Jager to life in prison and deprivation of civil rights for war crimes. A former member of 210 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC / 211 a Nazi police batallion, Jager had played an important role in sealing off the Warsaw ghetto and in carrying out Nazi actions against the Jews. Also in October 1981 a court in East Berlin sentenced former Nazi lawyer Rudolf Otte to 12 years in prison for war crimes. Between 1939 and 1945, Otte had taken a leading part in legal proceedings against Polish citizens. In April 1982 an East Berlin court sentenced former Nazi judge Erich Geissler to 15 years in prison for war crimes. In November 1982 representatives of the judiciaries of the DDR and Poland met in Warsaw to discuss joint efforts to track down and punish Nazi war criminals. The hostile attitude of the DDR toward Israel became even more pronounced as a result of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The weekly newspaper Volksarmee proclaimed: "Genocide! This is the designation in international law for the crime that the aggressor Israel is committing in its war against Lebanon and the Pales- tinian people. ... On land, in the air, and at sea, the aggressors are acting exactly like the fascist German forces in the Soviet Union and NATO's leading power, America, in Vietnam." In the United Nations, DDR delegate Harry Ott demanded sanctions against Israel for its "escalation of racist and terrorist machinations"; he accused the "ruling circles of Israel" of attempting "to solve the Palestine question through genocide against the Palestinian people." DDR state and party chief Erich Honecker, during a visit to Damascus in October 1982, condemned the "bloody crimes" of Israel. On the occasion of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinians in November 1981, state and party chief Honecker reaffirmed the "close ties and solidarity of the DDR with the Palestinian people." In a telegram to Yasir Arafat, he hailed the "heroic struggle of the Palestinian people under the leadership of the PLO"; a visiting PLO delegation was promised increased military aid. In March 1982 the PLO office in East Berlin was raised to the rank of an official embassy. PLO chief Arafat, on the occasion of his visit to the DDR, was received with the protocol appropriate for a head of state. During the Lebanon war, the Jewish community in the DDR issued statements praising public opposition in Israel to the Begin government's policies. Still, there was unhappiness in the Jewish community over the fallout of events in the Middle East. As East Berlin Jewish community president Kirchner noted in November 1982: "Since the official political line of the DDR is anti-Israel and pro-Arab, the mass media especially emphasize the anti-Israel component. They even call special attention to it, so that we really can no longer avoid determining the extremely close relationship of this anti-Israel attitude to traditional antisemitism. If young people are fed almost daily, for political reasons, negative data about Israeli Jews, they can hardly avoid applying this negative description to the Jews in their environment as well. We have once again presented these concerns emphatically to the state secretary for church affairs and voiced the request that attention be called to the historical and cultural contribution of Jews to German history, in order to convey a more objective picture of the Jews." FRIEDO SACHSER Eastern Europe

~~~~Soviet Union~~~~

~~~~Domestic Affairs~~~~

J__/EONID BREZHNEV, WHO FOR eighteen years stood at the helm of the Soviet Union as secretary general of the Communist party and president of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet, died on November 10, 1982. Brezhnev's death did not come as a surprise, since he had been ill for a number of years. On November 12 Yurii Andropov, 68 years old, was chosen to succeed Brezhnev as secretary general; on November 23 Andropov was elected to the presidium of the Supreme Soviet; on June 16, 1983 he assumed the post of chairman. Andropov was also appointed to the all-important (but less visible) post of chairman of the Supreme Defense Council, which, under the overall direction of the politburo, supervised the armed forces of the country. Though Andropov's accession to power could not have been flatly predicted, a number of signs had pointed to it. For a period of 15 years he had served as head of the KGB, the internal security organization. However, in May, Andropov stepped down from this position when he was appointed to the all-important secretariat of the Communist party. The elevation of Andropov was followed by some changes in the ruling group. Geidar Aliev, a former party boss in Azerbaizhan, was elected to the politburo, apparently replacing Andreii Kirilenko, who resigned for reasons of health. Aliev, a 59-year-old Azerbaizhani (Shiite Moslem), was also appointed first deputy premier of the USSR. Arvid Pelshe, 84 years old, the only current member of the politburo who had actually participated in the October 1917 revolution, died at the beginning of 1983. Vladimir Dolgikh, 57 years old, was promoted to candidate member of the politburo. Vitalii Fedorchuk, a veteran Ukrainian KGB official, was made head of the KGB, but was not elected to the politburo; soon Fedorchuk was appointed minister of the interior, being replaced at the KGB by his top deputy, Victor Chebrikov. Party chief Andropov's accession to power took place during a period of growing economic difficulty for the Soviet Union, in which it was forced to confront problems which appeared to be inherent to its system of industrial and agricultural management. An upward trend in living standards was no longer in

212 SOVIET UNION / 213 evidence, while overcentralized planning was interfering with industrial growth. In the absence of increased productivity and improved technology, continuing investments failed to produce the desired results. During 1982 industrial production rose by only 2.8 per cent; it was expected to remain around three per cent for the foreseeable future. The agricultural harvest in 1982 was estimated at about 160 million tons—a serious setback. Indicative of the plight of Soviet agriculture was the fact that two per cent of the land, which was held by peasants for personal use, supplied more than one-third of all available meat, eggs, milk, and vegetables. Significantly, a decree was passed in September which permitted certain categories of Soviet citizens to own a variety of farm animals—a step that would strengthen the "private" farming sector. In his first major speech, party chief Andropov called for "efficiency, initiative, and enterprise." Andropov even suggested that the Soviet Union might look beyond its borders for appropriate economic models. A number of articles appeared in Trud and Literaturnaia Gazeta calling for increased private initiative in limited areas of personal and domestic service, such as cooperatives and shops for small repairs. One step that Andropov did take was to intensify the campaign against corruption which had been initiated under Brezhnev. "Idleness, wastefulness, and inertia," he insisted, had to come to an end.

Dissidence Soviet security agencies continued to employ severe measures against dissidents, including arrest, exile to labor camps, and internment in mental institutions. On the basis of incomplete data, Amnesty International reported that over 200 individuals had been placed in mental institutions during the period 1975-1982. Political dissidents who were scheduled to be freed after completing their sentences were often resentenced to additional terms. Viacheslav Bakhmin, for example, who was active in the fight against the internment of dissidents in mental hospitals, received an additional three-year prison term. The authorities also used the old tsarist method of exile abroad as a means of silencing writers and intellectuals who were unwilling to follow the accepted political line. After jailing most of the activists in Andreii Sakharov's Movement for Human Rights, the KGB arrested the representatives of the Solzhenitsyn Fund, which had been aiding political prisoners and their families for several years with funds supplied by the exiled Soviet writer. Among those arrested were Valerii Repin, the Solzhenitsyn Fund representative in Leningrad, and Sergei Khodorovitch, the Moscow representative. The significance of the Solzhenit- syn Fund's activities could be gauged from the fact that it helped about 1,000 families throughout the USSR. In March Sakharov, from his place of exile in the city of Gorky, addressed an open letter to Soviet scientists—Sakharov remained a member of the prestigious Soviet Academy of Sciences—urging them to participate in the struggle for human rights. A group of dissidents issued an appeal to the countries that were party to 214 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 the Helsinki accord, asking them to come to the aid of Vladimir Gershuni, an activist who had been rearrested. While harsh measures undoubtedly had some effect, the authorities were unable to bring a halt to dissent among various sectors of society. In December, 60 people were arrested in Moscow for marking United Nations Day. A new organization, the Group of Confidence, issued a call, endorsed by scientists and intellectuals, for the establishment of peaceful ties between nations and between East and West. One of the initiators of the call, the painter Sergeii Batovrin, was placed in a mental institution; another leader, Sergeii Rozenoer, was arrested; all of the participants were accused of engaging in activities hostile to the state. Issues of Khronika Tekush- chikh Sobytii (Chronicle of Current Events) appeared in Moscow, as did other dissident publications, including Samizdat editions of old books and articles considered undesirable by the authorities. Dissidence was manifested by groups on both the Left—Democratic Socialists and Christian Democrats—and the Right—Russian nationalists and extreme chau- vinist and antisemitic elements. Some Russians, particularly those of the younger generation, yearned for a strong-man—a "Stalin"—who might improve the Soviet economy through iron discipline. A circle of young socialists distributed an underground magazine, Variants, which put forward a program quite similar to that of the Democratic Socialists of the pre-Bolshevik period. In Moscow, some members of this group were arrested at about the same time that another small group was taken into custody in the city—young people sporting black shirts, some with swastikas, who had gathered in Pushkin Square to mark Hitler's birthday. Toward the end of 1982 the Moscow group which had been monitoring violations of human rights in the Soviet Union announced that it was disbanding because of harsh persecution by the authorities. Among the members of the group were Elena Bonner, the wife of Andreii Sakharov, and Naum Meiman, a physicist and Jewish activist who had been barred from emigration.

Nationalities The problem of nationalities increasingly preoccupied the Kremlin leadership. Moscow ideologists pressed the idea of "one Soviet people" centering about a fundamental core composed of three Slavic groups—Russians, Ukrainians, and Belorussians. At the same time, many other peoples of the USSR, particularly in the Baltics, the Ukraine, and much of Moslem-dominated Soviet Asia, were showing signs of self-assertiveness. It was clear that demography was working against the Slavic elements of the Soviet Union and that with the passage of time Soviet Moslem peoples would be assuming an increasingly important role in the labor force and the military. Currently, there were over 45 million Moslems in the Soviet Union, and the authorities were concerned about the impact upon them of events in Afghanistan and Iran. Speaking at a Communist party meeting, M. Gapurov, first secretary of the party in Turkestan, warned against the "imperialist propaganda using religious traditions of the local peoples." SOVIET UNION / 215

Soviet authorities, despite a constitutional guarantee of the right to use local languages, instituted a drive for a "common language," which meant, in fact, employing Russian as a vehicle for communication and schooling. In some areas Russian was the required language in higher schools; dissertations for advanced degrees had to be submitted in Russian. Needless to say, this situation of "cultural imperialism" created deep resentment among the various local populations, particularly in intellectual circles. There were also objections when Russians arrived from Moscow to take over the management of local party organs and key Soviet institutions. Nevertheless, the nationality policy of the USSR remained faithful to the old tsarist idea of Russification. This was particularly obvious in the newer republics, such as Moldavia (partly the old Bessarabia, including the city of Kishinev), where Russian-language schools were rapidly replacing schools using the local language. In Armenia and the Ukraine, appeals for strong national schools were illegally distributed. The mood of national unrest was particularly strong in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, areas which were Sovietized during World War II; in these areas, religious factors also played a role. The remnants of Crimean Tatars, notwithstanding exile and police harassment, struggled for the right to return to Crimea, from which they had been deported by Stalin in 1944. The Tatars staged demonstrations in Moscow and Uzbekistan, the latter their place of exile.

Foreign Affairs While the Kremlin remained very much concerned about the situation in Poland, it continued to support the efforts of General Wojciech Jaruzelski to achieve stability through martial law and internal Communist party reform. Among Soviet officials visiting Warsaw was Konstantin Russakov, a member of the central committee, who was in charge of relations with Soviet bloc parties. For added emphasis, Russakov's visit was followed by that of Marshal Viktor Kulikov, commander of the Warsaw Pact forces. There was some movement in the hitherto stagnant Sino-Soviet talks. A Soviet expert on China, Mikhail Kapitsa, met in Peking with top Chinese foreign-affairs officials. There was also an increase in cultural exchange between the two countries. Prime Minister Nikolaii Tikhonov, in an interview, declared that Moscow wished to improve relations with China. Mongolia, clearly acting with Soviet approval, discussed various boundary issues with the Chinese. Still, the ideological split between the Soviet Union and China remained wide; there were significant disputes over territory as well. Moscow closely monitored the course of Sino-American relations, hoping that they would ultimately founder. The Soviet army continued to battle guerrilla forces in Afghanistan. Over 100,000 Russian soldiers were stationed there, and no political solution appeared in sight. Immediately after party chief Andropov's rise to power, Prime Minister Tik- honov visited Finland, where he appealed for peace and an end to the arms race. At about the same time, a group of foreign anti-war activists, including the 216 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

American Daniel Ellsberg, clashed in Leningrad with the host organization, the Soviet Peace Committee, demanding that the USSR end nuclear testing. Soviet aid to the third world countries represented a substantial drain on available resources. In 1980, for example, over six billion dollars worth of aid and arms was given to 11 client countries, including Angola, Cuba, Ethiopia, and Afghanis- tan.

Relations with Israel The Israeli assault against the PLO in Lebanon provoked a strong Soviet reaction, since the PLO had long served as an instrument for Soviet penetration of the Middle East and as a link in KGB operations. An official Tass statement in June maintained that Israel was "perpetrating a criminal act of genocide." On July 10 Pravda carried a letter by the well-known "official Jew" General David Dragunsky denouncing Israel. Israel's action was protested by SO Soviet scientists and artists; the Jewish state was denounced at mass meetings in Lithuania, Estonia, and Belorussia. While not intervening directly, the Soviet Union demanded that the United Nations force an Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. Moscow also sent additional military supplies to Syria, the only country in the area in which there was a substantial Soviet presence. Party chief Brezhnev sent a message to Yasir Arafat praising the PLO's stand against Israel in West Beirut. Brezhnev informed U.S. president Ronald Reagan that the USSR would not tolerate a permanent Israeli presence in Lebanon. Soviet authorities maintained a barrage of anti-Israel propaganda in the media, some of it clearly directed to an Arab audience. Sovetish Heimland published a number of letters from Jews who had emigrated to Israel, in which the writers complained about the difficult life there and the indifference of Israeli officials. Sporadic contacts between Israel and the USSR were maintained, however, and several delegations, consisting primarily of scientists, exchanged short visits; in June, 16 Israeli physicians participated in the congress of the World Association of Cardiologists in Moscow.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

Demography The 1979 Soviet census put the Jewish population of the Soviet Union at about 1,810,000. Of late some sources had cited a figure of 1,700,000. As a way of dealing with the relative decrease of the Slavic population and the growth of the Moslem element, Soviet authorities were encouraging Jews to "pass" into the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian nationality groups. A more accurate estimate of the actual Jewish population, therefore, would be about 2,620,000. (See the discussion in AJYB, Vol. 82, 1982, p. 233). SOVIET UNION / 217 Emigration The mass emigration of Soviet Jews largely came to a halt in 1982. During the year, only 2,688 Jews left the USSR, as against approximately 51,000 in 1979,21,000 in 1980, and 9,500 in 1981. While some students of Soviet affairs attributed the halt in emigration to the increasingly cold relations which prevailed between Russia and the United States, domestic considerations may have also played a role. It was clear that Soviet authorities viewed emigration as an act bordering on treason. The emigration movement included not only Jews, but also a substantial number of Volga Germans (who also experienced a reduction in emigration in 1982), Armeni- ans, and members of various Christian sects (e.g., the Vashchenko family, Siberian Pentecostalists, who took refuge in the American Embassy in Moscow after staging a demonstration demanding the right to emigrate). Soviet hardliners objected to continuing departures which they viewed as creating a mood of dissent and even the potential for upheaval. According to reliable informants, Jews who belonged to the Soviet establishment were also alarmed by the emigration movement, since they feared that all Jews would be placed in the "unpatriotic" category. As part of the campaign of harassment against would-be emigrants, Soviet authorities began revoking academic degrees. Some Soviet Jews who applied to leave the country were informed that their candidate (European doctorate) or other advanced degrees had been cancelled. The number of such cancellations amounted to between 50 and 60. Among those affected was Professor Vladimir Melamed of Moscow, who had been teaching for nearly 30 years. Soviet police confiscated incoming mail, and the vyzovs that were required of would-be emigrants often did not reach them; many letters were returned to the West stamped "addressee un- known." At present, most Jewish emigrants went to the West; only a minority chose to settle in Israel. In April HIAS, which was in charge of immigrant operations from Vienna to the United States and other countries, reverted to a policy which left individuals free to choose their country of residence. The U.S. state department supported this decision. There were widely differing estimates of the number of Jews who wished to leave the USSR. Some Jewish agencies outside the Soviet Union thought that the figure ran as high as several hundred thousand. Under prevailing circumstances, however, there was no way to establish a precise figure.

Communal and Religious Life There were no Jewish communal or social organizations in the Soviet Union. Religious life was coordinated by local congregations (dvadtsatkas), but—in contrast to the situation which prevailed in the Russian Orthodox church and the Moslem community—no central Jewish religious body was permitted. Soviet officials spoke about some 100 synagogues being available to Jewish believers, but a 218 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 more conservative estimate put the number at around SO. In some places communal prayers were conducted in private minyonim. In Leningrad, in addition to the main synagogue, there was a small hasidic shtibl. There were very few rabbis in the Soviet Union, and it was thus significant that three Soviet students were training for the rabbinate in the neological (Conservative) rabbinical seminary in Budapest. It was expected that two additional rabbinical students would go to Budapest in 1983. In Moscow, Adolf Shayevich, a 1981 graduate of the Budapest seminary, was serving as rabbi of the Great Synagogue. Another Budapest graduate, Menahem Nidel, took over the rabbinate in Riga. A. Kuroiedov, chairman for religious affairs of the council of ministers of the USSR, declared in Literatumaia Gazeta (#27, 1982) that there was one yeshivah among the 18 functioning religious seminaries in the country. In fact, however, the Moscow yeshivah, which had been founded by the late Rabbi Solomon Shliefer, did not have any students or competent teaching personnel; Soviet authorities discouraged applicants. Boris Gram continued to serve as chairman of the Moscow synagogue, which published a Jewish religious calendar for the year 5743. Prior to Passover, the synagogue distributed matzot, but because of increased demand, it was forced to reduce the amount each individual could buy from 11 pounds to 6.S pounds. A Seder that was organized by the synagogue attracted about 100 Jews. Matzot were also available in some provincial cities, but there were problems with distribution in the more outlying areas. There was no formal Jewish religious or secular education, and the great majority of the young people knew very little about Jewish tradition and history. (The situation was somewhat better in the Baltics and Moldavia, areas occupied by the Soviets during World War II, where the impact of pre-war Jewish life was still felt.) Nevertheless, a segment of Soviet Jews continued to search for some form of Jewish identification. Amateur theater groups performed Purim plays in Moscow, Lenin- grad, Riga, and Novosibirsk despite the fact that Soviet authorities interfered with their efforts. To the extent possible, committed Jews organized seminars dealing with Jewish subjects, published Samizdat material on Jewish history, and set up groups to study Hebrew; in 1982 there were some 60 groups studying Hebrew. The authorities attempted to halt these activities through harassment, police raids on homes, and arrests of teachers. Jews, particularly young people, continued to gather outside synagogues in Moscow, Leningrad, and other cities during the high holy days, Simchat Torah and Passover. The police did not interfere when they sang Hebrew songs and performed Israeli dances.

Antisemitism and Discrimination Anti-Jewish sentiment existed in all strata of Soviet society. While party chief Andropov, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the USSR, appealed to party and state workers to respect national differences and the national traditions of the SOVIET UNION / 219 various peoples of the Soviet Union, no steps were taken to halt antisemitic activities, which increasingly echoed old tsarist slogans based on the notorious "Protocols of the Elders of Zion." In February the important military monthly, Sovetskii Voin, carried V. Pigalev's "The Dark Path of Reaction," which traced the origins of the Solidarity movement in Poland to a Masonic-Zionist conspiracy. In the wake of the massacre of Palestini- ans in refugee camps in Beirut, Literaturnaia Gazeta (September 29)—without informing its readers that the killings had actually been done by Christian Phalan- gists—likened the Israelis to the Nazis at Babi Yar. Pravda (October 11) ran a cartoon depicting an Israeli soldier being directed by Hitler to kill Arabs. A quota system, much like that which existed under the tsars, affected Jews in almost all areas of endeavor. In the political sphere, the acceptable number of Jews was clearly established by the unwritten rules of the Communist party; a few perennial "official Jews," including Veniamin Dymshits, a deputy premier of the USSR, were present in the top organs of the state. A de facto quota system functioned in state enterprises and the state bureaucracy, although a substantial number of Jews were visible in a few areas—accounting, planning statistics, and medicine. A harsh quota system was applied to Jews in higher education, and the number of Jews entering top schools declined considerably. For the 1981-1982 academic year, not one Jew was admitted to Leningrad University's mathematical institute, while only five Jews were accepted as mathematics students in Moscow. Two Jewish academics, Boris Kanevsky and Valerii Senderov, conducted a study of Jewish admissions to Moscow University and found a clear pattern of discrimination. Both men were arrested and sentenced to prison and internal exile for "anti-Soviet agitation." Anti-Jewish bias manifested itself in some academic studies, particularly in the areas of history and anthropology. Sovetish Heimland (No. 10, 1982) carried an article by Vladimir Chernin criticizing M. Matatov's study of Tat Jews which had appeared in Sovetskaia Etnographia (No. 5, 1981). Matatov claimed that Tat Jews were exclusively a religious group, with no ethnic dimension. Chernin surveyed Tat history and demonstrated that Tat Jews were an organic part of the Jewish people, and had always been considered as such in Russia, even under the Soviets. It took some courage for Sovetish Heimland to attack Matatov's article, since it reflected the current Soviet campaign negating Jewish peoplehood.

Jewish Resistance Despite harsh measures, including lengthy sentences meted out to dissidents, Soviet Jews continued the struggle for emigration and national Jewish identity. Of the older activists, Anatoly Shcharansky, universally known as the Jewish Prisoner of Conscience, was still in jail, his physical state considerably worsened as a result of serious illness. During the year he was transferred to the Chistopol prison, which maintained a particularly harsh regime. Vladimir Slepak, one of the initiators of the 220 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Jewish emigration movement, returned home to Moscow after five years of exile in Siberia. On the other hand, Ida Nudel, upon completing four years of exile in Siberia, was barred from returning to Moscow. Among others, Iosif Begun and Victor Brailovsky were in the hands of the KGB. Aleksandr Lerner, a Soviet expert on cybernetics who had applied to emigrate a decade ago, was still refused permission. Lerner was warned not to receive any foreign visitors in his apartment, and he complied. Iurii Tarnopolsky, a leading Jewish refusenik in Kharkov, was arrested on charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda." Mikhail Tsipin was taken into custody when he displayed a placard in Moscow's Red Square stating "Let me go to Israel." Tsipin previously had been denied an exit visa on the ground that his parents were opposed to his plans. Anatoly Mirkind, professor of history at Kishinev University, committed suicide after his application for emigration to Israel was repeatedly rejected. A group of Jews in Riga sought to exert pressure on Soviet authorities to allow increased emigration, by issuing an appeal to the Helsinki Conference in Madrid.

Jewish Culture Secular Jewish activities centered around Sovetish Heimland, the Yiddish-language magazine of the Soviet Union of Writers. While Sovetish Heimland carefully followed the Communist party line on most matters, it seemed uneasy about a government policy which clearly aimed to obliterate the last vestiges of Jewish life in the USSR. Thus, when Sovetish Heimland (No. 12, 1982) marked the 45th anniversary of the International Yiddish Cultural Congress, which had been held in Paris in 1937, it may have been hinting about the unfulfilled needs of Jews in the present-day Soviet Union. In June Sovetish Heimland inaugurated a new department, "Jewish Ethnography," by carrying Mikhail Chlenov's article on the current state of Soviet Jewry; in July the magazine returned to this subject. In one of his articles, Aron Vergelis, the hard-line editor of Sovetish Heimland, touched on the heretofore forbidden issue of the arrest and persecution of Yiddish writers under Stalin. Research on Jewish subjects was increasing in the USSR. In 1982 the Geographic Society of Moscow held a special session on the so-called "Assyrian Jews" of Russia; in 1981 the Society had discussed the Karaites. An ethnographic conference in Naltchik heard a presentation by Amnon Davidov on the Jews of Bukhara. Ludmila Dakhina was preparing a dissertation on Jewish musical folklore for the Far East Pedagogical Art Institute. Essays appeared dealing with the Jewish component in the writings of Pushkin and Lermontov; Leib Wilsker, in his essay on Pushkin, even touched upon the subject of Hebrew writing in Russia and Israel. The Yiddish department of the Gorky Institute of Literature began its second academic year with a number of qualified students, including Aleksandr Brodsky and Lev Berinski, professional translators, Moishe Pens, a teacher, Boris Sandier, a musician, and Vladimir Chernin, an ethnographer. SOVIET UNION / 221 For the first time in years, the Khabarovsk Book Publishing Company issued a Yiddish textbook for use in the elementary schools of the Jewish autonomous region of Birobidzhan. The 238-page volume was printed in a large format, with numerous multi-colored illustrations; it was labeled an "official textbook approved by the appropriate authorities." Among the linguists who worked on the book were Chaim Baider, Shimon Sandier, Nochem Kravetz, and Heshel Rabinkov. Between 1948 and 1982 a total of 91 books in Yiddish were made available in the USSR. To compensate in part for the shortage, Sovetish Heimland, in 1982, issued 12 booklets, each with about 60 pages, containing stories and essays; included in the series was Zikhroines (Memoirs) by Leonid Brezhnev. The Novosti Press Agency claimed that during the past 20 years 85 books had been published in the Yiddish language, and that 148 Yiddish works have been translated into Russian. A new edition of a book in Russian dealing with Shlome Mikhoels, the great Yiddish actor who was murdered under Stalin, was issued. In Chernovits and Kishinev, cities with strong Jewish roots, local writers celebrated, respectively, the 75th anniversary of the birth of Chaim Melamud and the 70th birthday of Iekhiel Shraibman. The Yiddish Musical Chamber Theater of Birobidzhan, the only legitimate Yid- dish theater in the Soviet Union, staged performances in three cities in East Ger- many—Leipzig, Erfurt, and Rostok—receiving very favorable reviews. The Biro- bidzhan group also performed in Tbilisi, Georgia. Moscow Television devoted a 15-minute program to the activities of the Yiddish Musical Chamber Theater. The Kovno Yiddish Folk Theater, including a vocal group led by D. Gomberg, a dramatic ensemble led by I. Ronder, a vaudeville group led by K. Amdur, and a dance ensemble led by R. Smolianskaia, performed in many cities in Lithuania. The Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble, under the direction of Iakov Gubenko, staged its work at the Stanislavsky Dramatic Theater in Moscow. The Vilno Yiddish Folk Theater played to large audiences in the area; Mikhail Pertsov, one of the directors of the group, celebrated his 60th birthday. In Kishinev, Boris Raisov, a singer, and Sergeii Bengelsdorf, his accompanist, presented many recitals of Jewish music. There was also a very popular group in Kishinev which sang Russian romances; among the members of the group was Elena Abramovich, the great-granddaughter of Mendele-Mokher Sforim. In Riga, Maks Goldin put together a concert of Jewish music for piano and voice that was performed by the local philharmonic ensemble. There were also individual artists presenting Jewish material on the stage, among them the veteran Sidi Tal, and a newcomer, Polina Belilovskaia; the latter had graduated from the State Pedagogical Institute with a dissertation on "Yiddish Folklore in the Work of Shostakovich and Prokofiev." Zinovii Kompaneets, the well-known composer and musicologist who was active in the Jewish field, celebrated his 80th birthday; his most recent composition was based on traditional Jewish wedding songs. Paintings devoted to Jewish themes were presented to the public. In Moscow the Union of Russian Painters mounted an exhibition of the work of the late Victor 222 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Midler. Also in Moscow, the gallery on Vavilov Street exhibited paintings by the late Meir Akselrod; a special catalogue was issued for the occasion by the Moscow Union of Painters. Among contemporary Jewish painters and art critics were Hersh Inger, Grigorii Frid, Yusef Gurvich, Rivka Rubin, Wilhelm Levik, and Shaia Bron- stein. After much opposition, a SOO-page volume of the selected works of Boris Paster- nak appeared in Moscow; the volume was edited by Pasternak's son Evgenii. A volume of satiric songs by the late Vladimir Vysotsky appeared in Moscow.

Birobidzhan While Jews, numbering about 10,000, constituted only a small minority in Biro- bidzhan, the area was still considered the center of Jewish life in the USSR. On December 2, 1981 the presidium of the Soviet of the RSFSR, in a special decree, reconfirmed Birobidzhan's status as a Jewish autonomous region. Soviet authorities apparently hoped to relegate all official Jewish cultural activities to Birobidzhan. In connection with the upcoming 50th anniversary of the region, the Khabarovsk Book Publishing Company was preparing an album dedicated to Jewish life there. Two Jewish writers, R. Shoikhet and L. Shkolnik, were preparing an almanac of literary works connected with Birobidzhan. The Yiddish Library and other libraries of the region were planning book exhibitions. In honor of the 20th anniversary of Sovetish Heimland, the Birobidzhan radio station presented a series of broadcasts on Yiddish literature. Despite some Jewish manifestations in Birobidzhan, it was clear that the small Jewish remnant there was rapidly losing its Jewish character.

Holocaust While there was no official commemoration of the Holocaust, Jewish groups, sometimes aided by local officials, organized memorial events. In December some 150 Jews at Romboli participated in a ceremony commemorating the 41st anniversary of the mass murder of Jews in the Riga ghetto. A number of Kiev Jews visited Babi Yar to commemorate the 1941 massacre there. Small memorial events were also held in other cities.

Personalia Mendl Rozenhoiz, a well-known Jewish librarian and bibliographer, died in Moscow, aged 81. Dvoira Khorol, a Yiddish poet, died, aged 89; many of her poems had been translated into Russian and other languages of the USSR. Irme Druker, a Yiddish writer, died in Odessa, aged 76. Ickhok Zhabotinsky, a Yiddish actor, died in Kiev, aged 85. Piotr Iakir, an historian and erstwhile dissident, died in Moscow; SOVIET UNION / 223 he was the son of Soviet general Iona Iakir who was murdered by Stalin. Leonid Kogan, the celebrated violinist, died in Moscow, aged 58. The Soviet Academy of Sciences named a recently discovered asteroid in honor of Janusz Korczak, the Jewish educator who, together with his pupils, was murdered by the Nazis in Treblinka.

~~~~LEON SHAPIRO Soviet Bloc Nations~~~~

~~~~Introduction~~~~

W,ITHIN THE SOVIET EMPIRE, the Polish upheaval continued unabated in 1982. Soviet authorities and those in the satellite countries viewed with great concern the struggle between General Wojciech Jaruzelski and the opposition forces consisting of workers, the intelligentsia, and the Catholic church. If, against all probability, Solidarity emerged victorious, the consequences for Soviet power in Eastern Europe would be incalculable. Severe economic problems were prevalent throughout Eastern Europe, with some of the countries experiencing not only a substantial slowdown in the rate of growth, but also shortages of manufactured goods and food. Two countries, Poland and Rumania, were burdened with exceptionally high foreign debts. There was an obvious need for thorough economic reform, but this was impossible without a fundamental change in policy on the part of the Soviet Union.

Poland The military dictatorship of General Jaruzelski, basing itself on the martial law decree of December 13, 1981, introduced tough measures. Special military regi- ments and the so-called zomo riot police carried out massive searches, while armored vehicles cruised the streets of Warsaw and guards stood ready at important squares and bridges. The official military newspaper, Soldierz Wolnosti, made reference to "forces eager to disturb and disrupt the process of normalization . . . ." In the aftermath of May Day riots, two United States diplomats were expelled from the country. According to official figures, the police arrested some 145,000 individuals for engaging in acts proscribed by martial law. The vast majority of those arrested were released from custody after being warned not to repeat their offenses. The authorities even offered detainees the choice of exile abroad, promising to issue exit visas to their families as well. Some 5,000 individuals were being held in prison camps. Strong police action did not succeed in halting underground resistance, most particularly in Gdansk, the birthplace of Solidarity. While officially banned, Solidar- ity maintained an underground network which engaged in radio broadcasts and staged a May Day march in Warsaw that attracted some 30,000 workers chanting "We want freedom." Similar demonstrations, in some instances leading to riots, took place in several cities. A strongly-worded petition requesting an end to martial law was signed by about 100 intellectuals, including Tadeusz Konwicki, Julian

~~~~224 SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 225~~~~

Stryjkowski, Mark Nowakowski, Feliks Falk, and Andrzej Wajda. The petition was sent to Parliament and to Cardinal Jozef Glemp. The Roman Catholic church in Poland, in a situation unique in the Soviet empire, played a significant role in the developing events. In February Cardinal Glemp went to the Vatican and held confidential discussions with Polish-born, Pope John Paul II. Glemp was accompanied by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, who had succeeded the pope as archbishop of Cracow. The Vatican sent Archbishop Luigi Poggi to Warsaw with a message for Lech Walesa, the former leader of Solidarity, who was being detained by the regime. Walesa was released from detention on November 14, but did not resume the key public role that he had played before. Pope John Paul II maintained close contact with the Polish military regime throughout the year. It was clear that the Catholic church was doing its utmost to preserve the last vestiges of Polish independence by avoiding a Soviet invasion; the church also wished to maintain its own key role in the affairs of state. In this connection, it was significant that when the authorities dissolved the actors' union in December, Cardinal Glemp advised the protesting actors to return to work. Following the May Day riots, the Polish bishops condemned social disruption in the country and urged talks between the opposing forces. The regime resuscitated Pax, a Catholic group (created during the time of Stalin) which professed full acceptance of the Communist dictatorship. One Pax member, Cazimierz Morawski, was appointed to the Council of State. The long expected visit home by John Paul II was rescheduled for 1983. In another church-related development, Maximilian Kolbe, a Polish Franciscan who gave his life at Auschwitz to save another prisoner, was proclaimed a saint by Pope John Paul II. Sadly, Polish Jews could not help recalling that Kolbe had been an active participant in anti-Jewish actions during the inter-war years. In 1926, for example, Kolbe had stated that the Freemasons were an "organized group of fanatical Jews, who want to destroy the church." General Jaruzelski made substantial changes in the top personnel of the Commu- nist party and over 1,000 officials were dismissed. The membership of the party declined by as much as 100,000. General Jaruzelski showed a strong predilection for professional managers, and appointed two economists, Jan Glowczyk and Man- fred Gorywada, as top party secretaries. Henryk Jablonski, president of the Council of State, a largely ceremonial position, remained at his post. Interestingly enough, Stanislaw Kania, former secretary general of the party who was ousted by Jaruzel- ski, was appointed to the Council of State. A group of hardliners emerged who insisted on an end to all reform. Thus Henryk Samsonowicz, rector of Warsaw University, was forced to resign; the same was true of the rectors of the universities in Gdansk, Katowice, and Lublin. In August General Jaruzelski visited Soviet party chief Leonid Brezhnev and told him that the unrest in Poland was being directed by outside forces, mainly the United States. Under the chaotic conditions prevailing in Poland, the economy verged on collapse. It was estimated that Polish industrial output declined by some 22 per cent, 226 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 creating a critical shortage of necessary goods. Poland had difficulty in paying the interest on its foreign debt and in finding hard currency for food imports, including those from the United States. As an interim step, the United States paid 71 million dollars that Poland owed to American banks, thereby avoiding a declaration of default. However, in October, President Ronald Reagan suspended the favorable trade status which Poland had enjoyed for nearly 22 years. In late summer General Jaruzelski announced that the rules of martial law would be eased. However, he made it clear that there would be no return to the situation which had existed prior to the military coup. Indeed, the regime was preparing the ground for a public trial of the members of KOR—the Workers Defense Committee, established in 1976—which had become the intellectual reservoir for the fight for human rights. Among those scheduled to go on trial were Jan Lipski, a distinguished historian, Jacek Kuron, a writer, Adam Michnik, a historian, and Jan Litynski, editor of the underground magazine The Worker.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

Events in Poland had a significant impact on the Jewish community, which numbered about 6,000 identified Jews. There were thought to be another 1,500 to 2,000 Jews in the country who had lost all connection with Jewish life and were completely integrated into Polish society. With the introduction of martial law, all organizational activities of the various national minorities (Jews, Ukrainians, Czechs, etc.) came to a halt and facilities were closed down. In closing the local affiliate of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union in Walbrzych, the police ripped off the Yiddish signboard on the outside of the building. In Gliwice the Jewish Club was taken over by the authorities and given to another organization. The situation was remedied, however, when the Jewish community received another facility. In Warsaw, the police closed down the central offices of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union and the offices of Folks-sztyme. Anti-Jewish writings appeared in various publications (e.g., Glos Szczecinski), but were stopped by the authorities after some interval. In speaking to the leaders of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union, Jerzy Kuberski, minister for religious affairs, declared that Jewish activities would be supported as before and that antisemitism would be punished. "The editors of Glos Szczecinski were fired from their jobs. We are interested that Jewish activities continue normally," Kuberski stated. The offices of the Vaad-Hakehilot (Union of Religious Congregations) remained open, as did the offices of other religious bodies. Beginning in February, the authorities loosened some of the controls and a meeting of the leadership of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union took place; two Polish officials, Czeslaw Budzinski and Stanislaw Demianuk, participated in the session. Steps were taken to reestablish Jewish cultural activities; lectures were organized in various cities, including Katowice, Lignice, Lodz, Zary, and Dzierzoniow. SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 227

Edward Reiber continued to serve as president of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union; Abraham Kwaterko was secretary. Moses Finkelsztejn was president of the Union of Religious Congregations; Jerzy Kornacki served as administrator. Other Jewish leaders included Szymon Szurmiej, head of the Yiddish State Theater, Hen- ryk Robak, and Mauricy Weiler. In April and September, Polish radio devoted special programs to, respectively, Passover and the high holy days. A volume was published in honor of Jewish educator Janusz Korczak, who died with his pupils in Treblinka; a monument to Korczak was erected at the Genszer cemetery in Warsaw. At a special seminar sponsored by the Jewish Historical Institute—which was headed by Mauricy Korn—Helena Datner-Spiewak spoke about the Jewish intelligentsia in Warsaw during the second half of the 19th century. Several projects of the Jewish Histori- cal Institute were supported by the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York. For the first time since its establishment 35 years ago, Folks-sztyme carried an article on the basic elements of the Hebrew alphabet; the article was prepared by the well-known Polish orientalist, Witold Tyloch of Warsaw Univer- sity. The budgets of all Jewish institutions were covered by the state, and the Jewish Cultural and Social Union appealed to the ministry of interior for an increased subvention. After a 14-year hiatus, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) was invited to renew its activities in Poland; it did so in mid-December 1981. A special JDC delegation, made up of President Henri Taub, Executive Vice-President Ralf Goldman, and JDC coordinator Akiva Kahane, visited Warsaw in February, 1982. The delegation was warmly received by the authorities and Jewish leaders; before departing Poland, the delegation met with Vice-Premier Mieczyslaw Rakow- ski. JDC relief work on behalf of invalids and the elderly in Poland was handled through a coordinating committee made up of representatives of the Jewish Cultural and Social Union and the Union of Religious Congregations. Some 4,000 individuals received food packages, medical aid, and cash relief as part of the JDC program. Kosher food was made available at specially functioning kitchens. JDC coordinator Kahane visited Poland in May and November; in connection with the latter visit, Folks-sztyme ran a very favorable report about the JDC's work. During 1982 the Union of Religious Congregations proceeded with repair work on the Nozik-Shul; the job was scheduled to be completed in March 1983. Repairs were also being made at the Jewish Cultural Center in Szyudborow, which hosted many activities. On April 19 the Jewish Cultural and Social Union sponsored a memorial gathering in honor of the Warsaw ghetto uprising and Janusz Korczak. Among the foreign guests participating in the event were Stefan Grayer, president of the World Federa- tion of Jewish Partisans and Fighters, and Maurice Goldstein, president of the International Auschwitz Committee; David Boguchwal chanted memorial prayers. Other memorial activities took place in 14 cities, including Wroclaw, Lodz, Cracow, Gliwice, Lignice, and Lublin. In October Grayer and another Israeli, Stefan 228 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Krakowsky, participated in an official ceremony at the monument to the victims of the Warsaw ghetto. Two Polish Jews, Abraham Kwaterko and Moses Finkelsztejn, participated in a meeting of the European section of the World Jewish Congress. Marian Fuks, a historian, participated in the World Congress of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem. The Jewish Cultural and Social Union took note of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Noah Prilutski, leader of the Folkspartei and an eminent scholar of Yiddish, who was murdered in Vilno in 1941. A memorial event was also held on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the death of the great Yiddish poet B. Leiwick. Interest- ingly, a proposal was put forward to name a street in Warsaw in honor of Artur Zigelboym, the Polish Bundist leader who committed suicide in London in protest against the indifference of the Western world to the Holocaust. Shmuel Tenenblat, an important Jewish leader and editor of Folks-sztyme, died on October 31. According to press reports, Tenenblat was buried in a religious ceremony that was attended by representatives of the Communist party. Wladislas Gomulka, who governed Poland from 1956 until his ouster in 1970, died at the age of 77. Gomulka had been responsible for the unprecedented, official antisemitic campaign of 1968, in which most Jewish members of the Communist party were forced to leave the country after being accused of having secret Zionist sympathies.

Rumania Nicolae Ceausescu, head of the Communist party and president of the state, maintained a strong grip on power after nearly 20 years of rule in Rumania. In 1982 he made important changes in the leadership of the country, ousting Prime Minister Hie Verdet, Deputy Prime Minister Cornel Burbica, Education Minister Aneta Spornic, and a number of other high-ranking officials. The new prime minister was Constantin Dascalescu. While maintaining rigid political control, Ceausescu stressed the doctrine of "national Communism," on the basis of which he rejected many Soviet policies, particularly in the area of foreign affairs. Rumania maintained diplomatic relations with Israel and enjoyed lively trade exchange and tourism with the Jewish state. Rumania had close ties with the United States—U.S. secretary of state Alexander Haig visited the country in 1982—and enjoyed a "most favored" trade status. In 1981, for example, the United States imported over 560 million dollars worth of Rumanian goods, while exporting to Rumania merchandise valued at about 503 million dollars. There were reports that Rumania was preparing to introduce an education tax on would-be emigrants, a step that would have affected its trade status with the United States. In fact, however, the tax was not imposed. According to official figures made public by Rumanian chief rabbi Moses Rosen, 1,204 Jews received approval to emigrate in the first six months of 1982; in 1981, 1,067 Jews had left the country. Some 12,000 ethnic Germans also emigrated in 1981. SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 229 JEWISH COMMUNITY

The Jewish community of Rumania numbered around 35,000, with nearly half the Jews being over the age of 65. The younger generation showed little interest in things Jewish. Most Jewish activities centered around the Federation of Jewish Communities, which was headed by Rabbi Rosen. Emil Schechter was general secretary of the Federation; Professor Chaim Riemer was chief editor of the semimonthly Revista Culturui Mosaic, which was published in Hebrew, Yiddish, Rumanian, and English. In addition to rabbinic material, the Revista carried useful information about Jewish life around the world; it was published in some 10,000 copies. Among the leaders of the Rumanian Jewish community were Simion Kauf- man in Iasi, Paul Ornstein in Braila, and Theodor Blumenfeld in Bucharest. Paul Friedlander, president of the community in Timisoara, died. Leading rabbis, in addition to Chief Rabbi Rosen, were Itschak Marilus in Bucharest, Ernest Neiman in Timisoara, and Carol Jolesz in Cluj-Napoka. The Federation encompassed 68 Jewish communities and 27 smaller units. There were 120 synagogues, including 25 which had been recently renovated. Under the dynamic leadership of Rabbi Rosen, religious and educational activities took on substantial proportions. Twelve communities had talmud torahs for children aged seven to 12. Sixteen communities maintained choirs and 19 offered Hebrew language courses. There were three youth hostels—two at the seashore and one in the moun- tains. Twenty-two communal sedorim were organized throughout Rumania. A roving Hanukkah "caravan of light," organized by Rabbi Rosen, visited 26 communities in 11 days; rabbis Neiman and Jolesz actively participated in the project, as did a number of foreign guests, including Jewish Agency aliyah department head Raphael Kotlovitz, Tel Aviv mayor Shlomo Lahat and his wife, Tel Aviv vice- mayor Igal Griffel and his wife, Bar I Ian University professor Iakov Randt and his wife, and Theodor Feder of the JDC. The Federation conducted widespread welfare activities for the poor and the aged, providing food, clothing, and medical help to approximately 11,000 individuals. Sami Edelstein was responsible for Federation efforts in this area. Eleven kosher kitchens served daily meals to some 2,000 individuals; nearly 900 homebound invalids received food at home. Twenty-five medical centers around the country ministered to health needs. In addition, there was a group of rest homes, including the 200-bed Amalia and Moses Rosen Home for the Aged. Part of the Federation budget was supplied by the state, which also covered the salaries of the clergy and the administrative personnel. The JDC allocated money for social welfare activities, while the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York provided funds for cultural work. With the approval of the authorities, the Federation maintained close contact with Jewish organizations abroad. The Federation was affiliated with the World Jewish Congress and participated in many rabbinical conferences. A Federation delegation consisting of Rabbi Rosen, Professor Riemer, and General Secretary Schechter took part in the opening of an exhibit on "Jews in Rumania in the Modern 230 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Period," which was organized at the Museum of the Diaspora in Tel Aviv. Jewish groups from abroad visiting Rumania included an American delegation led by JDC representative Feder and a World Jewish Congress delegation headed by President Edgar Bronfman. Rabbi Rosen celebrated his 70th birthday and received congratulatory messages from, among others, the president and prime minister of Israel. A Moses Rosen Chair in East European Jewish Studies was established at Bar Ilan University in Israel. The Rumanian government supported an active secular Yiddish sector, which included Yiddish-language publications and the State Yiddish Theater. Two well- known Yiddish actors, Shmuel Fishier and Sevilla Pastor, passed away. The latter had been deported under the fascists to Zhmerinka in the Ukraine (Transnistria), where she gave theater performances.

Hungary Janos Kadar, head of the Hungarian Communist party, succeeded in maintaining a variant of "national Communism" which permitted not only free market elements in the economic sphere, but also a general loosening of social controls. Profit incentives and the absence of bureaucratic interference led to a situation in which Hungarians had available abundant food and a broad variety of Western consumer goods. While there was a substantial foreign debt—about seven billion dollars—it was well managed. All in all, Hungary enjoyed a state of economic well-being that was unique in the Soviet satellite empire. Party chief Kadar and his prime minister, Gyorgy Lazar, were careful not to take any steps in internal matters or foreign affairs which the Kremlin might construe as outright liberalization—this in fear of Soviet retaliation. There was internal dissent—the so-called "democratic opposition"—but it was not yet a major phenomenon. Among the dissidents were Janos Kiss, a philosopher, and Lazlo Rajk, the son of Ladislav Rajk, the erstwhile Communist leader of Hungary who was murdered in a Stalin-inspired purge in 1949. For years Lazlo Rajk had been selling books out of his apartment which were not generally available in Budapest stores. Toward the end of 1982, however, the police put an end to this project. The police also raided the home of Ferenc Koeszeg, editor of the dissident periodical Beszeloe. While there were no diplomatic relations between Hungary and Israel, Imre Hollai, a Hungarian official, assured leaders of the World Jewish Congress that Hungary was opposed to attempts to change the status of the Jewish state.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

The Jewish population of Hungary stood at about 80,000, including Jews who were not involved in organized Jewish life. There was no Jewish emigration, and it was SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 231 clear that Jews were generally satisfied with their lot in the country. Antisemitism was considered a criminal offense. Jews were integrated into the surrounding society and intermarriage was an accepted social fact. Those Jews who were interested in Jewish communal life took part in the activities sponsored by the Central Board of Jewish Communities, which included both Neolog (Conservative) and Orthodox trends. Interest in things Jewish was declining, particularly among the young, who were educated in state schools and worked in various state enterprises. The Central Board coordinated efforts in some 70 communities. Budapest, the largest, had 29 synagogues which were staffed by rabbis and other religious func- tionaries. There was a beth din, a ritual bath, and a burial society. There were 12 kosher butcher shops, as well as a slaughterhouse which supplied kosher meat to other countries of Eastern Europe. A new kosher kitchen provided 1,000 meals daily. There were also two homes for the aged and a 200-bed hospital. A bakery for matzot assured an adequate supply before Passover. Imre Heber was president of the Central Board in Budapest; Iliana Seifert served as secretary. An Israeli, Aharon Hoffmann, who was Hungarian-born, assumed the post of rabbi of the Orthodox community in Budapest. There was a Jewish gymnasium and an elementary yeshivah in Budapest. Buda- pest's neological Rabbinical Seminary continued its training program, supplying rabbis not only to Hungary, but other countries of the Soviet bloc as well; there were 20 students in all, including young men from Russia, Bulgaria, etc. The Seminary's library held more than 250,000 volumes, some of them quite rare. The school was headed by Aleksander Scheiber, a rabbi and well-known Judaica scholar. Each Friday evening after services, Scheiber arranged a social event which attracted young people from all over the country. On occasion, rabbinical students visited provincial communities where they conducted religious services. The Central Board administered a Jewish research program that was unique in Eastern Europe. Aspects of the program included a continuation of the encyclopedic Monumenta Hungariae Judaica and the compiling of material on the Holocaust. The Jewish Museum, which contained a rich collection, was undergoing repairs; Hone Benoshofsky served as curator. It was expected that in 1984 a portion of the Jewish Museum's holdings would be displayed at the Museum of the Diaspora in Tel Aviv. The Central Board's budget was covered in part by the state, which also paid the salaries of religious personnel. The JDC participated in the costs of social programs; the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York provided a grant in the cultural field. The Hungarian Jewish community maintained close ties with Jewish organizations abroad. Iliana Seifert represented the Central Board at a meeting of the European section of the World Jewish Congress. Edgar Bronfman, president of the World Jewish Congress, accompanied by Secretary General Gerhard Rigner, visited Budapest in May 1982. Bronfman spoke to the students at the Rabbinical Seminary and met with Imre Miklos, minister for religious affairs. 232 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Yugoslavia President Josip Tito, who ruled Communist Yugoslavia for some 35 years, died in May 1980. The presidential rotation system which Tito had instituted before his death worked surprisingly well; the country was ruled by a 23-member Council of the Communist party and a nine-member Federal Collective Presidency, which strongly maintained the unity of Yugoslavia's six constituent national republics and two autonomous regions. Tito's "self-management" principle, which called for workers to participate directly in the administration of political and economic affairs, was maintained, although some dissenters voiced doubt about the possibility of "self-management" in a one-party system. Yugoslavia's current economic program emphasized auster- ity, efficiency, and self-reliance; 85 per cent of all farmland was in private hands. Despite many difficulties, the Yugoslav leadership continued to implement a gradual decentralization of the power structure. About ten per cent of the population held membership in the Communist party. The current president of the state was Petar Stambolic; Milka Planinc served as prime minister and Lazar Mojsov as minister of foreign affairs. Dusan Dragosavac was the head of the Communist party, which in June 1982 held its first general meeting since Tito's death. Among the foreign guests attending the gathering were Vasilii Kuznetsov, first vice-premier of the USSR, and a representative of the PLO. In accordance with Yugoslavia's traditional policy of non-alignment, Dragosavac criticized "all great powers" for attempting to dominate other peoples and intensifying the arms race. Interestingly, Dragosavac expressed solidarity with Po- land's workers and called for a solution to the Polish crisis "without external pressure." Conflicting nationalisms constituted a major problem in Yugoslavia, a country containing many ethnic groups and four major religions. While the various groups were attempting to live in peace with one another, traditional suspicions remained, e.g., Catholic Croats vs. Greek Orthodox Serbs. Adding to the unrest was Albanian propaganda directed to the Albanian population in Yugoslavia's Kosovo province. Intellectual dissent in Yugoslavia centered around the universities in Belgrade and Zagreb, but it was hindered by a state monopoly of the printed word. There were no diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and Israel; relations between the two countries had been broken following the 1967 Six Day War. At the Communist party conclave in June 1982, a special resolution was passed condemning Israel for "genocide" against the Palestinians and demanding an immediate Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

The Jewish population of Yugoslavia stood at about 6,000; there were some 1,600 Jews in Belgrade, 1,400 in Zagreb, and 1,000 in Sarajevo. Unlike the situation in SOVIET BLOC NATIONS / 233 some other East European countries, there was no central Jewish religious organization in Yugoslavia. The existing Federation of Jewish Communities was a secular Jewish body. Lavoslav Kadelburg, a well-known Jewish leader, continued to serve as president of the Federation; Luci Petrovic was secretary. A special commission established by the Federation dealt with religious affairs. The commission organized holiday celebrations and made available matzot and kosher wine; etrogim and lulavim were received from abroad. Holiday services were conducted in, among other places, the Zagreb home for the aged. Rabbi Cadic Danon prepared a religious calendar for the year S743, which also contained some prayers; the luach was an annual publication. It was clear that religious life was dwindling. In some places synagogues had ceased to function, and in others Sabbath and holiday services were conducted exclusively by older people. Intermarriage was widespread. Despite the absence of diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and Israel, the Jewish community maintained ties with the Jewish state. In April Federation president Kadelburg visited Israel, where he met with representatives of several Israeli organizations that had links to Yugoslav Jewry. Of late, the Yugoslav press had begun to carry articles questioning the Jewish community's attitude toward events in the Middle East and raising the issue of dual loyalty. Such articles appeared in Belgrade Politika on June 20, 1982 and again on July 17. At a July 9, 1982 meeting in Belgrade, which was held in connection with the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, a poster was held aloft which read "Sons of Judah—we shall revenge Beirut"; at the same meeting an effigy bearing a yellow star and the word "Jew" was burned. Federation offices around the country received threatening phone calls and antisemitic letters. In Split, the "Jewish community" sign outside the Federation building was broken and removed on September 18, 1982. In Zagreb, two swastikas and the slogan "Down with the Jews" were painted on the building which housed the Jewish Youth Club. Zapis, a Belgrade publishing house, issued a blatantly antisemitic novel. The Sarajevo periodical Svyef (October 1982) carried a letter attacking Israel for its invasion of Lebanon and claiming that this position reflected the point of view of the Federation. In fact, however, as the Federation magazine Jevrejski Pregled (December 1982) pointed out, the letter was a fraud. The Federation took a courageous stand in openly protesting the manifestations of antisemitism. The organization indicated that it, together with the World Jewish Congress, had demanded an investigation of the Beirut massacre, "so that those responsible for the killings would be identified and brought to justice." At the same time, the Federation vowed to "fight against every manifestation of antisemitism." A copy of the Federation statement was sent to Yugoslav political leaders. The Federation was affiliated with the World Jewish Congress. In May a Federa- tion delegation consisting of President Kadelburg, Isak Levi, and Eduard Tauber, participated in a conference on Jewish community services in London. The Federa- tion was in close contact with the JDC and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York; the JDC supported social activities, including a home for the aged and assistance to the elderly and the handicapped, while the Memorial 234 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Foundation funded cultural efforts. A Denver, Colorado United Jewish Appeal delegation visited Yugoslavia in October. In December JDC representatives held talks with Federation leaders. In the absence of Jewish schools, the Federation organized youth clubs in the ten largest Jewish communities. Twice each year the Federation organized a seminar devoted to a special theme; seminar participants included scholars from Israel and other countries. Hebrew language courses were offered in Belgrade and Zagreb. There were special youth camps which hosted Jewish children from East European countries and Israel. There were two choirs—Mosa Pijade in Belgrade and Braca Baruh in Zagreb. A project was under way to collect archival material from around the country and establish a central archive in Belgrade. The Jewish Museum in Belgrade contained a fine collection of materials relating to the history of the Jews in Yugoslavia. The Federation published Zbornik, a periodical, Jevrejski Pregled, an anthology of Jewish material, and Kadima, a youth magazine. A second edition of Simon Dubnow's Short History of the Jewish People in Serbo-Croatian was issued by the Federation. In 1982 the state established a chair in Hebrew at the University of Sarajevo; Professor Moses Werbach was appointed to the post.

~~~~LEON SHAPIRO South Africa~~~~

~~~~National Affairs~~~~

LT THE OPENING OF THE second session of Parliament in 1982, State President Marais Viljoen stressed the nation's economic difficulties and indicated that continued discipline in government spending would be required. The key negative influence on the economy was the downward trend in the price of gold, which plummeted on the international market before showing signs of recovery in July. The value of the rand in relationship to the dollar reached its lowest level ever during the year, but rose to $0.94 by the end of January 1983. While the inflation rate in June 1982 was an alarming 16.S per cent, by year's end the situation had considerably improved; the average for the year was 13.8 per cent, a slight improvement over the 13.9 per cent figure for 1981. The economy was considerably assisted by a 1.2 billion dollar loan granted South Africa by the International Monetary Fund to offset an increased deficit in the nation's balance of payments. The continuing severe drought in large areas of South Africa greatly harmed the nation's agriculture and created serious ecological and social problems. A conference involving Transkei, Ciskei, Venda, Bophuthatswana, and South Africa focused on economic cooperation and led to the establishment of the South African Development Bank. There were dramatic and far-reaching political developments in 1982. At a meeting of the ruling National party (NP), two cabinet ministers, Andreis Treumicht and Ferdie Hartzenberg, were suspended from all party and government offices after losing on a vote of no confidence directed against Prime Minister Pieter Botha. Among the supporters of Treumicht and Hartzenberg was former prime minister and state president John Vorster. Other parliamentarians later joined the cause and a breakaway caucus of 16 (later 18) was formed in Parliament, with Treumicht as leader. The split within the NP led to the formation of the Conservative party (CP), which attracted the support of one-time cabinet minister and leading NP figure Connie Mulder, his followers, and other right-wing elements. While several factors contributed to the split within the NP, the most important was right-wing dissatisfaction with the proposed plan for constitutional change that had been recommended by the President's Council and supported by Prime Minister Botha. The plan featured an executive authority headed by a president combining 235 236 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 the posts of prime minister and state president, and a tri-cameral Parliament consisting of white, Indian, and mulatto chambers. A President's Council was to perform a partly advisory, partly legislative function; it would consist of 20 whites, ten mulattos, and five Indians elected by their respective chambers, plus 25 others, appointed by the president. Prime Minister Botha explained that the political future of blacks, for whom no provision was made in the reform plan, would be linked to their respective homelands. A report was made public of a commission appointed in 1980 by the Kwazulu Legislative Assembly and named for its chief executive minister, Chief Gatsha Buthelezi. The report was the first black initiative to examine constitutional options for blacks in South Africa, and it recommended a consociational form of government for Natal, with a multi-racial Legislative Assembly elected on the basis of proportional representation. The South African government rejected these proposals, but it took under advisement the recommendations for development and the improvement of Zulu living conditions which the commission put forward. A major confrontation between Kwazulu and the South African government took place when the latter announced that the Ingwavuma district and other areas in northern Kwazulu would be included in the kingdom of Swaziland. After legal action brought by Kwazulu, the supreme court found in its favor and the lands were ordered restored. Other important political developments included the report of the Rabie commission, which concluded that preventative security legislation was essential for the maintenance of law and order, but that the broad powers granted ministers in this area had to be exercised with restraint. The commission's findings, and attempts by the government to deal with it—including new guidelines for the treatment of political detainees—were criticised by the opposition, segments of the press, and various public bodies. The Viljoen committee, which investigated the housing shortage in Soweto, recommended a five-year plan to build 55,000 homes in Soweto at a cost of 770 million rands. Changes in labor relations were reflected in a bill aimed at dealing with strikes by black workers; the bill permitted unregistered unions in some industries, established a mechanism for official conciliation boards, and made possible immediate mediation of disputes by a third party. While the bill was criticised in some quarters for not going far enough, it was widely welcomed as a positive development in an area marked by ongoing confrontations. While increasingly tense relations developed between South Africa and Zimbabwe and South Africa and Lesotho, some measure of success appeared to attend a dramatic meeting between Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda and South African prime minister Botha. The two men were reported to have discussed the future of southern Africa and the problem of Namibia-South West Africa. The political problems related to the granting of independence to Namibia remained unresolved. South Africa insisted that the major stumbling block to a settlement was the presence of Cuban troops in Angola; South Africa demanded that the Cubans leave the area entirely. There was much loss of life in military SOUTH AFRICA / 237 confrontations on both sides of the Angolan border. As the conflict escalated and tensions grew, South Africa announced that all males between the ages of 17 and 60 would be required to register for military service. Terrorist activity escalated. In June, there were nine explosions, including one in a building in Cape Town which housed the President's Council; there was massive damage and one person was killed. Another widely-reported attack was at Mkuze on Natal's north coast. Tell Mogoerane, Jerry Mosololi, and Marcus Motaung, who were members of the African National Congress, were found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Ernest Dipale was found hanged in his cell while being detained under the terms of the internal security act. At a conference of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches in Ottawa, Canada, the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK) and the Nederduitse Herformde Kerk were suspended from membership. At the same time, Allan Boesak, the leading mulatto theologian of the NGK's sister church, the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Sedingkerk, was chosen president of the World Alliance. The suspensions stirred much public debate in South Africa, particularly because 123 Dutch Reform clerics had earlier published an open letter in the influential journal, Die Kerkbode, criticizing apartheid on scriptural grounds. The first of three preliminary reports on the 1980 national census was made public, showing 24,885,960 people in the country (excluding Transkei and Venda); there were 16.9 million blacks, 4.S million whites, 2.6 million mulattos, and 821,320 Indians. Eighteen million people lived in areas designated as white and 6.8 million in the black homelands.

Relations with Israel Satisfactory ties between South Africa and Israel continued to develop. At the annual meeting of the South Africa-Israel Chamber of Economic Relations, Chair- man Abe Barron reported on a proposal to have the two countries exchange trade missions. At the same meeting, South African minister of transport Hendrick Schoe- man stated: "Import and export trade plays an important role in the economy of South Africa and Israel. The economic cooperation between our countries is of vital importance." There were significant cultural and academic links between South Africa and Israel. During a visit to South Africa, Yaacov Avnon, vice-president of Ben Gurion University, explored the possibility of a collaborative effort with the University of Cape Town in establishing a comprehensive child development center. Joseph Lapid, director general of Israel's broadcasting authority, was the guest of the South African Broadcasting Corporation. Professor Uri Gamiel, head of the physics- education division at the Weizmann Institute of Science, was in South Africa as part of an exchange program with the South African Institute of Physics. Professor Aharon Roy, a member of the chemical engineering department at Ben Gurion 238 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

University, was the guest of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research at Pretoria University. Professor Amos Shapira, dean of the Tel Aviv University law school, was the guest of the South African department of foreign affairs and information. A special conference on pediatrics involving experts from both countries was held in South Africa. Sports ties between South Africa and Israel were enhanced when an Israeli youth rugby team toured South Africa. South African visitors to Israel included the president of Venda, Chief P. Mphe- phu, and seven of his ministers; Professor Charlotte Searle, the leading figure in South African nursing, who addressed the first International Congress of Nursing Law and Ethics; and Professor Mike Bruton, head of the department of ichthyology and fisheries-science at Rhodes University. A South African youth tennis team toured Israel. In collaboration with the Market Theater, Cape Town's Company of Four took Ronald Harwood's The Dresser (directed by Leonard Schach) on tour to Israel, where it enjoyed sell-out performances. Under the leadership of Rose Norwich, a joint committee of the South African Zionist Federation (SAZF) and the South African Jewish Board of Deputies (SAJBD) began the task of planning a large exhibit on South African Jewry that was to be mounted at the Museum of the Diaspora in Tel Aviv. On yom yerushalayim, Israeli minister of interior, police, and religious affairs Joseph Burg was the main speaker at a ceremony held at the Johannesburg Civic Center. The mayor of the city and other dignitaries participated in the event.

Antisemitism Political developments, particularly the split within the National party, produced some uncertainty in the Jewish community. Conservative leader Treurnicht was reported to have said that his party believed in freedom of conscience and religion and that antisemitism per se was not an issue. On the other hand, Eugene Terre Blanche, leader of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), expressed strong anti-Jewish views at meetings throughout the country. Adding to the sinister atmosphere of these meetings was the presence of stormvalke, leather-clothed men on motorcycles who displayed an AWB emblem that was reminiscent of the swastika. In a newspaper interview, Terre Blanche declared that South African Jews should be deprived of all political rights under an Afrikaner Christian people's government controlled by the AWB. When this statement aroused a sharp public reaction, Terre Blanche retreated, claiming that he only insisted on banning Jews from membership in his party. A statement expressing revulsion over Terre Blanche's views was issued by the SAJBD. Speaking in Parliament, Prime Minister Botha warned Terre Blanche that there was no room in South Africa for neo-Nazism and that his remarks concerning Jews were unacceptable. Terre Blanche also received a warning from Minister of Law and Order Louis LeGrange after stating that his movement might not adhere SOUTH AFRICA / 239 to strictly legal measures in endeavoring to protect white interests and security. Toward the end of 1982, arms caches were uncovered at AWB offices in a nation- wide police raid; nine people, including Terre Blanche, were arrested and were due to stand trial. A number of left-wing and right-wing newspapers propagated malicious anti- Israel views in the wake of the Lebanon war, often extending the attacks to include Jews generally. Two pro-PLO Muslim organs, the Cape-based Muslim News and the Durban-based Al Qalam, took the lead in this regard. Some letters to the editors of major newspapers also manifested anti-Jewish views in the course of attacking Israel. These letters elicited responses from members of the Jewish community, including, in one instance, a joint letter from the chief executives of the SAZF and the SAJBD. During "Israel Week," an event organized on the campus of the University of the Witwatersrand by the South African Union of Jewish Students (SAUJS), the Black Student Society (BSS) held a pro-PLO meeting. Jewish students who were angered by this action gathered spontaneously outside the room where the BSS meeting was being held, and violence was averted only through the intervention of the security staff. A number of students, both Jews and non-Jews, were suspended for unruly behavior; all were later allowed to resume their studies. Slogans decrying Zionism and supporting the PLO were daubed on synagogues and Jewish communal buildings in Johannesburg. The police began an immediate investigation, and police stations throughout the country were ordered to give special protection to Jewish property.

~~~~JEWISH COMMUNITY~~~~

~~~~Demography The Jewish population of South Africa was estimated to be 119,000. Leading Jewish population centers were Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban.~~~~

Communal Activities The SAJBD issued a statement on the vexing issues of detention without trial. Arguing that "punishment should be the sole prerogative of the courts," the SAJBD, on humanitarian grounds, called for a reconsideration of existing security measures. Reaction to the statement, which received wide publicity, was generally favorable within the Jewish community. At the annual conference of the SAJBD Cape committee, Chairman Solly Kessler stated that while individual Jews might support different political formulas for the solution of South Africa's racial problems, the Jewish community as a whole was united in a fervent desire to see racial harmony and equal opportunity for all. 240 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

"Accordingly," Kessler maintained, "the Jewish community is likely to welcome all bona fide initiatives intended to achieve these ends." In order to allow time for implementation of the recommendations on the structure of the SAJBD which had been put forward by Judge David Melamet, it was decided to delay the SAJBD biennial conference until 1983. In March, a Transvaal committee of the SAJBD was established; called the Transvaal Council, it elected Hanns Saenger as chairman. In February, the United Communal Fund (UCF) campaign was launched in Johannesburg by Professor Irwin Cotler of Canada. Fund-raising efforts continued throughout the year in all of South Africa. The main speakers at the 20th national conference of the Union of Jewish Women (UJW) were Marice Halper, president of the International Council of Women, and Barbara Leslie, vice-president of the International Council of Jewish Women. An interesting feature of the conference was a well-attended panel discussion, "Why Pick on South Africa?" which was held at Witwatersrand University. The UJW proclaimed 1982 the "year of the aged." Jack Spitzer, president of B'nai Brith International, was the main speaker at the B'nai Brith national convention. The presence in South Africa of large numbers of Israeli immigrants became a matter of public discussion. A report in the Sunday Times maintained that the Israeli embassy was concerned about the phenomenon, which might involve as many as 30,000 individuals. An embassy spokesman, however, indicated that no reliable figures were available.

Zionism During the Lebanon war, the SAZF organized well-attended meetings throughout the country. Emissaries from Israel and local Zionist leaders put forward the Israeli viewpoint on radio and television, endeavoring, in particular, to counter the claim that Israel was indifferent to the loss of innocent civilian life. In addition to undertaking emergency public information and fund-raising campaigns on Israel's behalf, Zionist groups continued to sponsor cultural, educational, and social programs. The Johannesburg Zionist Luncheon Club was lauded by communal leaders and the press when it celebrated its 40th anniversary. A trend towards increased professionalism in Zionist fund-raising, particularly on the part of the Israel United Appeal (IUA), did not diminish in any way the ideological fervor which had traditionally characterized this area of activity. The various fund-raising meetings and campaign launchings brought together large segments of the community for lectures and discussions of contemporary Jewish issues. Among the visitors brought to South Africa under Zionist and IUA auspices were Evelyn Sommer, WIZO representative on the economic and social council of the United Nations, to launch the biennial women's Zionist campaign; Israeli minister Joseph Burg, as the guest of the SAZF and the United Mizrachi Organizations SOUTH AFRICA / 241 of South Africa (UMO); Professor Mark Rittenberg of the University of San Fran- cisco, to conduct workshops at the Western Province Zionist Council (WPZC) seminar on leadership training; Zvi Weinberg of the Keren Kayemet Le'Yisrael as the guest of the Jewish National Fund; Colonel Tibi Jonas of Keren Hayesod, to help with IUA pre-campaign activities; Gideon Patt, Israeli minister of industry and commerce, to launch the IUA campaign; and Donald Gould, assistant dean of students at Tel Aviv University, Itzhak Unna, former Israeli ambassador to South Africa, and MK Yitzhak Rabin, as guests during the IUA campaign. Lisa Frank and Fay Weinstein, leaders of the national IUA campaign, jointly led the first study mission of South African women to Israel. The mission was conducted under the auspices of the Women's Zionist Council of South Africa (SAWZC). During the first week of September, the 37th South African Zionist Conference took place. The conference theme, "Jewish Identity and the Tasks of Zionism" was set forth by Arye Dulzin, chairman of the Jewish Agency in Israel. The conference explored a broad range of issues, including Zionist ideology, aliyah, fund-raising, and administration, as well as youth affairs, antisemitism, and Jewish education. Julius Weinstein and Itz Kalmanowitz were reelected, respectively, president and chairman of the SAZF. A SAZF commission, chaired by Judge Cecil Margo, was set up to investigate Jewish fund-raising with an eye toward combining the IUA and UCF campaigns. Celebrations were held in October to mark the 50th anniversary of the SAWZC.

Religion An event which aroused some controversy in religious circles was the appearance on the same platform of a Reform rabbi and an Orthodox rabbi to discuss modern Judaism. The event took place at Temple Emanuel in Johannesburg and involved the participation of Norman Mendel, chairman of the rabbinical council of the United Progressive Congregations, and Jack Steinhorn, senior rabbi of the Green and Sea Point Hebrew Congregation. Berea Hebrew Congregation of Johannesburg celebrated its 60th anniversary. The Posswohl synagogue was proclaimed a national monument. An emotional service was held to mark the closing of the veteran Bertrams Synagogue in Johannesburg; the furniture and artifacts were donated to the newly-developing Edenvale Syna- gogue. A new synagogue was established in Constantia in the Cape area. A prominent visitor to South Africa was Bezalel Zolty, chief rabbi of Jerusalem, who was accompanied by his wife.

Jewish Education A major study of Jewish education in the Diaspora, prepared at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, indicated that South Africa was virtually alone in not experiencing a decline in day school enrollments in recent years. More generally, 242 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 over a ten-year period, there had been an increase in the percentage of children in South Africa receiving a Jewish education—up from 58 per cent to 67 per cent. In 1978, 32 per cent of South African Jewish children were enrolled in day schools, 23 per cent in Jewish pre-schools, and another 12 per cent in part-time Jewish education. The vitality of Jewish education in South Africa was evidenced in the continued growth of existing facilities and the establishment of new schools. At the Carmel School in Pretoria, the Ben and Anne Cohen Administrative Center was inaugurated. A new King David School was opened in Sandton; it commenced the year with eight teachers and 100 pupils in the first four classes. In Cape Town, the Meyer Goldschmidt complex was inaugurated as the new Herzlia Middle School. At the Arcadia Jewish Children's Home, the Bella Lubner Library was established. The Selwyn Segal Hostel for the Jewish Handicapped expanded its facilities with the opening of Hatikvah House. A resource center for teachers in synagogue schools was inaugurated at Temple Shalom. The third convention organized under the auspices of the education department of the World Zionist Organization (WZO) was held in Johannesburg in 1982. Participants from abroad included Eli Tavin, head of the WZO's education department, Chaim Peri, WZO pedagogic advisor, and Seymour Fox, advisor to the Israeli minister of education. Simon Herman, professor of social psychology at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, taught for several months at the Isaac and Jesse Kaplan Center for Jewish Studies and Research at the University of Cape Town. He also addressed various meetings throughout the country. A recently-established advanced yeshivah, the Rabbinical Academy of Johannes- burg, ordained five students. In memory of the former secretary general of the SAZF, the Zvi Infeld Fund for Jewish Education in South Africa was established at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem by the SAZF and Manfred Simkowitz.

Jewish Culture A broad array of cultural, educational, and social activities was organized by various groups, including the SAJBD, UJW, UMO, SAZF, FOS, SAUJS, WPZC, Hebrew Order of David (HOD), B'nai Brith, Western Province Adult Education Council (WPAEC), Council of Natal Jewry, Johannesburg Zionist Luncheon Club, and the Lubavitch Foundation of South Africa. Newly-published books by Jewish authors included John Merriman by Phyllis Lewsen and Chapters from South African History by Nathan Berger. A project was initiated to translate into English the Yiddish poetry of the acclaimed South African poet, David Fram. David Wolpe continued to publish Yiddish translations of the poems of Breyten Breytenbach, the controversial and celebrated Afrikaans poet. A useful publication was a transliteration of the Passover Haggadah, which was prepared under the auspices of the HOD in Natal. A major event in Cape Town SOUTH AFRICA / 243 was Jewish Book Week, which was organized by the WPAEC; activities included exhibits, readings, and lectures. To much acclaim, pianist Marion Friedman appeared as a soloist with the Na- tional Symphony Orchestra. The Jewish Guild Orchestra performed under the baton of Solly Aronowsky at a music festival held to celebrate the 21st anniversary of Goudstad Teachers Training College. Hans Kramer, well known patron of music in Cape Town, drew an appreciative audience to a lecture on "The Exodus in Music," which was held under the auspices of the WPZC. The Kiryat Ono Youth Orchestra toured South Africa. Exhibitions of the work of Jewish artists included paintings by Na'ama Nothman, an Israeli; drawings by Cecily Sash, at the Witwatersrand University Studio Gallery; paintings by Jossi Stern, an Israeli; paintings by Ens Silke, at Die Kunskamer in Cape Town; and pottery by Kim Sacks. Eris Silke discussed her paintings on television. Nusia Gold, a Yiddish actor from Israel, toured the country. Genocide, a new play written and directed by Ian Steadman, was staged at the Market Theatre Upstairs. Another theatrical event was the staging of The Spare Room by Geraldine Aron. Israeli actress Aviva Marks appeared to much acclaim in a one-person performance of Homecoming. Among lecturers from abroad who drew large audiences were Rabbi Roland Gittelsohn, national president of the Association of Reform Zionists of America, as the guest of the South African Union for Progressive Judaism (SAUPJ) and the Democratic Zionist Association of South Africa; Rabbi Abner Weiss, previously of Durban and now rabbi of the Riverdale Jewish Center in New York; Gerald La- sensky of Metaire, Louisiana, executive director of the Jewish Federation of Greater New Orleans; Ya'akov Avnon, vice president of Ben Gurion University, as the guest of the university's South African association; Professor Julian Rubenstein of Can- ada's McMaster University, to address the biennial meeting of the Jewish Family and Community Council; Professor Howard Sachar of George Washington Univer- sity in the United States, as the guest of the SAJBD; Eric Feldheim, American educator, as the guest of the SAUPJ; Major General Amos Horev, president of the Haifa Technion, and Emanuel Shimoni, the school's director of public affairs, as the guests of the Technion's South African association; Hirsch Goodman, Israeli journalist, as the guest of the SAUJS; and Avner Yariv of Haifa University, as the guest of the Haifa University Cultural Exchange Society. In August, the sixth annual Judaica conference was held at Witwatersrand Uni- versity. The event was attended by many leading academics, as well as members of the public.

Sports South African Jews continued to play a prominent role in the country's sporting life, both as star athletes and leading administrators. Preeminent among the latter was Joe Pamensky, recently-elected head of the South African Cricket Union. 244 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Individuals achieving honors in sports included Geoff Landsman, a bowler, who received the "Kappy" Kaplan Award as the outstanding Orange Free State sportsman; Gaby Schneider, who, with Bobby Wood, won the pairs title at the National Paraplegic Bowling Championship; Mark Abelson and Mandy Newstadt, who were named SJA super sportsmen of the year; Lawrence Seeff, who became a Springbok cricketer; Mark Handelsman, Springbok athlete, who was named Maccabi sportsman of the year; Russel Stein, a table tennis player, who was named Maccabi junior sportsman of the year; Alan Chait, who won the South African masters table tennis title and the South African Sport Merit Award; Harold Cohen, junior Springbok waterskier, who was named Western Province Maccabi sportsman of the year; and Ivan Levinrad, Brad Gogoski, and Harry Chweidan, who were awarded Springbok colors in karate.

Personalia The 1820 Settlers Foundation list of English-speaking South Africans who made major contributions to the country's life included sportsman Abe Segal; author Nadine Gordimer; ballet dancer Phyllis Spira; actor Syd James; politician Helen Suzman; and journalist Joel Mervis. The Adelaide Ristori Award (Italy) was presented to Taubie Kushlik for her contributions to the theater in South Africa. Nadine Gordimer was awarded the CNA Prize for Literature (the third time she won the award) for her novel July's People. Henry Goodman was the recipient of the Fleur du Cap theater award for his production of Agamemnon. Minnie Phillips was inscribed in the JNF Gold Book in recognition of SO years of service on the executive of the Bnoth Zion Association, Cape Town. Upon completing military training, Lieutenant Paul Levin was awarded the Chief of the Army Commendation Award. Professor Marcus Arkin was invited to join the board of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency to replace the late Maurice Porter. Councillor Sybil Hotz was chosen Durban Woman of the Year. Sandra Klewansky, the youngest person ever awarded a Ph.D. in nuclear physics at the University of Witwaters- rand, won the Special Merit Bursary of the Council of Scientific Industrial Research. The University of Witwatersrand awarded an honorary degree to Professor H. Sichel of the Haifa Technion, in recognition for his research on industry, commerce, and government in South Africa. Lillian Rosenberg, an executive member of the Industrial Council for the Clothing Industry, was appointed to the National Man- power Commission. Hilda Jeidel, distinguished philatelist, was awarded the Cheva- lier des Grimaldi Order of Monaco for her research on the stamps of Monaco. David Lazarus was elected chairman of Frere Hospital Board, East London, for the 24th successive year; the University of Witwatersrand Convocation Bursary was awarded to two prominent Jewish sportsmen, Mandy Yachad and Richard Kaplan. The Francisca Witt Piano Concerto Trophy was won by Gillian Rubin. Professor Sidney Kark received an honorary doctorate from the University of Witwatersrand. As the SOUTH AFRICA / 245

University of Witwatersrand graduate with the most distinguished academic record, Steven Berkman was awarded the Gold Medal of the Dental Association of South Africa. Ivan Bachmeyer was the recipient of the University of Witwatersrand Alumni Fund Scholarship. People gaining important communal appointments included Doris Brook, honorary life president, Federation of Synagogue Women's Guilds (FOSWG); Doreen Bender, president, FOSWG; at Yeshiva College—C. Jackson, headmaster (secular), Rabbi G. Mazabow, director of Hebrew and religious studies, Gerald Leissner, chairman, and Steven Adler, vice chairman; Marcia Parness, chairman, Johannes- burg Women's Zionist League (JWZL); Maureen Collis, chairman, Johannesburg Women's ORT; Neville Eisenberg, chairman, SAUJS; Barbara Meltz, national director and vice chairman, SAUJS; Devora Klisser, national president, UJW; Clifford Meyersfeld, chairman, Transvaal ORT; Garvin Bernstein, president, Coun- cil of Natal Jewry; Jeffrey Wolf, chairman, Conference of Heads and Principals of Jewish Day Schools; Rabbi Sherwood Weil, rabbi, Temple David in Sandton; Pro- fessor Marcus Arkin, chairman, Association of Jewish Communal Professional Executives of South Africa; Leila Barret, chairman, Johannesburg Magen David Adorn; Sylvia Kaplan, administrative officer, Eastern Cape Zionist Council; Monty Manoim, executive director, South African Maccabi; Marlene Bethlehem, chairman, Jewish Women's Benevolent and Welfare Society; Leon Lewis, chairman, SAZF in Natal; L. Bergman, president, United Progressive Jewish Congregation of Johannesburg; Rabbi John Spiro of Perth, Australia, senior rabbi, Cape Town Jewish Reform Congregation; Bertha Sherman, director, Active Learning Center of the WPZC; George Mendelsohn, president South African Maccabi Council; Sarah Plehn, honorary life vice-chairman, JWZL, upon her aliyah; Ghita Block, chairman, UJW in Johannesburg; Roseve Linde, national organizer, UJW; Lester Abrams, grand president, HOD; Rabbi Eugene Duschinsky, honorary life president, Cape Board of Jewish Education (CBJE); Hymie Geft, chairman, CBJE; Barney Singer, chairman, WPZC; Renee Gittelson, general secretary, United Hebrew Congregation of Johannesburg; A. J. "Bill" Rosin, chairman, ORT-South Africa; and David Ellman, chairman, South Africa-Israel Chamber of Commerce. Persons who retired after holding important communal posts included Robby Stone, finance manager, SAJBE; Rabbi Selwyn Franklin, chief minister, Durban Hebrew Congregation, upon aliyah; Rabbi David Sherman, senior rabbi, Cape Town Jewish Reform Congregation; Pauline Jacobson, secretary of the executive council, SAZF; Joe Green, director of the audio-visual department, SAZF; and Rabbi I. Alloy, spiritual leader, Berea Hebrew Congregation. Three South African Jews were honored for their work on behalf of Israeli universities: Ivan Greenstein, honorary fellowship, Tel Aviv University; Rudolph Raphaely, honorary fellowship, Haifa University; and Stanley Lewis, honorary doctorate, Bar Ilan University. Rabbi Walter Blumenthal, chairman of the ecclesiastical board of the SAUPJ, was awarded an honorary doctor of divinity degree by Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio. 246 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Among prominent Jews who died during the year were Phillip Nocham, leader of the Nigel Jewish community, in February; Simon Chapman, volunteer worker for the Cape Town IUA, in February; Victor Hepker, former chairman, Arcadia Jewish Orphanage, in February; Meyer Goldschmidt, leader of Cape Town Jewry, philanthropist, and ardent advocate of Jewish education, in March; Isaac Stern, sportsman and founding member of the Ponevez Synagogue in Johannesburg, in May; Yankel Naifeld, champion of chazanut and the Yiddish language, in June; Dora Yellin, prominent communal personality and Zionist leader, in June; "Mitzi" Abraham Katz, well-known Zionist leader and respected member of the legal fraternity, in July; Even Kantor, honorary life president, United Sisterhood, in July; Victor Brasch, leader of the SAUPJ and honorary life president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, in September; Ellen Hellmann, president of the South African Institute of Race Relations, member of Progressive Party national executive, and Jewish communal leader, in November; Julie Landecker, active member of B'nai Brith, in November; Basil Benson, prominent in the affairs of the Gardens Synagogue, Cape Town, in November; Charles Hurwitz, communal activist, in November; and Rabbanit Frieda Mervis, head of Athlone Training Center for Nursery School Teachers and prominent communal figure in Cape Town, in Decem- ber.

~~~~DENIS DIAMOND World Jewish Population, 1982~~~~

~~~~Updated Estimates~~~~

A HIS ARTICLE PRESENTS updates, as of 1982, of the Jewish population estimates for 1980 which were first published in the 1982 AJYB and reprinted in modified form in the 1983 AJYB. The estimates reflect some of the results of a prolonged and ongoing effort to scientifically study the demography of contemporary world Jewry.1 Data collection and comparative research have benefited from the collaboration of scholars and institutions in many countries, including replies to direct inquiries regarding current estimates. It should be emphasized, however, that the elaboration of a worldwide set of estimates for the Jewish populations of the various countries is beset with difficulties and uncertainties. About 95 per cent of world Jewry is concentrated in nine countries with approximately 100,000 or more Jews each. The aggregate of these nine major Jewish population centers virtually determines the assessment of the size of total world Jewry. The figures for 1980 have been updated to 1982 in accordance with the intervening changes—natural (i.e., births and deaths), affiliative, and migratory. In addition, some corrections have been introduced in the light of newly accrued information from recent population censuses and Jewish surveys. Analogous corrections have also been applied retrospectively to the 1980 figures,whic h appear below in revised summary (see Table 1), so as to allow for comparison with the 1982 estimates. The elaboration of the 1982 estimates has been handicapped by the fact that some of the censuses taken around 1980 have not yet yielded detailed results or require further evaluation. The reader has been given some information on the quality of the estimate for each country by an accuracy-rating using a simple scale explained below.

'Many of these activities have been carried out by, or in coordination with, the division of Jewish demography and statistics at the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew Univer- sity of Jerusalem. Information on activities for the demographic study of the Jews can be found in the following joint publications of the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Jerusalem, and the Institute of Jewish Affairs, London, which were edited by U.O. Schmelz, P. Glikson, and S. J. Gould: Jewish Population Studies, 1961-1968, 1970; Studies in Jewish Demography: Survey for 1969-1971, 1975; and Studies in Jewish Demography: Survey for 1972-1980, 1983. See also U.O. Schmelz, World Jewish Population: Regional Estimates and Projections (Jerusalem, 1981). 247 248 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Jewish Population Trends2 Diaspora Jews are highly dispersed. In most countries their number is now rather small and they constitute no more than a minute fraction of the entire population. Consequently, though Jews tend to cluster in large cities, they are greatly exposed to assimilation. The Jews in most countries of the Diaspora are demographically characterized by very low fertility, considerable out-marriage, involving losses of children to the Jewish population,' some other assimilatory losses, and great aging. The aging, in turn, reduces the birth rate and raises the death rate. There are differences in the levels of these demographic factors among the Jews in various regions and countries of the world. In all the major Diaspora populations the joint balance of the natural and affiliative changes is now close to nil or outrightly negative, e.g., the Jewish deceased outnumber newborn Jews. With regard to the balance of external migrations, there is no regularity among the various Diaspora populations or even in the same population over time. Where the migratory balance is positive—e.g., in North America—it counteracts or even outweighs the numerically negative influence of internal demographic developments. Where the migratory balance is negative, it may cause, or aggravate, the decrease of a Jewish population. In 1981-1982, the volume of international migrations of Jews was much diminished as a result of a reduction in the number of exit permits given to Soviet Jews. In contrast, Jews in Israel incur virtually no out-marriages and direct assimilatory losses. Moreover, they have a younger age structure than Diaspora Jews, usually enjoy a positive migration balance, and exhibit a fairly high level of fertility. The previously substantial fertility differentials between Jews in-gathered in Israel from Asia-Africa and Europe-America are no longer in evidence. Remarkably, European Jews have raised their fertility in Israel. In recent years both major origin groups among Israel's Jews have displayed a fertility level surpassing not only most Dias- pora Jewries but also the general populations in the developed countries. In the overall demographic balance of world Jewry, the natural increase of Israel is making up for losses in the Diaspora. (Aliyah and yeridah, of course, constitute only internal transfers within the global Jewish framework.)

Difficulties in Estimating Jewish Population Size in the Diaspora4 Some of the difficulties involved in estimating the size of Jewish Diaspora populations are common to all aspects of the study of Diaspora demography. They are mainly due to the great geographical scattering of Jews; their unusually strong

2A fuller discussion of the subject can be found in U.O. Schmelz, "Jewish Survival: The Demographic Factors," AJYB, Vol. 81, 1981, pp. 61-117. 'When less than half of the children of the out-married are themselves Jews. 'Reliable figures are currently forthcoming for the Jews of Israel from official statistics. WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 249 demographic dynamics in many respects—migrations, social mobility, family formation patterns (including out-marriage), etc.; and to lacunae of available demographic information, which is deficient in both quantity and quality. More specific difficulties in estimating the up-to-date size of Jewish populations are due to conceptual and measurement problems. When mixed couples and households are not infrequent, it is necessary to distinguish between the "actually Jewish population" and the "enlarged Jewish population." The latter comprises also the non-Jewish household members (spouses, children, etc.) of the Jews. However socially significant the non-Jewish household members (and more distant non-Jewish relatives) of Jews may be, they should not be included in a count of Jews. An even more vexed problem is affiliative changes among Jews. Under present conditions, there are Jews who have not formally embraced another religion, yet are either very estranged ("marginal") or have even become resolutely alienated from Judaism and the Jewish community and, if questioned, disclaim to be Jews any longer. When a census or survey is taken which inquires into religion or ethnicity, these individuals have an opportunity to define their current status subjectively (official censuses accept self-determination). In estimating Jewish population size it is usual to include, in principle, all the "marginal" individuals who have not ceased to be Jews.3 On the other hand, some conversions to Judaism are contested between the various ideological trends—Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. In the relevant official censuses, self-determination prevails also with regard to any additional persons who claim to be Jews. Not a few Jews (like other persons) have some residential status in more than one country.' This may be due to business requirements, professional assignments in foreign countries, climatic differences between countries, migrants staying temporarily in prolonged transit, etc. The danger of double-counting or omissions is inherent in such situations. As far as possible, we have tried to account for such persons only once. Statistical data from official population censuses are unavailable for most Dias- pora Jewries. Even where census statistics on Jews are forthcoming, they tend to be scant, because the Jews are a small minority.7 In some countries serious problems exist, or are feared to exist, in the reporting of Jews as such; these problems require statistical evaluation whose feasibility and conclusiveness depend on the relevant information available.

'Even persons who disclaim at some stage of life to be Jews any longer may change their minds later. The problem is even more acute with regard to residential status in more than one locality of the same country, but this does not affect the population estimates for entire countries. 'There have been, however, instances where detailed tabulations on Jews have been undertaken, through Jewish initiative, from official census material. Examples are Canada, South Africa, and Argentina. 250 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Surveys are the only way of obtaining comprehensive information on Jewish populations in the absence of official censuses. Jewish-sponsored surveys have the additional advantage of being able to inquire into matters of specifically Jewish interest, e.g., Jewish education, observances, and attitudes.' However, since they address themselves to a small and scattered minority with identity problems, they are not easy to conduct competently, and may encounter difficulties with regard to both coverage and response, especially with regard to "marginal" Jews. Again, these require statistical evaluation. Many of the estimates of Jewish population for which no solid data from censuses or surveys exist are regrettably of unspecified or dubious source and methodology. Besides the conceptual and measurement difficulties affecting the figures for a Jewish population at any base date, similar problems recur with regard to the updating information which should account for all the various types of changes in the time elapsed since the base date. For natural and affiliative changes, age-sex- specific models can be of use; these may be applied after studying the evolution of the respective or similar Jewish populations. With regard to the migratory balance in any updating interval, concrete information must be gathered, because of the above-mentioned irregularity, over time, in the intensity of many migratory streams.

Presentation of Data The detailed estimates of Jewish population distribution in each continent (Tables 2-6 below) refer to residents in countries with at least 100 Jews. A residual estimate of "other" Jews living in smaller communities, or staying temporarily in transit accommodations, supplements the continental total. For each of the reported countries, the four columns in the table provide the United Nations estimate of mid-year 1981 total population,9 the estimated end-1982 Jewish population, the proportion of Jews per 1,000 total population, and a rating of the accuracy of the Jewish population estimates. There is wide variation in the quality of the Jewish population estimates for different countries. For many Diaspora countries it would be best to indicate a range (minimum-maximum) rather than a definite figure for the number of Jews. It would be confusing, however, for the reader to be confronted with a long list of ranges; this would also complicate the regional and world totals. Yet, the figures actually indicated for most of the Diaspora countries should be understood as being the

'Countrywide surveys have been undertaken in the United States, South Africa, France, Italy, Netherlands, etc. Local surveys have been carried out, notably in U.S. cities, in the United Kingdom, Latin America, Australia, etc. However, these local initiatives have been uncoordinated with regard to content and method. 'These were the latest official estimates available at the time of writing. See United Nations, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office, Population and Vital Statistics Report; Data Available as of January 1, 1983. Statistical Papers, Series A, Vol. XXXV, No. 1, New York, 1983. WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 251 central value of the plausible range. The relative magnitude of this range varies inversely to the accuracy of the estimate. The three main elements which affect the accuracy of each estimate are the nature of the base data, the recency of the base data, and the method of updating. A simple code, combining these elements, is used to provide a general evaluation of the reliability of the Jewish population figures reported in the detailed tables below. The code indicates different ranges of possible error in the reported estimates: (A) base figure derived from countrywide census or reliable Jewish population survey; updated on the basis of full or partial information on Jewish population movements in the intervening period; (B) base figure derived from somewhat less accurate countrywide Jewish population investigation; partial information on population movements in the intervening period; (C) base figure derived from less recent sources, and/or partial coverage of Jewish population in country; updating according to demographic information illustrative of regional demographic trends; and (D) base figure essentially conjectural; no reliable updating procedure. In categories (A), (B), and (C), the year for which the principal base figure was obtained is also reported. For countries whose Jewish population estimate of 1982 was revised on the basis of improved information, as distinct from mere updating, the sign "x" is appended to the accuracy rating.

Distribution of World Jewish Population by Major Regions Table 1 gives an overall picture for 1982 as compared to 1980. For 1980, both the originally published estimates and somewhat revised figures are presented. The size of world Jewry is assessed at about 13 million. The estimated growth between 1980 and 1982 was negligible—world Jewry has reached "zero population growth." While the number of Jews in Israel rose from 3,283,000 in 1980 to 3,374,000 at the end of 1982, Diaspora Jewry declined from 9,700,000 (according to the revised figures) to approximately 9,614,000. By the end of 1982, Israel's Jews constituted 26 per cent of total world Jewry. About half of the world's Jews reside in the Americas, with 46 per cent in North America. Twenty-six per cent live in Asia (excluding the Asian territories of the USSR and Turkey), nearly all of them in Israel. Europe (including the Asian territories of the USSR and Turkey) accounts for 22 per cent of the total. The proportions of the world's Jews who live in Africa and Oceania are very small. Among the major geographical regions listed in Table 1, Israel—and, in consequence, total Asia—increased by close to three per cent in the two-year span 1980-1982. North America attained a minute increase of 0.2 per cent. All the other regions are estimated to have sustained decreases in Jewish population size. 252 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~TABLE 1." ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION, BY CONTINENTS AND MAJOR GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS, 1980 AND 1982~~~~

1980 1982 Revised % Change Region Original Abs. Nos. ]Per Cent Abs. Nos. Per Cent 1980-82 Diaspora 9,745,200 9,700,200 74.7 9,614,300 74.0 -0.9 Israel 3,282,700 3,282,700 25.3 3,374,300 26.0 +2.8 World 13,027,900 12,982,900 100.0 12,988,600 100.0 +0.0 America, Total 6,491,950 6,473,600 49.9 6,477,700 49.9 +0.1 Northa 5,998,000 5,998,000 46.2 6,013,000 46.3 +0.2 Central 44,750 47,700 0.4 46,800 0.4 -1.9 South 449,200 427,900 3.3 417,900 3.2 -2.3 Europe, Total 2,969,500 2,928,800 22.6 2,842,700 21.9 -2.9 West 1,121,000 1,080,300 8.3 1,070,900 8.3 -0.9 East & Balkans'3 1,848,500 1,848,500 14.2 1,771,800 13.6 -4.2 Asia, Total 3,327,900 3,327,900 25.6 3,417,200 26.3 + 2.7 Israel 3,282,700 3,282,700 25.3 3,374,300 26.0 +2.8 Restc 45,200 45,200 0.4 42,900 0.3 -5.1 Africa, Total 164,550 173,600 1.3 172,000 1.3 -0.9 North 21,050 22,550 0.2 21,250 0.2 -5.8 South 109,550 120,550 0.9 120,250 0.9 -0.2 Restc 33,950 30,500 0.2 30,500 0.2 — Oceania 74,000 79,000 0.6 79,000 0.6 — aU.S.A. and Canada. ''The Asian territories of USSR and Turkey are included in "East Europe and Balkans." cIncluding Ethiopia. Individual Countries

THE AMERICAS The Jewish population in the United States is estimated to have increased from 5,690,000 in 1980 to 5,705,000 in 1982, as a consequence of immigration. This figure does not include non-Jewish members of Jewish households who are included in the detailed U.S. Jewish population estimates which are reported elsewhere in this volume.10

'"For derivation of the estimate for U.S. Jewry from the National Jewish Population Study (NJPS) of 1970-1971, see Schmelz, World Jewish Population, op. cit.. pp. 32-36. For a discussion of U.S. Jewish population dynamics and perspectives, see U.O. Schmelz and S. DellaPergola, "The Demographic Consequences of U.S. Jewish Population Trends," AJYB, Vol. 83, 1983, pp. 141-187. WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 253 In Canada an official population census was held in 1981, with the first reports showing 296,425 Jews according to religion and 264,025 Jews according to ethnic origin. No cross-classification of both these characteristics is yet available. In the 1971 census, nearly 10,000 persons declared themselves to be ethnic Jews, but with no religion (which excludes ethnic Jews who embraced Christianity). Assuming a similar magnitude of this group in recent years, the estimate of 308,000 already given for 1980, has been maintained. Reevaluation will be necessary as more specific information becomes available.

~~~~TABLE 2. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE AMERICAS, 1982~~~~

Total Jewish Jews per Accuracy Country Population Population 1,000 Population Rating Canada 24,231,000 308,000 12.7 A 1981 U.S.A. 229,807,000 5,705,000 24.8 B 1971 Total Northern America 6,013,000 Bahamas 248,000 500 2.0 B 1970 Costa Rica 2,271,000 2,200 1.0 C 1980 x Cuba 9,717,000 700 0.1 D x Dominican Republic 5,581,000 100 0.0 D x Guatemala 7,481,000 900 0.1 D Haiti 5,104,000 100 0.0 D x Jamaica 2,220,000 300 0.1 B 1982 x Mexico 71,193,000 35,000 0.5 C 1970 Netherlands Antilles 261,000 700 2.7 D Panama 1,940,000 3,500 1.8 C 1982 x Puerto Rico 3,242,000 2,500 0.8 D x Other 300 D x Total Central America 46,800 Argentina 28,085,000 233,000 8.3 C 1960 Bolivia 5,755,000 1,000 0.2 C 1982 Brazil 121,547,000 100,000 0.8 B 1980 x Chile 11,294,000 20,000 1.8 C 1970 x Colombia 28,776,000 7,000 0.2 B 1977 Ecuador 8,644,000 1,000 0.1 C 1982 Paraguay 3,268,000 700 0.2 C 1982 Peru 18,279,000 5,000 0.3 C 1982 Surinam 397,000 200 0.5 D x Uruguay 2,927,000 30,000 10.2 D x Venezuela 14,313,000 20,000 1.4 D x Total Southern America 417,900 Total 6,477,700 254 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 The estimate for Mexico has been kept unchanged at 35,000. Modifications have been introduced for several Central American states with smaller populations. The Jewish population of Argentina is marked by a negative balance in both internal evolution and external migrations. The estimate has been reduced, therefore, from 242,000 in 1980 to 233,000 in 1982. The official population census of Brazil in 1980 showed a figure of 91,795 Jews. However, only first results have so far become known, without cross-classifications. Since it is possible that some Jews failed to declare themselves as such in the census, the estimate for 1982 has been provisionally set at the round figure of 100,000. The recent census has confirmed the lower order of magnitude of the authors' estimates as compared to the exaggerated figures previously circulated. On the strength of fragmentary information that is accumulating, the admittedly quite tentative estimates for Uru- guay and Chile have been revised downward, while that for Venezuela has been raised somewhat.

EUROPE France has the largest Jewish population in Western Europe, estimated at 530,000. Analysis of the demographic situation in France points to a rapid change in the marriage and fertility patterns of North African Jews. Immigration of Jews has diminished greatly; hence it is assumed that the total number of Jews in France has declined slightly. A reestimation of the size of British Jewry was carried out by the research unit of the Board of Deputies, based on an analysis of Jewish deaths during the period 1975-1979. The revised population figure for 1977 was 354,000, with a margin of error of ^32,000. Based on this, the round figure of 350,000 for 1982, as the central value of the likely range, is suggested. This updated estimate takes into account the partially documented deficit in internal dynamics and external migrations of British Jewry. The Swiss census of 1980 produced a figure of 18,330 Jews. Taking into account an increase in the proportion of individuals not declaring a religion among the Swiss population as compared to previous decennial censuses, but also as a downward trend since 1980, the estimate for 1982 has been set at 19,300. The records of the Jewish communities in West Germany point to stability in the overall size of the Jewish population. The same situation is likely for Italian Jewry. In Belgium and the Netherlands, deficits in internal Jewish population dynamics are assumed to have resulted in somewhat smaller Jewish communities. By far the largest Jewish population in Eastern Europe is concentrated in the Soviet Union, including its Asian territory. Only about 12,000 Jews were permitted to leave for abroad in 1981-1982, but the heavy deficit of internal population dynamics continued and even grew, due to the great aging which prevailed. Under these circumstances the estimate has been reduced from 1,700,000 in 1980 to 1,630,000 in 1982. The Jewish populations in Hungary and Rumania, and the small remnants extant in Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, and Bulgaria, are all reputed to be very overaged. Their inevitable numerical decline is reflected in WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 255 reduced estimates. The Jewish population of Turkey is being eroded by both an excess of deaths over births and emigration.

~~~~TABLE 3. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN EUROPE, 1982~~~~

Total Jewish Jews per Accuracy Country Population Population 1,000 Population Rating Austria 7,510,000 7,500 1.0 B 1971 x Belgium 9,861,000 32,500 3.3 D Bulgaria 8,890,000 3,400 0.4 C 1965 Czechoslovakia 15,314,000 8,700 0.6 D Denmark 5,122,000 6,900 1.4 C 1968 Finland 4,801,000 1,000 0.2 B 1982 France 53,963,000 530,000 9.8 B 1972-8 Germany, East 16,736,000 900 0.1 D Germany, West 61,666,000 33,500 0.5 B 1982 Gibraltar 30,000 600 20.0 A 1981 x Great Britain 55,833,000 350,000 6.3 B 1977 x Greece 9,707,000 5,000 0.5 B 1978 Hungary 10,711,000 63,000 5.9 D Ireland 3,440,000 2,000 0.6 B 1982 Italy 57,197,000 32,000 0.6 B 1982 Luxemburg 364,000 700 1.9 B 1970 Netherlands 14,246,000 26,500 1.9 B 1966 Norway 4,100,000 950 0.2 A 1982 Poland 35,902,000 4,800 0.1 D Portugal 9,931,000 600 0.1 D Rumania 22,457,000 30,000 1.3 B 1979 Spain 37,654,000 12,000 0.3 D Sweden 8,324,000 15,000 1.8 C 1982 Switzerland 6,473,000 19,000 2.9 A 1980 x Turkey* 45,366,000 21,000 0.5 C 1982 USSRa 267,697,000 1,630,000 6.1 B 1979 Yugoslavia 22,516,000 5,000 0.2 B 1980 Other 150 D Total 2,842,700 including Asian regions.

ASIA Israel accounts for 99 per cent of all the Jews in Asia, excluding the Asian territories of the USSR and Turkey. Israel's satisfactory official statistics make it clear that the number of Jews rose from 3,282,700 at the end of 1980 to 3,374,300 256 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 at the end of 1982. This growth of about 90,000 was essentially due to natural increase. The Jewish population of Iran continued to dwindle.

~~~~TABLE 4. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN ASIA, 1982~~~~

Total Jewish Jews per Accuracy Country Population Population 1,000 Population Rating Hong Kong 5,154,000 1,000 0.2 C 1980 x India 676,218,000 4,300 0.0 B 1971 Iran 39,320,000 30,000 0.8 D Iraq 13,527,000 200 0.0 D Israel 4,063,700a 3,374,300 830.4 A 1982 Japan 117,645,000 800 0.0 D Lebanon 2,685,000 250 0.1 D x Philippines 49,530,000 150 0.0 C 1982 x Singapore 2,443,000 400 0.2 C 1982 x Syria 9,314,000 4,000 0.4 D x Thailand 47,488,000 300 0.0 C 1980 x Yemen 5,940,000 1,200 0.2 D Other 300 D x Total 3,417,200 aEnd 1982.

~~~~AFRICA The Republic of South Africa undertook a decennial population census in 1980. To date, the number of Jews is known only from tabulations of a five per cent~~~~

~~~~TABLE 5. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN AFRICA, 1982~~~~

Total Jewish Jews per Accuracy Country Population Population 1,000 Population Rating Algeria 19,590,000 300 0.0 D Egypt 43,465,000 250 0.0 D Ethiopia 32,158,000 27,000 0.8 C 1976 x Morocco 20,646,000 17,000 0.8 C 1971 South Africa 30,131,000 119,000 4.0 B 1980 x Tunisia 6,513,000 3,700 0.6 C 1982 x Zaire 26,377,000 200 0.0 D Zambia 5,961,000 300 0.1 D Zimbabwe 7,600,000 1,250 0.2 C 1980 Other 3,000 D x Total 172,000 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION / 257 sample. The figure amounted to about 119,000, with a margin of error of ±3,000. This estimate has been provisionally adopted here, pending hoped-for clarifications in the future. The figure for Jews in Ethiopia has been revised downward to 27,000. Morocco's Jews continue to diminish. New information has led to a somewhat higher estimate for Tunisia.

OCEANIA The Australian census of 1981 indicated 62,127 Jews according to religion. How- ever, a reply to the census question about religion was not mandatory, and the proportion among the general population leaving the question unanswered or stating "no religion" increased (to 21.7 per cent) as compared to previous censuses. Though the migratory balance of Australian Jewry must have been small in 1981— 1982 due to a paucity of Soviet Jewish migrants, the estimated total has been raised provisionally to 75,000. Higher figures which have been put foward are still under examination.

~~~~TABLE 6. ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN OCEANIA, 1982~~~~

~~~~Total Jewish Jews per Accuracy Country Population Population 1,000 Population Rating Australia 14,927,000 75,000 5.0 B 1981 x New Zealand 3,125,000 4,000 1.3 B 1981 Total 79,000~~~~

Jews Per 1,000 Total Population With the exception of the State of Israel, Jews generally form no more than a small minority of the total population of their countries of residence. Only six countries had at least eight Jews per 1,000 inhabitants. These are, in descending order of their Jewish population size: United States (24.8); France (9.8); Canada (12.7); Argentina (8.3); Uruguay (10.2); and Gibraltar (20.0). There were 830.4 Jews per 1,000 inhabitants in Israel (excluding the administered territories).

Communities With Largest Jewish Populations A remarkable feature of world Jewish population distribution is its concentration pattern. In 1982 about 95 per cent of world Jewry lived in the nine largest Jewish population centers, with at least 100,000 Jews each (see Table 7). Over 82 per cent lived in three countries (United States, 5,705,000; Israel, 3,374,300; Soviet Union, 1,630,000); the next three countries (France, 530,000; Great Britain, 350,000; Can- ada, 308,000) accounted together for nine per cent of the world total; and the next three (Argentina, 233,000; South Africa, 119,000; Brazil, 100,000) accounted 258 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 together for less than four per cent of the world total. Not considering Israel, the eight largest Diaspora populations comprised together 93 per cent of total Diaspora Jewry.

~~~~TABLE 7. COUNTRIES WITH LARGEST JEWISH POPULATION (100,000 JEWS AND ABOVE), 1982.~~~~

% of Total Jewish Population Rank Country Jewish Population In the Diaspora In the World 1 United States 5,705,000 59.3 43.9 2 Israel 3,374,300 — 26.0 3 Soviet Union 1,630,000 17.0 12.5 4 France 530,000 5.5 4.1 5 Great Britain 350,000 3.6 2.7 6 Canada 308,000 3.2 2.4 7 Argentina 233,000 2.4 1.8 8 South Africa 119,000 1.2 0.9 9 Brazil 100,000 1.1 0.8 Total 8 Largest Diaspora Communities 8,975,000 93.3 69.1 Total 9 Largest World Communities 12,349,300 — 95.1

~~~~U. O. SCHMELZ SERGIO DELLAPERGOLA Directories Lists Necrology~~~~

~~~~National Jewish Organizations1~~~~

~~~~UNITED STATES~~~~

Organizations are listed according to functions as follows: Religious, Educational 271 Cultural 265 Community Relations 261 Overseas Aid 269 Social Welfare 290 Social, Mutual Benefit 288 Zionist and Pro-Israel 293

~~~~Note also cross-references under these headings: Professional Associations 300 Women's Organizations 301 Youth and Student Organizations 302~~~~

COMMUNITY RELATIONS humanity to the Arab-Israel conflict in the Middle East; rejects nationality attach- AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM (1943). ment of Jews, particularly American Jews, 307 Fifth Ave., Suite 1006, N.Y.C., 10016. to the State of Israel as self-segregating, (212)889-1313. Pres. Clarence L. Cole- inconsistent with American constitutional man, Jr.; Sec. Alan V. Stone. Seeks to ad- concepts of individual citizenship and sep- vance the universal principles of a Judaism aration of church and state, and as being a free of nationalism, and the national, civic, principal obstacle to Middle East peace, cultural, and social integration into Ameri- Report. can institutions of Americans of Jewish . . _, ,lm,. ¥ faith. Issues of the American Council for AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE (1906). In- luAnitm- Snorial inters Rvnnrt stitute of Human Relations, 165 E. 56 St., Judaism. Special Interest Report. N y c^ lQQ22 (212)751.4O0O. Pres. May- AMERICAN JEWISH ALTERNATIVES TO nard I. Wishner; Exec. V. Pres. Donald ZIONISM, INC. (1968). 133 E. 73 St., Feldstein. Seeks to prevent infraction of N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-2727. Pres. civil and religious rights of Jews in any part Elmer Berger; V. Pres. Mrs. Arthur Gut- of the world; to advance the cause of man. Applies Jewish values of justice and human rights for people of all races,

'The information in this directory is based on replies to questionnaires circulated by the editors. Inclusion does not necessarily imply approval of the organizations by the publishers; nor can they assume responsibility for the accuracy of the data.

~~~~261 262 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

creeds, and nationalities; to interpret the toward that end; conducts educational pro- position of Israel to the American public; grams and seminars; aims to encourage co- and to help American Jews maintain and operation between community relations enrich their Jewish identity and, at the workers and those working in other areas same time, achieve full integration in of Jewish communal service. Quarterly American life; includes Jacob and Hilda newsletter. Blaustein Center for Human Relations, William E. Wiener Oral History Library, CENTER FOR JEWISH COMMUNITY STUDIES Leonard and Rose Sperry International (1970). 555 Gladfelter Hall, Temple Uni- Center for the Resolution of Group Con- versity, Philadelphia, Pa., 19122. (215)787- flict. AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 1459. Pres. Daniel J. Elazar. Worldwide (with Jewish Publication Society of Amer- consortium of scholars devoted to the ica); Commentary; Present Tense; What's study of Jewish community organization, Doing at the Committee. political thought and public affairs, past and present, in Israel and throughout the AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1918). Ste- world. Publishes original articles, essays, phen Wise Congress House, 15 E. 84 St., and monographs; maintains library, ar- N.Y.C., 10028. (212)879-4500. Pres. How- chives, and reprint series. Jerusalem Let- ard M. Squadron; Exec. Dir. Henry Sieg- ter/Viewpoints; Tefutsot Israel; Iggeret. man. Works to foster the creative cultural survival of the Jewish people; to help Israel COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF RE- develop in peace, freedom, and security; to FORM JUDAISM (1953) (under the auspices eliminate all forms of racial and religious of the Union of American Hebrew Congre- bigotry; to advance civil rights, protect gations). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. civil liberties, defend religious freedom, (212)249-0100. Chmn. Harris Gilbert; Dir. and safeguard the separation of church and Albert Vorspan; Assoc. Dir. David Saper- state. Maintains the Martin Steinberg Cen- stein. Develops materials to assist Reform ter for Jewish arts and artists. Congress synagogues in setting up social-action pro- Monthly; Judaism; Boycott Report; Jewish grams relating the principles of Judaism to Arts Newsletter. contemporary social problems; assists congregations in studying the moral and reli- ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF B'NAI gious implications in social issues such as B'RITH (1913). 823 United Nations Plaza, civil rights, civil liberties, church-state re- N.Y.C., 10017. (212)490-2525. Nat. lations; guides congregational social-action Chmn. Kenneth J. Bialkin; Nat. Dir. Na- committees. Issues of Conscience; Newslet- than Perlmutter. Seeks to combat antise- ter. mitism and to secure justice and fair treatment for all citizens through law, COMMITTEE TO BRING NAZI WAR CRIMI- education, and community relations. ADL NALS TO JUSTICE IN U.S.A., INC. (1973). Bulletin; Face to Face; Fact Finding Report; 135 W. 106 St., N.Y.C., 10025. (212)942- International Report; Law Notes; Rights; 8071. Pres. Charles H. Kremer; Treas. Law; Research and Evaluation Report; Dis- criminations Report. Jacob Zonis. Compiles and publicizes records of Nazi atrocities and labors to bring ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- to justice the perpetrators of those crimes. ERS (1918). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. Remains committed to preserving the (212)532-4949. Pres. David Eskenazi; memory of all victims of the Holocaust, Exec. Dir. Herman L. Zimmerman. Seeks and actively opposes antisemitism wher- to enhance and improve the standards, ever and however it is found. techniques, practices, scope, and public understanding of Jewish community center CONFERENCE OF PRESIDENTS OF MAJOR and kindred work. The Kesher; Viewpoints. AMERICAN JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS (1955). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- (212)752-1616. Chmn. Julius Berman; LATIONS WORKERS (1950). 155 Fifth Ave., Exec. V. Chmn. Yehuda Hellman. Coordi- N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533-7800. Pres. nates the activities of 37 major American Muriel Berman; Exec. Dir. Ann Plutzer. Jewish organizations as they relate to Aims to stimulate higher standards of pro- American-Israeli affairs and problems fessional practice in Jewish community re- affecting Jews in other lands. Annual Re- lations; encourages research and training port; Middle East Memo. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 263

CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL OF JEWISH OR- to communicate with colleagues in order to GANIZATIONS-CCJO (1946). 135 William enrich quality of their work. Conducts St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)349-0537. Co quadrennial international conferences in Chmn. Basil Bard, Jules Braunschvig, Jo- Jerusalem and periodic regional meetings. seph Nuss; V. Chmn. Arnold Franco; Sec.- Proceedings of International Conferences; Gen. Moses Moskowitz. A nongovernmen- Newsletter. tal organization in consultative status with the UN, UNESCO, International Labor JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE (1934). Atran Organization, UNICEF, and the Council Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., of Europe; cooperates and consults with, N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-3700. Pres. Don- advises and renders assistance to the Eco- ald Slaiman; Exec. Dir. Emanuel Murav- nomic, and Social Council of the United chik. Serves as a link between the Jewish Nations on all problems relating to human community and the trade union move- rights and economic, social, cultural, edu- ment; works with the AFL-CIO and others cational, and related matters pertaining to to combat all forms of racial and religious Jews. discrimination in the United States and abroad; furthers labor support for Israel's COORDINATING BOARD OF JEWISH ORGAN- security and Soviet Jewry, and Jewish com- IZATIONS (1947). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., munal support for labor's social and eco- N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857- nomic programs; supports Yiddish cul- 6545. Pres. Jack J. Spitzer (B'nai B'rith), tural institutions. JLC News. Greville Janner (Board of Deputies of Brit- ish Jews), David K. Mann (South African , NATIONAL TRADE UNION COUNCIL Jewish Board of Deputies); Exec. V. Pres. FOR HUMAN RIGHTS (1956). Atran Center Daniel Thursz (U.S.). As an organization for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., in consultative status with the Economic 10021. (212)535-3700. Chmn. Sol Hoff- and Social Council of the United Nations, man; Exec. Sec. Martin Lapan. Works represents the three constituents (B'nai with trade unions on programs and issues B'rith, the Board of Deputies of British affecting both labor and the Jewish com- Jews, and the South African Jewish Board munity. of Deputies) in the appropriate United Na- tions bodies for the purpose of promoting , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1947). human rights, with special attention to Atran Center for Jewish Culture, 25 E. 78 combatting persecution or discrimination St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-3700. Nat. on grounds of race, religion, or origin. Chmn. Eleanor Schachner. Supports the general activities of the Jewish Labor Com- COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN mittee; provides secondary school and col- CIVIL SERVICE, INC. (1948). 45 E. 33 St., lege scholarships for needy Israeli stu- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)689-2015. Pres. Louis dents; participates in educational and Weiser. Supports merit system; combats cultural activities. discrimination; promotes all Jewish interest projects; sponsors scholarships; is mem- , WORKMEN'S CIRCLE DIVISION OF ber of Greater N. Y. Conference on Soviet (1939). Atran Center for Jewish Culture, Jewry, Jewish Labor Committee, America- 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535- Israel Friendship League, N.Y. Jewish 3700. Chmn. Bernard Rifkin; Co-Chmn. Community Relations Committee, N.Y. Abraham Finesilver. Promotes aims of, Metropolitan Coordinating Council on and raises funds for, the Jewish Labor Jewish Poverty. CJO Digest. Committee among the Workmen's Circle branches; conducts Yiddish educational INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY PLANNING and cultural activities. AND RESEARCH (see Synagogue Council of America, p. 281). JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (1896). 1712 New INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH Hampshire Ave., N. W., Washington, COMMUNAL SERVICE (1966). 15 E. 26 St., D.C., 20009. (202)265-6280. Nat. Comdr. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)683-8056. Pres. Stanley N. Zwaik; Nat. Exec. Dir. Harris Ralph I. Goldman; Sec.-Gen. Solomon H. B. Stone. Seeks to foster true allegiance to Green. Established by worldwide Jewish the United States; to combat bigotry and communal workers to strengthen their un- prevent defamation of Jews; to encourage derstanding of each other's programs and the doctrine of universal liberty, equal 264 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

rights, and full justice for all; to cooperate Raymond Epstein. Consultative, advisory, with and support existing educational in- and coordinating council of 11 national stitutions and establish new ones; to foster Jewish organizations and 108 local Jewish the education of ex-servicemen, ex-service- councils that seeks cooperatively the pro- women, and members in the ideals and motion of understanding of Israel and the principles of Americanism. Jewish Vet- Middle East; freedom for Jews in the So- eran. viet Union; equal status and opportunity for all groups, including Jews, with full , NATIONAL MEMORIAL, INC; NA- expression of distinctive group values and TIONAL SHRINE TO THE JEWISH WAR full participation in the general society. DEAD (1958). 1712 New Hampshire Ave., Through the processes of the Council, its N.W., Washington, D.C., 20009. (202)265- constituent organizations seek agreement 6280. Pres. Ainslee R. Ferdie. Administers on policies, strategies, and programs for shrine in Washington, D.C., a repository most effective utilization of their collective for medals and honors won by Jewish men resources for common ends. Guide to Pro- and women for valor from Revolutionary gram Planning for Jewish Community Re- War to present; maintains Golden Book of lations. names of the war dead. NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY CIL (1965). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (formerly AMERICAN JEWISH CONFER- (212)751-6070. Chmn. Craig Wassennan; ENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY) (1964; reorg. Exec. Dir. Donald Adelman. Provides a 1971). 10 E. 40 St., Suite 907, N.Y.C., framework for coordination and exchange 10016. (212)679-6122. Chmn. Theodore R. of programs and information among na- Mann; Exec. Dir. Jerry Goodman. Coor- tional Jewish youth organizations to help dinating agency for major national Jewish them deepen the concern of American Jew- organizations and local community groups ish youth for world Jewry; represents Jew- in the U.S., acting on behalf of Soviet ish youth in the Conference of Presidents, Jewry through public education and social United States Youth Council, etc. action; stimulates all segments of the community to maintain an interest in the prob- STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, lems of Soviet Jews by publishing reports INC. (1964). 210 W. 91 St., N.Y.C., 10024. and special pamphlets, sponsoring special (212)799-8900. Nat. Dir. Jacob Birnbaum; programs and projects, organizing public Nat. Coord. Glenn Richter. Provides in- meetings and forums. Press Service; Lead- formation and action guidance to adult and ership Wrap-Up Series; Activities Report. student organizations, communities and schools throughout U.S. and Canada; as- , SOVIET JEWRY RESEARCH BU- sists Soviet Jews by publicity campaigns; REAU. Chmn. Charlotte Jacobson. Orga- helps Russian Jews in the U.S.; aids nized by NCSJ to monitor emigration Rumanian Jews seeking emigration; main- trends. Primary task is the accumulation, tains speakers bureau and research docu- evaluation, and processing of information ments. Soviet Jewry Action Newsletter. regarding Soviet Jews, especially those who apply for emigration. UNION OF COUNCILS FOR SOVIET JEWS (1969). 1522 K Street, N.W., Suite 1110, NATIONAL JEWISH COMMISSION ON LAW Wash., D.C., 20005. Pres. Robert Gordon; AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (COLPA) (1965). Exec. Dir. Davida Manon. A confedera- 71 Broadway, 6th fl., N.Y.C., 10006. (212)- tion of 28 grass-roots organizations estab- 269-0810. Pres. Howard Zuckerman; lished in support of Soviet Jewry. Acts as Exec. Dir. Dennis Rapps. Voluntary asso- a clearinghouse for information; organizes ciation of attorneys whose purpose is to political and educational activities in sup- represent the Orthodox Jewish community port of Soviet Jews. Alert on legal matters and matters of public affairs. WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (1936; org. in U.S. 1939). 1 Park Ave., Suite 418, N.Y.C., NATIONAL JEWISH COMMUNITY RELA- 10016. (212)679-0600. Pres. Edgar M. TIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL (1944). 443 Bronfman; Chmn. No. Amer. Branch, Sol Park Ave. S., 11th fl., N.Y.C., 10016. Kanee; Chmn. Amer. Sect Arthur (212)684-6950. Chmn. Bennett Yanowitz; Schneier; Sec.-Gen. Gerhart M. Riegner Exec. V. Chmn. Albert D. Chernin; Sec. (Geneva); Exec. Dir. Israel Singer. Seeks to NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 265

intensify bonds of world Jewry with Israel AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY as central force in Jewish life; to strengthen (1892). 2 Thornton Rd., Waltham, Mass., solidarity among Jews everywhere and se- 02154. (617)891-8110. Pres. Ruth B. Fein; cure their rights, status, and interests as Dir. Bernard Wax. Collects, catalogues, individuals and communities; to encourage publishes, and displays material on the his- development of Jewish social, religious, tory of the Jews in America; serves as an and cultural life throughout the world and information center for inquiries on Ameri- coordinate efforts by Jewish communities can Jewish history; maintains archives of and organizations to cope with any Jewish original source material on American Jew- problem; to work for human rights gener- ish history; sponsors lectures and exhibi- ally. Represents its affiliated organizations tions; makes available historic Yiddish —most representative bodies of Jewish films and audio-visual material. American communities in more than 65 countries Jewish History; Newsletter. and 21 national organizations in Amer. section—at UN, OAS, UNESCO, Council AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION of Europe, ILO, UNICEF and other gov- (formerly AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ernmental, intergovernmental, and inter- ENGLISH JEWISH NEWSPAPERS) (1943). national authorities. Publications (includ- c/o Jewish Chronicle, 315 S. Bellefield ing those by Institute of Jewish Affairs, Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa., 15213. (412)687- London): Christian Jewish Relations; Jew- 1000. Pres. Albert W. Bloom. Seeks the ish Cultural News; News and Views; Boletin advancement of Jewish journalism, the at- Informativo OJI; Batfutsot; Gesher; Pat- tainment of the highest editorial and busi- terns of Prejudice; Soviet Jewish Affairs. ness standards for members, and the maintenance of a strong Jewish press in the U.S. CULTURAL and Canada.

AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RE- AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JEWISH MUSIC SEARCH (1920). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., (1974). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. 10027. Hon. Pres. Salo W. Baron; Pres. (212)533-2601. Pres. Paul Kavon; V. Pres. Isaac E. Barzilay. Encourages research by David Lefkowitz; Sec. Hadassah B. Mark- aiding scholars in need and by giving son. Seeks to raise standards of composi- grants for the publication of scholarly tion and performance in Jewish liturgical works. Proceedings of the American Acad- and secular music; encourages research in emy for Jewish Research; Texts and Stud- all areas of Jewish music; publishes schol- ies; Monograph Series. arly journal; presents programs and sponsors performances of new and rarely heard works and encourages their recording; AMERICAN BIBLICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA SOCI- ETY (1930). 24 West Maple Ave., Monsey, commissions new works of Jewish interest. N.Y., 10952. (914)352-4609. Pres. Leo Musica Judaica. Jung; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard Greenbaum; ASSOCIATED AMERICAN JEWISH MUSEUMS, Author-Ed. Menachem M. Kasher. Fos- INC. (1971). 303 LeRoi Road, Pittsburgh, ters biblical-talmudical research; sponsors Pa., 15208. Pres. Walter Jacob; V. Pres. and publishes Torah Shelemah (the Ency- William Rosenthall; Sec. Robert H. Leh- clopedia of Biblical Interpretation) and man; Treas. Jason Z. Edelstein. Maintains related publications; disseminates the regional collections of Jewish art, histori- teachings and values of the Bible. Noam. cal and ritual objects, as well as a central catalogue of such objects in the collections AMERICAN HISTADRUT CULTURAL EX- of Jewish museums throughout the U.S.; CHANGE INSTITUTE (1962). 33 E. 67 St., helps Jewish museums acquire, identify, N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-1000. Nat. and classify objects; arranges exchanges of Chmn. Morris L. Fried. Serves as a vehicle collections, exhibits, and individual objects for promoting better understanding of the among Jewish museums; encourages the efforts to create in Israel a society based on creation of Jewish art, ceremonial and rit- social justice. Provides a forum for the ual objects. joint exploration of the urgent social problems of our times by American and Israeli ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOCIOLOGICAL labor, academic, and community leaders. STUDY OF JEWRY (1971). Dept. of Sociol- Publishes pamphlets and books on various ogy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Israeli and Middle East topics. Oh., 43210. (614)422-5658. Pres. Harold S. 266 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Himmelfarb; V. Pres. Rela Geffen Mon- Rm. 206, N.Y.C., 10023. (212)724-5336. son; Sec. Treas. Abraham Lavender. Ar- Pres. Jeannette M. Baron; Hon. Pres. Salo ranges academic sessions among social W. Baron; V. Pres. Joseph L. Blau, J. M. scientists studying Jewry; facilitates com- Kaplan. Publishes scientific studies on the munication among social scientists study- Jews in the modern world, dealing with ing Jewry through meetings, newsletter, such aspects as antisemitism, demography, and related materials. Contemporary economic stratification, history, philoso- Jewry: A Journal of Sociological Inquiry; phy, and political developments. Jewish The ASSJ Newsletter. Social Studies.

ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH LIBRARIES (1965). CONGRESS FOR JEWISH CULTURE, INC. c/o National Foundation for Jewish Cul- (1948). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)- ture, 408 Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 St., 879-2232. Pres. Joseph Landis; Exec. Dir. N.Y.C., 10168. (212)490-2280. Pres. Philip Hyman B. Bass. Seeks to centralize and Miller; V. Pres. Hazel Karp. Seeks to pro- promote Jewish culture and cultural activi- mote and improve services and profes- ties throughout the world, and to unify sional standards in Jewish libraries; serves fund-raising for these activities. Bulletin as a center for the dissemination of Jewish fun Kultur Kongres; Zukunft; Leksikon library information and guidance; pro- fun der Nayer Yiddisher Literature; Pinkos motes publication of literature in the field; far der Forshungfun der Yiddisher Litera- encourages the establishment of Jewish li- ture un Presse; World of Yiddish. braries and collections of Judaica and the choice of Jewish librarianship as a voca- THE HEBREW ARTS SCHOOL (1952). 129 W. tion. Judaica Librarianship; AJL Newslet- 67 St., N.Y.C., 10023. (212)362-8060. Bd. ter. Chmn. Abraham Goodman; Pres. Leonard P. Shaykin; Dir. Tzipora H. Jochsberger; ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH BOOK PUBLISHERS Sec. Lewis Kruger. Chartered by the (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. Board of Regents, University of the State (212)249-0100. Pres. Sol Scharfstein. As a of New York. Provides children with train- nonprofit group, provides a forum for dis- ing in music, dance, theater, and art, com- cussion of mutual problems by publishers, bining instruction in Western culture with authors, and other individuals and institu- the cultural heritage of the Jewish people; tions concerned with books of Jewish inter- adult division offers instrumental, vocal, est. Provides national and international ex- theater, dance, and art classes, music hibit opportunities for Jewish books. workshops for teachers, ensemble work- Jewish Book Catalogue. shops, and classes of special interest cover- CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUDIES, INC. ing many areas of music-making, dance, (1974). 1610 Ave. J., Bklyn, N.Y., 11230. and art; has a part-time program for pro- (212)338-6494. Dir. Yaffa Eliach. Collects fessional musicians or music majors; spon- and preserves documents and memora- sors Guideri Trio, Hebrew Arts Concert bilia, oral histories, and literary works on Choir, Young Musicians Concerts, Men- the Holocaust period for purpose of docu- delssohn String Quartet, Twilight Concerts mentation and research; arranges lectures of Jewish Music, Heritage Concerts. Notes and exhibits; maintains speakers bureau, & Quotes. oral history publication series, and audio- visual department. Newsletter. HEBREW CULTURE FOUNDATION (1955). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752- CENTRAL YIDDISH CULTURE ORGANIZA- 0600. Chmn. Milton R. Konvitz; Sec. Her- TION (CYCO), INC. (1943). 25 E. 78 St., man L. Sainer. Sponsors the introduction N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-432a Pres Noah of the study of Hebrew language and litera- Singman. Promotes and publishes Yiddish ture in institutions of higher learning in the books; distributes books from other Yid- United States. dish publishing houses throughout the world; publishes annual bibliographical HlSTADRUTH IVRITH OF AMERICA (1916; and statistical register of Yiddish books, reorg. 1922). 1841 Broadway, N.Y.C., and catalogues of new publications. Zu- 10023. (212)581-5151. Pres. Alvin Kass; kunft. Exec. Dir. Yitzchak A. Sladowsky. Em- phasizes the primacy of Hebrew in Jewish CONFERENCE ON JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES, life, culture, and education; aims to dis- INC. (formerly CONFERENCE ON JEWISH seminate knowledge of written and spoken RELATIONS, INC.) (1939). 2112 Broadway, Hebrew in the Diaspora, thus building a NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 267

cultural bridge between the State of Israel JUDAH L. MAGNES MEMORIAL MUSEUM- and Jewish communities throughout the JEWISH MUSEUM OF THE WEST (1962). world. Hadoar; Lamishpaha. 2911 Russell St., Berkeley, Calif, 94705. (415)849-2710. Pres. Jacques Reulinger; V. HOLOCAUST CENTER OF GREATER PITTS- Pres. Mathilde Albers; Dir. Seymour BURGH (1980). 315 S. Bellefield Ave., Fromer. Serves both as museum and li- Pittsburgh, Pa., 15213. (412)682-7111. brary, combining historical and literary Dir. Isaiah Kuperstein; Chmn. Sidney N. materials illustrating Jewish life in the Bay Busis. Develops programs and provides re- Area, the Western states, and around the sources to further an understanding of the world; provides archives of world Jewish Holocaust and its impact on civilization. history and Jewish art; repository of histor- Maintains a library, archive, provides ical documents intended for scholarly use; speakers, educational materials, and or- changing exhibits; facilities open to the ganizes community programs. general public. Magnes Museum News. JEWISH ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, JWB JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL (1942). 15 E. INC. (1925). c/o Sec'y, 123 Gregory Ave., 26 St., N.Y.C, lOOia (212)532-4949. West Orange, N.J., 07052. (201)731-1137. Pres. Blu Greenberg; Dir. Ruth S. Frank. Headquarters: Dropsie University, Phila- Promotes knowledge of Jewish books delphia, Pa., 19132. Pres. Jewish Center, through dissemination of booklists, pro- N.Y.C. Leo Jung; Pres. Emeritus Dropsie gram materials; sponsors Jewish Book Univ. Abraham I. Katsh. Scholarship, Month; presents literary awards and li- contributions, accomplishments of Jews in brary citations; cooperates with publishers the arts and sciences; recognition by elec- of Jewish books. Jewish Book Annual; Jew- tion to membership and/or fellowship; ish Books in Review; Jewish Book World. publishes papers delivered at annual con- vocations. Annals. JWB JEWISH MUSIC COUNCIL (1944). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C, 10010. (212)532-4949. JEWISH INFORMATION BUREAU, INC. Chmn. Leonard Kaplan; Coord. Ruth S. (1932). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C, 10019. Frank. Promotes Jewish music activities (212)582-5318. Dir. Steven Wise; V. nationally; annually sponsors and pro- Chmn. Ruth Eisenstein. Serves as clearing- motes the Jewish Music Festival; and en- house of information for inquiries regard- courages participation on a community ing Jews, Judaism, Israel, and Jewish basis. Jewish Music Notes and numerous affairs; refers inquiries to communal agen- music resource publications for national cies. Index. distribution.

JEWISH MUSEUM (1904) (under auspices of LEAGUE FOR YIDDISH (1935). 200 W. 72 St., Jewish Theological Seminary of America). Suite 40, N.Y.C, 10023. (212)787-6675. 1109 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10028. (212)860- Pres. Sadie Turak; Exec. Sec. Mordkhe 1889. Dir. Joan Rosenbaum. Main reposi- Schaechter. Promotes the development tory in Western hemisphere of Jewish cere- and use of Yiddish as a living language. monial objects. Collection ranges from Afn Shvel. biblical archaeology to contemporary Judaica. Offers changing exhibitions of LEO BAECK INSTITUTE, INC. (1955). 129 E. paintings, sculpture, and photography, in 73 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)744-6400. addition to films, lectures, and children's Pres. Max Gruenewald; Sec. Fred Grubel. programs. Dedicated to exploring richness Engages in historical research, the presen- and diversity of past and present Jewish tation and publication of the history of life; publishes catalogues of exhibitions. German-speaking Jewry, and in the collection of books, manuscripts and documents JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMER- in this field; publishes monographs. LBI ICA (1888). 1930 Chestnut St., Philadel- Bulletin; LBI News; LBI Year Book; LBI phia, Pa., 19103. (215)564-5925. Pres. Library and Archives News. Muriel M. Berman; Ed. Maier Deshell; Exec. V. Pres. Bernard I. Levinson. Pub- MEMORIAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- lishes and disseminates books of Jewish in- TURE, INC. (1964). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C, terest on history, religion, and literature 10010. (212)679-4074. Exec. Dir. Jerry for the purpose of helping to preserve Jew- Hochbaum. Supports Jewish cultural and ish heritage and culture. AMERICAN JEW- educational programs all over the world, in ISH YEAR BOOK (with American Jewish cooperation with universities and estab- Committee). lished scholarly organizations; conducts 268 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

annual scholarship and fellowship pro- C. Silberman; Sec. Herbert A. Strauss. gram. Annual Report. Studies and records the history of the migration and acculturation of Jewish Nazi NATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- persecutees in the various resettlement TURE (1960). 1512 Chanin Bldg., 122 E. 42 countries. International Biographical Dic- St., N.Y.C., 10168. (212)490-2280. Pres. tionary of Central European Emigres, Marver Bernstein; Exec. Dir. Abraham 1933-1945; Jewish Immigrants of the Nazi Atik. Provides consultation, guidance, and Period in the USA. support to Jewish communities, organizations, educational and other institutions, SEPHARDIC HOUSE (1978). 8 West 70 St., and individuals for activities in the field of N.Y.C., 10023. (212)873-0300. Dir. Rabbi Jewish culture; awards fellowships and Marc D. Angel. Works to foster the history other grants to students preparing for ca- and culture of Sephardic Jewry by offering reers in Jewish scholarship and to estab- classes, programs, publications, and re- lished scholars; makes awards for creative source people; works to integrate Sephar- efforts in Jewish cultural arts and for Jew- dic studies into the curriculum of Jewish ish programming in small and intermedi- schools and adult education programs; ate communities; encourages teaching of offers advice and guidance to individuals Jewish studies in colleges and universities; involved in Sephardic research. The serves as clearinghouse of information on Sephardic House Bulletin. American Jewish culture; administers Joint Cultural Appeal among local Jewish SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF CZECHOSLO- welfare funds in behalf of nine national cul- VAK JEWS, INC. (1961). 87-08 Santiago St., tural organizations, and administers Coun- Holliswood, N.Y., 11423. Pres. Lewis cil for Archives and Research Libraries in Weiner; Sec. Joseph Abeles. Studies the Jewish Studies and Council of American history of the Czechoslovak Jews, collects Jewish Museums. Jewish Cultural News. material and disseminates information through the publication of books and pam- NATIONAL HEBREW CULTURE COUNCIL phlets. The Jews of Czechoslovakia book (1952). 1776 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10019. series: Vol. I (1968), Vol. II (1971), Vol. Ill (212)247-0741. Pres. Frances K. Thau; in prep. Annual reports and pamphlets. Exec. Dir. Judah Lapson. Cultivates the study of Hebrew as a modern language in ST. LOUIS CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST STUD- American public high schools and colleges, IES (1977). 10957 Schuetz Rd., St. Louis, providing guidance to community groups Mo. 63141. (314)621-8120. Dir. Warren and public educational authorities; annu- Green; Chmn. Bernard Levin. Develops ally administers National Voluntary Ex- programs and provides resources and edu- amination in Hebrew Culture and Knowl- cational materials to further an under- edge of Israel in the public high schools, standing of the Holocaust and its impact and conducts summer seminar and tour of on civilization. Israel for teachers and other educational personnel of the public school system, in YESHIVA UNIVERSITY MUSEUM (1973). cooperation with Hebrew University and 2520 Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. WZO. Hebrew in Colleges and Universities. (212)960-5390. Dir. Sylvia A. Herskowitz. Collects, preserves, interprets, and displays NATIONAL YIDDISH BOOK CENTER (1980). ceremonial objects, rare books and scrolls, P.O. Box 969, East Street School, Am- models, paintings, and other works of art herst, Ma., 01004. (413)253-9201. Pres. Jo- expressing the Jewish religious experience seph Marcus; Exec. Dir. Aaron Lansky. historically, to the present. A major the- Collects used and out-of-print Yiddish matic exhibition is mounted annually. An- books to distribute to individuals and li- nual illustrated exhibition catalogue. braries; offers courses in Yiddish language, literature, and cultural activities; publishes YIDDISHER KULTUR FARBAND—YKUF bimonthly Catalogue of Rare and Out-of- (1937). 1123 Broadway, Rm. 203, N.Y.C., Print Yiddish Books, listing over 100,000 10010. (212)691-0708. Pres. Itche Gold- volumes for sale. Der Pakntreger; Afn Veg. berg. Publishes a monthly magazine and books by contemporary and classical Jew- RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH IMMI- ish writers; conducts cultural forums and GRATION, INC. (1971). 570 Seventh Ave., exhibits works by contemporary Jewish N.Y.C., 10018. (212)921-3870. Pres. Curt artists and materials of Jewish historical NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 269

value. Organizes reading circles. Yiddishe resettlement assistance in Western Europe Kultur. and the United States to Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Yivo INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH, and Arab countries. INC. (1925). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10028. (212)535-6700. Pres. Joseph Green- AMERICAN ORT FEDERATION, INC.—OR- berger; Exec. Dir. Samuel Norich; Chmn. GANIZATION FOR REHABILITATION Morris Laub. Engages in Jewish social and THROUGH TRAINING (1924). 817 Broad- humanistic research; maintains library and way, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. archives of material pertaining to Jewish Alvin L. Gray; Exec. V. Pres. Donald H. life; serves as information center for organ- Klein. Teaches vocational skills in 30 izations, local institutions, information countries around the world, maintaining media, and individual scholars and lay- 800 schools for over 100,000 persons annu- men; publishes books. Yedies fun Yivo— ally, with the largest program of 74,000 News of the Yivo; Yidishe Shprakh; Yivo trainees in Israel. The teaching staff num- Annual of Jewish Social Science; Yivo bers about 3,800. Annual cost of program Bleter. is about S89 million. ORT Bulletin; ORT Yearbook. , MAX WEINREICH CENTER FOR AD- VANCED JEWISH STUDIES (1968). 1048 , AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10028. (212)535-6700. FRIENDS OF ORT (1941). 817 Broadway, Pres. Nathan Reich; Act. Dean Marvin I. N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. Herzog. Trains scholars in the fields of Simon Jaglom; Chmn. Exec. Com. Jacques Eastern European Jewish life and culture; Zwibak. Promotes the ORT idea among the Holocaust; the mass settlement of Jews Americans of European extraction; sup- in the U.S. and other countries; Yiddish ports the Litton ORT Auto-Mechanics language, literature, and folklore through School in Jerusalem. inter-university courses and seminars and its panel of consultants. Annual Bulletin. , AMERICAN LABOR ORT (1937). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-4400. OVERSEAS AID Chmn. Edward Schneider; Hon. Exec. Sec. Samuel Milman. Promotes ORT program AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE of vocational training among Jews. ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE, INC. (1946). 135 William St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)349- , BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ORT 0537. Pres. Arnold C. Franco; Exec. Dir. (formerly YOUNG MEN'S AND WOMEN'S Jack Kantrowitz. Helps networks of Jew- ORT) (1937). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., ish schools in Europe, Asia, Israel, and 10003. (212)677-4400. Pres. Rose Seidel Africa. Alliance Review; AF Notes. Kalich; Exec. Sec. Helen S. Kreisler. Pro- motes work of American ORT Federation. AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE, INC.—JDC (1914). 60 E. 42 -, NATIONAL ORT LEAGUE (1914). St., N.Y.C., 10165. (212)687-6200. Pres. 817 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677- Henry Taub; Exec. V. Pres. Ralph I. Gold- 4400. Pres. Judah Wattenberg; First V. man. Organizes and finances rescue, relief, Pres. Tibor Waldman. Promotes ORT idea and rehabilitation programs for imperiled among Jewish fraternal landsmanshaften, and needy Jews overseas; conducts wide national and local organizations, congrega- range of health, welfare, rehabilitation, ed- tions; helps to equip ORT installations and ucation programs and aid to cultural and Jewish artisans abroad, especially in Israel. religious institutions; programs benefiting ORT Bulletin. 300,000 Jews in 30 countries overseas. Major areas of operation are Israel, North , WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT (1927). Africa, and Europe. JDC Annual Report; 315 Park Ave. So., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- JDC World. 505-7700. Pres. Beverly Minkoff; Exec. V. Pres. Nathan Gould. Represents and ad- AMERICAN JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC FUND vances the program and philosophy of (1955). 386 Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. ORT among the women of the American (212)684-1525. Pres. Charles J. Tanen- Jewish community through membership baum. Through offices in Austria, France, and educational activities; supports materi- Italy, and the United States, maintains ally the vocational training operations of programs offering freedom of choice and World ORT; contributes to the American 270 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Jewish community through participation opportunities for migration and resettle- in its authorized campaigns and through ment, with particular emphasis on family general education to help raise the level of reunion. HIAS Annual Report; HIAS Bul- Jewish consciousness among American letin; Statistical Abstract. Jewish women; through its American Affairs program, cooperates in efforts to INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE REPA- improve quality of education and voca- TRIATION OF RUSSIAN JEWS (1961). 55 W. tional training in U.S. Facts and Findings; 42 St., Ste. 1336, N.Y.C., 10036. Sponsors Highlights; Insights; The Merchandiser; employment and training program for East Women's American ORT Reporter. European immigrants.

A.R.I.F.—ASSOCIATION POUR LE RETA- JEWISH RESTITUTION SUCCESSOR ORGANI- BLISSEMENT DES INSTITUTIONS ET ZATION (1947). 15-19 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., OEUVRES ISRAELITES EN FRANCE, INC. 10010. (212)679-4074. Pres. Maurice M. (1944). 119 E. 95 St., N.Y.C., 10028. (212)- Bookstein; Sec. Saul Kagan. Acts to dis- 876-1448. Pres. Baroness Robert de Gunz- cover, claim, receive, and assist in the re- burg; Sec.-Treas. Simon Langer. Helps covery of Jewish heirless or unclaimed Jewish religious and cultural institutions in property; to utilize such assets or to pro- France. vide for their utilization for the relief, rehabilitation, and resettlement of surviv- CONFERENCE ON JEWISH MATERIAL ing victims of Nazi persecution. CLAIMS AGAINST GERMANY, INC. (1951). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679- UNION OF COUNCILS FOR SOVIET JEWS 4074. Sec. and Exec. Dir. Saul Kagan. Util- (1970). 1411 K St., N.W., Ste. 402, Wash- izes balance of funds received from the ington, D.C., 20005. (202)393-4117. Pres. German Federal Republic under Luxem- Lynn Singer; Exec. Dir. Paul Meek. Oldest bourg agreement for relief to needy Jewish national grassroots organization con- victims of Nazi persecution and needy non- cerned with Soviet Jewry; works on behalf Jews who risked their lives to help such of Soviet Jews through public education, victims. Periodic reports. representations to the administration and Congress, letter writing, assistance, tourist HIAS, INC. (1880; reorg. 1954). 200 Park briefing, speakers bureau, Adopt-A- Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6800. Family, Adopt-A-Prisoner, Bar/Bat Mitz- Pres. Edwin Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Leon- vah twinning, Tarbut, Congressional Vigil, ard Seidenman. Worldwide Jewish migra- briefings, and publications programming; tion agency with offices, affiliates, commit- maintains close links to groups in Western tees in United States, Europe, North Africa, Latin America, Canada, Australia, Europe; subsidiary organizations include Israel, and New Zealand. Assists migrants Soviet Jewry Legal Advocacy Center, and refugees from Eastern Europe, the Medical Mobilization for Soviet Jewry, In- Middle East, North Africa, and Latin ternational Committee for the Release of America to find new homes in the United Anatoly Scharansky; Alert States and other countries. Assists, at the UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, INC. (1939). 1290 request of the U.S. government, in the re- Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. settlement of Indochinese and other re- (212)757-1500. Pres. Herschel W. Blum- fugees. Responsible for premigration plan- berg; Nat. Chmn. Robert E. Loup; Exec. ning, visa documentation, consular representation and intervention, transpor- V. Chmn. Irving Bernstein. Channels tation, reception, initial adjustment and funds for overseas humanitarian aid, sup- reunion of families; carries on adjustment porting immigration and settlement in Is- of status and naturalization programs; pro- rael, rehabilitation and relief in 30 nations, vides protective service for aliens and natu- and refugee assistance in U.S. through ralized citizens; works in the United States Joint Distribution Committee, United Is- through local community agencies for the rael Appeal, United HIAS Service, and integration of immigrants; conducts a New York Association for New Ameri- planned program of resettlement for Jew- ish immigrants in Latin America; has , FACULTY ADVISORY CABINET worldwide location service to assist in (1975). 1290 Ave. of the Americas. (212> locating missing friends and relatives; conducts educational campaigns on 757-1500. Chmn. Seymour Martin Lipset; Dir. Richard A. Davis. To promote faculty NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 271

leadership support for local and national RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL UJA campaigns through educational and personal commitment; to make use of fac- AGUDATH ISRAEL WORLD ORGANIZATION ulty resources and expertise on behalf of (1912). 5 Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. UJA and Israel. (212)791-1807. Chmn. Rabbi Moshe Sherer, Rabbi Yehudah Meir Abramowitz. , RABBINIC CABINET (1972). 1290 Represents the interests of Orthodox Jewry Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10104. on the national and international scenes. (212)757-1500. Chmn. Stanley Kessler; Sponsors projects to strengthen Torah life Dir. Richard A. Davis. To promote rab- worldwide. binic leadership support for local and national UJA campaigns through education AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1912). 5 and personal commitment; to make use of Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)791- rabbinic resources on behalf of UJA and 1807. Pres. Moshe Sherer; Exec. Dir. Bo- Israel. ruch B. Borchardt. Mobilizes Orthodox Jews to cope with Jewish problems in the , UNIVERSITY PROGRAMS DEPT. spirit of the Torah; sponsors a broad range (1970). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, of constructive projects in fields of religion, N.Y.C., 10104. (212)757-1500. Dir. Judy education, children's welfare, protection of Flumenbaum. Student Advisory Board. To Jewish religious rights, and social services. crystallize Jewish commitment on the Jewish Observer; Dos Yiddishe Vort. campus through an educational fund-raising campaign involving various programs, , CHILDREN'S DIVISION—PIRCHEI leadership training, and opportunities for AGUDATH ISRAEL (1925). 5 Beekman St., participation in community functions. N.Y.C., 10038 (212)791-1837. Pres. Shi- mon Katz; Nat. Dir. Joshua Silbermintz. , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1946). 1290 Educates Orthodox Jewish children in Ave. of the Americas, N.Y.C., 10019. Torah; encourages sense of communal re- (212)757-1500. Pres. Harriet Sloane; sponsibility; communal celebrations, learn- Chmn. Harriet Zimmerman; Dir. Nan ing groups, and welfare projects. Darkeinu; Goldberg. To raise funds for Israel and Leaders Guide. Jews worldwide. Women's Division Record. , GIRLS' DIVISION—BNOS AGUDATH , YOUNG LEADERSHIP CABINET ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., N.Y.C., (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Americas, 10038. (212)791-1818. Nat. Coordinator N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1500. Exec. Dir. Shanie Meyer. Educates Jewish girls to the Michael Reiner; Chmn. Stephen M. historic nature of the Jewish people; en- Greenberg. Committed to the creative sur- courages greater devotion to and under- vival of Jews, Judaism, and Israel through standing of the Torah. Kol Bnos. dialogues with leading scholars and writers, and through peer exchanges at re- , WOMEN'S DIVISION—N'SHEI treats, conferences, missions to Israel, and AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA (1940). 5 special programs. Cabinet Communiques. Beekman St., N.Y.C., 10038. (212)791- 1840. Pres. Esther Bohensky, Josephine , YOUNG WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP Reichel, Aliza Grund. Organizes Jewish CABINET (1977). 1290 Ave. of the Ameri- women for philanthropic work in the U.S. cas, N.Y.C., 10019. (212)757-1500. Nat. and Israel and for intense Torah education, Chmn. Bobi Klotz; Dir. Barbara P. Faske. seeking to train Torah-guided Jewish Encourages young Jewish women to be- mothers. come involved with the organized Jewish community. Cabinet Update. , YOUTH DIVISION—ZEIREI AGU- DATH ISRAEL (1921). 5 Beekman St., WOMEN'S SOCIAL SERVICE FOR ISRAEL, N.Y.C., 10038. (212)791-1820. Pres. Jo- INC. (1937). 240 W. 98 St., N.Y.C., 10025. seph Ashkenazi; Exec. Dir. Leibish (212)666-7880. Pres. Sally Scharman; Sec. Becker. Educates Jewish youth to realize Dory Gordon. Maintains in Israel apart- the historic nature of the Jewish people as ments for the aged, old age homes, nursing the people of the Torah and to seek solu- home, hospital for incurable diseases, tions to all the problems of the Jewish peo- rehabilitation department, department for ple in Israel in the spirit of the Torah. The bone injuries, soup kitchen. Annual Jour- Zeirei Forum; Am Hatorah, Daf Chizuk, nal; Newsletter. Yom Tov Publications. 272 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF RABBIS (1978). Two main conventions are held each year. 350 Fifth Ave., Ste. 3308, N.Y.C., 10001. Intercom; Proceedings. (212)244-3350. Pres. Rabbi David L. Dunn; Sec. Rabbi Robert Chernoff. An or- BETH MEDROSH ELYON (ACADEMY OF ganization of rabbis serving in pulpits, and HIGHER LEARNING AND RESEARCH) in the fields of education and social work. (1943). 73 Main St., Monsey, N.Y., 10952. (914)356-7065. Pres. Leon Spilky; Chmn. Provides rabbinical fraternity and place- of Bd. Emanuel Weldler; Treas. Arnold ment services. Quarterly Newsletter. Jacobs. Provides postgraduate courses and ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH STUDIES (1969). research work in higher Jewish studies; Widener Library M., Harvard University, offers scholarships and fellowships. Annual Cambridge, Mass., 02138. (617)495-2985. Journal. Pres. Jane S. Gerber; Exec. Sec. Charles Berlin. Seeks to promote, maintain, and B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. (1923). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., improve the teaching of Jewish studies in Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857-6600. American colleges and universities by Chmn. B'nai B'rith Hillel Com. Albert A. sponsoring meetings and conferences, pub- Spiegel; Internat. Dir. Rabbi Oscar lishing a newsletter and other scholarly Groner. Provides a program of cultural, materials, setting standards for programs religious, educational, social, and counsel- in Jewish studies, aiding in the placement ing content to Jewish college and univer- of teachers, coordinating research and co- sity students on 400 campuses in the operating with other scholarly organiza- United States, Australia, Canada, Eng- tions. AJS Review; Newsletter. land, Israel, the Netherlands, South Africa, Switzerland, Italy, Colombia, Bra- ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL DIRECTORS/JEW- zil, Venezuela, and Sweden. Igeret; Hillel ISH CAMP PROFESSIONALS (1949). 2129 Community-Commission Journal. "F" St., N.W., Wash., D.C., 20009. (202)- 338-4747. Pres. Gerald Serotta; V. Pres. B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION Abie Ingber. Seeks to promote professional (1924). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., relationships and exchanges of experience, Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857-6633. develop personnel standards and qualifica- Chmn. Youth Com. Aaron Grossman; In- tions, safeguard integrity of Hillel profes- ternat. Dir. Sidney Clearfield. To help Jew- sion; represents and advocates before Na- ish teenagers achieve self-fulfillment and to tional Hillel Staff, National Hillel make a maximum contribution to the Jew- Commission, B'nai B'rith Supreme Lodge, ish community and their country's culture; Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. to help the members acquire a greater knowledge and appreciation of Jewish reli- ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF gion and culture. BBYO Advisor; Monday THE ARMED FORCES (1946). 15 E. 26 St., Morning; Shofar. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. Mi- chell Geller; Sec. Rabbi Ira Bader. An or- BRANDEIS-BARDIN INSTITUTE (1941). 1101 ganization of former and current chaplains Peppertree Lane, Brandeis, Calif., 93064. of the armed forces of the U.S. which (213)348-7201. Dir. Dennis Prager, Exec. seeks to enhance the religious program of Dir. Michael Harris; Pres. Jack I. Salzberg. Jewish chaplains in the armed forces of the Maintains Brandeis Camp Institute (BCI) U.S. and in Veterans Administration hos- for college students as a leadership training pitals. institute, Camp Alonim for children 8-16, Forum on Contemporary Values, and ASSOCIATION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH SCIEN- House of the Book Association weekend TISTS (1947). 45 W. 36 St., N.Y.C., 10016. institutes for adults, in an effort to instill an (212)695-7525. Pres. Erwin Friedman; Bd. appreciation of Jewish cultural and Chmn. Lester Kaufman. Seeks to contrib- spiritual heritage and to create a desire for ute to the development of science within active participation in the American Jew- the framework of Orthodox Jewish tradi- ish community. Brandeis-Bardin News. tion; to obtain and disseminate information relating to the interaction between the Jew- CANTORS ASSEMBLY (1947). 150 Fifth Ave., ish traditional way of life and scientific de- N.Y.C., 10011. (212)691-8020. Pres. velopments—on both an ideological and Abraham B. Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Sam- practical level; to assist in the solution of uel Rosenbaum. Seeks to unite all cantors problems pertaining to Orthodox Jews en- who are adherents to traditional Judaism gaged in scientific teaching or research. and who serve as full-time cantors in bona NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 273

fide congregations, to conserve and pro- Jewish educational institutions and agen- mote the musical traditions of the Jews, cies, and teachers in Hebrew high schools and to elevate the status of the cantonal and Jewish teachers colleges, of all ideolog- profession. Annual Proceedings; Journal of ical groupings; conducts annual national Synagogue Music. and regional conferences in all areas of Jewish education; represents the Jewish ed- CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN ucation profession before the Jewish com- RABBIS (1889). 21 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., munity; co-sponsors, with the Jewish Edu- 10016. (212)684-4990. Pres. W. Gunther cation Service of North America, a Plaut; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Joseph B. personnel committee and other projects; Glaser. Seeks to conserve and promote Ju- cooperates with Jewish Agency depart- daism and to disseminate its teachings in a ment of education and culture in promot- liberal spirit. Journal of Reform Judaism; ing Hebrew culture and studies; conducts CCAR Yearbook. lectureship at Hebrew University. Jewish Education; Sheviley Hahinuch. CENTRAL YESHIVA BETH JOSEPH RABBINI- CAL SEMINARY (in Europe 1891; in U.S. 1941). 1427 49 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11219. DROPSIE COLLEGE FOR HEBREW AND COG- NATE LEARNING (1907). Broad and York Pres. and Dean Jacob Jofen. Maintains a Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., 19066. (215)229- school for teaching Orthodox rabbis and 1566. Pres. David M. Goldenberg. The teachers, and promoting the cause of only nonsectarian and nontheological higher Torah learning. graduate institution in America completely CLEVELAND COLLEGE OF JEWISH STUDIES dedicated to Hebrew, Biblical, and Middle (1964). 26500 Shaker Blvd., Beachwood, Eastern studies; offers graduate programs Ohio, 44122. (216)464-4050. Pres. David in these areas. Course study includes the Ariel; Bd. Chmn. Eli Reshotko. Trains He- cultures and languages of Arabic, brew- and religious-school teachers; serves Aramaic, Ugaritic, Akkadian, and ancient as the department of Hebraic and Judaic Egyptian peoples; offers Ph.D. degree. Jew- studies for Cleveland-area colleges and ish Quarterly Review. universities; offers intensive Ulpan and Judaic studies for community; serves as , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF (1925). Jewish information center through its li- Broad and York Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., brary; grants teachers diplomas and de- 19132. (215)229-0110. Pres. Dr. Ezra grees of Bachelor of Hebrew Literature, Shereshersky. Enhances the relationship of Bachelor of Judaic Studies, Bachelor of the alumni to the University. Religious Education, Master of Science in GRATZ COLLEGE (1895). 10 St. and Tabor Religious Education, and Master of He- Rd., Philadelphia, Pa., 19141. (215)329- brew Literature, Hebrew Studies. 3363. Bd. Chmn. Stephen Sussman; Pres. Gary S. Schiff. Prepares teachers for Jew- COALITION FOR ALTERNATIVES IN JEWISH ish schools and teachers of Hebrew for EDUCATION (1976). 468 Park Ave. S., Rm. public high schools; grants Master of He- 904, N.Y.C., 10016. (212)696-0740. Nat. brew Literature, Bachelor of Hebrew Lit- Dir. Eliot G. Spack; Chmn. Stuart Kel- erature, and Bachelor of Arts in Jewish man. Brings together Jews from all ideolo- Studies degrees; is accredited by the Mid- gies who are involved in every facet of Jew- dle States Association of Colleges and Sec- ish education, and are committed to ondary Schools and the Association of He- transmitting Jewish knowledge, culture, brew Colleges; provides studies in Judaica and experience; serves as a channel of com- and Hebraica; maintains a Hebrew high munication for its membership to share re- school, two college preparatory depart- sources and methods, and as a forum for ments for cadet teachers, and a school of exchange of philosophical and theoretical observation and practice; provides Jewish approaches to Jewish education. Sponsors studies for adults; community-service divi- programs and projects. Mekasher; CAJE sion (central agency for Jewish education) Jewish Education News. coordinates Jewish education in the city and provides consultation services to Jew- COUNCIL FOR JEWISH EDUCATION (1926). 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675- ish schools of all leanings. Alumni Newspa- 5656. Pres. Elliot Schwartz; Exec. Sec. per; College Bulletin; DCS Bulletin; Gratz Philip Jaffe. Fellowship of Jewish educa- Chats; GC Annual of Jewish Studies; 75th tion profession, comprising administrators Anniversary Volume; Kinnereth; Telem and supervisors of national and local Yearbook; What's New. 274 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

HEBREW COLLEGE (1921). 43 Hawes St., , AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES Brookline, Mass., 02146. (617)277-1551. (1947). Cincinnati, Dir. Jacob R. Marcus; Pres. Eli Grad; Assoc. Dean Michael Li- Assoc. Dir. Abraham Peck. Maintained benson. Provides intensive programs of for the preservation and study of North study in all areas of Jewish culture from and South American Jewish historical rec- the high school through college and gradu- ords. American Jewish Archives. ate school levels, also at branch in Hart- ford; maintains ongoing programs with , AMERICAN JEWISH PERIODICAL most major local universities; offers the de- CENTER (1957). Cincinnati. Dir. Jacob R. grees of Master of Jewish Studies, Bachelor Marcus; Co-Dir. Herbert C. Zafren. Main- and Master of Hebrew Literature, and tains microfilms of all American Jewish Bachelor and Master of Jewish Education, periodicals, 1823-1925; selected periodi- with teaching certification; trains men and cals, since 1925. Jewish Periodicals and women to teach, conduct, and supervise Newspapers on Microfilm (1957); First Sup- Jewish schools; offers extensive Ulpan pro- plement (1960). gram; offers courses designed to deepen the community's awareness of the Jewish heri- , JEROME H. LOUCHHEIM SCHOOL OF tage. Hebrew College Bulletin. JUDAIC STUDIES (1969). Los Angeles. Acting Dir. David Ellenson. Offers programs leading to M.A., B.S., B.A. and As- HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE (1922). sociate in Arts degrees; offers courses as 7135 N. Carpenter Rd., Skokie, 111., 60077. part of the undergraduate program of the (312)267-9800. Pres. Rabbi Don Well; Bd. University of Southern California. Chmn. Paul Rosenberg. An institution of higher Jewish learning which includes a , EDGAR F. MAGNIN SCHOOL OF division of advanced Hebrew studies, a GRADUATE STUDIES (1956). Los Angeles. school of liberal arts and sciences, a rab- Dir. Stanley Chyet. Offers programs lead- binic ordination program, and a graduate ing to Ph.D., D.H.S., and M.A. degrees; school in Judaic studies. Trains rabbis, offers program for rabbinic graduates of teachers, educational administrators, com- the college leading to the D.H.L. degree; munal workers, and knowledgeable lay participates in cooperative doctoral pro- leaders for the Jewish community. News; grams with the University of Southern Cal- Annual Journal. ifornia. , NELSON GLUECK SCHOOL OF BIBLI- HEBREW UNION COLLEGE—JEWISH INSTI- TUTE OF RELIGION (1875). 3101 Clifton CAL ARCHAEOLOGY (1963). Jerusalem. Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220. (513)221- Dir. Avraham Biran. Offers graduate-level 1875. Pres. Alfred Gottschalk; Exec. Dean programs in Bible, archaeology, and Eugene Mihaly; Exec. V. Pres. Uri D. Judaica. Summer excavations are carried Herscher; Chmn. Bd. of Govs. Richard J. out by scholars and students. University Scheuer. Academic centers: 3101 Clifton credit may be earned by participants in ex- Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45220 (1875), cavations. Consortium of colleges, univer- Samuel Greengus, Dean; One W. 4 St., sities, and seminaries is affiliated with the N.Y.C., 10012 (1922), Paul M. Steinberg, school. Dean; 3077 University Ave., Los Angeles, Calif., 90007 (1954), Uri D. Herscher, , RHEA HIRSCH SCHOOL OF EDUCA- Chief Adm. Officer; 13 King David St., TION (1967). Los Angeles. Dir. Sara S. Lee. Jerusalem, Israel (1963), Michael Klein, Offers B.S. degree and M.A. program in Dean. Prepares students for Reform rab- Jewish and Hebrew education; conducts binate, cantorate, religious-school teaching summer institutes and joint programs with and administration, community service, University of Southern California; con- academic careers; promotes Jewish studies; ducts certificate programs for teachers and maintains libraries and a museum; offers librarians. bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees; , SCHOOL OF EDUCATION (1947). 1 engages in archaeological excavations; W. 4 St., N.Y.C., 10012. (212)674-5300. publishes scholarly works through Hebrew Dean Paul M. Steinberg. Trains and cer- Union College Press. American Jewish Ar- tifies teachers and principals for Reform chives; Bibliographica Judaica; HUC—JIR religious schools; offers M.A. degree with Catalogue; Hebrew Union College Annual; specialization in religious education; offers Studies in Bibliography and Booklore; The extension programs in various suburban Chronicle. centers. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 275

, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES literature; Yiddish language and literature, (1949). Cincinnati. Dean Herbert H. Jewish education, history, philosophy, and Paper. Offers programs leading to M.A. sociology. and Ph.D. degrees; offers program leading to D.H.L. degree for rabbinic graduates of , GRADUATE DIVISION (1965). Dean the college. Meir Ben-Horin. Offers programs leading to degree of Doctor of Jewish Literature in , SCHOOL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL Hebrew language and literature, Yiddish SERVICE (1968). 3077 University Ave., language and literature, Jewish education, Los Angeles, Calif., 90007. Dir. Gerald B. history, philosophy, and sociology. Admits Bubis. Offers certificate and master's de- men and women who have bachelor's degree to those employed in Jewish commu- gree and background in Hebrew, Yiddish, nal services, or preparing for such work; and Jewish studies. Annual Horace M. offers joint M.A. in Jewish education and Kallen lecture by major Jewish scholars. communal service with Rhea Hirsch School; offers M.A. and M.S.W. in con- , HERZLIAH HEBREW TEACHERS IN- junction with the University of Southern STITUTE, INC. (1921). V. Pres. for Aca- California School of Social Work and with demic Affairs Meir Ben-Horin. Offers four- the George Warren Brown School of Social year, college-level programs in Hebrew Work of Washington University. and Jewish subjects, nationally recognized Hebrew teachers diploma, preparatory , SCHOOL OF JEWISH STUDIES (1963). courses, and Yiddish courses. Jerusalem. Dean Michael Klein. Offers program leading to ordination for Israeli , JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY AND students; offers an academic, work-study PEOPLE'S UNIVERSITY, INC. (1918). V. year for undergraduate students from Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- American colleges and universities; offers a Horin. Offers four-year, college-level pro- one-year program in cooperation with He- grams leading to Yiddish teachers diploma brew University for advanced students, and Bachelor of Jewish Literature; offers and a one-year program for all first-year preparatory courses and Hebrew courses. rabbinic students of the college and for master's degree candidates of the Rhea , Music DIVISION (1964). Performing Hirsch School of Education. Arts Div. Dir. Cantor Marvin Antosofsky. Offers studies in traditional and contempo- , SCHOOL OF SACRED MUSIC (1947). rary music, religious, Yiddish, secular, and 1 W. 4 St., N.Y.C., 10012. (212)674-5300. Hebraic; offers certificate and degree pro- Dean Paul M. Steinberg; Dir. Jon R. Had- grams in Jewish music education and can- don. Trains cantors and music personnel tonal art, and artist diploma. for congregations; offers B.S.M. and M.A. degrees. Sacred Music Press. INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTERS IN JEWISH LIFE (1978). 845 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 843, , SKIRBALL MUSEUM (1913; 1972 in Chicago, 111., 60611. (312)787-7856. Pres. Calif.). 3077 University Ave., Los Angeles, Thomas Klutznick, Exec. V. Pres. Dr. Ir- Calif., 90007. Dir. Nancy Berman. Col- ving J. Rosenbaum. Explores, develops, lects, preserves, researches, and exhibits and disseminates applications of computer art and artifacts made by or for Jews, or technology to appropriate areas of Jewish otherwise associated with Jews and Juda- life, with special emphasis on Jewish edu- ism. Provides opportunity to faculty and cation; provides access to the Bar-Ilan Uni- students to do research in the field of Jew- versity Responsa Project; creates educa- ish art. tional software for use in Jewish schools; provides consulting service and assistance HERZLIAH-JEWISH TEACHERS SEMINARY for national Jewish organizations, seminar- (1967). 69 Bank St., N.Y.C., 10014. Pres. ies and synagogues. Monitor. Eli Goldstein; Exec. Dir. A viva Barzel; V. Pres. for Academic Affairs Meir Ben- JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY, INC. (spon- Horin. Offers undergraduate and graduate sored by NATIONAL FEDERATION OF programs in Jewish studies; continuing ed- TEMPLE BROTHERHOODS) (1893). 838 ucation courses for teachers in Hebrew and Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)570-0707. Yiddish schools; academic and profes- Pres. Herbert Panoff; Exec. Dir. Av Bon- sional programs in major disciplines of darin. Disseminates authoritative knowl- Judaism, historic and contemporary, edge about Jews and Judaism; assigns rab- with emphasis on Hebrew language and bis to lecture at colleges; endows courses in 276 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Judaism for college credit at universities; Federation (congregations and havurot), donates Jewish reference books to college Reconstructionist Rabbinical Assn., a libraries; sends rabbis to serve as counse- women's organization, and university fel- lor-teachers at Christian Church summer lowship. Reconstructionist. camps and as chaplains at Boy Scout camps; sponsors institutes on Judaism for , FEDERATION OF RECONSTRUC- Christian clergy; produces motion pictures TIONIST CONGREGATIONS AND HAVUROT for public service television and group (1954). 2521 Broadway, #25, N.Y.C., showings. Brotherhood. 10025. (212)316-3011. Pres. Samuel Blu- menthal; Exec. Dir. David A. Teutsch. JEWISH EDUCATION IN MEDIA, INC. (1978). Services affiliated congregations and havu- P.O. Box 180, Riverdale Station, N.Y.C., rot educationally and administratively; 10471. (212)362-7633. Exec. Dir. Rabbi fosters the establishment of new Recon- Mark S. Golub. Seeks to promote Jewish structionist congregations and fellowship identity and commitment through the cre- groups. Newsletter; The Reconstructionist ation of innovative and entertaining media Magazine. materials, including radio and television programming, film, and audio and video , RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL cassettes for synagogue and institutional ASSOCIATION (1975). Wyncote, Pa. (215)- use. 576-0800. Pres. Rabbi Steven Sager; V. Pres. Rabbi Jacob Staub; Treas. Rabbi Ira JEWISH EDUCATION SERVICE OF NORTH Schiffer. Advances the principles of Recon- AMERICA, INC. (1981). 114 Fifth Ave., structionist Judaism; provides forum for N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-5656. Pres. Fred fellowship and exchange of ideas for Sichel; Exec. V. Pres. Shimon Frost. Coor- Reconstructionist rabbis; cooperates with dinates, promotes, and services Jewish ed- Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, and ucation in federated communities of North Reconstructionist Federation of Congrega- America. Coordinating center for Jewish tions and Havurot. Raayanot. education bureaus; offers curricular advisement and maintains a National Educa- JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM tional Resource Center; runs regional (1931). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- pedagogic conferences; conducts evalua- 684-0556. Pres. Beverly Lipschitz; Treas. tive surveys on Jewish education; sponsors William Leinwand. Promotes the religious, the National Board of License and the social, and moral welfare of children; pro- Commission on Teaching About Zionism vides a program of professional, cultural, and Israel; engages in statistical and other and social activities for its members; coop- educational research; provides community erates with other organizations for the pro- consultations. Information Research Bulle- motion of good will and understanding. tins; Jewish Education News; Jewish Edu- cation Directory; Pedagogic Reporter. JTA Bulletin—MORIM. JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION AMERICA (1886; reorg. 1902). 3080 Broad- OF AMERICA, INC. (1896). 3 W. 16 St., way, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)678-8000. Chan- N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-6601. Pres. cellor Gerson D. Cohen; Chmn. Exec. David Rosenzweig. To further and propa- Com. Stephen M. Peck; Bd. Chmn. How- gate traditional liturgy; to place cantors in ard M. Holtzmann. Organized for the per- synagogues throughout the U.S. and Can- petuation of the tenets of the Jewish reli- ada; to develop the cantors of the future. Kol Lakol. gion, cultivation of Hebrew literature, pursuit of biblical and archaeological re- JEWISH RECONSTRUCTIONS FOUNDATION search, advancement of Jewish scholar- (1940). 2521 Broadway, #25, N.Y.C., ship; maintains a library with extensive 10025. (212)316-3011. Chmn. of Bd. collections of Hebraica and Judaica, a de- Charles D. Lieber; Exec. Dir. David A. partment for the training of rabbis, a pasto- Teutsch. Dedicated to the advancement of ral psychiatry center, the Jewish Museum, Judaism as the evolving religious civiliza- and such youth programs as the Ramah tion of the Jewish people. Coordinates all Camps and the OMETZ-Center for Con- Reconstructionist activities and sponsors servative Judaism on Campus. Conserva- the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, tive Judaism; Seminary Progress; Seminary Reconstructionist Press, Reconstructionist Bulletin. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 277

, AMERICAN STUDENT CENTER IN educators through seminars and in-service JERUSALEM (1962). P.O. Box 196, Jerusa- programs; maintains consultant and super- lem, Israel. Dean Shamma Friedman; Dir. visory relationships with a limited number Reuven Hammer. Offers programs for rab- of pilot schools. Melton Journal. binical students, classes in Judaica for qualified Israelis and Americans, and Mi- , SCHOCKEN INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH dreshet Yerushalayim, an intensive RESEARCH (1961). 6 Balfour St., Jerusa- program of Jewish studies for undergradu- lem, Israel. Librarian Yaakov Katzenstein. ates. News of the Israel Programs. Incorporates Schocken library and its related research institutes in medieval He- , CANTORS INSTITUTE AND SEMI- brew poetry and Jewish mysticism. NARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH MUSIC (1952). Schocken Institute Yearbook (P'raqim). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)678- 8038. Dean Morton M. Leifman. Trains , SEMINARY COLLEGE OF JEWISH cantors, music teachers, and choral direc- STUDIES-TEACHERS INSTITUTE (1909). tors for congregations. Offers programs 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, 10027. (212)678- leading to degrees of B.S.M., M.S.M., and 8826. Dean Paula Hyman. Offers complete D.S.M., and diploma of Hazzan. college program in Judaica leading to B.A. degree; conducts joint programs with Co- , DEPARTMENT OF RADIO AND TEL- lumbia University and Barnard, enabling EVISION (1944). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., students to receive two B.A. degrees after 10027. (212)678-8020. Exec. Prod. Milton four years. E. Krents. Produces radio and TV programs expressing the Jewish tradition in its , UNIVERSITY OF JUDAISM (1947). broadest sense, with emphasis on the uni- 15600 Mulholland Dr., Los Angeles, versal human situation: "Eternal Light," a Calif., 90024. (213)476-9777. Pres. David weekly radio program; 7 "Eternal Light" L. Lieber; V. Pres. Max Vorspan, David Gordis. West Coast school of JTS. Serves TV programs, produced in cooperation as center of undergraduate and graduate with NBC; and 12 "Directions" telecasts study of Judaica; offers pre-professional with ABC; distributes program scripts and and professional programs in Jewish edu- related reading lists. cation and allied fields, including a prerab- , INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY binic program and joint program enabling IN THE HUMANITIES (1968). 3080 Broad- students to receive B.A. from UCLA and way, N.Y.C., IO927. (212)678-8024. Dean B.H.L. from U. of J. after four years, as Mayer Rabinowitz. A graduate program well as a broad range of adult education leading to MA. degree in all aspects of and Jewish activities. Jewish studies and Ph.D. in Bible, Jewish education, history, literature, philosophy, MACHNE ISRAEL, INC. (1940). 770 Eastern or rabbinics; offers dual degree in social Parkway, Bklyn., N.Y., 11213. (212)493- work. 9250. Pres. Menachem M. Schneerson (Lubavitcher Rebbe); Dir., Treas. M.A. , INSTITUTE FOR RELIGIOUS AND SO- Hodakov; Sec. Nissan Mindel. The Luba- CIAL STUDIES (N.Y.C. 1938; Chicago vitcher movement's organ dedicated to the 1944; Boston 194S). 3080 Broadway, social, spiritual, and material welfare of N.Y.C, 10027. (212)678-8815. Dir. Gor- Jews throughout the world. don Tucker. Serves as a scholarly and scientific fellowship of clergymen and MERKOS L'INYONEI CHINUCH, INC. (THE other religious teachers who desire author- CENTRAL ORGANIZATION FOR JEWISH EDUCATION) (1940). 770 Eastern Park- itative information regarding some of the way, Bklyn., N.Y., 11213. (212)493-9250. basic issues now confronting spiritually- Pres. Menachem M. Schneerson (the minded individuals. Lubavitcher Rebbe); Dir., Treas. M.A. , MELTON RESEARCH CENTER Hodakov; Sec. Nissan Mindel. The educa- (1960). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C, 10027. tional arm of the Lubavitcher movement. (212)678-8031. Chmn. Eduardo Rauch; Seeks to promote Jewish education among Chmn. Barry W. Holtz. Devises new cur- Jews, regardless of their background, in the ricula and materials for Jewish education; spirit of Torah-true Judaism; to establish has intensive program for training curricu- contact with alienated Jewish youth; to lum writers; recruits, trains, and retrains stimulate concern and active interest in 278 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Jewish education on all levels; and to pro- Bklyn., N.Y., 11230. (212)979-7400. mote religious observance as a daily experi- Chmn. of Bd. Shimon Newhouse; Sec. ence among all Jews; maintains worldwide David Rosenberg. Operates Orthodox all- network of regional offices, schools, sum- day schools from kindergarten through mer camps, and Chabad-Lubavitch high school for girls, a residence high Houses; publishes Jewish educational liter- school in Ferndale, N.Y., a national insti- ature in numerous languages and monthly tute for master instructors, and a summer journal in five languages: Conversaciones camp for girls. Bais Yaakov Digest; Pnimia con la juventud; Conversations avec les Call. jeunes; Schmuessen mit kinder un yugent; Sihot la No-ar; Talks and Tales. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL (1912). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)- MESIVTA YESHIVA RABBI CHAIM BERLIN 929-1525. Nat. Pres. Harold M. Jacobs; RABBINICAL ACADEMY (1905). 1593 Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm. Main- Coney Island Ave., Bklyn., N.Y., 11230. tains a program of spiritual, cultural, so- (212)377-0777. Pres. Sol Eiger; Bd. Chmn. cial, and communal activity towards the Pincus Iseson; Admin. Tovia Rottenberg. advancement and perpetuation of tradi- Maintains elementary division in the He- tional, Torah-true Judaism; seeks to instill brew and English departments, lower He- in American youth an understanding and brew division and Mesivta high school, appreciation of the ethical and spiritual rabbinical academy, and postgraduate values of Judaism. Sponsors kosher dining school for advanced studies in Talmud and clubs and fraternity houses and an Israel other branches of rabbinic scholarship; program. Viewpoint; Hashkofa Series; maintains Camp Morris, a summer study Masorah Newspaper. camp. Igud News Letter; Kol Torah; Kun- trasim; Merchav; Shofar. , AMERICAN FRIENDS OF YOUNG IS- RAEL SYNAGOGUES IN ISRAEL (1926). 3 MIRRER YESHIVA CENTRAL INSTITUTE (in W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. Poland 1817; in U.S. 1947). 1791-5 Ocean Chmn. Jack Levy; Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11223. Pres. H. Sturm. Promotes Young Israel syna- and Dean Rabbi Shrage Moshe Klamano- gogues and youth work in synagogues in witz; Exec. Dir. and Sec. Manfred Han- Israel. delsman. Maintains rabbinical college, , ARMED FORCES BUREAU (1912). 3 postgraduate school for Talmudic re- W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. search, accredited high school, and Kollel Advises and guides the inductees into the and Sephardic divisions; dedicated to the armed forces with regard to Sabbath ob- dissemination of Torah scholarship in the servance, kashrut, and Orthodox behavior. community and abroad; engages in rescue Guide for the Orthodox Serviceman. and rehabilitation of scholars overseas. , EMPLOYMENT BUREAU (1912). 3 W. NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR FURTHER- 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. ANCE OF JEWISH EDUCATION (1941). 824 Exec. V. Pres. Ephraim H. Sturm; Em- Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., 11213. ployment Dir. Dorothy Stein. Operates an (212)735-0200. Pres. J. James Plesser and on-the-job training program under federal Martin Heinfling; Exec. V. Pres. Jacob J. contract; helps secure employment, partic- Hecht; Sec. Milton Kramer. Seeks to dis- ularly for Sabbath observers and Russian seminate the ideals of Torah-true educa- immigrants; offers vocational guidance. tion among the youth of America; aids Viewpoint. poor, sick, and needy in U.S. and Israel; provides aid to hundreds of Iranian Jewish , INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH STUDIES youth through the Iranian Children's (1947). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)- Fund; maintains camp for underprivileged 929-1525. Pres. Harold M. Jacobs; Exec. children; sponsors Hadar Ha Torah and V. Pres. Rabbi Ephraim H. Sturm. In- Machon L'Yahadus, seeking to win back troduces students to Jewish learning and college youth and others to the fold of Ju- knowledge; helps form adult branch daism; maintains schools and dormitory schools; aids Young Israel synagogues in facilities. Panorama; Passover Handbook; their adult education programs. Bulletin. Seder Guide; Spiritual Suicide; Focus. , YOUNG ISRAEL COLLEGIATES AND NATIONAL COUNCIL OF BETH JACOB YOUNG ADULTS (formerly INTERCOL- SCHOOLS, INC. (1945). 1415 E. 7 St., LEGIATE COUNCIL AND YOUNG SINGLE NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 279

ADULTS), (1951; reorg. 1982). 3 W. 16 St., to Judaism; maintains College for Jewish N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. Chmn. Ambassadors for the training of Jewish Kenneth Block; Dir. Richard Stare- missionaries and the Correspondence shefsky. Organizes and operates kosher Academy of Judaism for instruction on Ju- dining clubs on college and university cam- daism through the mail. Voice of Judaism. puses; provides information and counseling on kashrut observance at college; gives NATIONAL JEWISH RESOURCE CENTER college-age youth understanding and ap- (1974). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10107. (212)582-6116. Chmn. Irvin Frank; Dir. preciation of Judaism and information on Irving Greenberg. Devoted to leadership issues important to Jewish community; ar- education and policy guidance for the ranges seminars and meetings; publishes American Jewish community. Conducts pamphlets and monographs. Hashkafa. weekend retreats and community gather- , YOUNG ISRAEL YOUTH (formerly ings, as well as conferences on various top- YISRAEL HATZAIR) (reorg. 1968). 3 W. 16 ics. Newsletter. St., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-1525. Chmn. , ZACHOR: THE HOLOCAUST RE- Eugene Wilk; Nat. Dir. Richard Stare- SOURCE CENTER (1978). 250 W. 57 St., shefsky. Fosters a program of spiritual, N.Y.C., 10107. (212)582-6116. Chmn. Irv cultural, social, and communal activities Frank. Assoc. Dir. Michael Berenbaum. for the advancement and perpetuation of Disseminates information on the Holo- traditional Torah-true Judaism; strives to caust to the American Jewish community; instill an understanding and appreciation develops Holocaust memorial projects; ad- of the high ethical and spiritual values and vises communities and organizations on to demonstrate compatibility of ancient curricula and special projects; sponsors a faith of Israel with good Americanism. Op- Faculty Seminar on the Holocaust and a erates Achva Summer Mission study pro- Task Force on Holocaust Liturgy. Shoah: gram in Israel. Monthly newsletter. A Review of Holocaust Studies and Com- memorations; Perspectives. NATIONAL FEDERATION OF JEWISH MEN'S CLUBS, INC. (1929). 475 Riverside Dr., NER ISRAEL RABBINICAL COLLEGE (1933). Suite 244, N.Y.C., 10115. (212)749-8100. 400 Mt. Wilson Lane, Baltimore, Md., Pres. Joseph Gurmankin; Exec. Dir. Rabbi 21208. (301)484-7200. Pres. Rabbi Jacob I. Charles Simon. Promotes principles and Ruderman; V. Pres. Rabbi Herman N. objectives of Conservative Judaism by or- Neuberger. Trains rabbis and educators for ganizing, sponsoring, and developing Jewish communities in America and men's clubs or brotherhoods; supports worldwide. Offers bachelor, master, and OMETZ-Center for Conservative Judaism doctoral degrees in talmudic law, as well as on Campus; promotes Home Library of Teachers Diploma. College has four divi- Conservative Judaism; sponsors Hebrew sions: Mechina High School, Rabbinical Literacy Adult Education Program; pre- College, Teachers Training Institute, sents awards for service to American Graduate School. Maintains an active Jewry. Torchlight. community service division. Operates special program for Iranian Jewish students. NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITALITY COMMIT- Ner Israel Bulletin; Alumni Bulletin; Ohr TEE (1973). 201 S. 18 St., Rm. 1519, Phila- Hanair Talmudic Journal; Iranian B'nei delphia, Pa., 19103. (215)546-8293. Pres. Torah Bulletin. Allen S. Mailer; Exec. Dir. Steven S. Jacobs. Assists converts and prospective OZAR HATORAH, INC. (1946). 411 Fifth converts to Judaism, persons involved in Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)684-4733. Pres. intermarriages, and the parents of Jewish Joseph Shalom; Int. Pres. S.D. Sassoon; youth under the influence of cults and mis- Exec. Dir. Rabbi Yoseph Milstein. Esta- sionaries, as well as the youths themselves. blishes and maintains elementary, second- Our Choice. ary, and boarding schools, combining a program of religious and secular education NATIONAL JEWISH INFORMATION SERVICE for Jewish youth in Morocco, Iran, Syria, FOR THE PROPAGATION OF JUDAISM, INC. and France. Bulletin. (1960). 5174 W. 8th St., Los Angeles, Calif., 90036. (213)936-6033. Pres. Moshe P'EYLIM—AMERICAN YESHIVA STUDENT M. Maggal; V. Pres. Lawrence J. Epstein; UNION (1951). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C., 10011. Corr. Sec. Rachel D. Maggal. Seeks to con- (212)989-2500. Pres. Nisson Alpert; Dir. vert non-Jews to Judaism and revert Jews Avraham Hirsch. Aids and sponsors 280 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

pioneer work by American graduate teach- creation of new traditional agencies. Hado- ers and rabbis in new villages and towns in rom; Record; Sermon Manual; Tradition. Israel; does religious, organizational, and educational work and counseling among RECONSTRUCTIONIST RABBINICAL COL- new immigrant youth; maintains summer LEGE (1968). Church Rd. and Greenwood camps for poor immigrant youth in Israel; Ave., Wyncote, Pa., 19095. (215)576-0800. Pres. Ira Silverman; Dean Ronald belongs to worldwide P'eylim movement Brauner. Co-educational. Trains rabbis for which has groups in Argentina, Brazil, all areas of Jewish communal life: syna- Canada, England, Belgium, the Nether- gogues, academic and educational posi- lands, Switzerland, France, and Israel; en- tions, Hillel centers, Federation agencies; gages in relief and educational work among requires students to pursue outside gradu- North African immigrants in France and ate studies in religion and related subjects; Canada, assisting them to relocate and confers title of rabbi and grants degree of reestablish a strong Jewish community life. Doctor of Hebrew Letters. Jewish Civiliza- P'eylim Reporter; N'she P'eylim News. tion: Essays and Studies. RABBINICAL ALLIANCE OF AMERICA (IGUD HARABONIM) (1944). 156 Fifth Ave., Suite RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RELIGIOUS JEWRY, INC. (1941; reorg. 1954). 471 West 807, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)242-6420. Pres. End Ave., N.Y.C., 10024. (212)874-7979. Rabbi Abraham B. Hecht. Seeks to pro- Chmn. Isaac Strahl; Sec. Marcus Levine. mulgate the cause of Torah-true Judaism Engages in research and publishes studies through an organized rabbinate that is con- concerning the situation of religious Jewry sistently Orthodox; seeks to elevate the po- and its problems all over the world. sition of Orthodox rabbis nationally, and to defend the welfare of Jews the world SHOLEM ALEICHEM FOLK INSTITUTE, INC. over. Also has Beth Din Rabbinical Court. (1918). 3301 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, Perspective. N.Y., 10467. Pres. Burt Levey; Sec. Noah Zingman. Aims to imbue children with RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY (1900). 3080 Broad- Jewish values through teaching Yiddish way, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)678-8060. Pres. language and literature, Hebrew and the Rabbi Arnold M. Goodman; Exec. V. Bible, Jewish history, the significance of Pres. Rabbi Wolfe Kelman. Seeks to pro- Jewish holidays, folk and choral singing, mote Conservative Judaism, and to foster and facts about Jewish life in America and the spirit of fellowship and cooperation Israel. Kinder Journal (Yiddish). among rabbis and other Jewish scholars; cooperates with the Jewish Theological SOCIETY FOR HUMANISTIC JUDAISM (1969). Seminary of America and the United Syna- 28611 West Twelve Mile Road, Farming- gogue of America. Conservative Judaism; ton Hills, Mich., 48018. (401)847-4794. Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. Founder Rabbi Sherwin Wine; Exec. Dir. Miriam Jerris; Pres. Jeffrey Schesnol. Es- RABBINICAL COLLEGE OF TELSHE, INC. tablished to promote a fourth alternative in (1941). 28400 Euclid Ave., Wickliffe, Jewish life. Publishes educational and cere- Ohio, 44092. (216)943-5300. Pres. Rabbi monial materials; trains humanistic Jewish Mordecai Gifter; V. Pres. Rabbi Abba leaders; organizes humanistic congrega- Zalka Gewirtz. College for higher Jewish tions and groups; provides a public voice learning specializing in talmudic studies for humanistic Jews. Humanistic Judaism. and rabbinics; maintains a preparatory academy including secular high school, a SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE TOURO SYNA- postgraduate department, a teachers train- GOGUE, NATIONAL HISTORIC SHRINE, ing school, and a teachers seminary for INC. (1948). 85 Touro St., Newport, R.I., women. Pri Etz Chaim; Peer Mordechai; 02840. (401)847-4794. Pres. Aaron Slom; Alumni Bulletin. Sec. Theodore Lewis. Assists in the maintenance of the Touro Synagogue as a na- RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF AMERICA, INC. tional historic site. Illustrated brochure on (1923; reorg. 1936). 1250 Broadway, Suite Touro Synagogue. 802, N.Y.C., 10001. (212)594-3780. Pres. Gilbert Klaperman; Exec. V. Pres. Bin- SPERTUS COLLEGE OF JUDAICA (1925). 618 yamin Walfish. Promotes Orthodox Juda- S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111., 60605. ism in the community; supports institu- (312)922-9012. Chancellor David Wein- tions for study of Torah; stimulates stein; Bd. Chmn. Fred Bernheim; Dean NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 281

Warren Bargad. Provides Chicago area schools throughout U.S. and Canada and colleges and universities with specialized services them in all areas including place- undergraduate and graduate programs in ment and curriculum guidance; conducts Judaica and serves as a Department of teacher training institutes, a special fellow- Judaic Studies to these colleges and univer- ship program, seminars, and workshops sities; serves as Midwest Jewish informa- for in-service training of teachers; pub- tion center through its Asher Library and lishes textbooks and supplementary read- Maurice Spertus Museum of Judaica; ing material; conducts education research grants degrees of Master of Arts in Jewish and has established Fryer Found, for re- Education, Jewish Studies, and Jewish search in ethics and character education; Communal Service, Bachelor of Arts, and supervises federal aid programs for He- Bachelor of Judaic Studies. Has commu- brew day schools throughout the U.S. nity outreach/extension studies program Olomeinu—Our World; Tempo; Torah for adults. Umesorah Report; Machberet Hamenahel.

SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA (1926). , INSTITUTE FOR PROFESSIONAL EN- 327 Lexington Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- RICHMENT (1973). 22 E. 28 St., N.Y.C., 686-8670. Pres. Rabbi Mordecai Waxman; 10016. (212)683-3216. Dir. Bernard Dov Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Henry D. Michel- Milians. Provides enriched training and man. Serves as spokesman for, and coordi- upgraded credentials for administrative, nates policies of, national rabbinical and guidance, and classroom personnel of He- lay synagogal organizations of Conserva- brew day schools and for Torah-com- tive, Orthodox, and Reform branches of munity leaders; offers graduate and under- American Judaism. Sponsors Institute for graduate programs, in affiliation with Jewish Policy Planning and Research. SCA accredited universities which award full Report; Analysis. degrees: M.A. in early childhood and elementary education; M.S. in family counsel- , INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH POLICY ing; M.B.A. in management; M.S. in spe- PLANNING AND RESEARCH OF (1972). 327 cial education, reading; B.S. in education; Lexington Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)686- B.A. in human relations, social sciences, 8670. Pres. Mordecai Waxman; Exec. V. education, gerontology. Professional En- Pres. Henry D. Michelman. Seeks to richment News (PEN). strengthen American Jewry by conducting and promoting systematic study of major , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- issues confronting its future vitality, for BREW DAY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS which it enlists informed academic and lay (1960). 1114 Ave. J., Bklyn., N.Y., 11230. people; sponsors research and analysis on Pres. David H. Schwartz. Coordinates the the subject and disseminates findings to work of the fiscal directors of Hebrew day synagogues and other Jewish organiza- schools throughout the country. NAHDSA tions. Analysis of Jewish Policy Issues. Review.

TORAH SCHOOLS FOR ISRAEL—CHINUCH , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HE- ATZMAI (1953). 167 Madison Ave., BREW DAY SCHOOL PARENT-TEACHER N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-0606. Pres. ASSOCIATIONS (1948). 160 Broadway, Moshe Feinstein; Exec. Dir. Henach N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4190. Nat. Pres. Cohen. Conducts information programs Mrs. Henry C. Rhein; Exec. Sec. Mrs. for the American Jewish community on Samuel Brand; Chmn. of Bd. Mrs. Clar- activities of the independent Torah schools ence Horwitz. Acts as a clearinghouse and educational network in Israel; coordinates service agency to PTAs of Hebrew day role of American members of international schools; organizes parent education board of governors; funds special programs courses and sets up programs for individ- of Mercaz Hachinuch Ha-Atzmai B'Eretz ual PTAs. National Program Notes; PTA Yisroel. Bulletin; Fundraising With a Flair; PTA With a Purpose for the Hebrew Day School. TORAH UMESORAH—NATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HEBREW DAY SCHOOLS (1944). 160 , NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YE- Broadway, N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4190. SHIVA PRINCIPALS (1956). 160 Broadway, Chmn. Nat. Bd. Sheldon Beren; Chmn. N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4199- Pres. Exec. Com. David Singer; Exec. V. Pres. Chaim Bressler, Yitzchock Merkin, Harry Joshua Fishman. Establishes Hebrew day Mayer; Exec. V. Pres. Rabbi Joshua 282 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Fishman; Bd. Chmn. Nochem Kaplan. A ceremonies at Hebrew Union College— professional organization of primary and Jewish Institute of Religion, Sacred School secondary yeshiva day-school principals of Music. Through Joint Placement Com- which seeks to make yeshiva day-school mission, serves congregations seeking can- education more effective. Machberet tors and music directors. Dedicated to cre- Hamenahel. ative Judaism, preserving the best of the past, and encouraging new and vital ap- , NATIONAL YESHIVA TEACHERS proaches to religious ritual, music and cer- BOARD OF LICENSE (1953). 160 Broad- emonies. way, N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4190. Bd. Chmn. Elias Schwartz; Exec. Consult. Zvi -, COMMISSION ON SOCIAL ACTION OF H. Shurin. Issues licenses to qualified in- REFORM JUDAISM (see p. 262). structors for all grades of the Hebrew day school and the general field of Torah edu- , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- cation. PLE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1941). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. , SAMUEL A. FRYER EDUCATIONAL Pres. Henry E. Ziegler; Adm. Sec. William RESEARCH FOUNDATION (1966). 160 Ferstenfeld. Fosters Reform Judaism; pre- Broadway, N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4190. pares and disseminates administrative in- Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Jack Sable; Dir. formation and procedures to member syna- Louis Nulman. Strengthens the ethics pro- gogues of UAHC; provides and encourages grams of Hebrew day, afternoon, and Sun- proper and adequate training of profes- day schools, summer camps, and Jewish sional synagogue executives; formulates centers through moral sensitivity-training and establishes professional ideals and program; provides extensive teacher-train- standards for the synagogue executive; ing program; publishes monographs, news- provides placement services. NATA Jour- letter, and teachers' bulletin. Newsletter. nal

TOURO COLLEGE (1970). 30 W. 44 St., , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEM- N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575-0190. Pres. Ber- PLE EDUCATORS (1955). 838 Fifth Ave., nard Lander. Chartered by the N.Y. State N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Fred Board of Regents to operate and maintain W. Marcus; V. Pres. Richard M. Morin. nonprofit, four-year college with liberal Represents the temple educator within the arts programs leading to B.A., B.S., and general body of Reform Judaism; fosters M.A. degrees, with an emphasis on the rel- the full-time profession of the temple edu- evance of the Jewish heritage to the general cator; encourages the growth and develop- culture of Western civilization. Offers J.D. ment of Jewish religious education consist- degrees and an M.D. bio-medical program ent with the aims of Reform Judaism; in cooperation with Technion-Israel Inst. stimulates communal interest in and re- of Tech. Stonehenge; Bais Yizhog-A Jour- sponsibility for Jewish religious education. nal of Jewish Thought; Annual Bulletin. NATE News; Compass Magazine.

UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGA- , NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- TIONS (1873). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., PLE BROTHERHOODS (1923). 838 Fifth 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Rabbi Alex- Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. ander M. Schindler; Bd. Chmn. Donald S. David N. Krem; Exec. Dir. Av Bondarin. Day. Serves as the central congregational Promotes Jewish education among its body of Reform Judaism in the Western members, along with participation in tem- hemisphere; serves its approximately 750 ple, brotherhood, and interfaith activities; affiliated temples and membership with re- sponsors the Jewish Chautauqua Society. ligious, educational, cultural, and adminis- Brotherhood. trative programs. Keeping Posted; Reform Judaism. , NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEM- PLE SISTERHOODS (1913). 838 Fifth Ave., , AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CAN- N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Con- TORS (1956). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., stance Kreshtool; Exec. Dir. Eleanor R. 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Murray E. Schwartz. Serves more than 640 sister- Simon; Exec. Dir. Raymond Smolover. hoods of Reform Judaism; inter-religious Members receive investiture and commis- understanding and social justice; scholar- sioning as cantors at ordination-investiture ships and grants to rabbinic students; NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 283

braille and large-type Judaic materials for Way program, Orthodox Union NCSY Is- Jewish blind; projects for Israel, Soviet rael Center in Jerusalem; Aliyah Dept.; Jewry, and the aging; is an affiliate of conducts national OU certification service; UAHC and is the women's agency of Re- provides educational, religious, and organ- form Judaism; works on behalf of the He- izational guidance to groups, and men's brew Union College—Jewish Institute of clubs; represents the Orthodox Jewish Religion; cooperates with World Union for community in relationship to governmen- Progressive Judaism. Notes for Now. tal and civic bodies, and the general Jewish community. Jewish Action; Jewish Life; , NORTH AMERICAN FEDERATION OF Keeping Posted; OU News Reporter; Our TEMPLE YOUTH (NFTY; formerly NA- Way; Synagogue Spotlight. TIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE YOUTH) (1939). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., , NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNA- 10021. (212)249-0100. Dir. Ramie Arian; GOGUE YOUTH (1954). 45 W. 36 St., Assoc. Dir. Daniel Freelander; Pres. N.Y.C., 10018. (212)563-4000. Pres. Rob- Adina Baseman. Seeks to train Reform bie Frohlinger; Dir., Natl. Affairs, Yitz- Jewish youth in the values of the syna- chok Rosenberg; Dir., Natl. Programs, Ra- gogue and their application to daily life phael Butler. Serves as central body for through service to the community and con- youth groups of traditional congregations; gregation; runs department of summer provides such national activities and ser- camps and national leadership training in- vices as educational guidance, Torah study stitute; arranges overseas academic tours groups, community service, programs con- and work programs, international student sultation, Torah library, Torah fund schol- exchange programs, college student pro- arships, Ben Zakkai Honor Society, grams in the U.S. and Israel, including ac- Friends of NCSY; conducts national and credited study programs in Israel. Ani VA- regional events including week-long semi- tah; The Jewish Connection. nars, summer Torah tours in over 200 communities, Israel summer seminar for , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF teens and collegiates, Camp NCSY in Is- AMERICAN RABBIS: COMMISSION ON rael for pre-teens. Divisions include Senior JEWISH EDUCATION (1923). 838 Fifth NCSY in 18 regions and 465 chapters, Jun- Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. ior NCSY for pre-teens, CYT-College Chmn. Martin S. Rozenberg; Dir. Rabbi Youth for Torah, B'nai Torah Day School Daniel B. Syme. Develops curricula and and NCSY in Israel. Keeping Posted With teachers' manuals; conducts pilot projects NCSY; Face the Nation-President's News- and offers educational guidance and con- letter; Oreich Yomeinu-Education Newslet- sultation at all age levels to member con- ter. gregations and affiliates and associate bodies. What's Happening; Compass; E>. , WOMEN'S BRANCH (1923). 84 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929-8857. Pres. , AND CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF Nancy I. Klein; Admin. Rita Siff. Seeks to AMERICAN RABBIS: JOINT COMMISSION spread knowledge for the understanding ON SYNAGOGUE ADMINISTRATION and practice of Orthodox Judaism, and to (1962). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. unite all Orthodox women and their (212)249-0100. Chmn. Harold J. Tragash; synagogal organizations; services affiliates Dir. Myron E. Schoen. Assists congrega- with educational and programming tions in management, finance, building materials, leadership and organizational maintenance, design, construction, and art guidance, and has an NGO representative aspects of synagogues; maintains the Syna- at UN. Hachodesh; Hakol. gogue Architectural Library, consisting of photos, slides, and plans of contemporary UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF THE and older synagogue buildings. Synagogue UNITED STATES AND CANADA (1900). Service. 235 E. Broadway, N.Y.C., 10002. (212)- 964-6337. Pres. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein; UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGA- Dir. Rabbi Hersh M. Ginsberg. Seeks to TIONS OF AMERICA (1898). 45 W. 36 St., foster and promote Torah-true Judaism in N.Y.C., 10018. (212)563-4000. Pres. Julius U.S. and Canada; assists in the establish- Berman; Exec. V. Pres. Pinchas Stolper. ment and maintenance of yeshivot in the Serves as the national central body of Or- United States; maintains committee on thodox synagogues; sponsors NCSY, Our marriage and divorce and aids individuals 284 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

with marital difficulties; disseminates Solomon Schechter Day Schools and pub- knowledge of traditional Jewish rites and lishes material for the advancement of practices and publishes regulations on their educational program. Provides guid- synagogal structure; maintains rabbinical ance and information on resources, court for resolving individual and commu- courses, and other projects in adult Jewish nal conflicts. Hapardes. education; prepares and publishes pamphlets, study guides, tracts, and texts for UNION OF SEPHARDIC CONGREGATIONS, use in adult-education programs; publishes INC. (1929). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., 10023. the Jewish Tract series and distributes (212)873-0300. Pres. The Haham, Solo- El-Am edition of Talmud. Distributes mon Gaon; Sec. Joseph Tarica; Bd. Chmn. black-and-white and color films of "Eter- Victor Tarry. Promotes the religious internal Light" TV programs on Jewish sub- ests of Sephardic Jews; prepares and dis- jects, produced by Jewish Theological tributes Sephardic prayer books and pro- Seminary in cooperation with NBC. Briefs; vides religious leaders for Sephardic Impact; In Your Hands; Your Child. congregations. , JEWISH EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF UNITED LUBAVITCHER YESHIVOTH (1940). (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. 841-853 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N.Y., (212)533-7800. Pres. Irving Skolnick; 11230. (212)859-7600. Pres. Eli N. Sklar; Admin. Herbert L. Tepper. Promotes, ex- Chmn. Exec. Com. Rabbi S. Gourary. Sup- tends, and strengthens the program of Jew- ports and organizes Jewish day schools and ish education on all levels in the commu- rabbinical seminaries in the U.S.A. and nity in consonance with the philosophy of abroad. the Conservative movement. Annual Year- book; Newsletters. UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (1913). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533- , JOINT COMMISSION ON SOCIAL AC- 7800. Pres. Simon Schwartz; Exec. V. Pres. TION (1958). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Rabbi Benjamin Z. Kreitman. National or- 10010. (212)533-7800. Co-chmn. Jerry ganization of Conservative Jewish congre- Wagner, Dolly Moser; Dir. Muriel Ber- gations. Maintains 12 departments and 20 mar. Consists of representatives of United regional offices to assist its affiliated con- Synagogue of America, Women's League gregations with religious, educational, for Conservative Judaism, Rabbinical As- youth, community, and administrative sembly, and National Federation of Jewish programming and guidance; aims to en- Men's Clubs; reviews public issues and hance the cause of Conservative Judaism, cooperates with civic and Jewish commu- further religious observance, encourage es- nity organizations to achieve social action tablishment of Jewish religious schools; goals. Judaism in Social Action. embraces all elements essentially loyal to traditional Judaism. Program Suggestions; , KADIMA OF (formerly PRE-USY; United Synagogue Review; Yearbook Direc- reorg. 1968). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., tory and Buyers' Guide. 10010. (212)533-7800. Int. Coordinator Carole Chapnick Silk; Dir. Amy Cytryn. , ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZA- Involves Jewish pre-teens in a meaningful TION OF (1960; reorg. 1981). 155 Fifth religious, educational, and social environ- Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533-7800. Dir. ment; fosters a sense of identity and com- Paul Freedman. Student Advisory Board. mitment to the Jewish community and Seeks to develop a program for strengthen- Conservative movement; conducts syna- ing identification with Judaism, based on gogue-based chapter programs and re- the personality development, needs, and gional Kadima days and weekends. interests of the collegian. ATID Curricula KADIMA; Mitzvah of the Month; Kadima Judaica; ATID Bibliography. ATID Book- Kesher; Advisors Aid Series; Chaginu mobile Project. Games.

, COMMISSION ON JEWISH EDUCA- , NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNA- TION (1930). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., GOGUE ADMINISTRATORS OF (1948). 155 10010. (212)533-7800. Chmn. Rabbi Joel Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533-7800. H. Zaiman; Dir. Morton K. Siegel. Pro- Pres. Joseph M. Miller. Aids congregations motes higher educational standards in affiliated with the United Synagogue of Conservative congregational schools and America to further aims of Conservative NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 285

Judaism through more effective adminis- WORLD COUNCIL OF SYNAGOGUES (1957). tration; advances professional standards 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533- and promotes new methods in administra- 7693. Pres. Mordecai Waxman; Exec. Dir. tion; cooperates in United Synagogue Zipporah Liben. International representa- placement services and administrative sur- tive of Conservative organizations and veys. NASA Newsletter; NASA Journal. congregations (Hatenuah Hamasoratit); promotes the growth and development of , UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH OF the Conservative movement in Israel and (1951). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. throughout the world; supports new con- (212)533-7800. Pres. Mark Davis; Exec. gregations and educational institutions Dir. Paul Freedman. Seeks to develop a overseas; holds biennial international con- program for strengthening identification vention; represents the world Conservative with Conservative Judaism, based on the movement in the World Zionist Organiza- personality development, needs, and inter- tion. Jerusalem Newsletter; World Spec- ests of the adolescent. AchShav; Advisors trum. Newsletter; Tikun Olam; USY Alumni Assn. Newsletter; USY Program Bank. WORLD UNION FOR PROGRESSIVE JUDAISM, LTD. (1926). 838 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., VAAD MISHMERETH STAM (1976). 4902-16 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Gerard Dan- Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11204. (212)438- iel; Exec. Dir. Richard G. Hirsch; No. 4963. Exec. Dir. Rabbi David L. Green- Amer. Dir. Benjamin A. Kamin. Promotes feld; Exec. Dir. Rabbi Yakov Basch. A and coordinates efforts of Reform, Liberal, non-profit, consumer protection agency and Progressive congregations throughout dedicated to preserving and protecting the the world; supports new congregations; as- halachic integrity of Torah scrolls, phylac- signs and employs rabbis overseas; spon- teries, and mezuzot. Makes presentations sors seminaries and schools; organizes in- and conducts examination campaigns in ternational conferences of Liberal Jews. schools and synagogues. A Guide to Mezu- International Conference Reports; News zah; The Halachic Encyclopedia of the Sa- and Views; Shalhevet (Israel); Teshuva cred Alphabet. (Argentina); Ammi.

WEST COAST TALMUDICAL SEMINARY (Ye- YAVNE HEBREW THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY shiva Ohr Elchonon Chabad) (1953). 7215 (1924). 510 Dahill Road, Brooklyn, N.Y., Warring St., Los Angeles, Calif., 90046. 11218. (212)436-5610. Pres. Nathan (213)937-3763. Pres. Abraham Linder- Shapiro; Exec. Dir. Solomon K. Shapiro. man; V. Pres. Rabbi Shlomo Cunin; V. School for higher Jewish learning; trains Pres. Rabbi Levi Bukiet. Provides facilities rabbis and teachers as Jewish leaders for for intensive Torah education as well as American Jewish communities; maintains Orthodox rabbinical training on the West Machon Maharshal branch in Jerusalem Coast; conducts an accredited college pre- for higher Jewish education and for an ex- paratory high school combined with a full change student program. Yavne Newslet- program of Torah-Talmudic training and a ter. graduate Talmudical division on college level. Torah Quiz. YESHIVA UNIVERSITY (1886). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., 10033. (212)960-5400. Pres. WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JU- Norman Lamm; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees DAISM (formerly NATIONAL WOMEN'S Herbert Tenzer. The nation's oldest and LEAGUE) (1918). 48 E. 74 St., N.Y.C., largest private university founded under 10021. (212)628-1600. Pres. Selma Wein- Jewish auspices, with a broad range of un- traub; Exec. Bernice Baiter. Constitutes dergraduate, graduate, and professional parent body of Conservative women's schools, a network of affiliates, publica- groups in U.S., Canada, Puerto Rico, Mex- tions, a widespread program of research, ico, and Israel; provides them with pro- community service agencies, and a mu- grams in religion, education, social action, seum. Curricula lead to bachelor's, mas- leadership training, Israel affairs, and com- ter's, doctoral, and professional degrees. munity affairs; publishes books of Jewish Undergraduate schools provide general interest; contributes to support of Jewish studies curricula supplemented by courses Theological Seminary and Mathilde in Jewish learning; graduate schools pre- Schechter Residence Halls. Women's pare for careers in medicine, law, mathe- League Outlook; Ba'Olam. matics, physics, social work, education, 286 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

psychology, Semitic languages, literatures, , ALUMNI OFFICE, 500 West 185th and cultures, and other fields. It has six Street, N.Y.C., 10033. Dir. Richard M. undergraduate schools, seven graduate Joel. Seeks to foster a close allegiance of schools, and three affiliates, with its four alumni to their alma mater by maintaining main centers located in Manhattan and the ties with all alumni and servicing the fol- Bronx. Inside Yeshiva University; Yeshiva lowing associations: Yeshiva College University Report. Alumni (Pres. Joseph Applebaum); Erna Undergraduate schools for men at Main Michael College of Hebraic Studies Center: Yeshiva College (Dean Norman Alumni; James Striar School of General Rosenfeld) provides liberal arts and Jewish Studies Alumni; Stern College sciences curricula; grants B.A. degree. Alumnae (Pres. Zelda Braun); Teachers Isaac Breuer College of Hebraic Studies Institute for Women Alumnae (Pres. (Dean Jacob M. Rabinowitz) awards He- Rivka Brass Finkelstein); Albert Einstein braic Studies and Hebrew Teacher's di- College of Medicine Alumni (Pres. Selig- plomas, B. A., and B.S. James Striar School man Rosenberg); Ferkauf Graduate of General Jewish Studies (Dean Benjamin School Alumni (Pres. Alvin I. Schiff); Yudin) grants Associate in Arts degree. Wurzweiler School of Social Work Alumni Mazer School of Talmudic Studies (Dir. (Pres. Neva Rephun, Norman Winkler); Zevulun Charlop) offers advanced course Bernard Revel Graduate School—Harry of study in Talmudic texts and commentar- Fischel School Alumni (Pres. Bernard ies. Rosensweig); Rabbinic Alumni (Pres. Has- Undergraduate schools for women at kel Lookstein); Benjamin N. Cardozo Midtown Center, 245 Lexington Ave., School of Law Alumni (Pres. Wayne Hal- N.Y.C., 10016; Stern College for Women per); Alumni Council (Chmn. Abraham S. (Dean Karen Bacon) offers liberal arts and Guterman) offers guidance to Pres. and sciences curricula supplemented by Jewish Bd. of Trustees on university's academic studies courses; awards B. A., Jewish Stud- development and service activities. Alumni ies certificate, Hebrew Teacher's diploma. Review; AECOM Alumni News; Jewish So- Teachers Institute for Women trains cial Work Forum; Alumnews. professionals for education and community agency work; awards Hebrew , BELFER GRADUATE SCHOOL OF Teacher's diploma and B.S. in Education. SCIENCE (1958). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., Sponsors two high schools for boys and 10033. Dir. Dr. David Finkelstein. Offers two for girls (Manhattan and Brooklyn). programs in mathematics and physics, in- Auxiliary services include Stone-Saper- cluding college teaching in those areas; stein Center for Jewish Education, Sephar- conducts advanced research projects; con- dic Studies Program, Brookdale Founda- fers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. tion Programs for the Aged, Maxwell R. Maybaum Institute of Material Sciences , BELFER INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED and Quantum Electronics. BIOMEDICAL STUDIES (1978). Eastchester Rd. and Morris Pk. Ave., Bronx, N.Y., , ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF 10461. Dir. Ernest R. Jaffe. Offers postdoc- MEDICINE (1955). Eastchester Rd. and toral program that coordinates projects for Morris Pk. Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10461. research fellows and associates, and the de- (212)430-2000. Dean Ephraim Friedman. velopment of new training programs; Prepares physicians and conducts research awards certificate at term's completion. in the health sciences; awards M.D. degree; , BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO SCHOOL OF includes Sue Golding Graduate Division of LAW (1976). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Medical Sciences (Dir. Jonathan R. Dean Monrad G. Paulsen. Prepares stu- Warner), which grants Ph.D. degree. Ein- stein College's clinical facilities and affili- dents for the professional practice of law or ates encompass five Bronx hospitals, in- other activities in which legal training is cluding Bronx Municipal Hospital, useful; grants L.L.D. degree. Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, BERNARD REVEL GRADUATE and the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Re- SCHOOL (1937). 500 W. 185 St., N.Y.C., search in Mental Retardation and Human 10033. Dean Leo Landman. Offers gradu- Development. AECOM News; AECOM ate work in Judaic studies and Semitic lan- Today; Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biol- guages, literatures, and cultures; confers ogy and Medicine. M.S., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 287

, CANTORIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE. Festival; maintains Sephardic Home Study Dir. Macy Nulman. Provides professional Group program. American Sephardi. training of cantors and other music person- Community Service Division (Dir. Victor nel for the Jewish community; awards As- B. Geller) makes educational, organiza- sociate Cantor's Certificate and Cantonal tional, programming, consultative, and Diploma. placement resources available to congregations, schools, organizations, and com- , CAROLINE AND JOSEPH S. GRUSS munities in the U.S. and Canada, through INSTITUTE IN JERUSALEM. Ed. Supervisor its youth bureau, department of adult edu- Aharon Lichtenstein. A center in Israel for cation, lecture bureau, placement bureau, advanced Talmudic studies; offers pro- and rabbinic alumni. National Commis- grams for pre-semikhah, semikhah, and sion on Torah Education (Dir. Robert S. post-semikhah students. Hirt); Camp Morasha (Dir. Zvi Reich) , FERKAUF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF offers Jewish study program; Educators PSYCHOLOGY (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., Council of America (Dir. Robert S. Hirt) N.Y.C., 10003. Dean Morton Berger. formulates uniform educational standards, Offers graduate programs in education, provides guidance to professional staffs, psychology, Jewish education, and special rabbis, lay leaders with regard to curricu- education; grants M.S., M.A., Specialist's lum, and promotes Jewish education. Certificate, Doctor of Education, Doctor , SOCIETY OF THE FOUNDERS OF THE of Psychology, and Ph.D. degrees. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDI- , HARRY FISCHEL SCHOOL FOR CINE (1953). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. HIGHER JEWISH STUDIES (1945). 500 W. Exec. Dir. Harold Blond. Seeks to further 185 St., N.Y.C., 10033. Dean Leo Land- community support of Einstein College. man. Offers summer graduate work in , WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION (1928). Judaic studies and Semitic languages, liter- 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. Pres. Ann atures, and cultures; confers M.S., M.A., Arbesfeld; Dir. Malkah Isseroff. Supports and Ph.D. degrees. Yeshiva University's national scholarship , MARCOS AND ADINA KATZ KOL- program for students training in education, LEL. Rosh Kollel Rabbi Hershel community service, law, medicine, and Schachter. Institute for advanced research other professions, and its development pro- in rabbinics. Provides intensive training in gram. YUWO News Briefs. Talmudic scholarship. , WURZWEILER SCHOOL OF SOCIAL , (affiliate) RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN WORK (1957). 55 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY (1896). 2540 10003. Dean Lloyd Setleis. Offers graduate Amsterdam Ave., N.Y.C., 10033. Chmn. programs in social casework, social group Bd. of Trustees Charles H. Bendheim; Dir. work, community social work; grants Mas- Rabbi Zevulun Charlop. Offers compre- ter of Social Work, Master of Professional hensive training in higher Jewish studies; Studies, and Doctor of Social Welfare de- grants semikhah (ordination) and the degrees. Includes Block Education Program grees of Master of Religious Education, (Dir. Samuel M. Goldstein), which offers Master of Hebrew Literature, Doctor of practical training in fieldwork at Jewish Religious Education, and Doctor of He- communal agencies. brew Literature; includes Kollel (Institute for Advanced Research in Rabbinics; Dir. , YESHIVA UNIVERSITY GERONTO- Rabbi Hershel Schachter) and auxiliaries. LOGICAL INSTITUTE. Dir. Celia B. Weis- Cantorial Training Institute (Dir. Macy man. Fosters and coordinates gerontologi- Nulman) provides professional training of cal research; offers post-Master's Certificate cantors and other musical personnel for in Gerontology. the Jewish community; awards Associate , (affiliate) YESHIVA UNIVERSITY OF Cantor's certificate and cantorial diploma. Los ANGELES (1977). 9760 West Pico Sephardic Community Activities Program Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif., 90035. (213)- (Dir. Rabbi Herbert C. Dobrinsky) serves 553-4478. Bd. Chmn. Samuel Belzberg; the specific needs of 70 Sephardi syna- Co-chmn. Roland E. Arnall; Dean of gogues in the U.S. and Canada; holds such Admin. Rabbi Marvin Hier. With Mena- events as annual Sephardic Cultural chem Begin School of Jewish Studies, 288 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Yeshiva Program, Beit Midrash Program, its Research Foundation for Jewish Immi- Kollel; students pursue B.A. or B.S. degree gration, sponsors research and publica- at college of their choice. Includes Simon tions on the history of Central European Wiesenthal Center for Holocaust Studies Jewry and the history of their immigration (Coordinator, Ephraim J. Zuroft). and acculturation in the U.S.; sponsors a social program for needy Nazi victims in YESHIVATH TORAH VODAATH AND the U.S. in cooperation with United Help, MESIVTA RABBINICAL SEMINARY (1918). Inc. and other specialized social agencies; 425 E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. (212)- ' undertakes cultural activities, annual con- 941-8000. Pres. Henry Hirsch; Chmn. of ferences, publication, and lecture pro- Bd. Fred F. Weiss; Sec. Earl H. Spero. grams; member, Council of Jews from Ger- Offers Hebrew and secular education from many. elementary level through rabbinical ordination and post-graduate work; maintains AMERICAN SEPHARDI FEDERATION (1972). a teachers institute and community-service 8 West 40 St., Ste. 1010, N.Y.C., 10018. bureau; maintains a dormitory and a non- (212)730-1210. Pres. Leon Levy; Bd. profit camp program for boys. Chronicle; Chmn. Liliane Shalom; V. Pres. Stephen Mesivta Vanguard; Thought of the Week; Shalom; Treas. Jack Nasser. Seeks to pre- Torah Vodaath News. serve the Sephardi heritage in the United States, Israel, and throughout the world by , ALUMNI ASSOCIATION (1941). 425 fostering and supporting religious and cul- E. 9 St., Brooklyn, N.Y., 11218. (212)941- tural activities of Sephardi congregations, 8000. Pres. Marcus Saffer; Chmn. of Bd. organizations and communities, and unit- Seymour Pluchenik. Promotes social and ing them in one overall organization; sup- cultural ties between the alumni and the ports Jewish institutions of higher learning schools through fund-raising; offers voca- and those for the training of Sephardi lay tional guidance to students; operates Camp and religious leaders to serve their com- Torah Vodaath; sponsors research fellow- munities everywhere; assists Sephardi ship program for boys. Annual Journal; charitable, cultural, religious and educa- Hamesivta Torah Periodical. tional institutions everywhere; disseminates information by the publication, or SOCIAL, MUTUAL BENEFIT assistance in the publication, of books and AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR ETHIOPIAN other literature dealing with Sephardi cul- JEWS (1974). 2789 Oak St., Highland, 111., ture and tradition in the United States; or- 60035. (312)433-8150. Pres. Nate Shapiro; ganizes youth and young adult activities Exec. V. Pres. Graenum Berger. Provides throughout the U.S.; supports efforts of the educational material in North America on World Sephardi Federation to alleviate so- Ethiopian Jews, and support for Ethiopian cial disparities in Israel. Sephardi World; Jews in Africa and in Israel. Sephardic Connection.

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWISH FIGHT- AMERICAN VETERANS OF ISRAEL (1949). ERS, CAMP INMATES AND NAZI VICTIMS, c/o Samuel E. Alexander, 548 E. Walnut INC. (1971). 823 United Nations Plaza, St., Long Beach, N.Y., 11561. (516)431- N.Y.C., 10017. (212)697-5670. Pres. Solo- 8316. Pres. Harry R. Eisner; Sec. Samuel mon Zynstein; Exec. Dir. Ernest Honig. E. Alexander. Maintains contact with Seeks to perpetuate memory of victims of American and Canadian volunteers who the Holocaust and make Jewish and non- served in Aliyah Bet and/or Israel's War of Jewish youth aware of the Holocaust and Independence; promotes Israel's welfare; resistance period. Martyrdom and Resist- holds memorial services at grave of Col. David Marcus; is affiliated with World Mahal. Newsletter. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF JEWS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE, INC. (1942). 570 Sev- ASSOCIATION OF YUGOSLAV JEWS IN THE enth Ave., N.Y.C., 10018. (212)921-3871. UNITED STATES, INC. (1940). 247 W. 99 Pres. Curt C. Silberman; Exec. V. Pres. St., N.Y.C., 10025. (212)865-2211. Pres. Herbert A. Strauss; Exec. Sec. Joan C. Sal Musafia; Sec. Mile Weiss. Assists mem- Lessing. Seeks to safeguard the rights and bers and Jews and Jewish organizations in interests of American Jews of Central Yugoslavia; cooperates with organization European descent, especially in reference of former Yugoslav Jews in Israel and else- to restitution and indemnification; through where. Bulletin. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 289

BNAI ZION—THE AMERICAN FRATERNAL JEWISH LABOR BUND (Directed by WORLD ZIONIST ORGANIZATION (1908). 136 E. 39 COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF THE St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)725-1211. Pres. BUND) (1897; reorg. 1947). 25 E. 78 St., Sidney Wiener; Exec. V. Pres. Herman Z. N.Y.C., 10021. (212)535-0850. Exec. Sec. Quittman. Fosters principles of American- Jacob S. Hertz. Coordinates activities of ism, fraternalism, and Zionism; fosters He- the Bund organizations throughout the brew culture; offers life insurance, Blue world and represents them in the Social- Cross hospitalization, and other benefits to ist International; spreads the ideas of its members; sponsors settlements, youth Socialism as formulated by the Jewish centers, medical clinics, Beit Halochem, Labor Bund; publishes pamphlets and Rehabilitation Center for Israeli Disabled periodicals on world problems, Jewish life, War Veterans, and Bnai Zion Home for socialist theory and policy, and on the his- Retardates in Rosh Ha'ayin, Israel. Pro- tory, activities, and ideology of the Jewish gram is dedicated to furtherance of Ameri- Labor Bund. Unser Tsait (U.S.); Foroys ca-Israel friendship. Has Young Leader- (Mexico); Lebns-Fragn (Israel); Unser Ge- ship Division—TAMID. TAMID Outlet: dank (Australia); Unser Shtimme Beit Halochem Newsletter; Bnai Zion Voice. (France). BRITH ABRAHAM (1887). 136 E. 39 St., JEWISH PEACE FELLOWSHIP (1941). Box N.Y.C., 10016. Grand Master Herb Fink. 271, Nyack, N.Y., 10960. (914)358-4601. Protects Jewish rights and combats antise- Pres. Naomi Goodman. Unites those who mitism; supports Israel through Bnai Zion believe that Jewish ideals and experience Found, and other Jewish organizations; maintains foundation in support of Soviet provide inspiration for a nonviolent philos- Jewry; aids Jewish education and Camp ophy and way of life; offers draft counsel- Loyaltown for Retarded. Section in Voice. ing, especially for conscientious objection based on Jewish "religious training and be- BRITH SHOLOM (1905). 3939 Conshohocken lief; encourages Jewish community to be- Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., 19131. (215)878- come more knowledgeable, concerned, and 5696. Nat. Pres. Martin Winit; Nat. Exec. active in regard to the war/peace problem. Dir. Joshua Eilberg. Fraternal organiza- Shalom. tion devoted to community welfare, protection of rights of Jewish people and ac- JEWISH SOCIALIST VERBAND OF AMERICA tivities which foster Jewish identity and (1921). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- provide support for Israel; sponsors Brith 686-1536. Pres. Meyer Miller; Nat. Sec. Sholom House for senior citizens in Phila- Maurice Petrushka. Promotes ideals of delphia and Brith Sholom Beit Halochem democratic socialism and Yiddish culture; under construction in Haifa, a rehabilita- affiliated with Social Democrats, USA. Der tion center for Israel's permanently war- Wecker. wounded, through the Brith Sholom Foun- dation. News from National. ROUMANIAN JEWISH FEDERATION OF AMERICA, INC. (1956). 135 W. 106 St., CENTRAL SEPHARDIC JEWISH COMMUNITY #2M, N.Y.C., 10025. (212)866-0692. OF AMERICA (1940). 8 W. 70 St., N.Y.C., Pres. Charles H. Kremer; Treas. Jacob 10023. (212)787-2850. Pres. Emilie Levy; Zonis. Interested in protecting the welfare, Sec. Isaac Molho. Seeks to foster Sephardic preserving the culture, and easing the culture, education, and communal institu- plight of Jews of Roumanian descent tions. Sponsors wide range of activities; throughout the world. Works to influence raises funds for Sephardic causes in U.S. the Roumanian government to grant free- and Israel. dom of worship to Jews and permission for their immigration to Israel. FREE SONS OF ISRAEL (1849). 932 Broad- way, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)260-4222. SEPHARDIC JEWISH BROTHERHOOD OF Grand Master Hyman H. Robinson; AMERICA, INC. (1915). 97-29 64th Rd., Grand Sec. Murray Birnback. Promotes Rego Park, N.Y., 11374. (212)459-1600. fraternalism; supports State of Israel, UJA, Pres. Nick Levi; Sec. Jack Ezratty. Pro- Soviet Jewry, Israel Bonds, and other Jew- motes the industrial, social, educational, ish charities; fights antisemitism; awards and religious welfare of its members; offers scholarships. Local lodges have own publi- funeral and burial benefits, scholarships cations. National Reporter; Digest. and aid to needy. Sephardic Brother. 290 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

UNITED ORDER TRUE SISTERS, INC. (1846). science research center, promising leads in 150 W. 85 St., N.Y.C., 10024. (212)362- the prevention, detection, and control of 2502. Nat. Pres. Nana Klein; Nat. Sec. cancer. Clinical Cancer Newsletter. Fran Goldman. Philanthropic, fraternal, community service; nat. projects; cancer , NATIONAL COUNCIL OF AUXILIAR- service; aids handicapped children, deaf, IES (1904; reorg. 1936). 6401 W. Colfax, Lakewood, Colo., 80214. (393)233-6501. blind, etc. Echo. Pres. Lillian Solomon. Provides support WORKMEN'S CIRCLE (1900). 45 E. 33 St., for the AMC Cancer Research Center N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-6800. Pres. Israel through fund-raising, information dissemi- Kluger; Exec. Dir. Jack Noskowitz. Pro- nation, and acting as admissions officers vides fraternal benefits and activities, Jew- for patients from chapter cities throughout ish educational programs, secularist Yid- the country. Bulletin. dish schools for children, community activities, both in Jewish life and on the ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH FAMILY AND American scene, cooperation with the CHILDREN'S AGENCIES (1972). 200 Park labor movement. The Call; Kinder Zei- Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)674-6659. tung; Kultur un Lebn. Pres. Helene Cohen; Exec. Dir. Martin Greenberg. The national service organiza- -, DIVISION OF JEWISH LABOR COM- tion for Jewish family and children's agen- MiTTEE (see p. 263). cies in Canada and the United States. Rein- forces member agencies in their efforts to SOCIAL WELFARE sustain and enhance the quality of Jewish family and communal life. Newsletter; Di- AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- rectory. LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (formerly NA- TIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON BARON DE HIRSCH FUND (1891). 386 Park CHAPLAINS) (1937). 10 E. 73 St., N.Y.C., Ave. S.p N.Y.C., 10016. (212)532-7088. 10021. (212)879-8415. (Cooperating with Pres. Ezra Pascal Mager; Mng. Dir. Theo- the New York Board of Rabbis and Jewish dore Norman. Aids Jewish immigrants and Family Service.) Pres. Irving Koslowe; their children in the U.S., Israel, and else- Exec. Dir. Paul L. Hait; Assoc. Dir. Allen where by giving grants to agencies active in S. Kaplan. Provides religious services and educational and vocational fields; has lim- guidance to Jewish men and women in ited program for study tours in U.S. by penal and correctional institutions; serves Israeli agriculturists. as a liaison between inmates and their families; upgrades the quality of correc- B'NAI B'RITH INTERNATIONAL (1843). 1640 tional ministrations through conferences, Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, professional workshops, and conventions. DC, 20036. (202)857-6600. Pres. Jack J. Bulletin. Spitzer; Exec. V. Pres. Daniel Thursz. In- ternational Jewish organization with affili- AMERICAN JEWISH SOCIETY FOR SERVICE, ates in 42 countries. Programs include INC. (1949). 15 E. 26 St., Rm. 1302, communal service, social action, and pub- N.Y.C., 10010. (212)683-6178. Pres. E. lic affairs, with emphasis on preserving Ju- Kenneth Marx; Exec. Dir. Elly Saltzman. daism through projects in and for Israel Conducts four voluntary work service and for Soviet Jewry; teen and college-age camps each summer to enable young peo- movements; adult Jewish education. The ple to live their faith by serving other peo- National Jewish Monthly; Shofar; Interna- ple. Newsletter. tional Jewish Monthly. AMC CANCER RESEARCH CENTER (for- , ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE OF merly JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES' RELIEF (see p. 262). SOCIETY, 1904; incorporated as AMERI- CAN MEDICAL CENTER AT DENVER, , CAREER AND COUNSELING SER- 1954). 6401 West Colfax Ave., Lakewood, VICES (1938). 1640 Rhode Island Ave., Colo., 80214. (303)233-6501. Pres. Man- N.W., Washington, D.C., 20036. (202)857- fred L. Minzer, Jr.; Chmn. Bd. of Trustees, 6600. Chmn. Milton W. Kadish; Nat. Dir. Randolph B. Heller. A national cancer Max F. Baer. Conducts educational and hospital that provides the finest specialized occupational research and engages in a treatment available to patients, regardless broad publications program; provides of ability to pay; pursues, as a progressive direct group and individual guidance NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 291

services for youths and adults through pro- groups. Concerned with advancement of fessionally staffed regional offices in five professional personnel practices and stan- population centers. B'nai B'rith Career and dards. Concurrents; Journal of Jewish Counseling Services Newsletter; Catalogue Communal Service. of Publications; Counselors Information Service: College Guide for Jewish Youth. COUNCIL OF JEWISH FEDERATIONS, INC. (1932). 575 Lexington Ave., N.Y.C., -, HILLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. (see p. 10022. (212)751-1311. Pres. Martin E. Ci- 302). trin; Exec. V. Pres. Carmi Schwartz. Pro- vides national and regional services to 200 , INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF associated federations embracing 800 com- HILLEL DIRECTORS (see p. 301). munities in the United States and Canada, , YOUTH ORGANIZATION (see p. 302). aiding in fund-raising, community organization, health and welfare planning, per- B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN (1897). 1640 Rhode sonnel recruitment, and public relations. Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C., Directory of Jewish Federations, Welfare 20036. (202)857-6655. Pres. Dorothy Bin- Funds and Community Councils; Directory stock; Exec. Dir. Ruth S. Feldman. Partici- of Jewish Health and Welfare Agencies (tri- pates in contemporary Jewish life through ennial); Jewish Communal Services: Pro- youth and adult Jewish education programs and Finances (1977); Yearbook of grams, human rights endeavors, and Jewish Social Services; Annual Report. community-service activities; supports a variety of services to Israel; conducts com- HOPE CENTER FOR THE RETARDED (1965). munity service programs for the disadvan- 3601 Martin L. King Blvd., Denver, Colo., taged and the handicapped, and public 80205. (303)388-4801. Pres. Lester Gold- affairs programs. Women's World. stein; Exec. Dir. George E. Brantley; Sec. Lorraine Faulstich. Provides services to CITY OF HOPE NATIONAL MEDICAL CEN- developmentally disabled of community: TER AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE (1913). preschool training, day training and work 208 W. 8 St., Los Angeles, Calif., 90014. activities center, speech and language pa- (213)626-4611. Pres. M. E. Hersch; Exec. thology, occupational arts and crafts, re- Dir. Ben Horowitz. Admits on completely creational therapy, and social services. free, nonsectarian basis patients from all parts of the nation suffering from cancer INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON JEWISH SO- and leukemia, blood, heart, and respira- CIAL AND WELFARE SERVICES (1961). 200 tory ailments, and certain maladies of he- Park Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (N.Y. liaison redity and metabolism including diabetes; office with UN headquarters.) (212)674- makes available its consultation service to 6800. Chmn. David Young; V. Chmn. doctors and hospitals throughout the na- Kenneth Rubin; Second V. Chmn. Henry tion, concerning diagnosis and treatment Taub; Exec. Sec. Leonard Seidenman; of their patients; as a unique pilot medical pep. Exec. Sec. Theodore D. Feder. Pro- center, seeks improvements in the quality, vides for exchange of views and informa- quantity, economy, and efficiency of health tion among member agencies on problems care. Thousands of original findings have of Jewish social and welfare services, in- emerged from its staff who are conducting cluding medical care, old age, welfare, clinical and basic research in the catas- child care, rehabilitation, technical assist- trophic maladies, lupus erythematosus, ance, vocational training, agricultural and Huntingdon's disease, genetics, and the other resettlement, economic assistance, neurosciences. Pilot; President's Newsletter; refugees, migration, integration and City of Hope Quarterly. related problems, representation of views to governments and international organi- CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SER- zations. Members: six national and inter- VICE (1899). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. national organizations. (212)683-8056. Pres. Daniel Mann; Exec. Dir. Joel Ollander. Serves as forum for all JEWISH BRAILLE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, professional philosophies in community INC. (1931). 110 E. 30 St., N.Y.C., 10016. service, for testing new experiences, (212)889-2525. Pres. Jane Evans; Exec. V. proposing new ideas, and questioning or Pres. Gerald M. Kass. Seeks to serve the reaffirming old concepts; umbrella org. for religious and cultural needs of the Jewish eight major Jewish communal service blind by publishing braille prayer books in 292 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Hebrew and English; provides Yiddish, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH FAM- Hebrew, and English records for Jewish ILY, CHILDREN'S AND HEALTH PROFES- blind throughout the world who cannot SIONALS (1965). 1 Pike Dr., Wayne, N.J. read braille; maintains worldwide free 07470. (201)595-0111. Pres. Abraham braille lending library. Jewish Braille Re- Davis; V. Pres. Lee Kalik, Arnold Marks. view; JBI Voice; Or Chadash. Brings together Jewish caseworkers and related professionals in Jewish family, chil- JEWISH CONCILIATION BOARD OF AMER- dren, and health services. Seeks to improve ICA, INC. (1930). 120 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., personnel standards, further Jewish conti- 10019. (212)582-3577. Pres. Lewis Bart nuity and identity, and strengthen Jewish Stone; Exec. Dir. Beatrice Lampert. Evalu- family life; provides forums for profes- ates and attempts to resolve conflicts sional discussion at national conference of within families, organizations, and busi- Jewish communal service and regional nesses to avoid litigation; offers, without meetings; takes action on social policy is- charge, divorce mediation, arbitration, and sues; provides a vehicle for representation counseling services by rabbis, attorneys, of Jewish caseworkers and others in vari- and social workers; refers cases to other ous national associations and activities. agencies, where indicated. Newsletter. JWB (1917). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH VOCA- (212)532-4949. Pres. Esther Leah Ritz; TIONAL SERVICES (formerly Jewish Occu- Exec. V. Pres. Arthur Rotman. Major ser- pational Council) (1940). 386 Park Ave. S., vice agency for Jewish community centers and camps serving more than a million N.Y.C., 10016. (212)685-8355. Pres. John Jews in the U.S. and Canada; U.S. govern- L. Greenberg; Exec. Dir. Harvey P. Gold- ment accredited agency for providing ser- man. Acts as coordinating body for all vices and programs to Jewish military Jewish agencies in U.S., Canada, and Is- families and hospitalized veterans; pro- rael, having programs in educational- motes Jewish culture through its Book and vocational guidance, job placement, vo- Music Councils, JWB Lecture Bureau, cational rehabilitation, skills-training, Jewish Media Service, and Jewish educa- sheltered workshops, and occupational re- tional, cultural and Israel-related projects. search. Newsletter; Network NewsBriefs. JWB Circle; Zarkor; JWB Personnel Re- NATIONAL CONGRESS OF JEWISH DEAF porter. (1956; inc. 1961). 9102 Edmonston Court, Greenbelt, Md., 10770. (301)345-8612. , COMMISSION ON JEWISH CHAP- LAINCY (1940). 15E.26St.,N.Y.C, 10010. Exec. Dir. Alexander Fleischman; Pres. Chmn. Rabbi Herschel Schachter; Dir. Kenneth Rothschild. Congress of Jewish Rabbi E. David Lapp. Recruits, endorses, congregations service organizations and and serves Jewish military and Veterans associations located throughout the U.S. Administration chaplains on behalf of the and Canada, advocating religious and cul- American Jewish community and the three tural ideals and fellowship for the Jewish major rabbinic bodies; trains and assists deaf. Quarterly. Jewish lay leaders where there are no chap- NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH PRISON lains, for service to Jewish military person- CHAPLAINS, INC. (see AMERICAN JEWISH nel, their families, and hospitalized veter- CORRECTIONAL CHAPLAINS ASSOCIA- ans. Jewish Chaplains; Jewish Lay Leader. TION, INC.)

, JEWISH BOOK COUNCIL (see p. 267). NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN -, JEWISH MUSIC COUNCIL (see p. (1893). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C.. 10019. (212)- 267). 532-1740. Nat. Pres. Barbara A. Mandel; Exec. Dir. Dadie Perlov. Operates pro- LEO N. LEVI NATIONAL ARTHRITIS HOSPI- grams in education, social and legislative TAL (sponsored by B'nai B'rith) (1914). action, and community service for children 300 Prospect Ave., Hot Springs, Ark., and youth, the aging, the disadvantaged in 71901. (501)624-1281. Pres. Harry Le- Jewish and general communities; concerns vitch; Adm. D. E. Wagoner. Maintains a include juvenile justice system as basis for nonprofit nonsectarian hospital for treat- legislative reform and community projects; ment of sufferers from arthritis and related deeply involved in women's issues; pro- diseases. motes education in Israel through NCJW NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 293

Research Institute for Innovation in Edu- ZIONIST AND PRO-ISRAEL cation at Hebrew University, Jerusalem. NCJW Journal; From the Desk of the Presi- AMERICA-ISRAEL FRIENDSHIP LEAGUE dent; Washington Newsletter; NACS News- (1971). 134 E. 39St.,N.Y.C, 10016.(212)- letter. 679-4822. Pres. Herbert Tenzer; Exec. Dir. liana Art man. Seeks to further the existing NATIONAL JEWISH COMMITTEE ON SCOUT- goodwill between the two nations on a peo- ING (1926). 1325 Walnut Hill La., Irving, ple-to-people basis, through educational Texas, 75062. (214)659-2059. Chmn. Mar- exchange programs, regional conferences, shall M. Sloane; Exec. Dir. Rabbi William and dissemination of information. News. H. Kraus. Seeks to bring Jewish youth closer to Judaism through Scouting pro- AMERICAN ASSOCIATES OF BEN-GURION grams. Works through local Jewish com- UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV (1973). 342 mittees on Scouting to organize Cub Scout Madison Ave., Room 1923, N.Y.C., packs, Boy Scout troops, and Explorer 10017. (212)687-7721. Pres. Robert H. posts in synagogues, Jewish community Arnow; Chmn. Bd. Dirs. Bobbie Abrams; centers, and other Jewish organizations Chmn. Exec. Com. Arnold Forster. Serves wishing to draw Jewish youth. Ner Tamid as the University's publicity and fund-rais- for Boy Scouts and Explorers; Scouting in ing link to the United States. The Associ- Synagogues and Centers. ates are committed to publicizing Univer- sity activities and curricula, securing NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL/NATIONAL student scholarships, transferring contri- ASTHMA CENTER (1899). 3800 E. Colfax butions, and encouraging American inter- Ave., Denver, Colo., 80206. (303)388- est in the University. AABGU Reporter. 4461. Pres. Michael K. Schonbrun; V. Pres., Public Affairs, Jerry L. Colness. AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR SHAARE Largest, leading medical center for study ZEDEK HOSPITAL IN JERUSALEM, INC. and treatment of chronic respiratory dis- (1949). 49 W. 45 St., N.Y.C., 10036. (212)- eases and immune system disorders. Clini- 354-8801. Pres. Charles Bendheim; V. cal emphasis is placed on asthma, emphy- Pres. Morris Talansky; Bd. Chmn. Ludwig sema, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, Jesselson; Sec. Isaac Strahl; Treas. Norbert interstitial lung diseases, and cystic fibro- Strauss. Raises funds for the various needs sis; immune system disorders such as juve- of the Shaare Zedek Medical Center, nile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus Jerusalem, such as equipment and medical erythematosus, and immune deficiency dis- supplies, a nurses training school, research, orders. New Directions; Update. and construction of the new Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Shaare Zedek News Quar- NORTH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF JEW- terly. ISH HOMES AND HOUSING FOR THE AGED (1960). 2525 Centerville Road, Dallas, AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WEIZ- Texas, 75228. (214)327-4503. Pres. Mau- MANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, INC. rice I. May; Exec. V. Pres. Herbert Shore; (1944). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. Pres. Elect Ira C. Robbins; serves as a na- (212)752-1300. Pres. Norman D. Cohen; tional representative of voluntary Jewish Chmn. of Bd. Morris L. Levinson; Exec. V. homes and housing for the aged; conducts Pres. Harold Hill. Secures support for annual meetings, conferences, workshops basic and applied scientific research. Inter- and institutes; provides for sharing infor- face; Rehovot; Research. mation, studies and clearinghouse functions. Directory; Progress Report. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF HAIFA UNIVERSITY (1969). 206 Fifth Ave., 4th fl., N.Y.C., WORLD CONFEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- 10010. (212)696-4022. Exec. Dir. Dalia MUNITY CENTERS (1947). 15 E. 26 St., Katz; Pres. Sigmund Strochlitz. Supports N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Pres. the development and maintenance of the Esther Leah Ritz; Exec. Dir. Haim Zipori. various programs of the University of Serves as a council of national and conti- Haifa, among them the Center for Holo- nental federations of Jewish community caust Studies, Arab Jewish Center, Yiddish centers; fosters development of the JCC Department, Bridging the Gap project, movement worldwide; provides a forum Department of Management, School of for exchange of information among cen- Education, kibbutz movement, and Fine ters. Newsletter. Arts Department; arranges overseas 294 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

academic programs for American and Ca- Friedman; V. Pres. Nitza Drori. Supports nadian students. Newsletter. development and maintenance of the Tel Aviv University. Sponsors exchange stu- AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNI- dent programs and exchange professor- VERSITY (1925; inc. 1931). 11 E. 69 St., ships in U.S. and Israel. Tel Aviv University N.Y.C., 10021. (212)472-9800. Pres. Har- Report; AFTAU Newsletter. vey M. Krueger; Senior V. Pres. Charles E. Bloom; Chmn. of Bd. Harvey L. Silbert; AMERICAN-ISRAEL CULTURAL FOUNDA- Co-Chmn. Bd. D. Walter Cohen; Chmn. TION, INC. (1939). 485 Madison Ave., Exec. Com. Stanley M. Bogen. Fosters the N.Y.C, 10022. (212)751-2700. Bd. Chmn. growth, development, and maintenance of Isaac Stern; Pres. Carl Glick; Exec. Dirs. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; col- Stanley Grayson, Morton Weissman. lects funds and conducts programs of in- Membership organization supporting Israe- formation throughout the United States, li cultural institutions, such as Israel Phil- interpreting the work of the Hebrew Uni- harmonic and Israel Chamber Orchestra, versity and its significance; administers Tel Aviv Museum, Rubin Academies, Bat American student programs and arranges Sheva Dance Co., Omanut La'am, and exchange professorships in the United Tzlil Am; sponsors cultural exchange be- States and Israel. American Friends Re- tween U.S. and Israel; awards scholarships port; News from the Hebrew University of in all arts to young Israelis for study in Jerusalem; Scopus Magazine. Israel and abroad. Hadashot.

AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE ISRAEL MU- AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COM- SEUM (1968). 10 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., 10016. MITTEE (1954). 444 North Capitol St., (212)683-5190. Pres. Romie Shapiro; Exec. N.W., Suite 412, Washington, D.C., Dir. Michele Cohn Tocci. Raises funds for 20001. (202)638-2256. Pres. Lawrence special projects of the Israel Museum in Weinberg; Exec. Dir. Thomas A. Dine. Jerusalem; solicits contributions of works Registered to lobby on behalf of legislation of art for exhibition and educational pur- affecting Israel, Soviet Jewry, and arms poses. Newsletter. sales to Middle East; represents Americans who believe support for a secure Israel is in AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE JERUSALEM U.S. interest. MENTAL HEALTH CENTER—EZRATH NASHIM, INC. (1895). 10 E. 40 St., N.Y.C., AMERICAN-ISRAELI LIGHTHOUSE, INC. 10016. (212)725-8175. Pres. Sylvia Hilton; (1928; reorg. 1955). 30 E. 60 St., N.Y.C, Sec. Joan Safir; Asst. Sec. Treas. Harvey 10022. (212)838-5322. Nat. Pres. Mrs. Plott. Supports research, education, and Leonard F. Dank; Nat. Sec. Mrs. L.T. patient care at the Jerusalem Mental Rosenbaum. Provides education and Health Center, which includes a 250-bed rehabilitation for the blind and physically hospital, comprehensive out-patient clinic, handicapped in Israel to effect their social drug abuse clinic, geriatric center, and the and vocational integration into the seeing Jacob Herzog Psychiatric Research Cen- community; built and maintains Rehabili- ter; Israel's only non-profit, voluntary psy- tation Center for the Blind (Migdal Or) in chiatric hospital; is used as a teaching facil- Haifa. Tower. ity by Israel's major medical schools. Friend to Friend; To Open the Gates of AMERICAN JEWISH LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL Healing. (1957). 30 E. 60 St., N.Y.C, 10022. (212)- 371-1583. Pres. Reuben M. Katz; Chmn. AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE TEL AVIV MU- Bd. Dirs. Aaron Decter. Seeks to unite all SEUM (1974). c/o M.J. Schubin, 425 Park those who, notwithstanding differing Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)407-8287. Pres. philosophies of Jewish life, are committed Roy V. Titus; Chmn. Leon L. Gildesgame. to the historical ideals of Zionism; works, Solicits contributions of works of art to independently of class or party, for the wel- enrich the Tel Aviv Museum collection; fare of Israel as a whole. Not identified raises funds to support development, main- with any political parties in Israel. Bulletin tenance, and expansion of educational of the American Jewish League for Israel work of the museum. AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (formerly AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE TEL AVIV UNI- MIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF VERSITY, INC. (1955). 342 Madison AMERICA) (1925). 817 Broadway, N.Y.C, Ave., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-5651. Bd. 10003. (212)477-4720. Nat. Pres. Roselle Chmn. Jack Cummings; Pres. Herbert A. Silberstein; Exec. Dir. Marvin Leff. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 295

Conducts social service, child care, youth AMERICAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1939; aliyah villages, and vocational-educational reorg. 1949 and 1970). 515 Park Ave., programs in Israel in an environment of N.Y.C., 10022. (212)371-7750. Pres. Ray- traditional Judaism; promotes cultural ac- mond M. Patt; Exec. Dir. Karen Rubin- tivities for the purpose of disseminating stein. Consolidates the efforts of the exist- Zionist ideals and strengthening tradi- ing Zionist constituency in such areas as tional Judaism in America. The American public and communal affairs, education, Mizrachi Woman. youth and aliyah, and invites the affiliation and participation of like-minded individu- AMERICAN PHYSICIANS FELLOWSHIP, INC. als and organizations in the community-at- FOR MEDICINE IN ISRAEL (1950). 2001 large. Seeks to conduct a Zionist program Beacon St., Brookline, Mass., 02146. designed to create a greater appreciation of (617)232-5382. Pres. Leo Kaplan; Sec. Jewish culture within the American Jewish Manuel M. Glazier. Helps Israel become a community in furtherance of the continu- major world medical center; secures fel- ity of Jewish life and the spiritual centrality lowships for selected Israeli physicians and of Israel as the Jewish homeland. Com- arranges lectureships in Israel by promi- posed of 16 national Zionist organizations, nent American physicians; supports 10 Zionist youth movements, individual Jerusalem Academy of Medicine; super- members-at-large, and corporate affiliates. vises U.S. and Canadian medical and Maintains offices in Pittsburgh, Los An- paramedical emergency volunteers in Is- geles, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Detroit, rael; maintains Israel Institute of the His- and New York. Issue Analysis; Spectrum. tory of Medicine; contributes medical books, periodicals, instruments, and drugs. AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, APF News. INC. (1963). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751-6070. Bd. Chmn. Bernard AMERICAN RED MAGEN DAVID FOR IS- S. White; Exec. Dir. Donald Adelman. RAEL, INC. (1941). 888 7th Ave., N.Y.C., Sponsors educational programs and ser- 10106. (212)757-1627. Nat. Pres. Louis vices for American Jewish youth including Rosenberg; Nat. Exec. V. Pres. Benjamin tours to Israel, programs of volunteer ser- Saxe. An authorized tax exempt organiza- vice or study in leading institutions of sci- tion; the sole support arm in the United ence, scholarship and arts; sponsors field States of Magen David Adorn in Israel workers who promote Jewish and Zionist with a national membership and chapter programming on campus; prepares and program; educates and involves its mem- provides specialists who present and inter- bers in activities of Magen David Adorn, pret the Israeli experience for community Israel's Red Cross Service; raises funds for centers and federations throughout the MDA's emergency medical services, in- country. Activist Newsletter; Guide to Ed. cluding collection and distribution of and Programming Material; Programs in blood and blood products for Israel's mili- Israel. tary and civilian population; supplies ambulances, bloodmobiles, and mobile car- , AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- diac rescue units serving all hospitals and CIL (1951). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. communities throughout Israel; supports (212)751-6070. Chmn. David Kornbluh, MDA's 73 emergency medical clinics and Bruce Rudolph. Acts as spokesman and helps provide training and equipment for representative of Zionist youth in inter- volunteer emergency paramedical corps. preting Israel to the youth of America; Chapter News; Lifeline. represents, coordinates, and implements activities of the Zionist youth movements AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TECHNION—IS- in the U.S. RAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (1940). 271 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- AMERICANS FOR PROGRESSIVE ISRAEL 889-2050. Pres. Jack E. Goldman; Exec. V. (1951). 150 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. Pres. Saul Seigel. Supports the work of the (212)255-8760. Pres. Inge A. Lederer; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Chmn., Policy Com., Moshe Kagan. A So- Haifa, which trains nearly 10,000 students cialist Zionist group that calls for a just and in 20 departments and a medical school, durable peace between Israel and its Arab and conducts research across a broad spec- neighbors; works for the liberation of all trum of science and technology. ATS Jews; supports the Jerusalem program of Newsletter; ATS Women's Division News- WZO; promotes dignity of labor, social letter; Technion Magazine. justice, brotherhood of nations, and an 296 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

understanding of Jewish heritage. Affiliate 27-35 in making aliyah to an Israeli kib- of World Union of Mapam, Hashomer butz. Newsletter. Hatzair, and Kibbutz Artzi Fed. of Israel. Israel Horizons; Progressive Israel. , GARIN YARDEN, THE YOUNG KIB- BUTZ MOVEMENT (1976). Pres. Tova AMPAL—AMERICAN ISRAEL CORPORATION Hankin. Aids those between ages of 19-26 (1942). 10 Rockefeller Plaza, N.Y.C., interested in making aliyah to an Israeli 10020. (212)586-3232. Pres. Michael Jaffe; kibbutz; affiliated with TAKAM. New Chmn. of Bd. Jacob Levinson. Finances Horizons. and invests in Israel economic enterprises; mobilizes finance and investment capital in EMUNAH WOMEN OF AMERICA (formerly the U.S. through sale of own debenture HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI WOMEN'S ORGA- issues and utilization of bank credit lines. NIZATION) (1948). 370 Seventh Ave., Annual Report; Prospectuses. N.Y.C., 10001. (212)564-9045. Nat. Pres. Charlotte Dachs; Exec. Dir. Shirley ARZA—ASSOCIATION OF REFORM ZION- Singer. Maintains and supports 187 educa- ISTS OF AMERICA (1977). 838 Fifth Ave., tional and social welfare institutions in Is- N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Pres. Ro- rael, including religious nurseries, day-care land B. Gittelsohn; Exec. Dir. Eric Yoffie. centers, vocational and teacher training Individual Zionist membership organiza- schools for the underprivileged in Israel. tion devoted to achieving Jewish pluralism The Emunah Woman; Lest We Forget. in Israel and strengthening the Israeli Re- form movement. Chapter activities in the FEDERATED COUNCIL OF ISRAEL INSTITU- U.S. concentrate on these issues, and on TIONS—FCII (1940). 1475-47 St., Brook- strengthening American public support for lyn, N.Y., 11219. (212)853-6920. Chmn. Israel. ARZA Newsletter. Bd. Z. Shapiro; Exec. V. Pres. Julius No- vack. Central fund-raising organization for BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY IN ISRAEL (1955). over 100 affiliated institutions; handles and 527 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)- executes estates, wills, and bequests for the 751-6366. Pres. Emanuel Rackman; traditional institutions in Israel; clearing- Chmn. Bd. of Trustees Ludwig Jesselson; house for information on budget, size, Pres. Amer. Bd. of Overseers Mrs. Jerome functions, etc. of traditional educational, L. Stern. A liberal arts and sciences institu- welfare, and philanthropic institutions in tion, located in Ramat-Gan, Israel, and Israel, working cooperatively with the Is- chartered by Board of Regents of State of rael government and the overseas depart- New York. Bar-Ilan News; Academic Re- ment of the Council of Jewish Federations search; Phitosophia. and Welfare Funds, New York. Annual BETAR ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT, INC. Financial Reports and Statistics on Affili- (1935). 41 E. 42 St.. Ste. 617, N.Y.C., ates. 10017. (212)687-4502. Pres. Mitch Chu- pak. Teaches Jewish youth love of the Jew- FUND FOR HIGHER EDUCATION (1970). 1500 Broadway, Suite 1900, N.Y.C., ish people and prepares them for aliyah; 10036. (212)354-4660. Pres. William C. emphasizes learning Hebrew; keeps its Spencer; Sec. Richard Segal; V. Pres., Nat. members ready for mobilization in times of Campaign Dir. Joel R. Erenberg. Sup- crisis; stresses Jewish pride and self- ports, on a project-by-project basis, institu- respect; seeks to aid and protect Jewish tions of higher learning in Israel and the communities everywhere. Herut; Etgar. U.S. DROR—YOUNG KIBBUTZ MOVEMENT— HABONIM (1948). 27 W. 20 St., N.Y.C., HABONIM-DROR LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH 10011. (212)675-1168. Pres. Tova Hankin. (1934). 27 W. 20 St., 9 Fl., N.Y.C., 10011. Fosters Zionist program for youth with (212)255-1796. Sec.-Gen. Heidi Minkin; emphasis on aliyah to the Kibbutz Hameu- Program Dir. Karen Pollack; Editor Ian chad; stresses Jewish and labor education; Schwartz. Fosters identification with pio- holds annual summer workshop in Israel; neering in Israel; stimulates study of Jew- sponsors two garinim to Israel each year. ish life, history, and culture; sponsors com- New Horizons. munity-action projects, seven summer camps in North America, programs in Is- , CHAVURAT HAGALIL (1978). Pres. rael, and garinei aliyah to Kibbutz Grofit Tova Hankin. Aids those between ages of and Kibbutz Gezer. Progressive Zionist NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 297

Bulletin; Haboneh; Hamaapil; Iggeret St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)988-8418. Dir. L'Chaverim. Clifford B. Surloff. Conducts maintenance campaigns formerly conducted by the HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- American Friends of the Hebrew Univer- NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (1912). 50 W. sity and the American Technion Society; 58 St., N.Y.C., 10019. (212)355-7900. Dir. participates in community campaigns Aline Kaplan. In America helps interpret throughout the U.S., excluding New York Israel to the American people; provides City. basic Jewish education as a background for intelligent and creative Jewish living; spon- HERUT-U.S.A., INC. (UNITED ZIONIST- sors Hashachar, largest Zionist youth REVISIONISTS OF AMERICA) (1925). 41 E. movement in U.S., which has four divi- 42 St., N.Y.C., 10017. (212)687-4502. sions: Young Judaea, Intermediate Judaea, Chmn. Eryk Spektor; Exec. Dir. Hagai Senior Judaea, and Hamagshimim; oper- Lev. Supports Jabotinskean Herat policy ates eight Zionist youth camps in this coun- in Israel for peace with security; seeks Jew- try; supports summer and all-year courses ish unity for Israel's defense; preaches in Israel. Maintains in Israel Hadassah- Zionist commitment, aliyah, Jewish edu- Hebrew University Medical Center for cation, and mobilization of Jewish re- healing, teaching, and research; Hadassah sources; advocates historic right to Eretz Community College; Seligsberg/Brandeis Israel and to Jewish residency throughout Comprehensive High School; and Hadas- the land. Subsidiaries: Betar Zionist sah Vocational Guidance Institute. Is larg- Youth; Young Herat; Tagar Zionist Stu- est organizational contributor to Youth dent Activist Movement; Concerned Jew- Aliyah and to Jewish National Fund for ish Youth; Tel-Hai Fund, Inc. Zionism land purchase and reclamation. Update; Today; Herut. Headlines; Hadassah Magazine. THEODOR HERZL FOUNDATION (1954). 515 , HASHACHAR (formerly YOUNG JU- Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)752-0600. DAEA and JUNIOR HADASSAH; org. 1909, Chmn. Kalman Sultanik; Sec. Isadore reorg. 1967). 50 W. 58 St., N.Y.C., 10019. Hamlin. Cultural activities, lectures, con- (212)355-7900. Pres. of Senior Judaea ferences, courses in modern Hebrew and (high school level) Steven Eisenbach; Nat. Jewish subjects, Israel, Zionism, and Jew- Coordinator of Hamagshimim (college ish history. Midstream. level) David Posner; Nat. Dir. Rabbi Avi Zabolcki. Seeks to educate Jewish youth , THEODOR HERZL INSTITUTE. from the ages of 10-30 toward Jewish and Chmn. Jacques Torczyner; Dir. Sidney Zionist values, active commitment to and Rosenfeld. Program geared to review of participation in the American and Israeli contemporary problems on Jewish scene Jewish communities, with aliyah as a here and abroad, presentation of Jewish prime goal; maintains summer camps and heritage values in light of Zionist experi- summer and year programs in Israel. ence of the ages, study of modern Israel, Hamagshimim Journal; Kol Hat'una; The and Jewish social research with particular Young Judaean; Daf L'Madrichim. consideration of history and impact of Zionism. Herzl Institute Bulletin. HASHOMER HATZAIR, SOCIALIST ZIONIST YOUTH MOVEMENT (1923). 150 Fifth , HERZL PRESS. Chmn. Kalman Sul- Ave., Suite 1002, N.Y.C., 10011. (212)929- tanik; Editor Mordecai S. Chertoff. Pub- 4955. Nat. Sec. Natan Gottesman; Central lishes books and pamphlets on Israel, Zion- Rep. David Ben Shalom. Seeks to educate ism, and general Jewish subjects. Jewish youth to an understanding of Zion- ism as the national liberation movement of JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF AMERICA the Jewish people. Promotes aliyah to kib- (1901). 42 E. 69 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)- butzim. Affiliated with AZYC, and Kib- 879-9300. Pres. Charlotte Jacobson; Exec. butz Artzi Fed. Espouses socialist ideals of V. Pres. Samuel I. Cohen. Exclusive peace, justice, democracy, industry, and fund-raising agency of the world Zionist brotherhood. Youth and Nation; Young movement for the afforestation, reclama- Guard; La Madrich; LeYediatchem. tion, and development of the land of Is- rael, including the construction of roads HEBREW UNIVERSITY—TECHNION JOINT and preparation of sites for new settle- MAINTENANCE APPEAL (1954). 11 E. 69 ments; helps emphasize the importance of 298 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Israel in schools and synagogues through- , AMERICAN TRADE UNION COUN- out the world. JNF Almanac: Land and CIL FOR HISTADRUT (1947). 33 E. 67 St., Life. N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-1000. Chmn. Matthew Schoenwald; Nat. Dir. Herbert KEREN OR, INC. (1956). 1133 Broadway, A. Levine. Carries on educational activities N.Y.C., 10010. (212)255-1180. Pres. Ira among American and Canadian trade un- Guilden; V. Pres. and Sec. Samuel I. Hen- ions for health, educational, and welfare dler; Exec. Dir. Jacob Igra. Funds the Ker- activities of the Histadrut in Israel. Sha- en-Or Center for Multi-Handicapped lom. Blind Children; participates in the program for such children at the Rothschild PEC ISRAEL ECONOMIC CORPORATION (for- Hospital in Haifa; funds entire professional merly PALESTINE ECONOMIC CORPORA- staff and special programs at the Jewish TION) (1926). 511 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., Institute for the Blind (established 1902) 10017. (212)687-2400. Pres. Joseph Cie- that houses, clothes, feeds, educates, and chanover; Sec.-Asst. Treas. William Gold. trains blind from childhood into adult- Finances and administers business enter- hood. Newsletter. prises in Israel. Annual Report

LABOR ZIONIST ALLIANCE (formerly FAR- PEF ISRAEL ENDOWMENT FUNDS, INC. BAND LABOR ZIONIST ORDER; now unit- (1922). 342 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., 10173. ing membership and branches of POALE (212)599-1260. Pres. Sidney Musher; Sec. ZION—UNITED LABOR ZIONIST ORGANI- Burt Allen Solomon. Uses funds for Israeli ZATION OF AMERICA and AMERICAN educational and philanthropic institutions HABONIM ASSOCIATION) (1913). 275 Sev- and for constructive relief, modem educa- enth Ave., N.Y.C., 10001. (212)989-0300. tion, and scientific research in Israel. An- Pres. Dr. Ezra Spicehandler. Seeks to en- nual Report. hance Jewish life, culture, and education in U.S. and Canada; aids in building State of PIONEER WOMEN NA'AMAT, THE WOMEN'S Israel as a cooperative commonwealth, and LABOR ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF its Labor movement organized in the His- AMERICA, INC. (1925). 200 Madison Ave., tadrut; supports efforts toward a more N.Y.C., 10016. (212)725-8010. Pres. Phyl- democratic society throughout the world; lis Sutker; Exec. Dir. Shoshonna Ebstein. furthers the democratization of the Jewish Supports, in cooperation with Na'amat, a community in America and the welfare of widespread network of educational, voca- Jews everywhere; works with labor and lib- tional, and social services for women, chil- eral forces in America. Alliance Newsletter. dren, and youth in Israel. Provides counseling and legal aid services for women, LEAGUE FOR LABOR ISRAEL (1938; reorg. particularly war widows. Authorized 1961). 275 Seventh Ave., N.Y.C., 10001. agency of Youth Aliyah. Foremost in (212)989-0300. Pres. Dr. Ezra Spicehan- women's rights efforts. In America, sup- dler. Conducts labor Zionist educational, ports Jewish educational, youth, cultural youth, and cultural activities in the Ameri- programs; participates in civic affairs. Pio- can Jewish community and promotes edu- neer Woman. cational travel to Israel. Farband News— Alliance News. POALE AGUDATH ISRAEL OF AMERICA, INC. (1948). 156 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR LABOR ISRAEL 10010. (212)924-9475. Pres. David B. Hol- —ISRAEL HISTADRUT CAMPAIGN (1923). lander; Presidium: Alexander Herman, 33 E. 67 St., NYC, 10021. (212)628- Anshel Wainhaus. Aims to educate Ameri- 1000. Pres. Aaron L. Solomon; Exec. V. can Jews to the values of Orthodoxy, Pres. Bernard B. Jacobson. Provides funds aliyah, and halutziut; supports kibbutzim, for the social welfare, vocational, health, trade schools, yeshivot, teachers' college, and cultural institutions and other services civic and health centers, children's homes of Histadrut to benefit workers and immi- in Israel. Achdut; PAI Views; PAI Bulletin. grants and to assist in the integration of newcomers as productive citizens in Israel; , WOMEN'S DIVISION OF (1948). promotes an understanding of the aims and Presidium: Ethel Blasbalg, Sarah Iwa- achievements of Israel labor among Jews nisky, Bertha Rittenberg. Assists Poale and non-Jews in America. Fund-raising Agudath Israel to build and support chil- arms are Israel Histadrut Campaign, Israel dren's homes, kindergartens, and trade Histadrut Foundation. schools in Israel. Yediot PAI. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 299

RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA. 25 W. 26 SOCIETY OF ISRAEL PHILATELISTS (1948). St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)889-5260. 1125 E. Carson St., #2, Long Beach, Ca., 90807. (213)595-9224. Pres. Nathan Zan- , BNEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA kel; Exec. Sec. Irvin Girer. Promotes inter- (1934). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- est in, and knowledge of, all phases of Is- 889-5260. Exec. Pres. Danny Mayerfield; rael philately through sponsorship of V. Pres. Alan Silverman; Sec. Yitzchak chapters and research groups, mainte- Fuchs. Seeks to interest youth in aliyah to Israel and social justice through pioneering nance of a philatelic library, and support of (halutziut) as an integral part of their reli- public and private exhibitions. Israel Phila- gious observance; sponsors five summer telist. camps, a leadership training camp for elev- STATE OF ISRAEL BONDS (1951). 215 Park enth graders, a work-study program on a Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)677-9650. religious kibbutz for high school gradu- Gen. Chmn. Sam Rothberg; Pres. Yehu- ates, summer tours to Israel; establishes dah Halevy; Exec. V. Pres. Morris Sipser. nuclei of college students for kibbutz or Seeks to provide large-scale investment other settlement. Akivon; Hamvaser; Pin- funds for the economic development of the kos Lamadrich; Daf Rayonot; Ma'Ohalai State of Israel through the sale of State of Torah; Zraim. Israel bonds in the U.S., Canada, Western , MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI Europe, and other parts of the free world. (1909; merged 1957). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., UNITED CHARITY INSTITUTIONS OF 10010. (212)689-1414. Pres. Hermann JERUSALEM, INC. (1903). 1141 Broadway, Merkin; Exec. V. Pres. Israel Friedman. N.Y.C., 10001. (212)683-3221. Pres. Zevu- Dedicated to building the Jewish state lun Charlop; Sec. Sam Gabel. Raises funds based on principles of Torah; conducts cul- for the maintenance of schools, kitchens, tural work, educational program, public clinics, and dispensaries in Israel; free loan relations; sponsors NOAM and Bnei foundations in Israel. Akiva; raises funds for religious educational institutions in Israel. Horizon; UNITED ISRAEL APPEAL, INC. (1925). 515 Kolenu; Mizrachi News Bulletin. Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)688-0800. Chmn. Irwin S. Field; Exec. V. Chmn. Ir- , MIZRACHI PALESTINE FUND ving Kessler. As principal beneficiary of (1928). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. the United Jewish Appeal, serves as link Chmn. Joseph Wilon; Sec. Israel Fried- between American Jewish community and man. Fund-raising arm of Mizrachi move- Jewish Agency for Israel, its operating ment. agent; assists in resettlement and absorption of refugees in Israel, and supervises , NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR TORAH flow of funds and expenditures for this pur- EDUCATION OF MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI (1939). 25 W. 26 St., pose. Briefings. N.Y.C., 10010. Pres. Israel Shaw; Dir. Meyer Golombek. Organizes and super- UNITED STATES COMMITTEE SPORTS FOR ISRAEL, INC. (1948). 341 S. 18 St., Phila- vises yeshivot and Talmud Torahs; pre- delphia, Pa., 19106. (215)546-4700. Pres. pares and trains teachers; publishes text- Robert E. Spivak. Sponsors U.S. participa- books and educational materials; conducts tion in, and fields and selects U.S. team for, a placement agency for Hebrew schools; World Maccabiah Games in Israel every organizes summer seminars for Hebrew four years; promotes physical education educators in cooperation with Torah de- and sports program in Israel and total partment of Jewish Agency; conducts fitness of Israeli and American Jewish Ulpan. youths; provides funds, technical and ma- , NOAM-HAMISHMERET HATZEIRA terial assistance to Wingate Institute for (1970). 25 W. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- Physical Education and Sport in Israel; 684-6091. Chmn. Stuart Apfel; Exec. Dir. sponsors U.S. coaches for training pro- Sarah Craimer. Sponsors five core groups grams in Israel and provides advanced to settle in Israel; conducts summer and training and competition in U.S. for Is- year volunteer and study programs to Is- rael's national sports teams, athletes and rael; organizes educational programs for coaches; offers scholarships at U.S. col- young adults in the U.S., through weekly leges to Israeli physical education students; meetings, Shabbatonim, leadership semi- elects members of the Jewish Sports Hall of nars, etc. Bechol Zot; B'Darche Noam. Fame, Wingate Institute, Natanya, Israel. 300 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Report; Journal of the U.S. team in Israel's 10022. (212)752-0600. Seeks to foster a Maccabiah Games. wider and deeper knowledge of the He- brew language and literature and a better WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (1928). understanding and fuller appreciation of 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)838- the role of Israel in the destiny of Jewry 1997. Pres. Marilyn Schwartzman; Senior and Judaism, to introduce the study of Is- V. Pres. Trudy Miner. Promotes the wel- rael as an integral part of the Jewish school fare of young people in Israel; built and curriculum, and to initiate and sponsor maintains homes in Jerusalem, Haifa, Tel educational projects designed to imple- Aviv, and Natanya; in cooperation with ment these objectives. Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, operates live-in vocational training center for , NORTH AMERICAN ALIYAH MOVE- girls, including handicapped, in Natanya, MENT (1968). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C, and weaving workshop for blind. Bulletin; 10022. (212)752-0600. Pres. Zipporah Chapter News and Views. Liben; Exec. Dir. Marsha Kirshblum. Pro- motes and facilitates aliyah and klitah WORLD CONFEDERATION OF UNITED ZION- from the U.S. and Canada to Israel; serves ISTS (1946; reorg. 1958). 30 E. 60 St., as a social framework for North American N.Y.C., 1(X)22. (212)371-1452. Co-Presi- immigrants to Israel. Aliyon. dents Bernice S. Tannenbaum, Kalman Sultanik, Melech Topiol. The largest dias- , ZIONIST ARCHIVES AND LIBRARY pora-centered Zionist grouping in the OF THE (1939). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C, world, distinguished from all other groups 10022. (212)752-0600. Dir. and Librarian in the Zionist movement in that it has no Sylvia Landress. Serves as an archives and association or affiliation with any political information service for material on Israel, party in Israel, but derives its inspiration Palestine, the Middle East, Zionism, and and strength from the whole spectrum of all aspects of Jewish life. Zionist, Jewish, and Israeli life; supports ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA projects identified with Israel; sponsors (1897). ZOA House, 4 E. 34 St., N.Y.C., non-party halutzic youth movements in 10016. (212)481-1500. Pres. Ivan J. No- the diaspora; promotes Zionist education vick; Nat. Exec. Dir. Paul Flacks. Seeks to and strives for an Israel-oriented creative safeguard the integrity and independence Jewish survival in the diaspora. Zionist In- of Israel by means consistent with the laws formation Views. of the U.S., to assist in the economic development of Israel, and to foster the unity of WORLD ZIONIST ORGANIZATION-AMERI- CAN SECTION (1971). 515 Park Ave., the Jewish people and the centrality of Is- N.Y.C, 10022. (212)752-0600. Chmn. rael in Jewish life in the spirit of general Bernice S. Tannenbaum; Exec. V. Chmn. Zionism. American Zionist; Public Affairs Isadore Hamlin. As the American section Memorandum; ZINS Weekly News Bulle- of the overall Zionist body throughout the tin; ZOA in Review. world, it operates primarily in the field of PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS* aliyah from the free countries, education in the diaspora, youth and hechalutz, organi- AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF CANTORS (Re- zation and information, cultural institu- ligious, Educational) tions, publications; conducts a worldwide Hebrew cultural program including special AMERICAN JEWISH CORRECTIONAL CHAP- seminars and pedagogic manuals; disperses LAINS ASSOCIATION, INC. (Social Welfare) information and assists in research projects AMERICAN JEWISH PRESS ASSOCIATION concerning Israel; promotes, publishes, (Cultural) and distributes books, periodicals, and pamphlets concerning developments in Is- AMERICAN JEWISH PUBLIC RELATIONS SO- rael, Zionism, and Jewish history. Israel CIETY (1957). 234 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, Scene. 10001. (212)697-5895. Pres. Avi Feinglass; Treas. Hyman Brickman. Advances pro- , DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND fessional status of workers in the public- CULTURE (1948). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C, relations field in Jewish communal service;

~~~~•For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 301~~~~

upholds a professional code of ethics and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COM- standards; serves as a clearinghouse for MUNAL SERVICE (Social Welfare) employment opportunities; exchanges professional information and ideas; pre- NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF YESHIVA PRIN- sents awards for excellence in professional CIPALS (Religious, Educational) attainments, including the "Maggid Award" for outstanding literary or artistic NATIONAL JEWISH WELFARE BOARD COM- achievement which enhances Jewish life. MISSION ON JEWISH CHAPLAINCY (Social The Handout. Welfare) WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS* ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CENTER WORK- ERS (Community Relations) AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMEN (Zionist and Pro-Israel) ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CHAPLAINS OF THE ARMED FORCES (Religious, Educa- B'NAI B'RITH WOMEN (Social Welfare) tional) BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY NATIONAL WO- ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY RE- MEN'S COMMITTEE (1948). Brandeis Uni- LATIONS WORKERS (Community Rela- versity, Waltham, Mass., 02254. (617)647- tions) 2194. Nat. Pres. Cynthia B. Shulman; Exec. Dir. Carol S. Rabinovitz. Responsi- CANTORS ASSEMBLY OF AMERICA (Reli- gious, Educational) ble for support and maintenance of Bran- deis University libraries; sponsors Univer- COUNCIL OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS IN sity on Wheels and, through its chapters, CIVIL SERVICE (Community Relations) study-group programs based on faculty- prepared syllabi, volunteer work in educa- EDUCATORS ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED tional services, and a program of New SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Books for Old Sales; constitutes largest Educational) "Friends of a Library" group in U.S. Im- INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HILLEL print. DIRECTORS (Religious, Educational) HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGA- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH NIZATION OF AMERICA, INC. (Zionist and COMMUNAL SERVICE (Community Rela- Pro-Israel) tions) NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS ASSOCIATION (Social Welfare) OF AMERICA, INC. (Religious, Educa- tional) NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SIS- TERHOODS, UNION OF AMERICAN HE- JEWISH TEACHERS ASSOCIATION—MORIM BREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Edu- (Religious, Educational) cational) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH CEN- PIONEER WOMEN, THE WOMEN'S LABOR TER WORKERS (Community Relations) ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SYNAGOGUE ADMINISTRATORS, UNITED SYNAGOGUE UNITED ORDER OF TRUE SISTERS (Social, OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) Mutual Benefit) NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE AD- WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT FEDERATION MINISTRATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN (Overseas Aid) HEBREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Educational) WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF OR- THODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TEMPLE AMERICA (Religious, Educational) EDUCATORS, UNION OF AMERICAN HE- BREW CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Edu- WOMEN'S DIVISION OF POALE AGUDATH OF cational) AMERICA (Zionist and Pro-Israel)

~~~~•For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. 302 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN INC. 15 East 26 St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C., JEWISH CONGRESS (Community Rela- 10010. (212)679-1411. Editor Larry tions) Cohler; Dir. Nancy Sinkoff. Serves all Jew- ish student and young adult publications, WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE JEWISH LABOR as well as many Anglo-Jewish newspapers, COMMITTEE (Community Relations) in North America, through monthly fea- WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE UNITED JEWISH ture packets of articles and graphics. Holds APPEAL (Overseas Aid) annual national and local editors' conference for member publications. Provides WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JU- technical and editorial assistance; keeps DAISM (Religious, Educational) complete file of member publications since 1970; maintains Israel Bureau. Jewish WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR ISRAEL, INC. (Zion- ist and Pro-Israel) Press Features. WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION OF HAPOEL KADIMA (Religious, Educational) HAMIZRACHI (Zionist and Pro-Israel) MASSORAH INTERCOLLEGIATES OF YOUNG ISRAEL, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF YOUNG YESHIVA UNIVERSITY WOMEN'S ORGANI- ZATION (Religious, Educational) ISRAEL (Religious, Educational) YOUTH AND STUDENT NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SYNAGOGUE ORGANIZATIONS* YOUTH, UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA (Religious, AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH FOUNDATION, Educational) INC. (Zionist and Pro-Israel) NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE , AMERICAN ZIONIST YOUTH COUN- YOUTH, UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CIL CONGREGATIONS (Religious, Educational) ATID, COLLEGE AGE ORGANIZATION, NOAR MIZRACHI-HAMISHMERET (NOAM) UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA (Reli- —RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA gious, Educational) (Zionist and Pro-Israel) B'NAI B'RITH HlLLEL FOUNDATIONS, INC. NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS AP- (Religious, Educational) PEAL (1971). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679-2293. Pres. Susan Grossman; B'NAI B'RITH YOUTH ORGANIZATION (Reli- Exec. Dir. Roberta Shiftman. Serves as gious, Educational) central fund-raising mechanism for fivena - BNEI AKIVA OF NORTH AMERICA, RELI- tional, independent, Jewish student organi- GIOUS ZIONISTS OF AMERICA (Zionist and zations; insures accountability of public Pro-Israel) Jewish communal funds used by these agencies; assists Jewish students undertak- BNOS AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH ISRAEL ing projects of concern to Jewish com- OF AMERICA (Religious, Educational) munities; advises and assists Jewish organizations in determining student project DROR YOUNG ZIONIST ORGANIZATION feasibility and impact; fosters development (Zionist and Pro-Israel) of Jewish student leadership in the Jewish HASHACHAR—WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANI- community. Beneficiaries include local and ZATION OF AMERICA (Zionist and Pro- regional Jewish student projects on cam- Israel) puses throughout North America; current constituents include Jewish Student Press HASHOMER HATZAIR, ZIONIST YOUTH Service, North American Jewish Students MOVEMENT (Zionist and Pro-Israel) Network, Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry, Response, and Yugntruf; beneficiar- ICHUD HABONIM LABOR ZIONIST YOUTH ies include The Pillar (Oneonta, N.Y.); (Zionist and Pro-Israel) Minneapolis' Jewish Student Press; Colum- bia U.'s Perspectives; and Zamir, an Israel- JEWISH STUDENT PRESS-SERVICE (1970)— oriented radio program in Amherst, Mass. JEWISH STUDENT EDITORIAL PROJECTS,

*For fuller listing see under categories in parentheses. NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 303

NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENTS' Histadrut medical, cultural, and educa- NETWORK (1969). One Park Ave., #418, tional programs for the workers and fami- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)689-0790. Pres. lies in Israel. David Makovsky; Program Dir. Paula Rubenstein. Coordinates information and CANADIAN B'NAI B'RITH (1964). 15 Hove St., Suite 200, Downsview, Ont. M3H 4Y8. programs among all Jewish student organi- (416)633-6224. Pres. Don Jubas; Exec. V. zations in North America; promotes devel- Pres. Frank Dimant. Canadian Jewry's opment of student-controlled Jewish stu- largest service organization; makes repre- dent organizations; maintains contacts and sentations to all levels of government on coordinates programs with Jewish students matters of Jewish concern; promotes hu- throughout the world through the World manitarian causes and educational pro- Union of Jewish Students; runs the Jewish grams, community volunteer projects, Student Speakers Bureau; sponsors re- adult Jewish education and leadership de- gional, national, and North American con- velopment; dedicated to human rights; ferences. Network Spectrum. sponsors youth programs of B'nai B'rith Youth Org. Hillel. Covenant; Com- NORTH AMERICAN JEWISH YOUTH COUN- munique. CIL (Community Relations) , LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS STUDENT STRUGGLE FOR SOVIET JEWRY, (1970). Nat. Chmn. David Matas. Dedi- INC. (Community Relations) cated to the monitoring of human rights, combating racism and racial discrimina- UNITED SYNAGOGUE YOUTH, UNITED SYN- tion, and preventing bigotry and antisemit- AGOGUE OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- ism, through education and community re- tional) lations. Sponsors Holocaust Education YAVNEH, NATIONAL RELIGIOUS JEWISH Programs, the R. Lou Ronson Research STUDENTS ASSOCIATION (Religious, Edu- Institute on Anti-Semitism; distributor of cational) Anti-Defamation League materials in Can- ada. The Reporter; Christians & Jews YUGNTRUF YOUTH FOR YIDDISH (1964). Today. 3328 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, N.Y., 10467. (212)654-8540. Chmn. Paul Glasser; Edi- CANADIAN FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CUL- tor Itzek Gottesman. A worldwide, non- TURE (1965). 4600 Bathurst St., Willow- political organization for high school and dale, Ont., M2R 3V2. (416)635-2883. Pres. college students with a knowledge of, or Mira Koschitzky; Exec. Sec. Edmond Y. Lipsitz. Promotes Jewish studies at univer- interest in, Yiddish. Organizes artistic and sity level and encourages original research social activities. Offers services of full-time and scholarship in Jewish subjects; awards field worker to assist in forming Yiddish annual scholarships and grants-in-aid to courses and clubs throughout the U.S.A. scholars in Canada. Yugntruf. CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE ALLIANCE ZEIREI AGUDATH ISRAEL, AGUDATH IS- ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE (1958). 5711 RAEL OF AMERICA (Religious, Educa- Edgemore Ave., Montreal, PQ, H4W 1V8. tional) (514)487-1243. Pres. Harry Batshaw; Exec. Sec. Marlene Salomon. Supports the CANADA educational work of the Alliance. CANADA-ISRAEL SECURITIES, LTD., STATE CANADIAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNI- OF ISRAEL BONDS (1953). 1255 University VERSITY (1944). 208-1 Yorkdale Road, St., Montreal, PQ, H3B 3W7. Pres. Allan Toronto, Ont. M6A 3A1. (416)789-2633. Bronfman; Sec. Max Wolofsky. Sale of Nat. Pres. Ralph Halbert; Exec. Dir. Jona- State of Israel Bonds in Canada. Israel than Livny. Represents and publicizes the Bond News. Hebrew University in Canada; serves as fund-raising arm for the University in Can- CANADIAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABOR IS- ada; processes Canadians for study at the RAEL (HISTADRUT) (1944). 4770 Kent University. Scopus; Ha-Universita. Ave., Rm. 301, Montreal, PQ, H3W 1H2. Nat. Pres. Bernard M. Bloomfield; Nat. CANADIAN JEWISH CONGRESS (1919; reorg. Exec. Dir. Flora Naglie. Raises funds for 1934). 1590 Ave. Docteur Penfield, 304 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Montreal, PQ, H3G 1C5. (514)931-7531. strengthening the State of Israel and the Pres. Milton Harris; Exec. V. Pres. Alan Canadian Jewish community. Canadian Rose. The official voice of Canadian Jewry Zionist Magazine. at home and abroad; acts on all matters affecting the status, rights, and welfare of , BUREAU OF EDUCATION AND CUL- Canadian Jews. I.O.I.; Quarterly Report; TURE (1972). Pres. Philip Givens; Exec. V. Background & Analysis; Congress Memo- Pres. and Dir. of Ed. Leon Kronitz. Pro- randum. vides counseling by pedagogic experts, in- service teacher training courses, and semi- CANADIAN ORT ORGANIZATION (Organi- nars in Canada and Israel; national zation of Rehabilitation Through Train- pedagogic council and research center; dis- ing) (1942). 5165 Sherbrooke St. W., Suite tributes educational material and teaching 208, Montreal, PQ, H4A 1T6. (514)481- aids; conducts annual Bible contest and 2787. Pres. J.A. Lyone Heppner; Nat. Hebrew-language courses for adults. Exec. Dir. Mac Silver. Carries on fund- raising projects in support of the world- FRIENDS OF PIONEERING ISRAEL (1950'S). wide vocational-training school network of 272 Codsell Ave., Downsview, Ont., M3H ORT. Canadian ORT Reporter. 3X2. (416)635-9977. Pres. Tzvi Trefler. Acts as a progressive voice within the Jew- , WOMEN'S CANADIAN ORT (1948). ish community on Israeli and Canadian is- 3101 Bathurst St., Suite 404, Toronto, sues; expresses Socialist and Zionist view- Ont., M6A 2A6. (416)787-0339. Pres. points; serves as a focal point for work of Ruth Druxerman; Exec. Dir. Diane Us- the progressive Zionist elements in Can- laner. Focus. ada; acts as Canadian representative of Mapam. Activities include A.M. Klein CANADIAN SEPHARDI FEDERATION (1973). study circle; lectures on political and Jew- 4735 Cote Ste. Catherine St., Montreal, ish topics open to the public; Jewish holi- PQ, H3W 1M1. (514)731-3334. Pres. Jo- day celebrations. The Eye. seph Benarrosh; Exec. Dir. Marcel Elbaz. Preserves and promotes Sephardic iden- HADASSAH—WIZO ORGANIZATION OF tity, particularly among youth; works for CANADA(1916). 1310 Greene Ave., 9th fl., the unity of the Jewish people; emphasizes Montreal, PQ, H3Z 2B8. (514)937-9431. relations between Sephardi communities Nat. Pres. Mrs. Allen Small; Nat. Exec. V. all over the world; seeks better situation for Pres. Lily Frank. Assists needy Israelis by Sephardim in Israel; supports Israel by all sponsoring health, education, and social means. Participates in La Voix Sepharade, welfare services; seeks to strengthen and Le Monde Sepharade, and World Sephardi. perpetuate Jewish identity; encourages Jewish and Hebrew culture in promoting CANADIAN YOUNG JUDEA (1917). 788 Mar- Canadian ideals of democracy and pursuit lee Ave., Toronto, Ont., M6B 3K1. (416)- of peace. Orah. 787-5350. Nat. Pres. Risa Epstein; Exec. Dir. Perla Arditti. Strives to attract Jewish JEWISH IMMIGRANT AID SERVICES OF CAN- youth to Zionism, with goal of aliyah; op- ADA (JIAS) (1919). 5151 Cote Ste. Cather- erates six summer camps in Canada and ine Rd., Montreal, PQ, H3W 1M6. (514)- one in Israel; is sponsored by Canadian 342-9351. Nat. Pres. Joseph Casse; Nat. Hadassah-WIZO and Zionist Federation Exec. V. Pres. Gordon Kaufman. Serves as of Canada, and affiliated with Hanoar Hat- a national agency for immigration and im- zioni in Israel. Yedion; Judaean; The migrant welfare. JIAS Bulletin; JIAS News; Young Judaean. Studies and Documents on Immigration and Integration in Canada. CANADIAN ZIONIST FEDERATION (1967). 1310 Greene Ave., Westmount, Montreal, JEWISH NATIONAL FUND OF CANADA PQ, H3Z 2B2. (514)934-0804. Pres. Philip (KEREN KAYEMETH LE'ISRAEL, INC.) Givens; Exec. V. Pres. Leon Kronitz. Um- (1902). 1980 Sherbrooke St. W., Suite 300, brella organization of all Zionist- and Isra- Montreal, PQ, H3H 2M7. Nat. Pres. Alex- el-oriented groups in Canada; carries on ander (Bobby) Mayers; Exec. V. Pres. Mi- major activities in all areas of Jewish life chael D. Yarosky. Fund-raising organiza- through its departments of education and tion affiliated with the World Zionist culture, aliyah, youth and students, public Movement; involved in afforestation, soil affairs, and fund-raising for the purpose of reclamation, and development of the land NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS / 305

of Israel, including the construction of Suite 401, Downsview, Ont., M3J 2E5. roads, and preparation of sites for new set- (416)665-8251. Nat. Pres. Bunny Gurvey. tlements; helps to bring the message of Dedicated to furthering human welfare in "Keep Israel Green" to Jewish schools Jewish and non-Jewish communities, lo- across Canada. cally, nationally, and internationally; provides essential services, and stimulates and LABOR ZIONIST MOVEMENT OF CANADA educates the individual and the community (1939). 4770 Kent Ave., Montreal, PQ, through an integrated program of educa- H3W 1H2. (514)735-1593. Nat. Pres. Syd- tion, service, and social action. Keeping ney L. Wax; Nat. V. Pres. Abraham Shu- You Posted. rem. Disseminates information and publications on Israel and Jewish life; arranges NATIONAL JOINT COMMUNITY RELATIONS special events, lectures, and seminars; COMMITTEE OF CANADIAN JEWISH CON- coordinates communal and political activi- GRESS (1936). 4600 Bathurst St., Willow- ties of its constituent bodies (Pioneer dale, Ont. (416)635-2883. Chmn. Rabbi Women, Na'amat, Labor Zionist Alliance, Jordan Pearlson; Nat. Exec. Dir. Ben G. Poale Zion party, Habonim-Dror Youth, Kayfetz. Seeks to safeguard the status, Israel Histadrut, affiliated Hebrew elemen- rights, and welfare of Jews in Canada; to tary and high schools in Montreal and combat antisemitism and promote under- Toronto). Canadian Jewish Quarterly; standing and goodwill among all ethnic Viewpoints; Briefacts; Insight. and religious groups.

MIZRACHI-HAPOEL HAMIZRACHI ORGANI- UNITED JEWISH TEACHERS' SEMINARY ZATION OF CANADA (1941). 5497A Vic- (1946). 5237 Clanranald Ave., Montreal, toria Ave., Suite 101, Montreal, PQ, H3W PQ, H3X 2S5. (514)489-4401. Dir. A. 2R1. (514)739-4748. Nat. Pres. Kurt Aisenbach. Trains teachers for Yiddish Rothschild; Nat. Exec. Dir. Rabbi Sender and Hebrew schools under auspices of Ca- Shizgal; Sec. Seymour Mishkin. Promotes nadian Jewish Congress. Yitonenu. religious Zionism, aimed at making Israel a state based on Torah; maintains Bnei ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF CANADA (1892; Akiva, a summer camp, adult education reorg. 1919). 788 Marlee Ave., Toronto, program, and touring department; sup- Ont., M6B 3K1. (416)781-3571. Nat. Pres. ports Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi and Max Goody; Exec. V. Pres. George Liban. other religious Zionist institutions in Israel Furthers general Zionist aims by operating which strengthen traditional Judaism. six youth camps in Canada and one in Is- Mizrachi Newsletter; Or Hamizrach Torah rael; maintains Zionist book club; arranges Quarterly. programs, lectures; sponsors Young Ju- daea, Youth Centre Project in Jerusalem NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN OF Forest, Israel. CANADA (1947). 1111 Finch Ave. W., Jewish Federations, Welfare Funds, Community Councils1

~~~~UNITED STATES~~~~

ALABAMA W. Maryland Ave. (85015); (602)249-1845. Pres. Shyrle Schaffer; Exec. Dir. Lawrence BIRMINGHAM M. Cohen. BIRMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERATION (1935; reorg. 1971); P.O. Box 9157 (35213); (205)- TUCSON 879-0416. Pres. Jim Sokol; Exec. Dir. Rich- JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1942); 102 ard Friedman. N. Plumer (85719); (602)884-8921. Pres. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1962); P.O. Jack Cole; Exec. Dir. Charles Plotkin. Box 7377, 3960 Montclair Rd. (35223); (205)879-0411. Pres. Mayer U. Newfield; ARKANSAS Exec. Dir. Harold E. Katz. LITTLE ROCK MOBILE JEWISH FEDERATION OF LITTLE ROCK (1911); 221 Donaghey Bldg., Main at 7th MOBILE JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (Inc. 1966); 404 C One Office Park (36609); (205)- (72201); (501)372-3571. Pres. Lee Ronnel; 343-7197. Pres. Herbert A. Meisler. Exec. Sec. Nanci Goldman. MONTGOMERY CALIFORNIA JEWISH FEDERATION OF MONTGOMERY, LONG BEACH INC. (1930); P.O. Box 1150 (36102); (205)- JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (1937); 263-7674. Pres. Ralph Franco; Sec. Barbara (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE Marcus. FUND); 3801 E. Willow Ave. (90815); (213)- TRI-CITIES 426-7601. Pres. Emanuel Gyler, Exec. Dir. Oliver Winkler. •TRI-CITIES JEWISH FEDERATION CHARI- TIES, INC. (1933; Inc. 1956); Route 7, Flo- LOS ANGELES rence (35632); Pres. Mrs. M. F. Shipper. JEWISH FEDERATION-COUNCIL OF GREAT- ARIZONA ER Los ANGELES (1912; reorg. 1959); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND); PHOENIX 6505 Wilshire Blvd. (90048); (213)852-1234. GREATER PHOENIX JEWISH FEDERATION Pres. Osias Goren; Exec. V. Pres. Ted Kan- (incl. surrounding communities) (1940); 1718 ner.

'This directory is based on information supplied by the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. An Asterisk (*) preceding a listing indicates an organization not affiliated with CJFWF. 306 JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 307

OAKLAND VENTURA JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE GREATER •VENTURA COUNTY JEWISH COUNCIL— EAST BAY (1918); 3245 Sheffield Ave. TEMPLE BETH TORAH (1938); 7620 Foothill (94602); (415)533-7462. Pres. Marvin Wein- Rd. (93003); (805)647-4181. Pres. Ira Gold- reb; Exec. V. Pres. Melvin Mogulof. enring. ORANGE COUNTY COLORADO JEWISH FEDERATION OF ORANGE COUNTY (1964; Inc. 1965); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH DENVER WELFARE FUND); 12181 Buaro, Garden ALLIED JEWISH FEDERATION OF DENVER Grove (92640); (714)530-6636. Pres. Michael (1936); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH CAM- J. Pinto; Exec. Dir. Gerald Lasensky. PAIGN); 300 S. Dahlia St. (80222); (303)321- 3399. Pres. Ralph Auerbach; Exec. Dir. Har- PALM SPRINGS old Cohen. JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF PALM SPRINGS-DESERT AREA (1971); 611 S. Palm CONNECTICUT Canyon Dr. (92262); (714)325-7281. Pres. Jim BRIDGEPORT Greenbaum; Exec. Dir. Samuel J. Rosenthal. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER BRIDGE- SACRAMENTO PORT, INC. (1936); (sponsors UNITED JEW- ISH CAMPAIGN); 4200 Park Ave. (06604); JEWISH FEDERATION OF SACRAMENTO (1948); P.O. Box 254589 (95825); (916)486- (203)372-6504. Pres. Jack Zaluda; Exec. Dir. 0906. Pres. Alex Fahn; Exec. Dir. Arnold Gerald A. Kleinman. Feder. DANBURY SAN BERNARDINO JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DAN- SAN BERNARDINO UNITED JEWISH WEL- BURY (1945); 54 Main St., Ste. E. (06810); FARE FUND, INC. (1936; Inc. 1957); Congre- (203)792-6353. Pres. Peter Romanow; Exec. gation Emanu-el, 3512 N. "E" St. (92405). Dir. Carol Effrat. Pres. William Russler. HARTFORD SAN DIEGO GREATER HARTFORD JEWISH FEDERATION UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER (1945); 333 Bloomfield Ave., W., Hartford SAN DIEGO (1935); 5511 El Cajon Blvd. (06117); (203)232-4483. Pres. Simon Kon- (92115); (714)582-2483. Pres. Pauline Foster; over; Exec. Dir. Don Cooper. Exec. Dir. Steven M. Abramson. MERIDEN SAN FRANCISCO •MERIDEN JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF SAN (1944); 127 E. Main St. (06450); (203)235- FRANCISCO, MARIN COUNTY AND THE PE- 2581. Pres. Joseph Barker; Sec. Marcia NINSULA (1910; reorg. 1955); 254 Sutter St. Cheiken. (94108); (415)781-3082. Pres. William NEW HAVEN Lowenberg; Exec. Dir. Brian Lurie. NEW HAVEN JEWISH FEDERATION (1928); SAN JOSE (sponsors COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL) JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SAN (1969); 1162 Chapel St. (06511); (203)562- JOSE (incl. Santa Clara County except Palo 2137. Pres. H. William Shure; Exec. Dir. Ar- Alto and Los Altos) (1930; reorg. 1950); 1777 thur Spiegel. Hamilton Ave., Suite 201 (95125); (408)267- 2770. Pres. Allen Guggenheim; Exec. Dir. NEW LONDON Nat Bent. JEWISH FEDERATION OF EASTERN CON- NECTICUT, INC. (1950; Inc. 1970); 302 State SANTA BARBARA St. (06320); (203)442-8062. Pres. Gary •SANTA BARBARA JEWISH FEDERATION; Motin; Exec. Dir. Eugene F. Elander. P.O. Box 6782 (93111); (805)962-0770. Pres. Martin Bernstein. NORWALK JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NOR- STOCKTON WALK (1946; reorg. 1964); Shorehaven Rd., •STOCKTON JEWISH WELFARE FUND East Norwalk (06855); (203)853-3440. (1972); 5105 N. El Dorado St. (95207); (209)- Pres. Stephen Schaffer; Exec. Dir. Charles 477-9306. Pres. Tasha Stadtner. Vogel. 308 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

STAMFORD MIAMI UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (Reincorp. GREATER MIAMI JEWISH FEDERATION, 1973); 1035 Newfield Ave. (06905); (203)322- INC. (1938); 4200 Biscayne Blvd. (33137); 6935. Pres. Norma Mann; Exec. Dir. Steve (305)576-4000. Pres. Norman Lipoff; Exec. Schreier. V. Pres. Myron J. Brodie. WATERBURY ORLANDO JEWISH FEDERATION OF WATERBURY, INC. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER OR- (1938); 1020 Country Club Rd. (06720); LANDO (1949); 851 N. Maitland Ave., P.O. (203)758-2441. Pres. Frances Weinstein; Box 1508, Maitland (32751); (305)645-5933. Exec. Dir. Albert G. Effrat. Pres. Sonia Mandel; Exec. Dir. Paul Jeser. DELAWARE PALM BEACH COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION OF PALM BEACH WILMINGTON COUNTY, INC. (1938); 501 S. Flagler Dr., JEWISH FEDERATION OF DELAWARE, INC. Suite 305, West Palm Beach (33401); (305)- (1935); 101 Garden of Eden Rd. (19803); 689-5900. Pres. Jeanne Levy; Exec. Dir. Nor- (302)478-6200. Pres. Paul R. Fine; Exec. Dir. man J. Schimelman. Morris Lapidos. PENSACOLA DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA •PENSACOLA FEDERATED JEWISH CHARI- TIES (1942); 1320 E. Lee St. (32503); (904)- WASHINGTON 438-1464. Pres. Joe Rosenbaum; Sec. Mrs. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF Harry Saffer. GREATER WASHINGTON, INC. (1935); 6935 Arlington Rd., Bethesda, Md. (20014); (301)- PINELLAS COUNTY (incl. Clearwater and 652-6480. Pres. Melvin S. Cohen; Exec. V. St. Petersburg) Pres. Elton J. Kerness. JEWISH FEDERATION OF PINELLAS COUNTY, INC. (1950; reincorp. 1974); 302 S. FLORIDA Jupiter Ave., Cleanvater (33515); (813)446- BOCA RATON 1033. Pres. Reva Kent; Exec. Dir. Gerald Rubin. SOUTH COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION; 3200 N. Federal Hwy., Suite 124 (33431); (305)- SARASOTA 368-2737. Pres. James B. Baer; Exec. Dir. SARASOTA JEWISH FEDERATION (1959); Bruce S. Warshall. 2197 Ringling Blvd. (33577); (813)365-4410. Pres. Jerome Kapner; Exec. Dir. Jack Wein- DAYTONA traub. JEWISH FEDERATION OF VOLUSIA & FLAG- LER COUNTIES, INC.; P.O. Box 5434, 504 TAMPA Main St. (32018); (904)255-6260. Pres. Clif- TAMPA JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); 2808 ford R. Josephson; Exec. Sec. Iris Gardner. Horatio (33609); (813)872^451. Pres. Mi- chael L. Levine; Exec. Dir. Gary S. Alter. FT. LAUDERDALE JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER FT. GEORGIA LAUDERDALE (1967); 8360 W. Oakland Pk. ATLANTA Blvd. (33321); (305)748-8200. Pres. Jean ATLANTA JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1905; Shapiro; Exec. Dir. Leslie Gottlieb. reorg. 1967); 1753 Peachtree Rd., N.F.. HOLLYWOOD (30309); (404)873-1661. Pres. Marvin Gold- stein; Exec. Dir. David I. Sarnat. JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTH BROWARD, INC. (1943); 2719 Hollywood Blvd. (33020); AUGUSTA (305)921-8810. Pres. Robert Pittell; Exec. AUGUSTA JEWISH FEDERATION (1937); Dir. Sumner Kaye. P.O. Box 3251, Hill Station (30904); (404)- JACKSONVILLE 736-1818. c/o Hillel Silver, Treas.; Pres. Boots Wittenberg; Exec. Dir. Jay Rubin. JACKSONVILLE JEWISH FEDERATION (1935); P.O. Box 24508 (32241); (904)262- COLUMBUS 2800. Pres. Ronald Elinoff; Exec. Dir. Gerald JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF COLUM- L. Goldsmith. BUS, INC. (1941); P.O. Box 6313 (31907); JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 309

(404)563-4766. Pres. Maxine Schiffman; Sec. PEORIA Irene Rainbow. CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION SAVANNAH (1969); 3100 N. Knoxville, Suite 17 (61603); (309)686-0611. Pres. Marilyn Weigensberg; SAVANNAH JEWISH COUNCIL (1943); (spon- Exec. Dir. Peretz Katz. sors UJA-FEDERATION CAMPAIGN); P.O. Box 6546, 5111 Abercorn St. (31405); (912)- JEWISH FEDERATION OF PEORIA (member 355-8111. Pres. Barnard Portman; Exec. Dir. CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION) Stan Ramati. (1933; Inc. 1947); 3100 N. Knoxville, Suite 17 (61603); (309)686-0611. Pres. Saul Bork; HAWAII Exec. Dir. Peretz A. Katz. HONOLULU QUAD CITIES JEWISH FEDERATION OF HAWAII (1956); JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE QUAD CITIES 817 Cooke St. (96813); (808)536-7228. Pres. (incl. Rock Island, Moline, Davenport, Bet- Alex Weinstein; Exec. Dir. Barry Shain. tendorf) (1938; comb. 1973); 224-18th St., Suite 511, Rock Island (61201); (309)793- IDAHO 1300. Pres. Sam Gilman; Exec. Dir. Judah BOISE Segal. •SOUTHERN IDAHO JEWISH WELFARE ROCKFORD FUND (1947); 1776 Commerce Ave. (83705); ROCKFORD JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (208)344-3574. Pres. Kal Sarlat; Treas. Mar- (1937); 1500 Parkview Ave. (61107); (815)- tin Heuman. 399-5497. Pres. Jason Gesmer; Exec. Dir. ILLINOIS Tony Toback. CHAMPAIGN-URBANA SOUTHERN ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN ILLI- CHAMPAIGN-URBANA JEWISH FEDERA- TION (1929); 807 Haines Blvd., Champaign NOIS (incl. all of Illinois south of Carlinville (61820); (217)356-5907. Pres. Ira Wachtel. and Paducah, Ky.) (1941); 6464 W. Main, Suite 7A, Belleville (62223); (618)398-6100. CHICAGO Pres. Leonard Linkon; Exec. Dir. Bruce J. JEWISH FEDERATION OF METROPOLITAN Sam born. CHICAGO (1900); 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); SPRINGFIELD (312)346-6700. Pres. Herbert S. Wander; Exec. Dir. Steven B. Nasatir. SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION (member CENTRAL ILLINOIS JEWISH FEDERA- JEWISH UNITED FUND OF METROPOLITAN TION) (1941); 730 E. Vine St. (62703); (217)- CHICAGO (1968); 1 S. Franklin St. (60606); 528-3446. Pres. Stephen P. Stone; Exec. Sec. (312)346-6700. Pres. Herbert S. Wander; Lenore Loeb. Exec. V. Pres. Steven B. Nasatir. INDIANA DECATUR DECATUR JEWISH FEDERATION (member EVANSVILLE Central Illinois Jewish Federation) (1942); EVANSVILLE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- c/o Temple B'nai Abraham, 1326 West Eldo- CIL, INC. (1936; Inc. 1964); P.O. Box 5026 rado (62522); Pres. Jerry Gliner; Sec. Marion (47715); (812)477-7050. Pres. Alan Newman; Guggenheim. Exec. Sec. Maxine P. Fink. ELGIN FORT WAYNE ELGIN AREA JEWISH WELFARE CHEST FORT WAYNE JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); (1938); 330 Division St. (60120); (312)741- 227 E. Washington Blvd. (46802); (219)422- 5656. Pres. Fred Heinemann; Treas. Stuart 8566. Pres. Louis Schneider; Exec. Dir. Eli J. Hanfling. Skora. JOLIET INDIANAPOLIS JOLIET JEWISH WELFARE CHEST (1938); JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, INC. 250 N. Midland Ave. (60435); (815)725- (1905); 615 N. Alabama St. (46204); (317)- 7078. Pres. Bernard Kliska; Sec. Rabbi Mor- 637-2473. Pres. David Kleinman; Exec. V. ris M. Hershman. Pres. Louis P. Solomon. 310 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 LAFAYETTE 8 (67206); (316)686-4741. Pres. Nancy FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1924); Matassarin. P.O. Box 676 (47902); (317)742-9081. Pres. KENTUCKY Harry Hirschl; Fin. Sec. Louis Pearlman, Jr. CENTRAL MICHIGAN CITY CENTRAL KENTUCKY JEWISH ASSOCIA- MICHIGAN CITY UNITED JEWISH WELFARE TION; 258 Plaza Dr., Ste. 208, Lexington FUND; 2800 Franklin St. (46360); (219)874- (40503); (606)277-8048. Pres. Jack Miller. 4477. Pres. Nate Winski; Treas. Harold Lein- wand. LOUISVILLE MUNCIE JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF LOUISVILLE, INC. (1934); (sponsors UNITED •MUNCIE JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); JEWISH CAMPAIGN); P.O. Box 33035, 3630 c/o Beth El Temple, P.O. Box 2792 (47302); Dutchman's Lane (40232); (502)451-8840. (317)284-1497. Chmn. Edward J. Dobrow; Mrs. Martyn Goldman; Exec. Dir. Frank Fo- Treas. Robert Koor. gelson. NORTHWEST INDIANA LOUISLANA THE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1941); reorg. 1959); 2939 Jewett St., Highland ALEXANDRIA (46322); (219)972-2251. Pres. Sam Gray; THE JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION AND Exec. Dir. Barnett Labowitz. COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF CENTRAL LOUI- SOUTH BEND SIANA (1938); 1261 Heyman Lane (71301); (318)442-1264. Pres. Harold Katz; Sec.- JEWISH FEDERATION OF ST. JOSEPH VAL- Treas. Mrs. George Kuplesky. LEY (1946); 804 Sherland Bldg. (46601); (219)233-1164. Pres. Isadore Rosenfeld; BATON ROUGE Exec. V. Pres. Bernard Natkow. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER BATON IOWA ROUGE (1971); P.O. Box 80827 (70898); (504)343-1465. Pres. Barry Blumberg; Exec. CEDAR RAPIDS Dir. Michael Yuspeh. •JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF LINN COUNTY MONROE (1941); 1157SL S.E. (52401); (319)366-3553. Chmn. Norman Lipsky; Treas. Jay Beecher. UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF NORTHEAST LOUISIANA (1938); 2400 Orrel PI. (71201); DES MOINES (318)387-0730. Pres. Morris Mintz; Sec.- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DES Treas. Herman Dubin. MOINES (1914); 910 Polk Blvd. (50312); (515)277-6321. Pres. Marvin Winick; Exec. NEW ORLEANS Dir. Melvin Bernay. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW ORLEANS (1913; reorg. 1977); 211 Camp St. SIOUX CITY (70130); (504)525-0673. Pres. Joan Berenson; JEWISH FEDERATION (1921); 525 14 St. Exec. Dir. Jane Buchsbaum. (51105); (712)258-0618. Pres. Henry B. Tygar; Exec. Dir. Doris E. Rosenthal. SHREVEPORT SHREVEPORT JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); WATERLOO Inc. 1967); 2030 Line Ave. (71104); (318)- WATERLOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1941); 221-4129. Pres. Sylvia Goodman; Exec. Dir. c/o Congregation Sons of Jacob, 411 Mitch- David S. Abrams. ell Ave. (50702); Pres. Irving Uze. MAINE KANSAS BANGOR TOPEKA •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1949); 28 •TOPEKA-LAWRENCE JEWISH FEDERATION Somerset St. (04401); (207)945-5631. Pres. (1939); 101 Redbud Lane (66607); Pres. Louis Kornreich; Exec. Dir. Sanfred Paster- Mark Greenberg. nack. WICHITA LEWISTON-AUBURN MID-KANSAS JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- LEWISTON-AUBURN JEWISH FEDERATION TION, INC. (1935); 400 N. Woodlawn, Suite (1947); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 311 74 Bradman St., Lewiston (04240); (207)786- St. (01841); (617)686-4157. Pres. Sidney 4201. Pres. Sheldon Nussinow; Exec. Dir. Swartz; Exec. Dir. Irving Linn. Morris Bernstein. LEOMINSTER PORTLAND LEOMINSTER JEWISH COMMUNITY COUN- JEWISH FEDERATION COMMUNITY COUN- CIL, INC. (1939); 30 Grove Ave. (01453); CIL OF SOUTHERN MAINE (1942); (sponsors (617)537-7906. Pres. Martin Shaeval; Sec.- UNITED JEWISH APPEAL); 57 Ashmont St. Treas. Howard J. Rome. (04103); (207)773-7254. Admn. Cecelia Le- vine; Pres. Richard D. Aronson. NEW BEDFORD JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER NEW MARYLAND BEDFORD, INC. (1938; Inc. 1954); 467 Haw- ANNAPOLIS thorn St., North Dartmouth (02747); (617)- 997-7471. Pres. Rubye Finger; Exec. Dir. •ANNAPOLIS JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1946); 601 Ridgley Ave. (21401); Pres. Steven J. Edelstein. Anton Grobani. NORTH SHORE BALTIMORE JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE NORTH ASSOCIATED JEWISH CHARITIES & WEL- SHORE, INC. (1938); 4 Community Rd., Mar- FARE FUND, INC. (a merger of the Associated blehead (01945); (617)598-1810. Pres. Gerald Jewish Charities & Jewish Welfare Fund) Ogan; Exec. Dir. Gerald S. Ferman. (1920; reorg. 1969); 101 W. Mt. Royal Ave. PITTSFIELD (21201); (301)727-4828. Pres. Willard Hackerman; Exec. V. Pres. Stephen D. So- •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1940); 235 lender. E. St. (01201); (413)442-4360. Pres. Rhoda Kaminstein; Exec. Dir. Jerry Niemand. MASSACHUSETTS SPRINGFIELD BOSTON SPRINGFIELD JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. COMBINED JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES OF (1938); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH WELFARE GREATER BOSTON, INC. (1895; reorg. 1961); FUND); 1160 Dickinson (01108); (413)737- 72 Franklin St. (02110); (617)542-8080. Pres. 4313. Pres. Alan Curtis; Exec. Dir. Joel Ruth B. Fein; Exec. V.P. David H. Rosen. Weiss. FITCHBURG WORCESTER •JEWISH FEDERATION OF FITCHBURG WORCESTER JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (1939); 40 Boutelle St. (01420); (617)342- (1947; Inc. 1957); (sponsors JEWISH WEL- 2227. Pres. Elliot L. Zide; Treas. Allen I. FARE FUND, 1939); 633 Salisbury St. (01609); Rome. (617)756-1543. Pres. Harold N. Cotton; Exec. Dir. Joseph Huber. FRAMINGHAM GREATER FRAMINGHAM JEWISH FEDERA- MICHIGAN TION (1968; Inc. 1969); 76 Salem End Road, BAY CITY Framingham Centre (01701); (617)879-3301. Pres. Judy Chyten; Exec. Dir. Lawrence Lo- •NORTHEASTERN MICHIGAN JEWISH WEL- wenthal. FARE FEDERATION (1940); 1125 Orchard Rd., Essexville (48732); (517)893-7779. Sec. HAVERHILL Hanna Shiftman. •HAVERHILL UNITED JEWISH APPEAL, DETROIT INC.; 514 Main St. (01830); (617)373-3861. Pres. Manuel M. Epstein. JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF DE- TROIT (1899); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH HOLYOKE CAMPAIGN); Fred M. Butzel Memorial COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF HOLYOKE Bldg., 163 Madison (48226); (313)965-3939. (1939); 378 Maple St. (01040); (413)534- Pres. Avern L. Cohn; Exec. Dir. Wayne Fein- 3369. Pres. Herbert Goldberg; Exec. Dir. stein. Dov Sussman. FLINT LAWRENCE FLINT JEWISH FEDERATION (1936); 120 W. •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF Kearsley St. (48502); (313)767-5922; Pres. GREATER LAWRENCE (1906); 580 Haverhill Stephen Klein; Exec. Dir. Alan J. Hersh. 312 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

GRAND RAPIDS (816)421-5808. Pres. Arthur Brand; Exec. JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND OF GRAND Dir. Sol Koenigsberg. RAPIDS (1930); 1121 Keneberry Way S.E. ST. JOSEPH (49506); (616)949-5238. Pres. Joseph N. Schwartz; Sec. Mrs. William Deutsch. UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ST. JOSEPH (1915); 1124 No. 26 St. (64506); (816)364- KALAMAZOO 6507. Pres. Simon Polsky; Exec. Sec. Janet G. KALAMAZOO JEWISH FEDERATION (1949); Solomon. c/o Congregation of Moses, 2501 Stadium Dr. (49008); (616)349-8396. Pres. Harvey ST. LOUIS Skulnick. JEWISH FEDERATION OF ST. LOUIS (incl. St. Louis County) (1901); 10957 Schuetz Rd. LANSING (63141); (314)432-0020. Pres. Harris J. GREATER LANSING JEWISH WELFARE FED- Frank; V. Pres. Martin S. Kraar. ERATION (1939); P.O. Box 975, E. Lansing (48823); (517)351-3197. V. Pres. Mordechai NEBRASKA Kreinin; Exec. Dir. Louis T. Friedman. LINCOLN SAGINAW LINCOLN JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION, INC. (1931; Inc. 1961); P.O. Box 88014 SAGINAW JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION (1939); 1424 S. Washington Ave. (48607); (68501); (402)435-0230. Pres. Gerald Grant; (517)753-5230. Pres. Norman Rotenberg; Exec. Dir. Herbert F. Gaba. Fin. Sec. Sandi Feldman. OMAHA MINNESOTA JEWISH FEDERATION OF OMAHA (1903); 333 S. 132 St. (68154); (402)334-8200. Pres. DULUTH Paul Cohen; Exec. Dir. Allan Greene. JEWISH FEDERATION & COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1937); 1602 E. 2nd St. (55812); NEVADA (218)724-8857. Pres. Manley Goldfine; Sec. LAS VEGAS Admin. Sharon K. Eckholm. JEWISH FEDERATION OF LAS VEGAS (1973); MINNEAPOLIS 1030 E. Twain Ave. (89109); (702)732-0556. MINNEAPOLIS FEDERATION FOR JEWISH Pres. Phil Engel; Exec. Dir. Jerry Countess. SERVICES (1929; Inc. 1930); 811 La Salle NEW HAMPSHIRE Ave. (55402); (612)339-7491. Pres. Reva Rosenbloom; Exec. Dir. Herman Marko- MANCHESTER witz. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER MAN- ST. PAUL CHESTER (1913); 698 Beech St. (03104); (603)627-7679. Pres. Norman Stahl; Exec. UNITED JEWISH FUND AND COUNCIL Dir. Ruth Schwartz. (1935); 790 S. Cleveland (55116); (612)690- 1707. Pres. Merril Kuller; Exec. Dir. Kimball NEW JERSEY Marsh. ATLANTIC COUNTY MISSISSIPPI FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF AT- JACKSON LANTIC COUNTY (1924); 5321 Atlantic Ave., Ventnor City (08406); (609)822-7122. Pres. •JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1945); 4135 N. Honeysuckle Lane (39211); (601)956-6215. Gerald Weinstein; Exec. Dir. Bernard Pres. Louis Shornick. Cohen. VICKSBURG BAYONNE BAYONNE JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL; •JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION (1936); 1210 Washington St. (39180); (601)636-7531. 1050 Kennedy Blvd. (07002); (201)436-6900. Pres. Richard Marcus. Pres. Raphael Levine; Exec. Dir. Alan J. Coren. MISSOURI BERGEN COUNTY KANSAS CITY UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF BER- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER KAN- GEN COUNTY (1953; Inc. 1978); 111 SAS CITY (1933); 25 E. 12 St. (64106); Kinderkamack Rd.( River Edge (07661); JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 313

(201)488-6800. Pres. Julius Eisen; Exec. V. 101-102, Edison (08837); (201)494-3920. Pres. James P. Young. Pres. Gerald Grossman; Exec. Dir. Arthur Eisenstein. CENTRAL NEW JERSEY JEWISH FEDERATION OF CENTRAL NEW OCEAN COUNTY JERSEY (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- OCEAN COUNTY JEWISH FEDERATION; 301 PAIGN); (1940; expanded 1973 to include Madison Ave., Lakewood (08701); (201)363- Westfield and Plainfield); Green Lane, Union 0530. Pres. Michael Levin; Exec. Dir. (07083); (201)351-5060. Pres. Emanuel Pach- Abraham Mintz. man; Exec. V. Pres. Burton Lazarow. PASSAIC-CLIFTON DELAWARE VALLEY JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER PASSA- JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE DELAWARE IC-CLIFTON (1933); (sponsors UNITED JEW- VALLEY (1929); 20-28 N. Penn. Ave., Mor- ISH CAMPAIGN); 199 Scoles Ave. (07012). risville (19067); (215)736-8022. Pres. David (201)777-7031. Pres. Harry Greenwald; Rothstein; Dir. Charles P. Epstein. Exec. Dir. Yosef Muskin. ENGLEWOOD RARITAN VALLEY UNITED JEWISH FUND OF ENGLEWOOD JEWISH FEDERATION OF RARITAN VALLEY AND SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES (1952); (1948); 2 South Adelaide Ave., Highland 153 Tenafly Rd. (07631); (201)569-1070. Park (08904); (201)246-1905. Pres. Irvin Pres. Norman Gurman; Exec. Dir. Seymour Baker; Exec. Dir. Jonathan Spinner. J. Colen. SOMERSET COUNTY JERSEY CITY JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOMERSET UNITED JEWISH APPEAL (1939); 604 Bergen COUNTY (1960); 11 Park Ave., P.O. Box 874, Ave. (07304); (201)433-4200. Chmn. Mel Somerville (08876); (201)725-2231. Pres. Gil- Blum; Exec. Dir. Arnold Piskin. bert Pelovitz; Exec. Dir. Moshe M. Ziv. METROPOLITAN NEW JERSEY SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION (spon- JEWISH FEDERATION OF SOUTHERN NEW sors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL) (1923); 60 JERSEY (incl. Camden and Burlington Coun- Glenwood Ave., East Orange (07017); (201)- ties) (1922); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH AP- 673-6800. Pres. Clarence Reisen; Exec. V. PEAL); 2393 W. Marlton Pike, Cherry Hill Pres. Donald Feldstein. (08002); (609)665-6100. Pres. Sam Lear; MONMOUTH COUNTY Exec. V. Pres. Stuart Alperin. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER MON- VINELAND MOUTH COUNTY (formerly Shore Area) (1971); 100 Grant Ave., Deal (07723); (201)- JEWISH FEDERATION OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY (1971); (sponsors ALLIED JEWISH 531-6200. Pres. Ruth Rosenfeld; Exec. Dir. APPEAL); 629 Wood St. (08360); (609)696- Marvin Relkin. 4445. Pres. Cy Baltus; Exec. Dir. Gail Beit- MORRIS COUNTY man. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF MORRIS- NEW MEXICO SUSSEX; 500 Route 10, Ledgewood (07852); (201)584-1850. Pres. Irwin Roseman; Exec. ALBUQUERQUE Dir. Michael P. Shapiro. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AL- BUQUERQUE, INC. (1938); 12800 Lomas NORTH JERSEY N.E., Ste. F (87112); (505)292-1061. Pres. JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTH JERSEY Herbert Friedman; Exec. Dir. Elisa M. (formerly Jewish Community Council) Simon. (1933); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH APPEAL DRIVE); 1 Pike Dr., Wayne (07470); (201)- NEW YORK 595-0555. Pres. Marge Bornstein; Exec. Dir. Leon Zimmerman. ALBANY GREATER ALBANY JEWISH FEDERATION NORTHERN MIDDLESEX COUNTY (1938); (sponsors JEWISH WELFARE FUND); JEWISH FEDERATION OF NORTHERN MID- 350 Whitehall Rd. (12208); (518)459-8000. DLESEX COUNTY (1975); (sponsors UNITED Pres. Daniel Hershberg; Exec. Dir. Steven F. JEWISH APPEAL); 100 Menlo Park, Suite Windmueller. 314 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

BROOME COUNTY (12550); (914)562-7860. Pres. Gerald Kreis- THE JEWISH FEDERATION OF BROOME berg; Exec. Dir. Lawrence Pallas. COUNTY (1937; Inc. 1958); 500 Clubhouse NIAGARA FALLS Rd., Binghamton (13903); (607)724-2332. Pres. Bruce Becker; Exec. Dir. Stanley JEWISH FEDERATION OF NIAGARA FALLS, Bard. N.Y., INC. (1935); Temple Beth Israel Bldg. #5, College & Madison Ave. (14305); (716)- BUFFALO 284-4575. Pres. Howard Kushner; Exec. Dir. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER BUF- Miriam Schaffer. FALO, INC. (1903); (sponsors UNITED JEW- ISH FUND CAMPAIGN); 787 Delaware Ave. POUGHKEEPSIE (14209); (716)886-7750. Pres. Gordon Gross; •JEWISH WELFARE FUND-DUTCHESS COUN- Exec. Dir. Morris Rombro. TY (1941); 110 Grand Ave. (12603); (914)- 471-9811. Pres. Leonard Bard. ELMIRA ELMIRA JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. ROCHESTER (1942); P.O. Box 3087, Grandview Rd. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF (14905); (607)734-8122. Pres. Edward J. ROCHESTER, N.Y., INC. (1937); 1200 Chest- Grandt; Exec. Dir. Ernest G. Budwig. nut Plaza, 50 Chestnut St. (14604); (716)325- 3393. Pres. Neil Norry; Exec. Dir. Henry M. GLENS FALLS Rosenbaum. *GLENS FALLS JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1939); P.O. Box 177 (12801); (518)792-6438. SCHENECTADY Chmn. Walter Stern. JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SCHE- HUDSON NECTADY (1938); (sponsors SCHENECTADY UJA AND FEDERATED WELFARE FUND); •JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF HUDSON, 2565 Balltown Rd., P.O. Box 2649 (12309); N.Y., INC. (1947); Joslen Blvd. (12534); (518)393-1136. Pres. Neil Golub; Exec. Dir. (518)828-6848. Pres. Arthur T. Brooks. Haim Morag. KINGSTON SYRACUSE JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER KING- STON, INC. (1951); 159 Green St. (12401); SYRACUSE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. (914)338-8131. Pres. Lawrence Jacowitz. (1918); P.O. Box 5004, 2223 E. Genesee St. Exec. Dir. Jane Myerson. (13201); (315)422-4104. Pres. Alan Burstein; Exec. Dir. Barry Silverberg. NEW YORK CITY TROY FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES OF NEW YORK (incl. Greater New York, TROY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, INC. Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties) (1936); 2500 21 St. (12180); (518)274-0700. (1917); 130 E. 59 St. (10022); (212)980-1000. Pres. Louis Cohen. Pres. Mrs. Laurence A. Tisch; Exec. V. Pres. UTICA William Kahn. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF UTICA, UNITED JEWISH APPEAL—FEDERATION OF N.Y., INC. (1933; Inc. 1950); (sponsors JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES—JOINT CAM- PAIGN (1974); 130 E. 59 St. (10022); (212)- UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF UTICA); 2310 980-1000. Pres. Robert Arnow; Exec. V. Oneida St. (13501); (315)733-2343. Pres. Pres. William Kahn; Bd. Chmn. Stephen M. Cecily Eidelhoch; Exec. Dir. Meyer L. Peck. Bodoff. UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF GREATER NEW NORTH CAROLINA YORK, INC. (incl. Greater New York, Nas- sau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties) ASHEVILLE (1939); 130 E. 59 St. (10022); (212)980-1000. FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF ASHE- Pres. Elaine K. Winik; Exec. V. Pres. Ernest VILLE, INC.; 236 Charlotte St. (28801); (704)- W. Michel. 253-0701. Pres. Ronald Goldstein. NEWBURGH-MIDDLETOWN CHARLOTTE JEWISH FEDERATION OF NEWBURGH AND CHARLOTTE JEWISH FEDERATION (1940); MIDDLETOWN, INC. (1925); 360 Powell Ave. P.O. Box 220188 (28222); (704)366-0358. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 315

Pres. Richard Klein; Exec. Dir. Marvin Bien- (513)854-4150. Pres. Bernard Goldman; stock. Exec. Dir. Peter Wells. DURHAM-CHAPEL HILL LIMA DURHAM-CHAPEL HILL JEWISH FEDERA- FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF LIMA TION & COMMUNITY COUNCIL; 1509 Crest- DISTRICT (1935); 2417 West Market St. wood Lane (27514); (919)929-4774. Pres. (45805); (419)224-8941. Pres. Morris Gold- Elizabeth H. Gervais. berg. GREENSBORO STEUBENVILLE GREENSBORO JEWISH FEDERATION (1940); JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); P.O. 713A N. Green St. (27401); Pres. Albert Box 472 (43952); (614)282-9031. Pres. Mor- Jacobson; Exec. Dir. Sherman Harris. ris Denmark; Exec. Sec. Mrs. Joseph Freed- HIGH POINT man. HIGH POINT JEWISH FEDERATION; P.O. TOLEDO Box 2063 (27261); (919)431-7101. Campaign JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF Chmn. Harry Samet. TOLEDO, INC. (1907; reorg. 1960); P.O. Box WINSTON-SALEM 587, 6505 Sylvania Ave., Sylvania (43560); WINSTON-SALEM JEWISH COMMUNITY (419)885-4461. Pres. John Bloomfield; Exec. COUNCIL; 620 Lankashire Rd. (27106); Dir. Alvin S. Levinson. (919)765-6685. Pres. Barry Eisenberg. WARREN OHIO JEWISH FEDERATION (1938); 3893 E. Mar- ket St. (44483); Pres. William Lippy. AKRON AKRON JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION YOUNGSTOWN (1935); 750 White Pond Dr. (44320); (216)- YOUNGSTOWN AREA JEWISH FEDERATION 867-7850. Pres. Judith Isroff; Exec. Dir. (1935); P.O. Box 449 (44501); (216)746-3251. Steven Drysdale. Pres. Bert Tamarkin; Exec. Dir. Stanley CANTON Engel. JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF CAN- OKLAHOMA TON (1935; reorg. 1955); 2631 Harvard Ave., N.W. (44709); (216)452-6444. Pres. Harriett ARDMORE Narens. •JEWISH FEDERATION (1934); 23 "B" St., S.W. (73401). Chmn. Ike Fishman. CINCINNATI JEWISH FEDERATION OF CINCINNATI AND OKLAHOMA CITY VICINITY (merger of the Associated Jewish JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1941); Agencies and Jewish Welfare Fund) (1896; 11032 Quail Creek Rd. #201 (73120); (405)- reorg. 1967); 200 West 4th St. (45202); (513)- 524-4324. Pres. Dianne Schonwald; Exec. 381-5800. Pres. Philip T. Cohen; Exec. V. Dir. Earnest Siegel. Pres. Marden D. Paru. TULSA CLEVELAND JEWISH FEDERATION OF TULSA (1938); JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF (sponsors TULSA UNITED JEWISH CAM- CLEVELAND (1903); 1750 Euclid Ave. PAIGN); 2021 E. 71 St. (74136); (918)495- (44115); (216)566-9200. Pres. Henry Good- 1100. Pres. Howard Raskin; Exec. Dir. Na- man; Exec. Dir. Stanley B. Horowitz. than Loshak. COLUMBUS OREGON COLUMBUS JEWISH FEDERATION (1926); PORTLAND 1175 College Ave. (43209); (614)237-7686. Pres. Millard Cummins; Exec. Dir. Charles JEWISH FEDERATION OF PORTLAND (incl. R. Schiffman. state of Oregon and adjacent Washington communities) (1920; reorg. 1956); 4850 S.W. DAYTON Scholls Ferry Rd., Suite 304 (97225); (503)- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DAY- 297-8104. Pres. Phil Blank; Exec. Dir. Mur- TON (1943); 4501 Denlinger Rd. (45426); ray Schneier. 316 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

PENNSYLVANIA NEW CASTLE ALLENTOWN UNITED JEWISH APPEAL OF NEW CASTLE, PA. (1967); P.O. Box 5050 (16105); (412)- JEWISH FEDERATION OF ALLENTOWN, INC. 658-8389. Chmn. Ruth-Ann Fisher. (1938; Inc. 1948); 702 N. 22nd (18104); (215)435-3571. Pres. Sybil Baiman; Exec. NORRISTOWN Dir. Ivan C. Schonfeld. JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTER (serving Cen- ALTOONA tral Montgomery County) (1936); 1541 Po- well St. (19401); (215)275-8797. Pres. Irving FEDERATION OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIES Archinow; Exec. Dir. David Maharam. (1920; reorg. 1940); 1308 17th St. (16601); (814)944-4072. Pres. Donald Devorris. PHILADELPHIA BUTLER FEDERATION OF JEWISH AGENCIES OF GREATER PHILADELPHIA (1901; reorg. BUTLER JEWISH WELFARE FUND (incl. But- 1956); 226 South 16 St. (19102); (215)893- ler County) (1938); 148 Haverford Dr. 5600. Pres. Edward H. Rosen; Exec. Dir. (16001); (412)287-3814. Pres. Robert Brown; Robert Forman. Sec. Maurice Horwitz. PITTSBURGH EASTON UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF EASTON, PITTSBURGH (1912; reorg. 1955); 234 McKee PA. AND VICINITY (1939); (sponsors ALLIED PI. (15213); (412)681-8000. Pres. Gerald S. WELFARE APPEAL); 16th and Bushkill Sts. Ostrow; Exec. V. Pres. Howard Rieger. (18042); (215)253-4235. Pres. Eugene Gold- man. POTTSVILLE UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES (1935); 2300 ERIE Mahantongo St. (17901); (717)622-5890. JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF ERIE Chmn. Henry Gilbert; Exec. Sec. Gertrude (1946); 1001 State St. (16501); (814)455- Perkins. 4474. Pres. Bobbi Pollock. READING HARRISBURG JEWISH FEDERATION OF READING, PA., UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY OF GREATER INC. (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH HARRISBURC (1933); 100 Vaughn St. CAMPAIGN); 1700 City Line St. (19604); (17110); (717)236-9555. Pres. S. Robert (215)921-2766. Pres. David N. Farber; Exec. Grass; Exec. Dir. Avrom Fox. Dir. Daniel Tannenbaum. HAZELTON SCRANTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1960); Lau- SCRANTON-LACKAWANNA JEWISH COUN- rel & Hemlock Sts. (18201); (717)454-3528. CIL (incl. Lackawanna County) (1945); 601 Pres. Anthony Coffina. Jefferson Ave. (18510); (717)961-2300. Pres. Samuel Harris; Exec. Dir. Seymour Brot- JOHNSTOWN man. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF JOHNS- TOWN (1938); 1334 Luzerne St. (15905); SHARON (814)255-1447. Pres. Isadore Glasser. SHENANGO VALLEY JEWISH FEDERATION (1940); 840 Highland Rd. (16146); (412)346- LANCASTER 4754. Pres. Leon Bolotin; Treas. Irwin Yano- UNITED JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF witz. LANCASTER, PA., INC. (1928); 2120 Oregon Pike (17601); (717)569-7352. Pres. David UNIONTOWN Halperin; Exec. Dir. Paul L. Spiegal. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION (1939); 406 W. Main St. (15401), c/o Jewish Community LEVITTOWN Center; (412)438-4681. Pres. Harold Cohen; JEWISH FEDERATION OF LOWER BUCKS Sec. Morris H. Samuels. COUNTY (1956; Inc. 1957); One Oxford Val- ley, Suite 602, Langhorne (19047); (215)757- WILKES-BARRE 0250. Pres. Dorothy Dickstein; Exec. Dir. El- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER WILKES- liot Gershenson. BARRE (1935); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 317

APPEAL); 60 S. River St. (18701); (717)824- NASHVILLE 4646. Pres. Steven Schwarz; Exec. Dir. Rob- JEWISH FEDERATION OF NASHVILLE & ert Kessler. MIDDLE TENNESSEE (1936); 3500 West End YORK Ave. (37205); (615)269-0729. Pres. Peter Weiss; Exec. Dir. Jay M. Pilzer. YORK COUNCIL OF JEWISH CHARITIES, INC.; 120 E. Market St. (17401); (717)843- TEXAS 0918. Pres. Tim Grumbacher; Exec. Dir. Alan Dameshek. AUSTIN JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF AUSTIN RHODE ISLAND (1939; reorg. 1956); 5758 Balcones Dr., Suite 104 (78759); (512)451-6435. Pres. Rick PROVIDENCE Ravel; Exec. Dir. Sheldon Sklar. JEWISH FEDERATION OF RHODE ISLAND (1945); 130 Sessions St. (02906); (401)421- BEAUMONT 4111. Pres. Melvin Alperin; Exec. Dir. Elliot BEAUMONT JEWISH FEDERATION OF Cohan. TEXAS, INC. (Org. and Inc. 1967); P.O. Box 1981 (77704); (713)833-5427. Pres. Edwin SOUTH CAROLINA Gale; Dir. Isadore Harris. CHARLESTON CORPUS CHRISTI CHARLESTON JEWISH FEDERATION (1949); CORPUS CHRISTI JEWISH COMMUNITY 1645 Millbrook Dr. (29407); P.O. Box 31298; COUNCIL (1953); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); (803)571-6565. Pres. Charles Banov; Exec. (512)855-6239. Pres. Jack Solka; Exec. Dir. Dir. Steven Wendell. Andrew Lipman. COLUMBIA COMBINED JEWISH APPEAL OF CORPUS CHRISTI (1962); 750 Everhart Rd. (78411); JEWISH WELFARE FEDERATION OF CO- (512)855-6239. Pres. Jesse Lieberman; Exec. LUMBIA (1960); 4540 Trenholm Rd. (29206); Dir. Andrew Lipman. (803)787-2023. Pres. Frederick R. Blank; Exec. Dir. Alex Grossberg. DALLAS JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER DALLAS SOUTH DAKOTA (1911); 7800 Northaven Rd., Suite A SIOUX FALLS (75230); (214)369-3313. Pres. Ann Sikora; Exec. Dir. Morris A. Stein. JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938); National Reserve Bldg. (57102); (605)336-2880. Pres. EL PASO Laurence Bierman; Exec. Sec. Louis R. Hur- JEWISH FEDERATION OF EL PASO, INC. witz. (incl. surrounding communities) (1939); 405 TENNESSEE Mardi Gras, P.O. Box 12097 (79912); (915)- 584-4437. Pres. Bernard Schoichet; Exec. CHATTANOOGA Dir. Howard Burnham. CHATTANOOGA JEWISH WELFARE FEDERA- FORT WORTH TION (1931); 5326 Lynnland Terrace JEWISH FEDERATION OF FORT WORTH (37411); (615)894-1317. Pres. Tom Trivers; (1936); 6801 Dan Danciger Rd. (76133); Exec. Dir. Larry A. Katz. (817)292-3081. Pres. Jerry Wolens; Exec. KNOXVILLE Dir. Norman A. Mogul. JEWISH WELFARE FUND, INC. (1939); 6800 GALVESTON Deane Hill Dr., P.O. Box 10882 (37919); GALVESTON COUNTY JEWISH WELFARE (615)690-6343. Chmn. Michael Feinman; ASSOCIATION (1936); P.O. Box 146 (77553); Exec. Dir. Barbara Bogartz. Pres. Mrs. E. I. Klein; Treas. Harry Schrei- MEMPHIS ber. MEMPHIS JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. HOUSTON Shelby County) (1934); 6560 Poplar Ave., JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER HOUS- P.O. Box 38268 (38138); (901)767-5161. TON, INC. (incl. neighboring communities) Pres. George Matz; Exec. Dir. Howard Weis- (1937); (sponsors UNITED JEWISH CAM- band. PAIGN); 5601 S. Braeswood Blvd. (77096); 318 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

(713)729-7000. Pres. Avrohm Wisenberg; Bremerton) (1926); Securities Bldg., Suite Exec. Dir. Hans Mayer. 525, (98101); (206)622-8211. Pres. Francine Loeb; Exec. Dir. Murray Shiff. SAN ANTONIO JEWISH FEDERATION OF SAN ANTONIO SPOKANE (incl. Bexar County) (1922); 8434 Ahem Dr. •JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF SPO- (78216); (512)341-8234. Pres. Allen Bassulk; KANE (incl. Spokane County) (1927); (spon- Exec. Dir. Alan Bayer. sors UNITED JEWISH FUND) (1936); 521 Parkside Plaza (99021); (509)838-2949. Pres. TYLER C. Eugene Huppin. •FEDERATION OF JEWISH WELFARE FUNDS (1938); P.O. Box 8601 (75711); Pres. Nathan WEST VIRGINIA Roosth. CHARLESTON WACO FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES OF JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF WACO CHARLESTON, INC. (1937); P.O. Box 1613 (1949); P.O. Box 8031 (76710); (817)776- (25326); (304)342-6459. Pres. Jerome Gold- 3740. Pres. Martin Clark; Exec. Sec. Mrs. berg; Exec. Sec. William H. Thalheimer. Maurice Labens. HUNTINGTON UTAH FEDERATED JEWISH CHARITIES (1939); SALT LAKE CITY P.O. Box 947 (25713); (304)523-9326. Pres. William H. Glick; Sec. Andrew Katz. UNITED JEWISH COUNCIL AND SALT LAKE JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1936); 2416 E. WHEELING 1700 South (84108); (801)581-0098. Pres. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF OHIO Bruce Cohne; Exec. Dir. Bernard Solomon. VALLEY, INC. (1933); 20 Hawthorne Court VIRGINIA (26003); Pres. Harold Saferstein. NEWPORT NEWS WISCONSIN JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE VIRGINIA PE- APPLETON NINSULA (1942); 2700 Spring Rd. (23606); UNITED JEWISH CHARITIES OF APPLETON P.O. Box 6680; (804)595-5544. Pres. Betty (1963); 3131 N. Meade St. (54911); (414)- Levin; Exec. Dir. Abe Wasserberger. 733-1848. Co-Chmn. Arnold Cohodas, Dov NORFOLK Edelstein; Treas. Mrs. Harold Rusky. UNITED JEWISH FEDERATION OF TIDEWA- GREEN BAY TER, INC. (1937); 7300 Newport Ave., P.O. GREEN BAY JEWISH WELFARE FUND; P.O. Box 9776 (23505); (804)489-8040. Pres. Marc Box 335 (54305); Treas. Betty Franken- Jacobson; Exec. Dir. A. Robert Gast. thal. RICHMOND KENOSHA JEWISH COMMUNITY FEDERATION OF RICHMOND, INC. (1935); 5403 Monument KENOSHA JEWISH WELFARE FUND (1938); Ave., P.O. Box 8237 (23226); (804)288-0045. 6537-7th Ave. (53140); (414)658-8635. Pres. Pres. S. Harold Horwitz; Exec. Dir. Roy S. Michael Wilk; Sec.-Treas. Mrs. S. M. Rosenbaum. Lapp. ROANOKE MADISON MADISON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL; P.O. Box 1074 (24005); (703)774-2828. Chmn. Arthur INC. (1940); 310 N. Midvale Blvd., Suite 325 Levin. (53705); Pres. Gerald Stewart. WASHINGTON MILWAUKEE MILWAUKEE JEWISH FEDERATION, INC. SEATTLE (1938); 1360 N. Prospect Ave. (53202); (414)- JEWISH FEDERATION OF GREATER SEAT- 271-8338. Pres. Mark E. Brickman; Exec. V. TLE (incl. King County, Everett and Pres. Melvin S. Zaret. JEWISH FEDERATIONS, FUNDS, COUNCILS / 319 RACINE SHEBOYGAN RACINE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD (1946); JEWISH WELFARE COUNCIL OF SHEBOYGAN 944 Main St. (53403); (414)633-7093. Co- (1927); 1404 North Ave. (53081); Sec. Mrs. Chmn. Robert Goodman, Arthur Schaefer; Abe Alpert. Exec. Sec. Mary Ann Waisman.

~~~~CANADA~~~~

ALBERTA LONDON CALGARY •LONDON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1932); 532 Huron St. (24), (N5Y 4J5); (519)- CALGARY JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL 433-2201. Pres. Jack Rosen; Exec. Dir. How- (1962); 1607 90th Ave. S.W. (T2V 4V7); ard Borer. (403)263-5650. Pres. Gert Cohos; Exec. Dir. Harry S. Shatz. OTTAWA EDMONTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL OF OTTAWA (1934); 151 Chapel St. (KIN 7Y2); (613)- EDMONTON JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL, 232-7306. Pres. Joseph Lieff; Exec. V. Pres. INC. (1954; Inc. 1965); 7200-156 St. (T5R Hy Hochberg. 1X3); (403)487-5120. Pres. Howard Stark- man; Exec. Dir. Hillel Boroditsky. ST. CATHARINES •UNITED JEWISH WELFARE FUND OF ST. BRITISH COLUMBIA CATHARINES; C/O Jewish Community Cen- VANCOUVER tre, Church St.; Pres. Jack Silverstein; Sec. Syd Goldford. •JEWISH COMMUNITY FUND & COUNCIL OF VANCOUVER (1932); 950 W. 41 Ave. (V5Z TORONTO 2N7); (604)261-8101. Pres. Arnold Barkoff; TORONTO JEWISH CONGRESS (1937); 150 Exec. Dir. Isaac Moss. Beverley St. (M5T 1Y6); (416)977-3811. Pres. Irving Feldman; Exec. V. Pres. Irwin MANITOBA Gold. WINNIPEG WINDSOR WINNIPEG JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL (1938); 1641 (incl. Combined Jewish Appeal of Winnipeg) Ouellette Ave. (N8X 1K9); (519)254-7558. (org. 1938; reorg. 1973); 370 Hargrave St. Pres. William Silver; Exec. Dir. Joseph Eisen- (R3B 2K1); (204)943-0406. Pres. Justice Guy berg. Kraft; Exec. Dir. Izzy Peltz. QUEBEC ONTARIO MONTREAL HAMILTON ALLIED JEWISH COMMUNITY SERVICES HAMILTON JEWISH FEDERATION (incl. (merger of FEDERATION OF JEWISH COM- United Jewish Welfare Fund) (org. 1934; MUNITY SERVICES AND COMBINED JEWISH merged 1971); 57 Delaware Ave. (L8M 1T6); APPEAL) (1965); 5151 Cote St. Catherine Rd. (416)528-8570. Pres. Steven Tick; Exec. Dir. (H3W 1M6); (514)735-3541. Pres. Harvey Samuel Soifer. Sigman; Exec. Dir. Emanuel Weiner. Jewish Periodicals1

~~~~UNITED STATES~~~~

ARIZONA JEWISH STAR (1956). 693 Mission St., #302, San Francisco, 94105. (415)421-4874. Chet ARIZONA POST (1946). 102 N. Plumer Ave., Swafford. Monthly. Tucson, 85719. (602)791-9962. Sandra R. Heiman. Fortnightly. Tucson Jewish Com- NORTHERN CALIFORNIA JEWISH BULLETIN munity Council. (1946). 870 Market St., San Francisco, 94102. (415)391-9444. Geoffrey Fisher. PHOENIX JEWISH NEWS (1947). 1536 West Weekly. San Francisco Jewish Community Thomas Rd., Phoenix, 85015. (602)264- Publications. 0536. Flo Eckstein. Biweekly. WESTERN STATES JEWISH HISTORICAL CALIFORNIA QUARTERLY (1968). 2429 23rd St., Santa B'NAI B'RITH MESSENGER (1897). 2510 W. 7 Monica, 90405. (213)399-3585. Dr. Nor- St., Los Angeles, 90057. (213)380-5000. ton B. Stern. Quarterly. Southern Califor- Rabbi Yale Butler. Weekly. nia Jewish Historical Society. HERITAGE-SOUTHWEST JEWISH PRESS COLORADO (1914). 2130 S. Vermont Ave., Los An- geles, 90007. Weekly. Dan Brin. (Also SAN INTERMOUNTAIN JEWISH NEWS (1913). DIEGO JEWISH PRESS-HERITAGE, San 1275 Sherman St., Suite 215-217, Denver, Diego [weekly]; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA 80203. (303)861-2235. Miriam H. Gold- JEWISH HERITAGE, Sacramento and Fres- berg. Weekly. no area [monthly]; ORANGE COUNTY JEWISH HERITAGE, Orange County area CONNECTICUT [weekly].) CONNECTICUT JEWISH LEDGER (1929). P.O. ISRAEL TODAY (1973). 16661 Ventura Blvd., Box 1688, Hartford, 06101. (203)233- Encino, 91436. (213)786-4000. Phil Blazer. 2148. Berthold Gaster. Weekly. Daily. Hebrew. JEWISH DIGEST (1955). 1363 Fairfleld Ave., JEWISH BULLETIN OF THE EAST BAY (1967). Bridgeport, 06605. (203)384-2284. Jona- 3245 Sheffield Ave., Oakland, 94602. than D. Levine. Nine times a year. (415)533-7462. Lillian M. Bernstein. Weekly. Jewish Federation of the Greater DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA East Bay. ALERT (1970). 1411 K St., N.W., Suite 402. JEWISH SPECTATOR (1935). P.O. Box 2016, Washington, 20005. (202)393-4117. Judith Santa Monica, 90406. (213)829-2484. E. Slovin. Biweekly. Union of Councils for Trude Weiss-Rosmarin. Quarterly. Soviet Jews.

'The information in this directory is based on replies to questionnaires circulated by the editors. Inclusion does not necessarily imply approval of the periodicals by the publishers of the AJYB. For organization bulletins, see the directory of Jewish organizations.

~~~~320 JEWISH PERIODICALS / 321~~~~

THE INTERNATIONAL JEWISH MONTHLY Aaron. Monthly Jewish Federation of (1886 under the name MENORAH). 1640 Metropolitan Chicago. Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, 20036. (202)857-6645. Marc Silver. Ten SENTINEL (1911). 323 S. Franklin St., Chi- times a year. B'nai B'rith. cago, 60606. (312)663-1101. J. I. Fishbein. Weekly. JEWISH VETERAN (1896). 1712 New Hamp- shire Ave., N.W., Washington, 20009. INDIANA (202)265-6280. Joan Alpert. Five times a INDIANA JEWISH POST AND OPINION year. Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.A. (1935). P.O. Box 449097, Indianapolis, JEWISH WEEK (1965). 774 National Press 46202. (317)927-7800. Weekly. Building, Washington, 20045. (202)783- JEWISH POST AND OPINION. 611 N. Park 7200. Joseph M. Hochstein. Weekly. Ave., Indianapolis, 46204. (317)634-1307. MENORAH (1979). 1747 Conn. Ave., N.W., Gabriel Cohen. Washington, 20009. (202)483-7902. Ar- IOWA thur I. Waskow. Monthly. A Center for Jewish Renewal, Public Resource Center. M'GODOLIM: THE JEWISH QUARTERLY. 621 Holt, Iowa City, 52240. (206)322- NEAR EAST REPORT (1957). 444 North Cap- 1431. Keith S. Gormezano. Quarterly. itol St., N.W., Suite 412, Washington, 20001. (202)638-1225. M. J. Rosenberg. KENTUCKY Weekly. Near East Research, Inc. KENTUCKY JEWISH POST AND OPINION FLORIDA (1931). 1551 Bardstown Rd., Louisville, 40205. (502)459-1914. Jeff Lebensbaum. JEWISH FLORIDIAN (1927). P.O. Box Weekly. 012973, Miami, 33101. (305)373-4605. Fred K. Shochet. Weekly. LOUISIANA JEWISH FLORIDIAN OF GREATER FORT THE JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1965). P.O. Box LAUDERDALE, 8360 W. Oakland Park 15500, New Orleans, 70175. (504)895- Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, 33321. (305)748- 8785. Abner Tritt. Monthly. 8200. Fred Shochet. Weekly. Jewish Fed- JEWISH TIMES (1974). 211 Camp St., Suite eration of Fort Lauderdale. 518, New Orleans, 70130. (504)524-3147. SOUTHERN JEWISH WEEKLY (1924). P.O. Joan D. Jacob. Biweekly. Box 3297, Jacksonville, 32206. (904)355- MARYLAND 3459. Isadore Moscovitz. Weekly. AMERICAN JEWISH JOURNAL (1944). 1220 GEORGIA Blair Mill Rd., Silver Spring, 20910. (301)- 585-1756. David Mondzac. Quarterly. SOUTHERN ISRAELITE (1925). P.O. Box 77388, 188-15 St. N.W., Atlanta, 30357. BALTIMORE JEWISH TIMES (1919). 2104 N. (404)876-8248. Vida Goldgar. Weekly. Charles St., Baltimore, 21218. (301)752- 3504. Gary Rosenblatt. Weekly. ILLINOIS MASSACHUSETTS JEWISH CHICAGO (1982). 1234 Sherman, Evanston, 60202. (312)864-8084. Avy AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY (1893). 2 Meyers. Monthly. Thornton Road, Waltham, 02154. (617)- 891-8110. Marc Lee Raphael. Quarterly. JEWISH COMMUNITY NEWS (1945). 6464 American Jewish Historical Society. West Main, Suite 7A, Belleville, 62223. (618)398-6100. Elliot Gershenson. Bi- JEWISH ADVOCATE (1902). 251 Causeway monthly. Jewish Federation of Southern St., Boston, 02114. (617)227-5130. Joseph Illinois. G. Weisberg, Bernard M. Hyatt. Weekly. JUF NEWS (1972). One S. Franklin St., JEWISH REPORTER (1970). 76 Salem End Chicago, 60606. (312)444-2853. Joseph Road,Framingham,01701.(617)879-3300. 322 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Harvey S. Stone. Monthjy. Greater Fra- LAS VEGAS ISRAELITE (1965). P.O. Box mingham Jewish Federation. 14096, Las Vegas, 89114. (702)876-1255. Michael Tell. Biweekly. JEWISH TIMES (1945). 118 Cypress St., Brook- line, 02146. (617)566-7710. JoAnn Edin- NEW JERSEY burg. Weekly. JEWISH COMMUNITY VOICE (1941). 2393 W. JEWISH WEEKLY NEWS (1945). P.O. Box Marlton Pike, Cherry Hill, 08002. (609)- 1569, Springfield, 01101. (413)739-4771. 665-6100. Fredda Sacharow. Biweekly. Leslie B. Kahn. Weekly. Jewish Federation of Southern N.J.

THE JOURNAL OF THE NORTH SHORE JEW- JEWISH HORIZON (1963). Green Lane, ISH COMMUNITY CENTER. 209 Washing- Union, 07083. (201)351-1473. Fran Gold. ton St., Salem, 01970. (617)741-1558. Alan Weekly. Jewish Federation of Central N.J. J. Jacobs. Biweekly. JEWISH JOURNAL (1956). 2 S. Adelaide Ave., MOMENT (1975). 462 Boylston St., Boston, Highland Park, 08904. (201)246-1905. 02116. (617)536-6252. Leonard Fein. Donna Lee Goldberg. Semi-monthly. Jew- Monthly (except Jan.-Feb. and July- ish Federation of Raritan Valley. August). Jewish Educational Ventures. JEWISH NEWS (1947). 60 Glenwood Ave., MICHIGAN East Orange, 07017. (201)678-3900. Charles Baumohl. Weekly. Jewish Com- JEWISH NEWS (1942). 17515 W. 9 Mile Rd., munity Federation of Metropolitan New Suite 865, Southfleld, 48075. (313)424- Jersey. 8833. Philip Slomovitz. Weekly. JEWISH RECORD (1939). 1537 Atlantic Ave., MICHIGAN JEWISH HISTORY (1960). 24680 Atlantic City, 08401. (609)344-5119. Mar- Rensselaer, Oak Park, 48237. (313)548- tin Korik. Weekly. 9176. Phillip Applebaum. Semiannual. Jewish Historical Society of Michigan. JEWISH STANDARD (1931). 40 Journal Sq., Jersey City, 07306. (201)653-6330. Morris MINNESOTA J. Janoff. Weekly. AMERICAN JEWISH WORLD (1912). 4820 JEWISH VOICE (1975). 100 Menlo Park, Suite Minnetonka Blvd., Minneapolis, 55416. 101-102, Edison, 08837. (201)494-3920. (612)920-7000. Robert K. Krishef. Weekly. Arthur Eisenstein. Biweekly. Jewish Fed- MISSOURI eration of Northern Middlesex County.

KANSAS CITY JEWISH CHRONICLE (1920). MORRIS/SUSSEX JEWISH NEWS (1972). 500 P.O. Box 8709, Kansas City, 64114. (913)- Route 10, Ledgewood, 07852, (201)584- 648-4620. Milton Firestone. Weekly. 1850. Edith K. Schapiro. Monthly. United Jewish Federation of Morris/Sussex. MISSOURI JEWISH POST AND OPINION (1948). 8235 Olive St., St. Louis, 63132. NEW YORK (314)993-2842. Kathie Sutin. Weekly. AFN SHVEL (1941). 200 W. 72 St., N.Y.C., ST. LOUIS JEWISH LIGHT (1947). 12 Mill- 10023. (212)787-6675. Mordkhe Scha- stone Campus Dr., St. Louis, 63146. (314)- echter. Quarterly. Yiddish. League for 432-3353. Robert A. Cohn. Weekly. Jew- Yiddish. ish Federation of St. Louis. ALBANY JEWISH WORLD (1965). 1104 Cen- NEBRASKA tral Ave., Albany, 12205. (518)459-8455. Sam S. Clevenson. Weekly. JEWISH PRESS (1921). 333 S. 132 St., Omaha, 68154. (402)334-8200. Morris Maline. ALGEMEINER JOURNAL (1972). 404 Park Weekly. Jewish Federation of Omaha. Ave. S., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)689-3390. Gershon Jacobson. Weekly. Yiddish. NEVADA AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (1899). 165 JEWISH REPORTER (1976). 1030 E. Twain E. 56 St., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751-4000. Ave., Las Vegas, 89109. (702)732-0556. Milton Himmelfarb, David Singer. An- Jerry Countess. Monthly. Jewish Federa- nual. American Jewish Committee and tion of Las Vegas. Jewish Publication Society. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 323

AMERICAN MIZRACHI WOMAN (1925). 817 HADASSAH MAGAZINE (1921). 50 W. 58 St., Broadway, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)477-4720. N.Y.C., 10019. (212)355-7900. Alan M. Micheline Ratzersdorfer. Eight times Tigay. Monthly (except for combined is- a year. Hebrew. American Mizrachi sues of June-July and Aug.-Sept.). Hadas- Women. sah, Women's Zionist Organization of America. AMERICAN ZIONIST (1910). 4 E. 34 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)481-1500. Carol HADOAR (1921). 1841 Broadway, N.Y.C., Binen. Bimonthly. Zionist Organization of 10023. (212)581-5151. Itzhak Ivry. America. Weekly. Hebrew. Histadruth Ivrith of AUFBAU (1934). 2121 Broadway, N.Y.C., America. 10023. (212)873-7400. Dr. Hans Steinitz. ISRAEL HORIZONS (1952). 150 Fifth Ave., Weekly. English-German. New World Suite 1002, N.Y.C., 10011. (212)255-8760. Club, Inc. Richard Yaffe, Yosef Gotlieb. Bimonthly. BITZARON (1939). P.O. Box 798, Cooper Sta- Americans for Progressive Israel. tion, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)598-3209. ISRAEL QUALITY (1976). 500 Fifth Ave., Hayim Leaf. Bimonthly. Hebrew. Hebrew N.Y.C., 10110. (212)354-6510. Beth Bel- Literature Foundation. kin, Laurie Tarlowe. Quarterly. American- BUFFALO JEWISH REVIEW (1918). 15 E. Israel Chamber of Commerce and Govern- Mohawk St., Buffalo, 14203. (716)854- ment of Israel Trade Center. 2192. Steve Lipman. Weekly. Kahaal Nahalot Israel. JEWISH ACTION (1950). 45 W. 36 St., N.Y.C., 10018. (212)563-4000. Bracha THE CALL (1932). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., Osofsky. Quarterly. Union of Orthodox 10016. (212)889-6800. Walter L. Kir- Jewish Congregations of America. schenbaum. Bimonthly. Workmen's Cir- cle. JEWISH AMERICAN RECORD (1973). G.P.O. Box 317, N.Y.C., 10116. Alex Novitsky. COMMENTARY (1945). 165 E. 56 St., N.Y.C., Monthly. 10022. (212)751-4000. Norman Podho- retz. Monthly. American Jewish Commit- JEWISH BOOK ANNUAL (1942). 15 E. 26 St., tee. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Jacob Kabakoff. Annual. English-Hebrew-Yid- CONGRESS MONTHLY (1933). 15 E. 84 St., dish. JWB Jewish Book Council. N.Y.C., 10028. (212)879-4500. Nancy Miller. Monthly (except July and August). JEWISH BOOKS IN REVIEW (1945). 15 E. 26 American Jewish Congress. St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Robert Gordis. JWB Jewish Book Council. CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM (1945). 3080 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)678-8863. JEWISH BRAILLE INSTITUTE VOICE (1978). Harold Kushner. Quarterly. Rabbinical 110 E. 30 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889- Assembly and Jewish Theological Semi- 2525. Jacob Freid. Ten times a year. Jewish nary of America. Braille Institute of America, Inc.

CONTEMPORARY JEWRY (1974 under the JEWISH BRAILLE REVIEW (1931). 110 E. 30 name JEWISH SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-2525. Jacob RESEARCH). Dept. of Sociology, Queens Freid. Ten times a year. English-Braille. College, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, Jewish Braille Institute of America, Inc. 11367. (212)222-3699. Steven M. Cohen, Samuel Klausner. Semiannual. JEWISH CURRENT EVENTS (1959). 430 Kel- ler Ave., Elmont, L.I., 11003. Samuel ECONOMIC HORIZONS (1953). 500 Fifth Deutsch. Biweekly. Ave., N.Y.C., 10110. (212)354-6510. Lau- rie Tarlowe. Quarterly. American-Israel JEWISH CURRENTS (1946). 22 E. 17 St., Suite Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Inc. 601, N.Y.C., 10003. (212)924-5740. Mor- ris U. Schappes. Monthly. Association for HADAROM (1957). 1250 Broadway, N.Y.C., Promotion of Jewish Secularism, Inc. 10001. (212)594-3780. Rabbi Gedalia. Se- miannual. Hebrew. Rabbinical Council of JEWISH DAILY FORWARD (1897). 45 E. 33 America, Inc. St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-8200. Simon 324 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~Weber. Weekly. Yiddish. Forward Associ- St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575- ation, Inc. 9370. Murray Zuckoff. Weekly.~~~~

JEWISH EDUCATION (1929). 114 Fifth Ave., JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY DAILY N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-5656. Alvin I. NEWS BULLETIN (1917). 165 W. 46 St., Schiff. Quarterly. Council for Jewish Edu- Rm. 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575-9370. cation. Murray Zuckoff. Daily.

JEWISH EDUCATION DIRECTORY (1951). JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY WEEKLY 114 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675- NEWS DIGEST (1933). 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 5656. Triennial. Jewish Education Service 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575-9370. Mur- of North America, Inc. ray Zuckoff. Weekly. JEWISH EDUCATION NEWS (1939). 114 Fifth JEWISH WEEK (1876; reorg. 1970). 1 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-5656. Gary Ave., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)686-2320. Gobetz. Irregular. Jewish Education Ser- David C. Gross. Weekly. vice of North America. JWB CIRCLE (1946). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., JEWISH FRONTIER (1934). 27 W. 20 St., 10010. (212)532-4949. Lionel Koppman. N.Y.C., 10011. (212)243-2741. Mitchell Bimonthly. JWB. Cohen. Monthly. American Labor Zionist Movement. JOURNAL OF JEWISH COMMUNAL SERVICE (1899). 15 E. 26 St., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)- JEWISH GUARDIAN (1974). P.O. Box 2143, 683-8056. Sanford N. Sherman. Quarterly. Brooklyn, 11202. (212)384-4661. Pinchus Conference of Jewish Communal Service. David. Quarterly. Neturei Karta of U.S.A. JOURNAL OF JEWISH CONSERVATIVE EDU- JEWISH JOURNAL (1969). 1841 Broadway, CATION (1942). 155 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., N.Y.C., 10023. (212)238-6625. Pnina 10010. Gabriel Schoenfeld. Quarterly. Edelhart. Weekly. Jewish Educators Assembly and United JEWISH LEDGER (1924). 1427 Monroe Ave., Synagogue Commission on Jewish Educa- Rochester, 14618. (716)275-9090. Donald tion. Wolkin. Weekly. JOURNAL OF REFORM JUDAISM (1953). 21E. JEWISH MUSIC NOTES (1945). 15 E. 26 St., 40 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)684-4990. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)532-4949. Laura Samuel E. Karff. Quarterly. Central Con- Leon-Cohen. Semiannual. JWB Jewish ference of American Rabbis. Music Council. JUDAISM (1952). 15 E. 84 St., N.Y.C., 10028. JEWISH OBSERVER (1963). 5 Beekman St., (212)879-4500. Robert Gordis. Quarterly. N.Y.C., 10038. (212)791-1814. Nisson American Jewish Congress. Wolpin. Monthly (except July and Au- gust). Agudath Israel of America. KINDER JOURNAL (1920). 3301 Bainbridge Ave., Bronx, 10467. (212)881-3588. Bella JEWISH OBSERVER OF SYRACUSE (1977). Gottesman. Irregular. Yiddish. Sholem P.O. Box 5004, Syracuse, 13250. (315)422- Aleichem Folk Institute, Inc. 4104. Sherry Chayat. Biweekly. KINDER ZEITUNG (1930). 45 E. 33 St., JEWISH POST OF NEW YORK (1977). 101 N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-6800. Joseph Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10003. (212)989-6262. Mlotek, Bobbi Zylbennan, Saul Maltz, Charles Roth, Jean Herschaft. Weekly. Mates Olitzky. Bimonthly. English-Yid- JEWISH PRESS (1950). 338 3rd Ave., Brook- dish. Workmen's Circle. lyn, 11215. (212)858-3300. Sholom Klass. KOL HAT'NUAH (1943). 50 W. 58 St., Weekly. N.Y.C., 10019. (212)355-7900. Jennifer JEWISH SOCIAL STUDIES (1939). 2112 Sylvor. Monthly (Nov.-June). Hashachar. Broadway, Rm. 206, N.Y.C., 10023. (212)- 724-5336. Tobey B. Gitelle. Quarterly. THE KOSHER DIRECTORY (1925). 45 W. 36 Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Inc. St., N.Y.C., 10018. (212)563-4000. Goldie Feinberg, Menachem Genack. Annual. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY COMMU- Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations NITY NEWS REPORTER (1962). 165 W. 46 of America. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 325

THE KOSHER DIRECTORY, PASSOVER EDI- PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACAD- TION (1923). 45 W. 36 St., N.Y.C., 10018. EMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH (1920). 3080 (212)563-4000. Goldie Feinberg, Mena- Broadway, N.Y.C., 10027. (212)222-2338. chem Genack. Annual. Union of Orthodox Isaac E. Barzilay. Annual. Hebrew-Arab- Jewish Congregations of America. ic-English. American Academy for Jewish Research. KULTUR UN LEBN—CULTURE AND LIFE (1967). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., 10016. (212)- RABBINICAL COUNCIL RECORD (1953). 1250 889-6800. Joseph Mlotek. Quarterly. Yid- Broadway, N.Y.C., 10001. (212)594-3780. dish. Workmen's Circle. Louis Bernstein. Quarterly. Rabbinical Council of America. LILITH—THE JEWISH WOMEN'S MAGAZINE (1976). 250 W. 57 St., N.Y.C., 10019. RECONSTRUCTIONIST (1935). 31 E. 28 St., (212)757-0818. Susan Weidman Schneider. N.Y.C., 10016. (212)889-9080. Ira Eisen- Quarterly. stein. Monthly (Sept.-June). Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, Inc. LONG ISLAND JEWISH WORLD (1971). 115 Middle Neck Road, Great Neck, 11021. REFORM JUDAISM (1972); (formerly DIMEN- (516)829-4000. Jerome W. Lippman. SIONS IN AMERICAN JUDAISM). 838 Fifth Weekly. Ave., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)249-0100. Aron Hirt-Manheimer. Quarterly. Union of MIDSTREAM (1954). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., American Hebrew Congregations. 10022. Joel Carmichael. (212)752-0600. Monthly (bimonthly June-Sept.). Theodor REPORTER. 500 Clubhouse Rd., Bingham- Herzl Foundation. ton, 13903. (607)724-2360. Marc Gold- berg. Weekly. Jewish Federation of MODERN JEWISH STUDIES ANNUAL (1977). Broome County. Queens College, Acad. 904, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, 11367. (212)520-7067. Jo- RESPONSE (1967). 15 E. 26 St., Ste. 1350, seph C. Landis. Annual. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679-1412. Editorial Bd. Quarterly. Jewish Educational Ven- MORNING FREIHEIT (1922). 22 W. 21 St., tures, Inc. N.Y.C., 10010. (212)255-7661. Paul No- vick. Weekly. Yiddish-English. SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE (see News Syndicates p. 328). OLOMEINU—OUR WORLD (1945). 160 Broadway, N.Y.C., 10038. (212)406-4190. SHEVILEY HA-HINNUKH (1939). 114 Fifth Nosson Scherman, Yaakov Fruchter. Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-5656. Mat- Monthly. English-Hebrew. Torah Umeso- thew Mosenkis. Quarterly. Hebrew. Coun- rah-National Society for Hebrew Day cil for Jewish Education. Schools. SH'MA (1970). Box 567, Port Washington, OR CHADASH (1981). 110 E. 30 St., N.Y.C., N.Y., 11050. (516)944-9791. Eugene B. 10016. (212)889-2525. Gerald M. Kass. Borowitz. Biweekly (except June, July, Two to four times a year. Hebrew. Jewish Aug.). Braille Institute of America, Inc. SHMUESSEN MIT KINDER UN YUGENT PEDAGOGIC REPORTER (1949). 114 Fifth (1942). 770 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, Ave., N.Y.C., 10011. (212)675-5656. Mor- 11213. (212)493-9250. Nissan Mindel. decai H. Lewittes. Quarterly. Jewish Edu- Monthly. Yiddish. Merkos L'Inyonei Chi- cation Service of North America, Inc. nuch, Inc. PIONEER WOMAN (1926). 200 Madison Ave., SHOAH (1977). 250 W. 57 St., Room 216, N.Y.C., 10016. (212)725-8010. Judith A. N.Y.C., 10107. (212)582-6116. David Sokoloff. Five times a year. English-Yid- Weinberg. Three times a year. National dish-Hebrew. Pioneer Women/Na'amat, Jewish Resource Center. the Women's Labor Zionist Organization of America. SPECTRUM (1982). 515 Park Ave., N.Y.C., 10022. (212)371-7750. Leonard Fink. PRESENT TENSE (1973). 165 E. 56 St., Quarterly. American Zionist Federation. N.Y.C., 10022. (212)751-4000. Murray Polner. Quarterly. American Jewish Com- SYNAGOGUE LIGHT (1933). 47 Beekman St., mittee. N.Y.C., 10038. (212)227-7800. Meyer 326 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Hager. Quarterly. Union of Chassidic Rab- Rachel Altein, Tema Guarary. Quarterly. bis. English-Yiddish. Agudas Nshei Ub'nos Chabad. SYRACUSE JEWISH OBSERVER (1978). P.O. Box S004, 2223 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, YIDDISHE KULTUR (1938). 1123 Broadway, 13250. (315)422-4104. Sherry Chayat. Bi- Rm. 203, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)691-0708. weekly. Syracuse Jewish Federation. Itche Goldberg. Monthly (except June- July, Aug.-Sept). Yiddish. Yiddisher Kul- TALKS AND TALES (1942). 770 Eastern Park- tur Farband, Inc.—YKUF. way, Brooklyn, 11213. (212)493-9250. Nis- san Mindel. Monthly (also Hebrew, Dos YIDDISHE VORT (1953). 5 Beekman St., French, and Spanish editions). Merkos N.Y.C, 10038. (212)791-1811. Joseph L'Inyonei Chinuch, Inc. Friedenson. Monthly. Yiddish. Agudath TRADITION (1958). 1250 Broadway, Suite Israel of America. 802, N.Y.C., 10001. (212)594-3780. Wal- YIDDISHER KEMFER (1906). 275 Seventh ter S. Wurzburger. Quarterly. Rabbinical Ave., N.Y.C, 10001. (212)675-7808. Mor- Council of America. dechai Strigler. Weekly. Yiddish. Labor UNITED SYNAGOGUE REVIEW (1943). 155 Zionist Letters, Inc. Fifth Ave., N.Y.C., 10010. (212)533-7800. Marvin S. Wiener. Quarterly. United Syn- YIDISHE SHPRAKH (1941). 1048 Fifth Ave., agogue of America. N.Y.C, 10028. (212)231-7905. Mordkhe Schaechter. Annual. Yiddish. Yivo Insti- UNSER TSAIT (1941). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C., tute for Jewish Research, Inc. 10021. (212)535-0850. Jacob S. Hertz. Monthly. Yiddish. World Jewish Labor YIVO ANNUAL OF JEWISH SOCIAL SCIENCE Bund. (1946). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10028. (212)535-6700. David Roskies. Biannu- DER WECKER (1921). 45 E. 33 St., N.Y.C., ally. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, 10016. (212)686-1538. Elias Schulman. Bi- Inc. monthly. Yiddish. Jewish Socialist Ver- band of America. YIVO BLETER (1931). 1048 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C, 10028. (212)535-6700. Editorial WOMEN'S AMERICAN ORT REPORTER board. Irregular. Yiddish. Yivo Institute (1966). 315 Park Ave. So., N.Y.C., 10010. for Jewish Research, Inc. (212)505-7700. Elie Faust-Levy. Quar- terly. Women's American ORT, Inc. YOUNG ISRAEL VIEWPOINT (1952). 3 W. 16 St., N.Y.C, 10011. (212)929-1525. Yaakov WOMEN'S LEAGUE OUTLOOK (1930). 48 E. Kornreich. Monthly (except July, Au- 74 St., N.Y.C., 10021. (212)628-1600. Mrs. gust). National Council of Young Israel. M. Milton Perry. Quarterly. Women's League for Conservative Judaism. YOUNG JUDAEAN (1912). 50 W. 58 St., WORLD OVER (1940). 426 W. 58 St., N.Y.C., N.Y.C, 10019. (212)355-7900. Mordecai 10019. (212)245-8200. Stephen SchafTzin, Newman. Seven times a year. Hadassah Linda K. Schaffzin. Monthly. Board of Zionist Youth Commission. Jewish Education, Inc. YOUTH AND NATION (1933). 150 Fifth Ave., YEARBOOK OF THE CENTRAL CONFERENCE N.Y.C, 10011. (212)929-4955. Shlomit OF AMERICAN RABBIS (1890). 21 E. 40 St., Segal. Quarterly. Hashomer Hatzair Zion- N.Y.C., 10016. (212)684-4990. Elliot L. ist Youth Movement. Stevens. Annual. Central Conference of YUGNTRUF (1964). 3328 Bainbridge Ave., American Rabbis. Bronx, 10467. (212)654-8540. Itzek YIDDISH (1973). Queens College, Acad. 904, Gottesman. Quarterly. Yiddish. Yugntruf 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, 11367. Youth for Yiddish. (212)520-7067. Joseph C. Landis. Quar- terly. Queens College Press. Di ZUKUNFT (1892). 25 E. 78 St., N.Y.C, 10021. Hyman Bass, J. Hirshaut. Monthly Di YIDDISHE HEIM (1958). 770 Eastern (bimonthly May-Aug.). Yiddish. Congress Parkway, Brooklyn, 11213. (212)493-9250. for Jewish Culture and CYCO. JEWISH PERIODICALS / 327

NORTH CAROLINA Aaronson. Monthly. Tulsa Section, Na- tional Council of Jewish Women. AMERICAN JEWISH TIMES—OUTLOOK (1934; reorg. 1950). P.O. Box 33218, Char- PENNSYLVANIA lotte, 28233. (704)372-3296. Rick Rierson. Monthly. JEWISH CHRONICLE (1962). 315 S. Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, 15213. (412)687-1000. OHIO Albert W. Bloom. Weekly. Pittsburgh Jew- ish Publication and Education Founda- THE AMERICAN ISRAELITE (1854). 906 Main St., Room 505, Cincinnati, 45202. tion. (513)621-3145. Henry C. Segal. Weekly. JEWISH EXPONENT (1887). 226 S. 16 St., AMERICAN JEWISH ARCHIVES (1947). 3101 Philadelphia, 19102. (215)893-5740. Marc Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, 45220. (513)221- S. Klein. Weekly. Federation of Jewish 1875. Jacob R. Marcus, Abraham J. Peck. Agencies of Greater Philadelphia. Semiannually. American Jewish Archives JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW (1910). Broad of Hebrew Union College—Jewish Insti- and York Sts., Philadelphia, 19132. (215)- tute of Religion. 229-0110. Faculty. Quarterly. Dropsie CLEVELAND JEWISH NEWS (1964). 13910 College. Cedar Road, Cleveland, 44118. (216)371- 0800. Cynthia Dettelbach. Weekly. Cleve- JEWISH TIMES OF THE GREATER NORTH- EAST (1925). 2417 Welsh Road, Philadel- land Jewish Publication Co. phia, 19114. (215)464-3900. Leon E. DAYTON JEWISH CHRONICLE (1961). 118 Brown. Weekly. Federation of Jewish Salem Ave., Dayton, 45406. (513)222- Agencies of Greater Philadelphia. 0783. Irene Seiden. Weekly. RHODE ISLAND INDEX TO JEWISH PERIODICALS (1963). P.O. Box 18570, Cleveland Hts., 44118. RHODE ISLAND JEWISH HISTORICAL NOTES (216)321-7296. Jean H. Foxman, Miriam (1954). 130 Sessions St., Providence, Leikind, Bess Rosenfeld. Semiannually. 02906. Albert Salzberg. Annual. Rhode Is- land Jewish Historical Assn. OHIO JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). 2831 E. Main St., Columbus, 43209. (614)237- TENNESSEE 4296. Milton J. Pinsky. Weekly. HEBREW WATCHMAN (1925). 277 Jefferson STARK JEWISH NEWS (1920). P.O. Box Ave., Memphis, 38103. (901)526-2215. 9112, Canton, 44711. (216)494-7792. Herman I. Goldberger. Weekly. Elaine M. Garfinkle. Quarterly. TEXAS STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND BOOKLORE (1953). 3101 Clifton Ave., Cincinnati, JEWISH CIVIC PRESS (1971). P.O. Box 45220. (513)221-1875. Herbert C. Zafren. 35656, Houston, 77035. (713)721-8901. Irregular. English-Hebrew-German. Li- Abner L. Tritt. Monthly. brary of Hebrew Union College—Jewish JEWISH HERALD-VOICE (1908). P.O. Box Institute of Religion. 153, Houston, 77001. (713)661-3116. Jo- YOUNGSTOWN JEWISH TIMES (1935). P.O. seph W. and Jeanne F. Samuels. Weekly. Box 777, Youngstown, 44501. (216)746- TEXAS JEWISH POST (1947). P.O. Box 742, 6192. Harry Alter. Fortnightly. Fort Worth, 76101. (817)927-2831. 11333 OKLAHOMA N. Central Expressway, Dallas, 75243. (214)692-7283. Jimmy Wisch. Weekly. SOUTHWEST JEWISH CHRONICLE (1929). 314-B N. Robinson St., Oklahoma City, VIRGINIA 73102. (405)236-4226. E. F. Friedman. UJF NEWS (1959). 7300 Newport Ave., Nor- Quarterly. folk, 23505. (804)489-8040. Reba Karp. TULSA JEWISH REVIEW (1930). 2205 E. 51 Weekly. United Jewish Federation of St., Tulsa, 74105. (918)749-7751. Dianna Tidewater. 328 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

~~~~WASHINGTON NEWS SYNDICATES~~~~

JEWISH TRANSCRIPT (1924). Securities JEWISH PRESS FEATURES (1970). 15 E. 26 Building, Rm. S10, Seattle, 98101. (206)- St., Suite 1350, N.Y.C., 10010. (212)679- 624-0136. Philip R. Scheier. Bimonthly. 1411. Larry Cohler. Monthly. Jewish Stu- Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle. dent Press Service. JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY, INC. (1917). WISCONSIN 165 W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)575-9370. Murray Zuckoff. Daily. WISCONSIN JEWISH CHRONICLE (1921). 1360 N. Prospect Ave., Milwaukee, SEVEN ARTS FEATURE SYNDICATE AND 53202. (414)271-2992. Lawrence Hankin. WORLD WIDE NEWS SERVICE (1923). 165 Weekly. Wise. Jewish Publications Foun- W. 46 St., Rm. 511, N.Y.C., 10036. (212)- dation. 247-3595. John Kayston. Semiweekly.

~~~~CANADA~~~~

BULLETIN DU CERCLE JUIF DE LANGUE JEWISH WESTERN BULLETIN (1930). 3268 FRANCAISE DU CONGRES JUIF CANADIEN Heather St., Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 3K5. (1952). 1590 Avenue Docteur Penfield, (604)879-6575. Samuel Kaplan. Weekly. Montreal, P.Q., H3G 1C5. (514)931-7531. M. Mayer Levy. Quarterly. French. Cana- JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY AND JUDAISM dian Jewish Congress. (1976). 1747 Featherston Drive, Ottawa, Ont., K1H 6P4. (613)731-9119. Reuven P. CANADIAN JEWISH HERALD (1977). 17 An- Bulka. Semiannual. Center for the Study of selme Lavigne Blvd., Dollard des Or- Psychology and Judaism. meaux, P.Q., H9A 1N3. (514)684-7667. Dan Nimrod. Irregular. KANADER ADLER-JEWISH EAGLE (1907). 4180 De Courtrai, Suite 218, Montreal, CANADIAN JEWISH NEWS (1960). 562 Eglin- P.Q., H3S 1C3. (514)735-6577. Mordechai ton Ave. E., Suite 401, Toronto, Ont., M4P Husid. Weekly. Yiddish. Combined Jewish 1P1. (416)481-6434. Maurice Lucow. Organizations of Montreal. Weekly. OTTAWA JEWISH BULLETIN & REVIEW CANADIAN JEWISH OUTLOOK (1963). 6184 (1954). 151 Chapel St., Ottawa, Ont., K2H Ash St., #3, Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 3G9. 7E1. (613)232-7306. Cynthia Engel. Bi- (604)324-5101. Editorial Board. Monthly. weekly. Jewish Community Council of Ot- tawa. CANADIAN ZIONIST (1934). 1310 Greene Ave., Montreal, P.Q., H3Z 2B2. (514)934- UNDZER VEG (1932). 272 Codsell Ave., 0804. Dr. Leon Kronitz. Bimonthly (ex- Downsview, Ont., M3H 3X2. 636-4021. cept July-Aug.). Canadian Zionist Federa- Joseph Kligman, Y. Tyberg. Irregular. tion. Yiddish-English. Achdut HaAvoda-Poale Zion of Canada. THE EYE (1973). 272 Codsell Ave., Downs- view, Ont., M3H 3X2. (416)635-9977. WESTERN JEWISH NEWS (1926). P.O. Box Cheryl Gaster. Monthly. Friends of Pion- 87, 400-259 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, eering Israel. Man., R3C 2G6. 942-6361. Pauline Essers. Weekly. JEWISH POST (1925). P.O. Box 3777, St. B, Winnipeg, Man., R2W 3R6. (204)633- WINDSOR JEWISH COMMUNITY COUNCIL BULLETIN (1938). 1641 Ouellette Ave., 5575. Matt Bellan. Weekly. Windsor, Ont., N8X 1K9. (519)254-7558. JEWISH STANDARD (1929). 67 Mowat Ave., Joseph Eisenberg. Irregular. Windsor Jew- Suite 319, Toronto, Ont., M6K 3E3. (416)- ish Community Council. 363-3289. Julius Hayman. Semimonthly. Necrology: United States1

ARNEST, JOSEPH, rabbi, scholar; b. (?), Lith- Sept. 21, 1982; certified public accountant, uania, (?), 1906; d. Far Rockaway, N.Y., dir., Alfred R. Bachrach & Co.; consul- July 25, 1982; in U.S. since 1930's; rabbi: tant, Richard A. Eisner & Co.; Temple in Poland, until 1930's; rosh yeshiva, prof, Emanu-El, N.Y.C.: mem. bd. trustees, of Talmud, Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theo- since 1940; v. pres., 1945; pres., 1956-67; logical Seminary (RIETS), Yeshiva U., hon. pres., since 1967; mem. bd. trustees: since 1937; known scholar on Torah and Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; Montefiore on the Rambam; completed third volume Medical Center, more than 30 years; mem. of D'var Avraham, a manuscript of the bd. trustees, for 11 years, past v. pres., Beth Kovno Rav; author: Novelai and Illumina- Abraham Hosp. and Homes for the Aged; tions on the Responsa of Maimonides; Lev hon. life trustee, YM-YWHA, N.Y.C.; Yosef; Torah Eretz Tzvi; contributor: Ha benefactor, Jewish Chaplaincy, Jewish Pardes; Ha Messiah; Talpioth: Bais Yitz- Campus Life Fund, Inc., Columbia U.; chok; Pri Etz Chaim; honored for many mem., John Jay Assocs., Columbia U.; past years of work at RIETS, by Rabbinic pres., hon. life mem., Metropolis Country Alumni of Yeshiva U., at RIETS Mid- Club. Year Conf., 1964. BACKMAN, JULES, professor, communal AVRUTICK, ABRAHAM, rabbi; b. Kherson, worker; b. N.Y.C., (?), 1910; d. Scarsdale, Russia, (?), 1910; d. West Hartford, Conn., N.Y., March 25, 1982; prof, of economics, Nov. 13, 1982; in Canada since 1921; in research prof, emeritus, N.Y.U., for over U.S. since 193O's; rabbi, since 1936: Fitch- 40 years; economic consultant to indus- burg, Mass.; Newburgh, N.Y.; Agudas tries, corps., govt. agencies; Hebrew Union Achim Synagogue, W. Hartford, Conn., Coll.-Jewish Inst. of Religion: mem. bd. since 1946; founder, past pres., Rabbinical govs., since 1963; chmn. bd. govs., since Council of Conn.; Rabbinical Council of 1976; led campaign to build Brookdale Amer.: past sec.-treas.; past v. pres.; past Center of the N.Y. School; natl. chmn., pres., 1962-64; bd. mem., Union of Ortho- Reform Jewish Appeal, 1965-69; mem. dox Jewish Congregations of Amer.; au- exec, com., Union of Amer. Hebrew Con- thor, numerous articles; editor, The Ser- gregations; author, more than 100 books mon Manual, Rabbinical Council of and articles on economic and industrial Amer., 1960; recipient, hon. doctorate, subjects; editorial writer, N.Y. Times, Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Semi- many years; recipient, numerous awards, nary, 1966. N.Y.U.

~~~~BACHRACH, ALFRED R., accountant, com- BESDIN, MORRIS J., rabbi, educator; b. (?), munal worker; b. (?), (?), 1900; d. N.Y.C., Poland, (?), 1913; d. N.Y.C., April 8, 1982;~~~~

'Including Jewish residents of the United States who died between January 1 and Decem- ber 31, 1982. 329 330 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 in U.S. since 1921; rabbi, 1936-58: Congre- and Africa, since late 1950's; led team of gation Machzikai Hadas, Scranton, Pa.; ORT educators to study manpower needs Beth Hamidrash Hagodol, NYC; K'hal of seven African nations, at request of U.S. Adas Yeshurun, Kew Gardens, N.Y., Agency for Internatl. Devel., 1961; repre- many years; U.S. army chaplain, three sented ORT at Internatl. Conf. on Middle years; Yeshiva U.: lecturer in Talmud, Level Manpower, Peace Corp, 1962; devel- since 1946; instructor in Bible; director, oped, with Israel Ministry of Ed., first natl. James Striar School of General Jewish plan for higher-level technical schools in Studies, since 1958; revitalized the School Israel, 1965; helped create ORT School of and pioneered the educational direction of Engineering in Jerusalem; founder, Inter- the Baal Teshuvah (Jewish returnee) natl. Council of Jewish Voluntary Agen- movement; led celebration of School's 25th cies, early 1960's; mem.: U.S. Pres. Com- Silver Jubilee year; founder, chmn. bd. of mission to study refugee problems in ed.: Yeshiva Rabbi Moses Soloveitchik, Vietnam, 1969; bd. of govs., Haifa U., Is- N.Y.C.; Yeshiva Don Revel, Queens, rael, since 1971; recipient, Medal of N.Y.; mem., Rabbinical Council of Amer.; Honor, Norwegian Refugee Council, 1962. contributor, many articles to scholarly journals, CHAVEL, CHARLES B., rabbi, scholar; b. (?), Poland, (?), 1906; d. (?), Israel, May (7), BLANKFORT, MICHAEL, writer, communal 1982; in U.S. since 1920; rabbi: Congrega- worker; b. N.Y.C., (?), 1907; d. Los An- tion Anshei Sfard, Louisville, Ky., 1934- geles, Ca., July 13, 1982; screenwriter: Co- 45; Congregation Shaare Zedek, Edge- lumbia Studios; 20th Century Fox, both mere, Queens, N.Y., 1945-70's; visiting since 1937; captain, writer of training prof, of Bible studies, Erna Michael Coll. films, U.S. Marine Corps., 1942-45; bd. of Hebraic Studies, Yeshiva U., 1972-(7); mem.: Natl. Writers Guild; Acad. of Mo- made aliyah to Israel in mid- or late- tion Pictures Arts and Sciences; benefac- 1970's; author: first English-language tor, Dorothy and Michael Blankfort Schol- translation of Nachmanides' commentary arship Endowment Fund in Literature, on Genesis; The Book of Divine Command- Hebrew U. of Jerusalem; mem., Soc. of ments of Maimonides; Sefer Ha-Chinuch; Founders of the Hebrew U.; author of 12 Peirushei Horamban al Hatorah; Ramban, novels, some of which dealt with Jewish His Life and Teachings; Kitvei Horamban; issues, including: A Time to Live (1943); Peirushei Horamban al Neviim u- The Strong Hand (1956); Behold the Fire Kethuvim; Rabbeinu Mosh be Nachem; (1965); An Exceptional Man (1980); The Commandments; Peirushei Rabbeinu screenwriter: Broken Arrow; Tribute to a Bachay; Peirush Rabbeinu Meyuchos al Bad Man; numerous other films; recipient, I'yov; Chidushei Horamban al Masecheth S.Y. Agnon Award, for Behold the Fire, Adodah Zarah; Hameniach (the third Amer. Friends of Hebrew U. of Jerusalem, chapter of Tractate Baba Kamma). 1965. CUMMINGS, THEODORE, businessman, phi- BRAUDE, MAX A., communal worker; b. lanthropist; b. (?), Austria, (?), 1909; d. Los Harmony, Pa., Sept. 26, 1913; d. Jerusa- Angeles, Ca., March 30,1982; in U.S. since lem, Israel, Sept. 14, 1982; chaplain, U.S. 1920; performer, Yiddish theater, N.Y.C., army, in Europe, during WWII; dir., chief 193O's; head, retail and supermarket chain, of camp operations: Amer. Jewish Joint Ca., (?H959; hon. co-chmn., Coalition for Distribution Com. (JDC), displaced per- Reagan-Bush, 1980; named Ambassador sons camps in U.S. zone, WWII to post- to Austria, by Pres. Reagan, 1980; found- WWII; UN Relief and Works Agency ing trustee, L.A. County Museum of Art; (UNRWA), 1947; Internatl. Refugee Org. founder, Theodore and Suzanne Cum- (IRO), 1947-51; special asst. to IRO chief mings Humanitarian Award, for raems. of of mission and liaison with Bonn govt., Amer. Coll. of Cardiology; co-founder, 1950; World ORT Union: dir., since 1951; Jules Stein Eye Inst., U.C.L.A.; chmn., organized, with JDC, ORT programs in 1975 regional leadership conf. for Israel Poland, 1956; dir.-gen., 1957-80; hon. dir.- Bonds; trustee, community relations com., gen., since 1980; initiated first ORT school Jewish Fed. Council of Greater L.A.; foun- for Jews in Bombay, India, 1958; devel- der, Theodore Cummings Collection of oped ORT technical and ed. programs for Hebraica and Judaica, U.C.L.A.; first Jew- Jews throughout Europe, Latin Amer., ish trustee, U. of Southern Ca.; fought NECROLOGY / 331 Saudi Arabian restrictive conditions on a org., N.Y.S. Natl. War Fund, 1945; Need- grant to U.S.C. lecraft Ed. Commission, 1945; AFL rep., Mgmt. and Labor Conf., 1945; mem. bd. DONIN, HAYIM, rabbi, author; b. N.Y.C., (?), dirs.: Willkie Memorial, 1945; Amer. 1928; d. Jerusalem, Israel, Jan. (?), 1982; Overseas Aid, 1946; active in ORT (World rabbi: Congregation Kesher Israel, West ORT Union, Amer. ORT Fed.), post- Chester, Pa., 1951—53; Congregation B'nai WWII; consultant, UN Econ. and Social David, Southfield, Mich., 1953-73; adjunct Council, 1946; mem., trade union adv. prof., Jewish studies, U. of Detroit, 1969- com., internatl. labor affairs, U.S. Dept. of 73; made aliyah to Israel in 1973 to devote Labor, 1946; founder, Amers. for Demo- full time to writing on the practice of Juda- cratic Action, 1947; mem. exec, com.: Citi- ism; mem., Ethical and Moral Panel, under zens Com. to Support the Marshall Plan, former Mich. Gov. George Romney, De- 1947; Workers Ed. Bureau, 1948; AFL troit, 1966-68; chmn., Bd. of License for com., Labor Com. for Election of Truman Hebrew teachers, Metropolitan Detroit, 1967-69; pres., Akiva Hebrew Day School, and Barkley, 1948; AFL Post-War Plan- Detroit; treas., Jewish Community Council ning Com.; Greater N.Y. Com. for United of Metropolitan Detroit; mem. bd. go vs., Negro Coll. Fund, 1948; AFL Samuel Jewish Welfare Fed., Detroit; author: Be- Gompers Centenary Com.; mem. bd. dirs., yond Thyself (1965); To Be a Jew (1972); F.D. Roosevelt Memorial Found., 1948; Sukkot (1974); To Raise a Jewish Child AFL delegate: Conf. of Internatl. Trade (1977); To Pray as a Jew (1980). Unions on Marshall Plan, London, 1948; Internatl. Confed. of Free Trade Unions, London, 1949 and Milan, 1951; mem., gen. DUBINSKY, DAVID, labor leader; b. Brest- Litovsk, Russian Poland, Feb. 22, 1892; d. council AFL, 1949; hon. mem., Mark N.Y.C., Sept. 17, 1982; in U.S. since 1911; Twain Soc., 1949; mem., natl. labor com.: master baker, Lodz, Poland, 1907; asst. Amer. Heart Assn., 1949-50; United Cere- sec, bakers' union local, Lodz, Poland, bral Palsy Assns., Inc., 1951; Red Cross 1908; garment-cutter, N.Y.C., 1911; campaign, 1952; Natl. Conf. of Christians ILGWU: mem., local 10, N.Y.C., since and Jews, 1952; v. chmn., Amun-Israeli 1911; mgr.-sec., 1921-29; v. pres., inter- Housing Corp., 1950; fellow, Amer. Acad. natl., 1922-29; gen. sec.-treas., 1929-32; of Arts and Sciences, 1952; mem., special acting pres., 1929; natl. pres., 1932-66; industry com. for Puerto Rico, 1953; con- hon. pres., since 1966; as leader, estab- tributor to numerous periodicals; recipient: lished the United Housing Found., hon. LL.D., Bard Coll., 1951; numerous N.Y.C., and Unity House, Pa.; labor advi- honors from universities and govts. sor, mem. code authorities, ladies' garment EPSTINE, HARRY M., philanthropist, com- industry, Natl. Relief Admin., 1933; munal leader; b. (?), (?); d. Pittsburgh, Pa. Amer. Fed. of Labor (AFL): treas., Labor or Palm Beach, Fla., Sept. (?), 1982; Amer. Chest, 1934; v. pres., 1934-36 and 1945- Jewish Com.: mem., natl. bd. go vs.; chmn., (?); first official rep., U.S. labor, AFL and Pittsburgh chapter; helped establish The ILO meeting, Switzerland, 1935; a founder, Com. for Industrial Orgs., mid-1930's; Louis Caplan Center on Group Identity founder, Amer. Labor party, 1936; spon- and Mental Health. sor: Merchant Seamen's Club (ILGWU), FANE, IRVING, attorney, communal worker; London, 1942; vocational school for or- b. Dallas, Tex., Nov. 17, 1904; d. Kansas phaned children (ILGWU), China, 1942; City, Mo., Feb. 23, 1982; attorney, foun- trade union school, France, 1942; treas.: der, Spencer, Fane, Britt & Browne law AFL section, N.Y. War Labor Chest, firm, since 1951; appointed mem. of com- 1942; Labor League for Human Rights, mission to study admin, procedures of Fed. 1942; Jewish Labor Com., 1942; labor rep., agencies, by Pres. J.F. Kennedy, 1961; Natl. Coat & Suit Industry Recovery Bd., mem. adv. com., Fed. Power Commission 1942; v. chmn., Amer. Labor Conf. on In- and Natl. Power Survey, under Pres. L.B. ternatl. Affairs, 1942; mem. bd. dirs.: Johnson's admin.; U. of Mo. at Kansas Greater N.Y. Fund, 1942; Natl. War City: mem. bd. of curators, 1971-77; bd. Fund, 1942; mem. exec, com.: JDC, 1942; pres., 1973; Union of Amer. Hebrew Special Com. on Labor Standards and So- Congregations: chmn. bd. of trustees, cial Security, 1942; v. chmn., founder, Lib- 1963-67; hon. chmn. bd., hon. life mem., eral party, N.Y.S., 1944; mem.: council of since 1967; mem. bd. govs., World Union 332 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 for Progressive Judaism; mem.: Friends of founder: Sacred Music Press, 1950; Amer. Art; U. of Mo. Alumni Assn.; Kansas City Conf. of Cantors, 1951; mem. bd. over- Art Inst. and School of Design; Mo. Inst. seers, N.Y.S. Rehabilitation Hosp., Haver- for Justice; Kansas City Council of Reli- straw, 1962; fellow: Amer. Psychiatric gion and Race; Mo. Republican Club; Assn.; N.Y. Acad. of Medicine; Amer. Amer. Heart Assn.; Citizens Assn. of Kan- Psychosomatic Assn.; Amer. Geriatric sas City; Planned Parenthood Assn.; bd. of Assn.; mem.: Amer. Medical Assn.; N.Y. curators, U. of Mo. B'nai B'rith; Amer. Co. Medical Soc.; mem., pres., 1970, N.Y. Jewish Com.; life mem., Jewish Chatauqua Soc. for Clinical Psychiatry; author: Re- Soc. form Judaism in the Large Cities (1931); 25 Years of Training Rabbis (1933); Reli- FORTAS, ABE, attorney, Supreme Court jus- gious Belief and Character (1935); The tice; b. Memphis, Tenn., June (?), 1910; d. Road to Sexual Maturity (1954); Liebe und Wash., D.C., April 5,1982; prof. Yale Law Reife (German, 1957); A Primer of Statis- School, late-1930's(?)-1940; served in nu- tics for Non-Statisticians (1958); A Sane merous govt. posts and admin, positions, and Happy Life (1963); contributor, to var- under Pres. F.D. Roosevelt and Pres. Tru- ious professional journals; recipient, hon. man, such as Under Sec. of Interior, 1942; L.H.D., HUC-JIR, 1958. mem.: President's Com. on Equal Oppor- tunity in the Armed Forces; Natl. Citizens FURST, MELVIN J., businessman, philanthro- Com. for Community Relations; advisor to pist; b. N.Y.C., (?); d., Long Island, N.Y., U.S. delegation to UN, 1945; named Feb. (?), 1982; founder, supporter, Albert Assoc. Justice of the Supreme Court, by Einstein Coll. of Medicine, Yeshiva U.; Pres. L.B. Johnson, June 1966; first Jew leader, Einstein Coll. South Shore Com.; nominated (later withdrawn due to heavy assoc. trustee, major donor, L.I. Jewish- opposition) for post of Chief Justice, by Hillside Memorial Center (Hosp.); sup- Pres. Johnson, 1968; resigned from Su- porter, mem., South Shore exec, com., preme Court, 1969; private law practice, UJA-Fed. Campaign; supporter, Yeshivat 1969-82; contributor, United Jewish Ap- Hadarom and Achuzat Yaakov in Israel; peal; speaker at various Jewish orgs., after past v. pres., mem. bd. of trustees, Congre- appointment to Supreme Court; mem., gation Sons of Israel, Woodmere, N.Y.; natl. adv. com., Amer. Jewish Cong, com- founder, supporter, Woodmere chapter, mission on law and social action; recipient, Hadassah; mem.: bd. of overseers, Jewish Stephen Wise award, Amer. Jewish Cong., Theological Seminary of Amer.; The 1966. Woodmere Club; High Ridge Country Club. FRANZBLAU, ABRAHAM, psychiatrist, educator; b. N.Y.C., July 1, 1901; d. N.Y.C.. GABER, SAMUEL LEWIS, communal worker; Oct. 28,1982; psychiatrist: bureau of refer- b. Philadelphia, Pa., July 19,1915; d. West ence, research and statistics, Bd. of Ed., Palm Beach, Fla., July 30, 1982; cultural N.Y.C., 1921-23; in private practice, since consultant for Germany and Austria, 1949; dir., com. on research, Union of Amer. Jewish Joint Distribution Com. Amer. Hebrew Congregations (UAHC), (JDC), post-WWII; admin, dir., Bd. of Ed. 1928-30; Hebrew Union Coll.-Jewish Inst. and Culture, JDC/Central Com. of Liber- of Religion (HUC-JIR): founder, princi- ated Jews/Jewish Agency for Palestine pal, HUC School for Teachers, N.Y.C., (tripartite agency), post-WWII; worked 1923-31; prof., pastoral psychiatry, Cin- with displaced persons branch of: U.S. cinnati, Ohio, 1931—43; prof., pastoral psy- army of occupation; UN Relief and chiatry, dean, N.Y.C., 1935-58; helped es- Rehabilitation Admin.; Internatl. Relief tablish HUC School of Sacred Music, Org.; instructor, human relations dept, U. 1948; dean emeritus, School of Ed. and of Pa.; past mem.: field staff, Amer. Jewish School of Sacred Music, since 1958; resi- Cong.; natl. staff, Amer. Jewish Com.; past dent, Jewish Hosp., Cincinnati, Ohio, dir., Jewish Fed. of Greater Kingston, 1937-40; major, surgeon and psychiatric N.Y.; ADL-B'nai B'rith regional dir.: Pa.- consultant, Surgeon Gen. office, U.S. W.Va.-Del. region, 1964-81; West Palm army, 1943-46; lecturer, Mt. Sinai School Beach County, Fla. region, since 1981; v. of Medicine, N.Y.C., since 1949; Mt. Sinai pres., Assn. of Jewish Community Rela- Hosp., N.Y.C.: staff psychiatrist, 1958-62; tions Workers; sec.-treas., Pa. Jewish Com- preceptor, in psychiatry, since 1962; munity Relations Conf.; sec., Pa. Equal NECROLOGY / 333 Rights Council; mem.: Natl. Assn. of So- Germany to investigate post-Nazi attitudes cial Workers; Acad. of Certified Social toward Jews and the Nazi era, 1959; mem., Workers; recipient, ADL's first annual rabbinic mission to East European Iron Milton Senn Award for Professional Excel- Curtain countries to study conditions of lence, 1973; named a mem., Legion of Jews and religious rights under Commu- Honor, Phila. Chapel of the Four Chap- nist govts., 1960; mem., numerous civil lains, for interfaith relations achievements, rights delegations to Wash., D.C., includ- 1975. ing Dr. Martin Luther King's March on Wash., 1960's; led Beth El fund-raising GLASER (SCHOCKEN), EVA, publisher; b. drive to aid Southern Conf. for Civil Zwickau, Germany, (?), 1919; d. White Rights, 196O's; natl. chmn., Rabbinic Adv. Plains, N.Y., Jan. 12, 1982; in U.S. since Council of UJA, 1965-66; leader, inter- late 1930's; Schocken Books, Inc., N.Y.C.: faith and interracial Christian Clergy editor, since post-WWII; expanded pub- Study mission to Israel, 1972; lecturer: lishing house to include works on educa- Judaic Studies, Mercy Coll., Dobbs Ferry, tion, women's studies, childhood devel- N.Y., 1970-76; Coll. of New Rochelle, late opment and psychology, along with 1970's; gen. sociology, N.Y.U.'s former continuing emphasis on books concerned Bronx campus, U. Coll. of Arts and with Jewish cultural life; reprinted works Sciences; past pres.: N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis; of Maria Montessori; pres., since 1975. Westchester Bd. of Rabbis; past chmn., Natl. UJA's Rabbinic Cabinet; colleague, GOLDFARB, BERTHA, communal worker; b. Rabbinical Council of Amer.; fellow of: (?), (?), 1900; d. Palm Beach, Fla., Feb. 17, Amer. Sociological Soc.; Amer. Jewish 1982; benefactor, with husband, the Jacob Historical Soc.; Eastern Sociological Soc; and Bertha Goldfarb Library, Brandeis U.; Civil Liberties Union; Natl. Assn. for Amer. Jewish Com.: past hon. chmn., the Advancement of Colored People Women's Campaign; mem., Natl. Exec. (NAACP); Natl. Conf. of Christians and Council; Jewish Guild for the Blind: mem., Jews; Amer. Jewish Cong.; B'nai B'rith; Guild Bd.; mem., Women's Div. Bd.; contributor, numerous articles to journals; mem., Palm Beach Div. Bd.; mem., hon. honored: as founder of Westchester Day dir. of Women's Auxiliary, Congregation School, 1949; with three testimonial din- Emanu-El, N.Y.C.; mem., hon. v. pres., ners, Beth El Synagogue, 1970's; for 25 Natl. Council of Jewish Women, N.Y.; years of community service, Iona Coll., mem.: Palm Beach Country Club; Metrop- Dec. 1971; by Yeshiva U., Fed. of Jewish olis Country Club; recipient, Natl. Human Philanthropies, UJA, Zionist Org. of Relations Award, Amer. Jewish Com., Amer., and Inter-Religious Council of Jan. 1982. New Rochelle, 1981. GOLOVENSKY, DAVID I., rabbi; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., (?), 1910; d. New Rochelle, N.Y., GOODMAN, JACOB, communal worker; b. March 14, 1982; chaplain, U.S. Navy, Kiev, Russia, (7), 1895; d. Safety Harbor, 1943-46; senior rabbi, Beth El Synagogue, Fla., Jan. 11, 1982; in U.S. since 1906; co- New Rochelle, N.Y., 1947-77, wherein he founder, Goody Products, Inc. (hair care quadrupled the membership and expanded products), Kearny, N.J.; mem., Mac- its bldgs.; rabbi emeritus, since 1977; estab- cabean Zion Club, during youth; volun- lished: firstHebre w Nursery School, West- teer, Jewish Legion (for liberation of Pales- chester, N.Y., 1947; Westchester Day tine from Turkish rule), 39th and 40th School, Mamaroneck, 1949; premarital battalions, Egypt and Palestine, WWI psychology clinic, 1950's; first congrega- (1917-19); Zionist Org. of Amer.: hon. v. tional (Beth El's) "Memorial for the Six pres.; mem., natl. exec. com. and admin, Million" bronze Wall of Martyrs; first con- bd.; benefactor: ZOA projects in Israel, gregation (Beth El) to have display of JPS's such as ZOA House, Tel Aviv, and Kfar New English translation of the Weekly Silver ed. complex; Jacob and Libby Good- Portion of the Torah; active in fight against man ZOA House, natl. hdqtrs., N.Y.C.; McCarthyism, 195O's; leader, first official mem. bd. of trustees, United Israel Appeal; rabbinic commission invited to visit Soviet mem. natl. bd., Amer. Zionist Fed.; foun- Jewry, 1956; served as chmn., N.Y. Bd. of der, Tarbuth Found, for Hebrew Culture; Rabbis, in honoring Gov. Herbert H. Leh- pres., Olam Hadash publishers, Hebrew man for exposing Sen. McCarthy, 1958; books for children; supporter, Amer. as pres. of N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis, visited Friends of Hebrew U.; active in: Alyn 334 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Crippled Children's Hosp., Israel; Jewish serviceman, U.S. army, 1943-46; civilian Nail. Fund; other orgs. employee, asst. dir., ed. and religious affairs div., U.S. Military Govt. of Ger- GRADE, CHAIM, writer; b. Vilna, Lithuania, many, in Nuremberg, Munich, and Berlin, (?), 1910; d. N.Y.C., June 26, 1982; in U.S. 1946-50; Council of Jewish Feds, and Wel- since 1948; writer, in Yiddish: in Vilna, fare Funds (CJFWF): research consultant, Lithuania, 1930's—41; in France, post- Budget Research Dept., 1957-70; sec., WWII; for Yiddish newspapers, mainly Controllers Inst. and Data Processing the Jewish Daily Forward, N.Y.C., since Com., 1965-78; dir., Budget Services 1948; considered a leading poet and novel- Dept., Large City Budgeting Conf., 1970- ist of the Holocaust period; some works 82; consultant, Natl. Budgeting Conf. of translated into English include: My Quar- Canadian Jewry. rel with Hersh Rasseyner (a philosophical dialogue); The Well; The Seven Little KAHN, JAMES, publisher; b. Worcester, Lanes; The Agunah (1967); The Yeshiva Mass., (?), 1908; d. Brookline, Mass., Aug. (two-volume novel, late 1970's); Rabbis 11, 1982; advertising salesman for many and Wives (three novellas, posthumously, newspapers in Mass.; founder, publisher, 1982); My Mother's Sabbath Days (novel, the Jewish Times, Brookline, Mass., since posthumously, 1983); recipient: B'nai 1945; mem.: Tub Thumpers (advertising B'rith Jewish Heritage Award for Excel- businessmen's org.); B'nai B'rith; Zionist lence; Morris Adler Prize of the Amer. Org. of Amer.; Men's Assn. of the Hebrew Acad. of Jewish Research; Remembrance Rehabilitation Center for the Aged; Tem- Award of the World Fed. of Bergen-Belsen ple Ohabei Shalom. Assns.; many other awards. KATZ, SHOLOM, cantor; b. (?), Rumania, (?), GRINSTEIN, HYMAN B., historian, educator; 1915; d. Wash., D.C., Feb. 20, 1982; in b. Dallas, Tx., (?), 1899; d. N.Y.C., March U.S. since 1946; cantor: (since age 13) syn- 10, 1982; spent some years in Palestine, agogue in Kishinev, Rumania (USSR), during youth; Yeshiva U., N.Y.C.: part- 1930's; chief cantor, Bucharest, Rumania, time sec. to Dr. Bernard Revel (first pres.), before WWII; at World Zionist Cong, 1917-19; asst. to the principal, Talmudical (sang "Keil Molei Rachamim," traditional Acad. High School for Boys, 1919-22; mourning song), Switzerland, 1946; Beth Y.U. Teachers Inst. for Men: sec., 1922- Sholom Synagogue, Wash., D.C., 1947-57; 29; registrar, 1945-57; dir., 1958-68; head- in concert at Carnegie Hall; Madison master, religious school, Congregation Square Garden; Kutsher's Country Club, Sharrei Tefila, Far Rockaway, N.Y., 1929- N.Y.; the Kennedy Center; in concert halls 45; Yeshiva U.: chief marshall of com- and synagogues in Europe, So. Amer., mencement ceremonies, 1947-76; prof., Canada, and Israel; first cantor invited to Amer. Jewish history, Yeshiva Coll., give concert series in Israel after founding 1950-70, and Bernard Revel Grad. School, of the state; sang "Keil Molei Rachamim" 1950-76; prof, emeritus, since 1976; Y.U. in closing scene of Acad. award-winning archivist, 1969-76; leader, tours of Jewish film, The Garden of the Finzi-Continis; historical sites in lower Manhattan, many sang in film The Eichmann Story; made years; corresponding sec., Amer. Jewish more than 160 musical recordings; noted Historical Soc; mem.: Religious Zionists authority on Jewish music; v. pres., West- of Amer.; N.Y. Historical Soc.; Amer. wood Mgmt. Corp., Bethesda, Md., since Assn. of U. Profs.; author, pioneering 1969; recipient, annual "Prix du Disque" books in the field of Amer. Jewish history, from Paris-Match, for "Keil Molei Ra- including The Rise of the Jewish Commu- chamim" recording, 1954. nity of New York (1945) and A Short His- tory of the Jews in the United States (1980); KLAPERMAN, LIBBY, writer, communal recipient, hon. Doctorate of Pedagogy, worker; b. Minsk, Russia, (?), 1922; d. Yeshiva U., 1969; memorial student loan Lawrence, N.Y., June 18, 1982; in U.S. fund established in his name, Yeshiva U., since childhood; former prof., religious 1982. studies, Stern Coll. for Women, N.Y.C.; past mem., humanities faculty. Far Rocka- ICNATOFF, DANIEL, communal worker; b. way High School, N.Y.; past natl. v. pres., Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 9, 1915; d. N.Y.C., natl. ed. chmn., women's branch, Union of Oct. 29, 1982; businessman, in linen Orthodox Jewish Congregations of Amer., supply, dry cleaning, before WWII; for over 20 years; active in Amer. Mizrachi NECROLOGY / 335 Women; supporter: Far Rockaway-Five faculty, United Hosp. Fund, N.Y.C., Towns Hosp. Devel. Corp.; St. John's 1958-65; Columbia U., School of Public Episcopal Hosp. South Shore; mem., sup- Health and Admin. Medicine, N.Y.C., porter, Congregation Beth Sholom, Law- 1968-75; other N.Y. colls.; Indiana U., rence, N.Y.; author, numerous children's Bloomington; dir., Admin. Mgmt. Assn., books, including novels and books on reli- L.I. chapter, 1966-67; chmn.: Fellows of gious subjects; co-author, with husband Hosp. Financial Mgmt. Assn., Metropoli- Rabbi Gilbert Klaperman, four-volume tan N.Y. chapter, 1960-80; Hosp. Con- history, The Story of the Jewish People. trollers Com., Fed. of Jewish Philanthro- pies, 1962-75; Blue Cross Controllers Adv. KOTLER, SHNEUR, rabbi, scholar; b. Slutsk, Group, 1968-80; Hosp. League Pension Russia, (?), 1918; d. Boston, Mass., June Plan, 1970-75; special consultant, Greater 24,1982; in U.S. since 1946; Beth Medrash N.Y. Hosp. Assn., 1973, Ad Hoc Policy Govoha, Lakewood, N.J.: as asst. rosh ye- Com., 1979; consultant: study group on shiva (under his father), helped develop it hosp. costs, Columbia U., School of Public into largest Torah inst. for post-grad, stud- Health and Admin. Medicine, 1966-69; ies in the world, while upgrading standards Mercy Catholic Medical Center, Phila., for Torah study in the U.S., since 1946; Pa.; other hosps.; mem.: Amer. Hosp. rosh yeshiva, since 1962, expanding the Assn., 1954-80; professional excellence student body from under 200 to over 1,000; council, Hosp. Financial Mgmt. Assn., helped develop other schools and insts. to 1968-70; reimbursement and third party strengthen the Lakewood Orthodox com- relations com., Hosp. Financial Mgmt. munity; held leadership positions on Assn., 1968-70; Accountants' 52 Club, worldwide activities to help Jews and Juda- since 1970; Internatl. Hosp. Fed., London, ism, as mem. in: Council of Torah Sages of England, 1969-80; Accounting Adv. Com. Agudath Israel of Amer.; presidium, Or- of Greater N.Y. Hosp. Assn., for six years; thodox Jewish mvmt.; rabbinical bd., Natl. grouping com. for reimbursement, Blue Soc. of Hebrew Day Schools (Torah Cross-Blue Shield, N.Y., 1976-79; com. on Umesorah); rabbinical bd., Torah Schools hosp. uniform accounting and reporting for Israel (Chinuch Atzmai); speaker at (manual), N.Y.S. Dept. of Health, 1976- 60th anniversary dinner, Agudath Israel, 79; bd. of dirs., FOJP Service Corp., 1977- May 16, 1982, before 1,500 people. 80; reimbursement com., N.Y.S. Council on Health Care Financing, 1978-80; Assn. LEFF, MEYER ISAAC, physician; b. Bialystok, of Yugoslav Jews in the U.S.: pres., 1960- Poland/Russia, (?), 1889; d. Miami, Fla., 62, trustee, since 1979; chmn., Fed. of Jew- March 12, 1982; in U.S. since 1906; medi- ish Philanthropies, 1964; dir., Union of Or- cal officer, Amer. Joint Distribution Com., thodox Jewish Congregations in Amer., providing emergency aid to Jewish com- 1967-79; pres., Sephardic Congregation of munities in post-WWI Europe, early Long Beach, N.Y., 1966-69, 1975-79; 1920's; surgeon: Arizona, California, Mex- mem., B'nai B'rith/B'rith Abraham; au- ico; lived in Israel for several years. thor, Hospital Financial Planning, 1959- LEVI, JOSEPH A., communal worker; b. 80, L.I. Jewish-Hillside Medical Center Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, March 9, 1915; d. (collection of articles, lectures, and pa- Long Island, N.Y., March 31, 1982; in pers); recipient: awards from Hosp. Finan- U.S. since 1950; bank clerk, several cities, cial Mgmt. Assn.: fellowship, 1957; Yugoslavia, 1937-41; financial officer, Founders Awards, 1961, 1968, 1972; hon. Delasem (Delegazione Assistenza Ebrei), life membership, 1970; Special Recogni- Rome, Italy, 1943-44; leader, Jewish Un- tion Awards, Metropolitan N.Y. chapter, derground resistance mvmt., Rome, 1970,1972; Testimonial Award, Metropol- WWII; financial officer: Amer. Joint Dis- itan N.Y. chapter, 1978; Special Recogni- trib. Com., chief admin, and finance bu- tion Award, combined N.Y.S. chapters, reau to aid war victims, Rome, 1944-50; 1978; Frederick C. Morgan Individual payroll dept., UJA, N.Y.C., 1950-52; asst. Achievement Award, 1978; Award for Ser- controller, Beth Israel Hosp., N.Y.C., vice to Amer. Jewish Community, Yeshiva 1952-54; dir., fiscal affairs planning, L.I. U., 1966; Presidents Award, Union of Or- Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, L.I., thodox Jewish Congregations in Amer., N.Y., 1954-81; pres., Hosp. Finance 1966; Testimonial Award, Sephardic Con- Mgmt. Assn., L.I. chapter, 1957-58, Met- gregation of Long Beach, 1972; David ropolitan N.Y. chapter, 1961-62; lecturer: 336 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Ben-Gurion Award for Advancing the Zion Hebrew Congregation, St. Paul, Devel. and Strengthening the Economy of Minn., 1961-66; Case Western Reserve U., Israel, 1977. Cleveland, Ohio: first Abba Hillel Silver Prof, of Jewish Studies, since 1966; chmn., LEVINTHAL, ISRAEL H., rabbi; b. (?), (?), religious dept., since 1967; past chmn., the- 1888; d. New Rochelle, N.Y., Oct. 31, ology com., Central Conf. of Amer. Rab- 1982; rabbi, Brooklyn Jewish Center, bis; past dir., Cleveland chapter, Natl. Crown Heights, Brooklyn, since 1919; first Conf. of Christians and Jews; past trustee, pres., Brooklyn region, Zionist Org. of Cleveland Jewish Community Fed.; mem., Amer, 1933-35; Brooklyn Jewish Com- acad. adv. bd.: Amer. Coll. in Jerusalem; munity Council: pres. since 1940, hon. Reconstructionist Seminary, Phila.; mem.: pres. at time of death; visiting prof, of Amer. Acad. for Jewish Research; Amer. homiletics, Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer., 1948-62; author, eight books on Philosophical Assn.; Soc. for Biblical Lit.; Judaism, including Jewish Law of the Amer. Acad. of Religion; Natl. Assn. of Agency, Judaism: An Analysis and Inter- Profs, of Hebrew; Amer. Assn. of U. pretation, and The Message of Israel Profs.; author, many articles and books on (1973); Brooklyn Jewish Center main sanc- religion, philosophy, and Jewish history, tuary named Israel H. Levinthal Syna- including The Existential Theology of Paul gogue in his honor, 1974. Tillich (1963), Prayer in Judaism, and That Man from Smyrna (1978); co-author, LEVY, BENJAMIN J., businessman, philan- with Rabbi Daniel Silver, A History of Ju- thropist; b. N.Y.C., (?), 1889; d. N.Y.C., daism (two volumes, 1974); translator: May 1, 1982; office boy for Ferd Salomon from Yiddish and Hebrew, the 12-volume money broker, 1903; Salomon Bros, invest- History of Jewish Literature, by Israel Zin- ment banking concern: employee, 1910; berg; from Russian, three works by the general partner, 1919; limited partner, great Russian-Jewish philosopher Lev since 1966; trader, govt. securities, during Shestov; editor: Journal of Reform Juda- WWI; supporter: UJA-Fed. of Jewish Phi- ism, for six years; Journal of the CCAR; lanthropies; Amer.-Israel Cultural Found.; recipient, hon. doctorate, Hebrew Union Weizmann Inst. of Science; Amer. Jewish Coll., 1976. Com.; mem. bd. of overseers, benefactor, MELLITZ, SAMUEL, jurist, communal Benjamin J. and Anna Levy Current Peri- worker; b. Bridgeport, Conn., May 6,1891; odicals Room, Albert Einstein Coll. of d. New Haven, Conn., Dec. 26, 1982; law- Medicine; honored Master Builder, Ye- yer, private practice, 1912-35; judge: ap- shiva U.; mem.: Central Synagogue, pointed to bench by former Conn. Gov. N.Y.C.; Palm Beach Country Club; recipi- Wilbur Cross, Court of Common Pleas, ent, hon. degree, A. Einstein Coll. of Medi- 1936-42; Superior Court of Conn., serving cine, Yeshiva U. part of the time as the court's first Chief Judge, 1942-58; State Supreme Court of LINDENBAUM, HENRY, businessman, phi- Errors, 1958-63; retired as assoc. justice, lanthropist; b. (?), (?); d. N.Y.C., April 28, 1963; chmn., reorg. com., a Conn, bank, 1982; pres.: Henry Lindenbaum Realty Sept. 1933-June 1934; helped organize Co.; Decor Distribs. of N.Y., Inc.; Twin- West End Savings and Loans Assn., early boro Pet Supply, Inc.; v. pres., benefactor, 193O's; bd. mem., West Side Bank, Bridge- mem. bd. of trustees, Solomon Schechter port; mem.: Conn. Interracial Commis- Day School, Nassau County; founder, sup- sion, 1945-50; exec, com., Bridgeport porter, Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine, Community Chest; adv. bd., St. Vincent's Yeshiva U.; supporter, Amer. Friends of Hosp., Bridgeport; Grievance Com. of Yeshivot Bnei Akiva; mem.: Old West- Fairfield County; Amer. Bar Assn.; Conn. bury-the Brookvilles chapter of Hadassah; State Bar Assn.; past chmn., Beardsley staff, Camp Winadu; No. Shore Country Scholarship Com., Yale U.; Bridgeport Club. delegate to Amer. Jewish Conf., 1943-46; Yeshiva U.: mem. bd. of trustees, over 40 MARTIN, BERNARD, rabbi, author; b. Sek- years; hon. trustee, since 1978; Conn, state lence, Czechoslovakia, (?), 1928; d. Cleve- chmn., Albert Einstein Coll. of Medicine; land, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1982; in U.S. since v. pres., Union of Orthodox Jewish Con- 1934; rabbi, Sinai Temple, Champlain, 111., gregations in Amer.; first pres.: Bridgeport 1951-57; assoc. rabbi, Sinai Congregation, Jewish Community Center; Bridgeport Chicago, 111., 1957-61; senior rabbi, Mount NECROLOGY / 337 Jewish Community Council; mem. bd. coordinator, mem., Com. on School and govs., Amer. Assn. for Jewish Ed.; pres., Coll. Relations, Middle States Assn. of Congregation Ahavat Achim, Fairfield; Colls, and Secondary Schools; author, nu- mem.: Zionist Org. of Amer.; Mizrachi; merous scholarly articles in English and Amer. Jewish Cong.; B'nai B'rith; charter Hebrew for Amer. and Israeli publs.: "The mem., the Masons; recipient: hon. L.L.D., Fictive Jew; His Function in English Liter- Yeshiva U., 1954; hon. banquet on his 75th ature 1890-1920" (a monograph); "The birthday, Yeshiva U., 1966; hon. dedica- Beginnings of Hebrew in the United tion of its new synagogue, Jewish Home for States"; "The Jewish Tradition in Ameri- the Aged, Fairneld County, 1971; hon. din- can Literature"; "The Jew in Shaw's 'Man ner, Hillel Acad. of Congregation Ahavat and Superman'"; "English Literature in Achim, 1974. Hebrew Translation"; "Thomas Mann and the Joseph Story"; "The Creative Pen"; ed- MIRSKY, DAVID, professor; b. Jerusalem, Is- itor, Jewish Horizon (magazine), 1945-49, rael (Palestine), (?), 1921; d. N.Y.C., including its "Twentieth Anniversary" March 30,1982; in U.S. since 1930's(?); ed. issue; recipient: Bernard Revel Memorial dir., Hapoel Hamizrachi, 1945-46; asst. Award for Achievement in Higher Ed., dir., Jewish Culture Found., N.Y.U., Yeshiva Coll. Alumni Assn., 1965; hon. 1946-47; principal, Shulamith Midrasha, D.E., St. Joseph's Coll., North Windham, girls' high school, Brooklyn, 1946-48; Ye- shiva U.: faculty mem., English dept., since Maine, 1977. 1948; asst. prof., Hebrew and English lit., MONTOR, HENRY, communal worker; b. 1953; assoc. prof., English, 1962; dean of Nova Scotia, Canada, (?), 1906; d. Jerusa- admissions, 1963—68; full prof., English, lem, Israel, April 14, 1982; in U.S. since 1966; dean, Stern Coll. for Women, since 1908; asst. editor, New Palestine, Zionist 1968; acting v. pres. for acad. affairs, since Org. of Amer., 1925; United Palestine Ap- 1975; chmn., annual campus UJA drive, peal: publicity dir., 192O's-3O's (?); exec, several years; conducted three Natl. De- dir., 1937; established: Independent Jewish fense Ed. Act summer language insts., sup- Press Service, mid-1930's; Palcor News ported by U.S. Office of Ed. grants: at Ye- Agency, mid-1930's; United Jewish Ap- shiva U., 1961 and 1963; at Hebrew U., peal: a founder, 1938; exec. v. chmn., Jerusalem, 1965; for over 20 years created 1938-50; as spokesman and fund-raiser, and hosted radio and television shows deal- for establishment of State of Israel, worked ing with ed. and lit., including: an ed. series closely with David Ben-Gurion and Golda on Hebrew and Biblical lit., WEVD radio, Meir: at Ben-Gurion's request, assembled N.Y.C., 1954-57; "Minorities in Amer. some 40 top Jewish businessmen in Lit.," WNYC-TV, N.Y.C., also distrib. N.Y.C, forming the "Sonneborn Group," through the N.Y.S. Ed. Dept., 1950V which sent supplies to the Haganah, 1945; 1960's; "College Clinic," WHN radio, arranged Golda Meir's address before Jew- N.Y.C., 1963; "Amer. Lit.—the Voice of ish community leaders in Chicago, 1948, Minorities," NBC-TV, in N.Y.C., Chi- raising $50 million; founder, chief exec, cago, Wash., Cleveland, and Los Angeles, officer, Israel Bond Org., 1950-55; exec, 1965; "Amer. Through 13 Pairs of Eyes," officer, Amer. Financial and Devel. Corp. WABC-TV, N.Y.C., 1966-68; "Focus on for Israel, 1950; head, founder, Finanziara Education," N.Y.C. radio, 1975; chmn.: Popolare (a consumer finance co.), Rome, Amer. Jewish Press Assn. Awards for Ex- 1955; recipient: "personal tribute" from cellence in Journalism; Internatl. Council, Ben-Gurion when the prime minister vi- World Union for Hebrew; natl. co-chmn., sited the U.S. in 1950 to initiate the Israel Amer. Profs, for Peace in the Middle East; Bonds program; in I960, at the program's co-chmn., pres., Histadruth Ivrith of tenth anniversary celebration, Ben-Gurion Amer.; sec., Council of Higher Ed. Insts. of hailed Montor as one of the top ten people N.Y.; exec. bd. mem., Amer. Assn. for "most responsible for creation of the State Jewish Ed.; treas., exec. bd. mem., Jewish of Israel." Book Council; mem. exec, com., Zionist Council of Arts and Sciences; mem.: Mod- NOVICK, NATALIE, communal worker; b. ern Language Assn.; Governor's Com. on Leechburg, Pa., (?), 1929; d. Pittsburgh, Scholastic Achievement; Hebrew Acad. of Pa., July 29, 1982; active in Zionist group, Amer.; Amer. Assn. for Higher Ed.; East- while a coll. student; bd. mem., chmn. of ern Assn. of Coll. Deans; evaluator, Women's Div., United Jewish Fed. of 338 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Greater Pittsburgh, 1977-79; bd. mem.: Adventures in Early America (1978); Tales United Jewish Fed. of Pittsburgh; Rodef of Indentured Servants (1978); recipient: Shalom Sisterhood, Pa.; Pittsburgh divs. of Chalon Prize for Painting, Mooney Euro- ORT; Women's Div. of Brandeis U. of pean, 1921; Scholarship in Art, Natl. Pittsburgh; Natl. Council of Jewish Acad. of Design, 1922; Tiffany Found. Fel- Women; Ladies Hosp. Aid Soc. of Mon- lowship, 1922-24. tefiore Hosp.; Ladies Auxiliary of the Jew- ish Home and Hosp. for the Aged of Pitts- RIBACK, SIDNEY B., rabbi; b. (?), (?); d. burgh; active in: Zionist Org. of Amer. N.Y.C., Sept. (?), 1982; chaplain: U.S. (ZOA), Pittsburgh District, visiting Israel army, WWII; for several hosps.; rabbi: for ZOA convention, 1977; Hadassah of Congregation Adath Tikvah, Phila., Pa.; Pittsburgh; Rodef Shalom Sisterhood Ser- Congregation Beth David, Buffalo, N.Y.; vice to the Blind Com.; served with United Congregation Agudath Achim, Chicago, Way, 1976-78; assoc. with: Pittsburgh 111.; colleague, Rabbinical Assembly; active Symphony Soc.; Pittsburgh Ballet Assn. in professional Jewish and interfaith communal orgs.; lectured on religious art; re- PESKIN, NATHAN, communal worker; b. cipient, art awards. N.Y.C., Oct. 7,1916; d. Long Beach, N.Y., June 23,1982; Workmen's Circle, 47 years: RIBALOW, HAROLD, writer; b. (?), Russia, (?), 1919; d. N.Y.C., Oct. 22, 1982; in U.S. leader, youth section, Young Circle since childhood; journalist, Zionist publs.; League, 1933; active in Kinder Ring, chil- sports editor, Jewish Telegraphic Agency; dren's camp; active in Circle Lodge, adult sports columnist, Natl Jewish Post; writer, resort; mem., W.C. div. of ORT; mem., editor, Israel Bond Org., N.Y. and natl. natl. exec, com., Jewish Labor Com.; natl. publicity offices, 30 years; editor, Indepen- org. dir.; exec. dir. until 1982; mem., natl. dent Jewish Press Service; managing editor: bd. dirs., Amer. ORT Fed.; mem. exec, bd., New Palestine; American Zionist; Congress Amer. Labor ORT. Weekly; as authority on Anglo-Jewish PORTUGAL, ELIEZER ZISYA, rabbi; b. (?), Amer. fiction, served as judge for such Rumania, (?), 1896; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., honors as Edward Wallant Book Award Aug. 18, 1982; in U.S. since 1960; helped and Natl. Jewish Book Award; mem., Jew- hundreds of Jews from Rumania and ish Acad. of Arts and Sciences; author, 15 USSR emigrate to Israel, for which he was books, including Autobiographies of Ameri- imprisoned several times in Rumania; can Jews, The Great Jewish Books, Fighting founded more than 30 insts. to aid Eastern Heroes of Israel, The History of Israel's European emigres, in Israel; head rebbe, Postage Stamps, What's Your Jewish I.Q.?, Skullener Hasidim, Brooklyn, N.Y. The Jew in American Sports, The Tie That Binds, Arnold Wesker, The World's Great- RASKIN, JOSEPH, artist, writer; b. (?), Russia, est Boxing Stories, and Daniel Mendoza, April 14, 1897; d. N.Y.C., Jan. 26, 1982; in Fighter from WhitechapeU contributor: a U.S. since 1920's; paintings exhibited in history to the 1960 edition of Call It Sleep galleries in Paris, Berlin, and in U.S. at the by Henry Roth; numerous periodicals, in- Carnegie Inst., Corcoran Gallery, Natl. cluding New York Times Book Review, Acad. of Design, N.Y. Public Library, and Commentary, Saturday Review, the Na- several univs.; one-man show of etchings at tion; editor, short story anthologies about the N.Y. Historical Soc.; numerous oil Jewish life: The Chosen; This Land, These paintings displayed throughout Israel, in- People: These Your Children; My Name cluding SO on permanent exhibit in Safed; Aloud; Mid-Century. four "West Point" etchings acquired for display in the Roosevelt home in New ROSENTHAL, DAVID, businessman, philan- Hyde Park, N.Y.; mem., Audubon Artists thropist; b. (?), (?), 1898; d. Palm Beach, Assn.; published Portfolio of Harvard Etch- Fla., April 18, 1982; co-founder, R & K ings (1935); author, several books "on the Dress Corp., N.Y.C., 1932; dress industry immigrant experience"; co-author, with leader, N.Y.C., 194O's-5O's; past pres., wife Edith Raskin: Indian Tales (1969); Dress Mfrg. Bd. of Trade; real estate entre- Tales Our Settlers Told (1971); Ghosts preneur, since 1960; leader, many fund- and Witches Aplenty (1973); The New- raising drives for: Jewish Defense Fund comers (1974); Guilty or Not Guilty of ADL-B'nai B'rith; State of Israel (1975); Spies and Traitors (1976); Strange Bonds; Fed. of Jewish Philanthropies; a Shadows (1977); Of Whales and Wolves- founder, supporter, Albert Einstein Coll. NECROLOGY / 339 of Medicine, Yeshiva U.; regional v. pres., Alfonso XII; gala dinner given in his honor Bd. of Fellows, Brandeis U., 1962; benefac- by the Amer. Com. for the Weizmann Inst. tor: Anne & David Rosenthal Scholarship of Science, at Waldorf Astoria Hotel, Endowment, Brandeis U., 1962; construc- N.Y.C, Oct. 18, 1982. tion of Rosenthal Student Residence Halls, Brandeis U., 1962; Camp Sussex, Inc.; RUOIN, JACOB PHILIP, rabbi; b. Maiden, mem., benefactor, Central Synagogue, Mass., Sept. 5, 1902; d. Mamaroneck, N.Y.C. N.Y., Sept. 10,1982; asst. to the pres., Jew- ish Inst. of Religion, N.Y.C, 1928-30; RUBINSTEIN, ARTHUR, concert pianist; b. asst. rabbi, Stephen S. Wise Free Syna- Lodz, Poland, Jan. 28, 1887; d. Geneva, gogue, N.Y.C, 1928-30; rabbi, Temple Switzerland, Dec. 20, 1982; in U.S. since Beth-El, Great Neck, N.Y.. 1930-71; rabbi WWII; concert pianist (since age four): emeritus, since 1971; chaplain, It. cmdr., debut, in Berlin, at age 11; toured Europe U.S. Naval Reserve, 1942-46; former during youth; at Carnegie Hall, N.Y.C, chaplain, Merchant Marine Acad.; mem. 1906 (first of many U.S. tours), 1919,1937; adv. bd.. Book of Jewish Thoughts, 1944; toured Spain and So. Amer., 1916; military past pres., past mem. editorial bd., Central interpreter for Polish Legion, in London, Conf. of Amer. Rabbis, late 1950's; past WWI; performed for Allied cause and Red pres.: Synagogue Council of Amer., late Cross, WWI; performed in Israel (with Is- 1960's; alumni assn., Jewish Inst. of Reli- rael Philharmonic Orchestra), nearly once gion; alumni assn., Hebrew Union Coll.; a year, 1924-76; performed worldwide former mem. bd. go vs., HUR-JIR; past until 1976: No. Africa, China, Japan, In- pres., treas., N.Y. Metropolitan Assn. of donesia, Australia, Europe; "ghosted" at Reform Rabbis; mem. exec, bd., N.Y. Bd. piano in Hollywood movies, portraying of Rabbis; as pres. of Synagogue Council of Schumann, Liszt, Brahms, and others in Amer., named by Pres. Johnson to an ob- such films as I've Always Loved You server team for So. Vietnam elections, (1946), Song of Love (1947), Night Song 1967; active in civil rights and black labor (1947), and Carnegie Hall (1947); in Of issues, 1960's; represented Jewish commu- Men and Music (1950) appeared as him- nity at funeral of Dr. Martin Luther King, self; recorded Brahms' D minor Concerto, Jr., 1968; a founder, Urban Coalition; au- conducted by Zubin Mehta, in Tel Aviv, thor: So You Like Puzzles (1934); A Chil- 1976; gave benefit concert on behalf of dren's Haggadah (1936); Very Truly Yours ORT, in London, 1970's; supported Israel (collection of his sermons, 1971); past edi- and Jewish culture through many gala be- tor, The Jewish Inst. Quarterly; recipient, nefit performances; established A. Rubin- hon. D.D., HUC-JIR, 1948. stein Internatl. Piano Master Competition, in Israel, to encourage and support young RUNES, DAGOBERT p., writer, publisher; b. pianists; was a personal friend of important Zastavna, Rumania, Jan. 6, 1902; d. Zionist leaders; interview guest: on a 90- N.Y.C, Sept. 24, 1982; in U.S. since 1927; minute T.V. special, "Rubinstein at 90," as dir., Inst. for Advanced Ed., N.Y.C, part of the "Great Performances" series, 1931-34; editor: The Modern Thinker, 1977; for a David Frost show screened at 1923-36; Current Digest, 1936-40; foun- a dinner in his honor, 1982; author: My der, dir., editor, Philosophical Library Young Years (autobiography, 1973); My (Publishers), N.Y.C; founder, hon. pres., Many Years (autobiography, 1980); recipi- Bucovinaer Cultural Soc.; hon. pres., sev- ent: hon. Ph.D., in recognition of his sup- eral other Rumanian orgs.; author, 24 port of scientific research in Israel, Weiz- books, including On the Nature of Man; mann Inst. of Science, Rehovot, 1976; Pictorial History of Philosophy; Of God, the many prestigious internatl. awards and Devil and the Jews; The Jew and the Cross; medals, including Medal of Freedom, by Concise Dictionary of Judaism; and Lost Pres. Gerald Ford, 1976; Kennedy Cen- Legends of Israel; co-author, with Albert ter's Distinguished Award, by Pres. Jimmy Einstein, The Spinoza Dictionary; editor, Carter and Jacqueline K. Onassis, Dec. nearly 20 books, including Dictionary of 1978; Commander of Legion of Honor; Philosophy and works by Albert Einstein, Officer of Portugal's Order of Santiago; Bertrand Russell, Jean Paul Sartre, and Commander of the Chilean Republic; John Dewey. Commander of the Crown of Belgium's Order of Leopold I; Spain's Cross of SLOBODIN, ROMAN, journalist, public relations director; b. N.Y.C, (?), 1907; d. 340 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Phila., Pa., May 11, 1982; sports news Jewish Center, N.Y.C., more than 30 writer, New York Sun. 192O's-3O's (?); years; founder, pres., hon. chmn., Manhat- general assignment reporter, New York tan Day School, N.Y.C.; hon. chmn., World, 192O's-3O's (?); chief correspond- Torah Umesorah, Natl. Day School ent, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, in Jerusa- mvmt.; contributor, a founder, UJA-Fed. lem, late 1930's; chief copy writer, public of Jewish Philanthropies; the Master relations dept., Edward K. Bernays Assoe, Builder, Shaare Zedek Hosp., Jerusalem, N.Y.C., 1930's; publicity dir., Amer. Joint Israel; benefactor: Yeshivat Amiel, Tel Distrib. Com., during WWII; head, Aviv; Yeshivat Kol Torah, Jerusalem; Armed Service Forces Training Center pres., Adv. Council, N.Y. Bd. of Rabbis, publ. for over 40,000 soldiers, WWII; past 1977; recipient: hon. DHL, Yeshiva U., public relations dir., Fed. of Jewish Agen- 1955; first annual Synagogue Statesmen cies of Greater Phila., helping to raise mil- Award, Synagogue Council of Amer., lions of dollars through the Allied Jewish 1960; Jerusalem Medal, 1976; Prime Min- Appeal to aid victims of Nazism and needy ister Begin and Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Amer. Jews, for 19 years; as "dean" of Jew- Kollek named a Jerusalem park in his ish org. publicists, promoted many build- honor and gave him the key to the city, ing programs, including the Phila. Geria- 1981; numerous other honors in U.S. and tric Center's Weiss Inst.; p.r. dir. for Israel. dedication of "Monument to the Six Mil- lion Jewish Martyrs on the Parkway," STRASBERG, LEE (Israel Strassberg), thea- Phila.; retired p.r. dir., Phila. Geriatric ter/film director; b. Budzanow, Poland, Center; founder of p.r. dept., Mt. Sinai Nov. 17, 1901; d. N.Y.C., Feb. 17,1982; in Hosp., N.Y.C.; natl. v. pres., Amer. Jewish U.S. since 1908; stage actor: Chrystie St. Public Relations Soc.; mem. exec, com., Settlement's drama group, N.Y.C., during publicity chmn., Assn. of Phila. Jewish youth; debut in Processional, with the Agency Execs.; served in p.r. depts.: UJA; Theatre Guild, 1925; asst. stage mgr. for former United Service for New Amers.; the Lunts, in The Guardsmen, 1920's; sin- mem., leading assns. in p.r.; authority on ger/dancer/actor, in Garrick Gaieties, colonial origins of Phila. Jewish commu- N.Y.C., mid-1920's; co-founder, stage dir., nity. The House of Connelly, the Group Thea- ter, 1931; actor, in one-act stage play, 1936; STEMBER, CHARLES, professor; b. (?), (?), master teacher of acting, since 1930's; con- 1917; d. Princeton, N.J., Aug. 19, 1982; sidered the "father" of Method acting prof., sociology and social psychology: Co- technique; taught private classes and lumbia U.; Penn State U.; U. of Chicago; headed Actors Studio, N.Y.C., since 1948; prof, chmn. dept. of sociology, Univ. worked with many famous actors, develop- Coll., Rutgers U.; past research consultant, ing such plays as A Hatful of Rain, End as Amer. Jewish Com.; author: several books, a Man, Any Wednesday, The Night of the including Jews in the Mind of America Iguana, The Zoo Story. The Death of Bessie (1966) and Education and Attitude Smith, and Broadway productions such as Change. Strange Interlude and The Three Sisters, in 1963; film actor: debut in Godfather II STERN, MAX, businessman, communal (1974); The Cassandra Crossing; Board- leader; b. Fulda, Germany, Oct. 22, 1898; walk; And Justice for All; Going in Style; d. N.Y.C., May 20, 1982; in U.S. since recipient, Acad. Award nomination for 1926; in linen business, in Germany, best supporting actor, Godfather II, 1974; 1920's; pet salesman (canaries), N.Y.C., a performing arts facility posthumously since 1926; founder, bd. chmn., Hartz named in his honor, through Project Mountain Corp. (pets and pet products), Renewal, in Hatikvah, Israel, 1982. NYC, since 1932; real estate businessman, industrialist, since 1930's; Yeshiva THURMAN, ISRAEL N., lawyer, communal U.: v. chmn., bd. of trustees, 35 years; hon. worker; b. N.Y.C., (?), 1884; d. Bronx, chmn., bd. of trustees, since 1977; founder, N.Y., Dec. 11, 1982; corporate lawyer, benefactor, bd. mem., Albert Einstein Coll. N.Y.C., 50 years; Stephen Wise Free Syna- of Medicine, 1950; founder, benefactor. gogue, N.Y.C.: a founder, 1907; mem. Stern Coll. for Women, 1954; donor, SI exec, com.; chmn., com. on summer school million, Yeshiva U.'s Midtown Center for rabbis and rabbinical students (forerun- devel. program, 1961; pres., hon. pres., the ner of JIR); charter mem., Jewish Inst. of NECROLOGY / 341 Religion; mem. bd. of govs., Hebrew Com.; a leader, Natl. Found, for Jewish Union Coll.-Jewish Inst. of Religion, after Culture; past pres.: Natl. Conf. of Jewish merger of the two insts.; lay leader of Communal Service; Internatl. Conf. of Amer. Reform Judaism. Jewish Communal Service; Natl. Assn. of URIS, HAROLD D., builder, philanthropist; b. Jewish Community Relations Workers; a N.Y.C., (?), 1906; d. Palm Beach, Fla., Milender Fellow, Brandeis U., 1976; was March 28, 1982; building partnership with to receive a special award in Oct. 1982 at brother Percy, 1925-50; built apartment Brandeis U.; memorial fund being estab- bldgs. in Manhattan; built emergency lished in his honor, Cleveland Jewish Com- housing in several U.S. cities, during munity Fed., 1982. WWII; office skyscraper bldg. developer; WEINER, LAZAR, composer, music teacher; b. built: Wash. Hilton Hotel, D.C.; Blue Hill Cherkass, Russia, (?), 1897; d. N.Y.C, Jan. office complex, Rockland County, N.Y.; 55 10, 1982; in U.S. since 1914; teacher, semi- Water St. Tobacco Co. Bldg.; Uris Bldg.; nars in the Yiddish art song, since arrival in J.C. Penney Bldg.; ITT Bldg.; RCA Com- U.S.: Hebrew Union Coll.; Cantors Inst.- munications Bldg.; N.Y. Hilton Hotel; in- Seminary Coll. of Jewish Music, Jewish corporated into public shareholding Uris Theological Seminary of Amer.; 92nd St. Bldgs. Corp., 1960; established, with Y; vocal coach, 1920's; composer, hun- brother Percy, the Uris Brothers Found., dreds of songs based on Yiddish poems, for to arrange grants for ed. insts., hosps., and musical comedies, Second Ave. Theater, performing arts, N.Y.C., 1956; Uris family since 1920's; music dir., performed many donated $7 million to Columbia U.: to original liturgical pieces, Central Syna- build Uris Hall Grad. School of Business; gogue, N.Y.C, for 44 years; dir., choral swimming center in new gymnasium; conf. program, Workmen's Circle, many years; center for life sciences, 1963-73; with host, "The Message of Israel," weekly radio brother, donated S12 million to Cornell U. show, many years; assoc. with (and per- to help build: Uris Undergraduate Library; formed original Sabbath service at) Metro- Cornell U. Medical Coll.; Lenox Hill politan Synagogue, N.Y.C, hon. v. chmn., Hosp.: major donator, including Uris JWB Jewish Music Council; mem. adv. bd., Wing; chmn., bldg. com.; mem. exec, com.; Shumiatcher School of Music, N.Y.C; col- trustee, since 1964; donated $10 million to league, Amer. Conf. of Cantors; composed Metropolitan Museum of Art, for Junior Yiddish art songs, liturgical music, can- Museum Area and Ruth and Harold Uris tatas, and operas, including The Golem Ed. Center, July 1982; past pres., Investing (performed at the 92nd St. Y, May 1981), Builders Assn.; past mem. bd. dirs.: Fifth and such songs as "Nigun," "Dos Gold fun Ave. Assn.; Ave. of the Americas Assn.; Deine Oigen" (The Gold of Your Eyes), Better Business Bureau; trustee: Fed. of and "Shtile Light" (Quiet Light). Jewish Philanthropies; Cornell U.; N.Y. Bldg. Cong.; N.Y. Com. of Amer. Cancer ZIPRIN, NATHAN, journalist, editor; b. Soc.; City Center for Music and Drama; Chmelnik, Russia, (?), 1898; d. Phoenix, leader, Palm Beach Div., Amer. Jewish Arizona, March 5, 1982; in U.S. since Com.; benefactor, Beth Israel Medical 1909; a pioneer in Amer. Jewish profes- Center; mem.: Palm Beach Country Club; sional journalism; his weekly column on Quaker Ridge Golf Club; Congregation Jewish events was printed in about 20 Jew- Emanu-El, N.Y.C.; honored by former ish newspapers; editor, Seven Arts Features Mayor John V. Lindsay and the Broadway and Worldwide News Service of Jewish Assn. for "preserving the pre-eminence of Telegraphic Agency, 1941-68; active in N.Y.C. as the financial, commercial, and Amer. Jewish Public Relations Assn.; re- cultural capital of the world," 1972. cipient, hon. LLB, N.Y.U., 1922. ZWERLING, YETTA, actress, singer; b. (?), VINCENT, SIDNEY Z., communal worker; b. (?), 1889; d. Los Angeles, Ca., Jan. 17, Cleveland, Ohio, (?), 1912; d. Cleveland, 1982; performed, many years, in American Ohio, Oct. 2, 1982; English teacher, Cleve- vaudeville and in Yiddish Theater on Sec- land, 1933-45; Cleveland Jewish Commu- ond Ave. and Broadway, N.Y.C; known nity Fed. (formerly Council): exec. dir. for singing Sholom Secunda's songs "Vu (speaker, writer on Jewish identity, cul- Bistu, Yukel?" and "Bei Mir Bist du ture, community relations, and Israel), Schoen." 1945-75; exec. dir. emeritus, since 1975; consultant, Amer. Jewish Joint Distrib.

~~~~Calendars 344 / i a &~~~~

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~~~~I.8.8gspiiill3lll.S^Z^^ZZttlZfcZZl 346 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR (1983-1985)~~~~

~~~~1982, Dec. 17-Jan. 14, 1983] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Dec. F Tevet New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 17 1 second day; 7: 48-53 Hanukkah, seventh day~~~~

~~~~18 Sa 2 Mi-kez, Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 I Kings 7:40-50 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8:4 eighth day~~~~

~~~~25 Sa 9 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28~~~~

~~~~26 S 10 Fast of Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 10th of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~~~

~~~~Jan. Sa 16 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 2~~~~

~~~~8 Sa 23 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28:13 29: 22, 23 Jeremiah 1:1-2: 3~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 347~~~~

~~~~1983, Jan. 15-Feb. 13] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Jan. Sa Shevat Wa-'era1, Exod. 6:2-9:35 Isaiah 66:1-24 15 1 New Moon Num. 28:9-15~~~~

~~~~22 Sa 8 Bo1 Exod. 10:1-13:16 Jeremiah 46:13-28~~~~

~~~~29 Sa 15 Be-shallah Exod. 13:17-17:16 Judges 4:4-5:31 (Shabbat Shirah) Judges 5:1-31 Hamishshah-'asar bi-Shevat~~~~

~~~~Feb. Sa 22 Yitro Exod. 18:1-20:23 Isaiah 6:1-7:6 5 9:5,6 Isaiah 6:1-13~~~~

~~~~12 Sa 29 Mishpatim Exod. 21:1-24:18 II Kings 12:1-17 (Shabbat Shekalim) Exod. 30:11-16 II Kings 11:17-12:17 I Samuel 20:18. 42~~~~

~~~~13 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 348 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~1983, Feb. 14-Mar. 14] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Feb. M Adar New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 14 1 second day~~~~

~~~~19 Sa 6 Terumah Exod. 25:1-27:19 I Kings 5:26-6:13~~~~

~~~~24 Th 11 Fast of Esther Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 34:1-10 (afternoon only)~~~~

~~~~26 Sa 13 Tezawweh Exod. 27:20-30:10 I Samuel 15:2-34 (Shabbat Zakhor) Deut. 25:17-19 / Samuel 15:1-34~~~~

~~~~27 S 14 Purim Exod. 17:8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning)~~~~

~~~~28 M 15 Shushan Purim~~~~

~~~~Mar. Sa 20 Ki tissa' Exod. 30:11-34:35 Ezekiel 36:16-38 5 (Shabbat Parah) Num. 19:1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36~~~~

~~~~12 Sa 27 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35:1-40:38 Ezekiel 45:16-46:18 Pekude Exod. 12:1-20 Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 (Shabbat Isaiah 66:1, 24 Ha-hodesh)~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 349~~~~

~~~~1983, Mar. 15-Apr. 13] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Mar. T Nisan New Moon Num. 28:1-15 15 1~~~~

~~~~19 Sa 5 Wa-yikra' Levit. 1:1-5:26 Isaiah 43:21-44:24~~~~

~~~~26 Sa 12 Zaw Levit. 6:1-8:36 Malachi 3:4-24 (Shabbat Ha-gadol)~~~~

~~~~28 M 14 Fast of Firstborn~~~~

~~~~29 T 15 Passover, Exod. 12:21-51 Joshua 5:2-6:1, 27 first day Num. 28:16-25~~~~

~~~~30 W 16 Passover, Levit. 22:26-23:44 II Kings 23:1-19 second day Num. 28:16-25 21-25~~~~

~~~~Mar. Th 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 13:1-16 31 first day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~Apr. F 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 22:24-23:19 1 second day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~2 Sa 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 33:12-34:26 Ezekiel 36:37-37:14 third day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~3 S 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Num. 9:1-14 fourth day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~4 M 21 Passover, Exod. 13:17-15:26 II Samuel 22:1-51 seventh day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~5 T 22 Passover, Deut. 15:19-16:17 Isaiah 10:32-12:6 eighth day Num. 28:19-25~~~~

~~~~9 Sa 26 Shemini Levit. 9:1-11:47 II Samuel 6:1-7:17 13 W 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day 350 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~1983, Apr. 14-May 12] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Apr. Th Iyar New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 14 1 second day~~~~

~~~~16 Sa 3 Tazria', Mezora' Levit. 12:1-15:33 II Kings 7:3-20~~~~

~~~~23 Sa 10 Ahare mot, Levit. 16:1-20:27 Amos 9:7-15 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20:2-20~~~~

~~~~30 Sa 17 Emor Levit. 21:1-24:23 Ezekiel 44:15-31~~~~

~~~~May S 18 Lag Ba-'omer 1~~~~

~~~~7 Sa 24 Be-har, Levit. 25:1-27:34 Jeremiah 16:19-17:14 Be-hukkotai~~~~

~~~~1983, May 13-June 11] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~May F Siwan New Moon Num. 28:1-15 13 1~~~~

~~~~14 Sa 2 Be-midbar Num. 1:1-4:20 Hosea 2:1-22~~~~

~~~~18 W 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19:1-20:23 Ezekiel 1:1-28 first day Num. 28:26-31 3:12~~~~

~~~~19 Th 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15:19-16:17 Habbakuk 3:1-19 second day Num. 28:26-31 Habbakuk 2:20-3:19~~~~

~~~~21 Sa 9 Naso' Num. 4:21-7:89 Judges 13:2-25~~~~

~~~~28 Sa 16 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8:1-12:16 Zechariah 2:14-4:7~~~~

~~~~June Sa 23 Shelah Num. 13:1-15:41 Joshua 2:1-24 4~~~~

~~~~11 Sa 30 Korah, Num. 16:1-18:32 Isaiah 66:1-24 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 I Samuel 20:18,42 first day~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 351~~~~

~~~~1983, June 12-July 10] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5743~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~June S Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 12 1 second day~~~~

~~~~18 Sa 7 Hukkat Num. 19:1-22:1 Judges 11:1-33~~~~

~~~~25 Sa 14 Balak Num. 22:2-25:9 Micah 5:6-6:8~~~~

~~~~28 T 17 Fast of 17th Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 of Tammuz 34:1-10 (afternoon only)~~~~

~~~~July Sa 21 Pinehas Num. 25:10-30:1 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3 2~~~~

~~~~9 Sa 28 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30:2-36:13 Jeremiah 2:4-28 3:4 Jeremiah 2:4-28 4:1.2~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 352 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1983, July 11-Aug. 9] AV(30 DAYS) [5743 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING July M Av New Moon Num. 28:1-15 11 1 16 Sa 6 Devarim Deut. 1:1-3:22 Isaiah 1:1-27 (Shabbat Hazon) 19 T 9 Fast of 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4:25-40 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32:11-14 Jeremiah 8:13-9:23 34:1-10 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 23 Sa 13 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3:23-7:11 Isaiah 40:1-26 (Shabbat Nahamu) 30 Sa 20 'Ekev Deut. 7:12-11:25 Isaiah 49:14-51:3 Aug. Sa 27 Re'eh Deut. 11:26-16:17 Isaiah 54:11-55:5 6 9 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day

1983, Aug. 10-Sept. 7] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5743 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Aug. W Elul New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 10 1 second day 13 Sa 4 Shofetim Deut. 16:18-21:9 Isaiah 51:12-52:12 20 Sa 11 Ki teze' Deut. 21:10-25:19 Isaiah 54:1-10 27 Sa 18 Ki tavo' Deut. 26:1-29:8 Isaiah 60:1-22 Sept. Sa 25 Nizzavim, Deut. 29:9-31:30 Isaiah 61:10-63:9 3 Wa-yelekh 1983, Sept. 8-Oct. 7] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Sept. Th Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21:1-34 I Samuel 1:1-2:10 8 1 first day Num. 29:1-6 9 F 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22:1-24 Jeremiah 31:2-20 second day Num. 29:1-6 10 Sa 3 Ha'azinu Deut. 32:1-52 Hosea 14:2-10 (Shabbat Shuvah) Micah 7:18-20 Joel 2:15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7:18-20 11 S 4 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 17 Sa 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57:14-58:14 Levit. 16:1-34 Jonah 1:1-4:11 Num. 29:7-11 Micah 7:18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18:1-30 22 Th 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22:26-23:44 Zechariah 14:1-21 first day Num. 29:12-16 23 F 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22:26-23:44 I Kings 8:2-21 second day Num. 29:12-16 24-27 Sa-T 17-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Sa Exod. 33:12- Ezekiel 38:18-39:16 34:26 Num. 29:17-22 S Num. 29:20-28 M Num. 29:23-31 T Num. 29:26-34 28 W 21 Hosha'na' Rabbah Num. 29:26-34 29 Th 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14:22-16:17 I Kings 8:54-66 Num. 29:35-30:1 30 F 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33:1-34:12 Joshua 1:1-18 Gen. 1:1-2:3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29:35-30:1 Oct. Sa 24 Be-re'shit Gen. 1:1-6:8 Isaiah 42:5-43:10 1 Isaiah 42:5-21 7 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day

Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 1983, Oct. 8-Nov. 6] HESHWAN (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Oct. Sa Heshwan Noah Gen. 6:9-11:32 Isaiah 66:1-24 8 1 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 second day 15 Sa 8 Lekh lekha Gen. 12:1-17:27 Isaiah 40:27-41:16 22 Sa 15 Wa-yera' Gen. 18:1-22:24 II Kings 4:1-37 // Kings 4:1-23 29 Sa 22 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23:1-25:18 I Kings 1:1-31 Nov. Sa 29 Toledot Gen. 25:19-28:9 I Samuel 20:18-42 5 6 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day

1983, Nov. 7-Dec. 6] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. M Kislew New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 7 1 second day 12 Sa 6 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28:10-32:3 Hosea 12:13-14:10 Hosea 11:7-12:12 19 Sa 13 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32:4-36:43 Hosea 11:7-12:12 Obadiah 1:1-21 26 Sa 20 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37:1-40:23 Amos 2:6-3:8 Dec. Th-F 25-26 Hanukkah, Th Num. 7:1-17 1-2 first to second F Num. 7:18-29 days 3 Sa 27 Mi-kez, Gen. 41:1-44:17 Zechariah 2:14-4:7 Hanukkah, Num. 7:24-29 third day 4-5 S-M 28-29 Hanukkah, S Num. 7:30-41 fourth to fifth M Num. 7:36-47 days 6 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day; 7:42-47 Hanukkah, sixth day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 355~~~~

1983, Dec. 7-Jan. 4, 1984] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. W Tevet New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 7 ' 1 second day; 7:48-53 Hanukkah, seventh day 8 Th 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7:54-8:4 eighth day 10 Sa 4 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44:18-47:27 Ezekiel 37:15-28 16 F 10 Fast of Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55:6-56:8 10th of Tevet 34:1-10 (afternoon only) 17 Sa 11 Wa-yehi Gen. 47:28-50:26 I Kings 2:1-12 24 Sa 18 Shemot Exod. 1:1-6:1 Isaiah 27:6-28:13 29:22-23 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3 31 Sa 25 Wa-'era' Exod. 6:2-9:35 Ezekiel 28:25-29:21

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 356 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1984, Jan. 5-Feb. 3] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Jan. Th Shevat New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 5 1 7 Sa 3 Bo1 Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28 14 Sa 10 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 (Shabbat Shirah) Judges 5:1-31 19 Th 15 Hamishshah-'asar bi-Shevat 21 Sa 17 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6 9:5,6 Isaiah 6:1-13 28 Sa 24 Mishpatim Exod. 21: 1-24: 18 Jeremiah 34: 8-22 33: 25, 26 Feb. F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 3 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 357~~~~

1984, Feb. 4-Mar. 4] ADAR I (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Feb. Sa Adar I Terumah, Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 Isaiah 66:1-24 4 1 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 second day 11 Sa 8 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 Ezekiel 43: 10-27 18 Sa 15 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 I Kings 18: 1-39 / Kings 18:20-39 25 Sa 22 Wa-yakhel Exod. 35: 1-38: 20 I Kings 7: 40-50 / Kings 7:13-26 Mar. Sa 29 Pekude Exod. 38: 21-40: 38 II Kings 12: 1-17 3 (Shabbat 30: 11-16 II Kings 11:17-12:17 Shekalim) I Samuel 20: 18, 42 4 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 358 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1984, Mar. 5-Apr. 2] ADAR II (29 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Mar. M Adar II New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 5 1 second day 10 Sa 6 Wa-yikra' Levit. 1: 1-5:26 Isaiah 43: 21-44: 24 15 Th 11 Fast of Esther Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 17 Sa 13 Zaw (Shabbat Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 I Samuel 15: 2-34 Zakhor) Deut. 25: 17-19 / Samuel 15:1-34 18 S 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning) 19 M 15 Shushan Purim 24 Sa 20 Shemini Levit. 9:1-11:47 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 (Shabbat Parah) Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36 31 Sa 27 Tazria' Levit. 12: 1-13: 59 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 18 (Shabbat Exod. 12: 1-20 Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 Ha-hodesh)

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 359~~~~

1984, Apr. 3-May 2] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Apr. T Nisan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 3 1 7 Sa 5 Mezora' Levit. 14: 1-15: 33 II Kings 7: 3-20 14 Sa 12 Ahare mot Levit. 16: 1-18: 30 Malachi 3: 4-24 (Shabbat Ha-gadol)

16 M 14 Fast of Firstborn 17 T 15 Passover, Exod. 12: 21-51 Joshua 5: 2-6: 1, 27 first day Num. 28: 16-25 18 W 16 Passover, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-19 second day Num. 28: 16-25 21-25 19 Th 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 13: 1-16 first day Num. 28: 19-25 20 F 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 22: 24-23: 19 second day Num. 28: 19-25 21 Sa 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 36: 37-37: 14 third day Num. 28: 19-25 22 S 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Num. 9: 1-14 fourth day Num. 28: 19-25 23 M 21 Passover, Exod. 13:17-15:26 II Samuel 22: 1-51 seventh day Num. 28: 19-25 24 T 22 Passover, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 6 eighth day Num. 28: 19-25 28 Sa 26 Kedoshim Levit. 19: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 Ezekiel 20:2-20 May W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 2 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 360 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1984, May 3-May 31] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING May Th Iyar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 3 1 second day 5 Sa 3 Emor Levit. 21:1-24:23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31 12 Sa 10 Be-har Levit. 25: 1-26: 2 Jeremiah 32: 6-27 19 Sa 17 Be-hukkotai Levit. 26: 3-27: 34 Jeremiah 16:19-17:14 20 S 18 Lag Ba-'omer 26 Sa 24 Be-midbar Num. 1: 1-4:20 Hosea 2: 1-22

~~~~1984, June 1-June 30 SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5744~~~~

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING June F Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 1 1 2 Sa 2 Naso' Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25 6 W 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28 first day Num. 28:26-31 3:12 7 Th 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day Num. 28: 26-31 Habbakuk 2:20-3:19 9 Sa 9 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 6 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 16 Sa 16 Shelah Num. 13:1-15:41 Joshua 2: 1-24 23 Sa 23 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Samuel 11:14-12:22 30 Sa 30 Hukkat, Num. 19: 1-22: 1 Isaiah 66: 1-24 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 Isaiah 66:1-24 first day I Samuel 20: 18, 42

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 361~~~~

1984, July 1-July 29] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING July S Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 1 1 second day 7 Sa 7 Balak Num. 22: 2-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 14 Sa 14 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 I King 18:46-19:21 17 T 17 Fast of 17th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 21 Sa 21 Mattot Num. 30: 2-32: 42 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3 28 Sa 28 Mas'e Num. 33: 1-36: 13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28 3:4 Jeremiah 2:4-28 4:1, 2

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 362 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~1984, July 30-Aug. 28] AV (30 DAYS) [5744 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~July M Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 30 1~~~~

Aug. Sa 6 Devarim Deut. 1:1-3:22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 4 (Shabbat Hazon) 7 T 9 Fast of 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4: 25-40 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32:11-14 Jeremiah 8: 13-9:23 34: 1-10 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 11 Sa 13 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3:23-7:11 Isaiah 40:1-26 (Shabbat Nahamu) 18 Sa 20 'Ekev Deut. 7:12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51: 3 25 Sa 27 Re'eh Deut. 11:26-16:17 Isaiah 54: 11-55: 5 28 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

~~~~1984, Aug. 29-Sept. 26] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5744~~~~

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Aug. W Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 29 1 second day Sept. Sa 4 Shofetim Deut. 16: 18-21:9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12 1 8 Sa 11 Ki teze" Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-10 15 Sa 18 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22 22 Sa 25 Nizzavim, Deut. 29: 9-30: 20 Isaiah 61: 10-63: 9 Wa-yelekh 1984, Sept. 27-Oct. 26] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Sept. Th Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 27 1 first day Num. 29: 1-16 28 F 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31:2-20 second day Num. 29: 1-16 29 Sa 3 Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shabbat Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7:18-20 30 S 4 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) Oct. Sa 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58: 14 6 Levit. 16: 1-34 Jonah 1:1-4:11 Num. 29:7-11 Micah 7: 18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18: 1-30 11 Th 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechariah 14: 1-21 first day Num. 29: 12-16 12 F 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 second day Num. 29: 12-16 13 Sa 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 38: 18-39: 16 Num. 29: 17-22 14-16 S-T 18-20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed S Num. 29: 20-28 M Num. 29:23-31 T Num. 29:26-34 17 W 21 Hosha'na' Rabbah Num. 29: 26-34

18 Th 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-66 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 19 F 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1:1-2:3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 20 Sa 24 Be-re'shit Gen. 1:1-6:8 Isaiah 42: 5^3: 10 Isaiah 42: 5-21 26 F 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 1984, Oct. 27-Nov. 24] HESHWAN (29 DAYS) [5745~~~~

Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Oct. Sa Heshwan Noah, Gen. 6:9-11:32 Isaiah 66: 1-24 27 1 New Moon, Num. 28:9-15 second day Nov. Sa 8 Lekh lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16 3 10 Sa IS Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 // Kings 4:1-23 17 Sa 22 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31 24 Sa 29 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 I Samuel 20: 18-42

1984, Nov. 25-Dec. 24] KISLEW (30 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. S Kislew New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 25 1 Dec. Sa 7 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14:10 1 Hosea 11: 7-12:12 8 Sa 14 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11:7-12:12 Obadiah 1:1-21 15 Sa 21 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Amos 2: 6-3: 8 19-21 W-F 25-27 Hanukkah, W Num. 7: 1-17 first to third days Th Num. 7: 18-29 F Num. 7: 24-35 22 Sa 28 Mi-kez, Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 30-35 fourth day 23 S 29 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 36-47 fifth day 24 M 30 New Moon, Num. 28:1-15 first day; Num. 7: 42-47 Hanukkah. sixth day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 365~~~~

1984, Dec. 25-Jan. 22, 1985] TEVET (29 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Dec. T Tevet New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 25 1 second day; Num 7: 48-53 Hanukkah, seventh day 26 W 2 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day 29 Sa 5 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37: 15-28 Jan. Th 10 Fast of Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 3 10th of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 5 Sa 12 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12 12 Sa 19 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13 29: 22, 23 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3 19 Sa 26 Wa-'era1 Exod. 6: 2-9: 35 Ezekiel 28: 25-29: 21

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 366 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~1985, Jan. 23-Feb. 21] SHEVAT (30 DAYS) [5745~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READINC READING~~~~

~~~~Jan. W Shevat New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 23 1~~~~

~~~~26 Sa 4 Bo1 Exod. 10: 1-13: 16 Jeremiah 46: 13-28~~~~

~~~~Feb. Sa 11 Be-shallah Exod. 13: 17-17: 16 Judges 4: 4-5: 31 2 (Shabbat Shiran) Judges 5:1-31~~~~

~~~~6 W 15 Hamishshah-'asar bi-Shevat~~~~

~~~~9 Sa 18 Yitro Exod. 18: 1-20: 23 Isaiah 6: 1-7: 6 9:5, 6 Isaiah 6:1-13~~~~

~~~~16 Sa 25 Mishpatim, Exod. 21: 1-24: 18 II Kings 12: 1-17 (Shabbat Shekalim) Exod. 30: 11-16 II Kings 11:17-12:17~~~~

~~~~21 Th 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 367~~~~

~~~~1985, Feb. 22-Mar. 22] ADAR (29 DAYS) [5745~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Feb. F Adar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 22 1 second day~~~~

~~~~23 Sa 2 Terumah Exod. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13~~~~

~~~~Mar. Sa 9 Tezawweh Exod. 27: 20-30: 10 I Samuel 15: 2-34 2 (Shabbat Zakhor) / Samuel 15:1-34~~~~

~~~~6 W 13 Fast of Esther Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~~~

~~~~7 Th 14 Purim Exod. 17: 8-16 Book of Esther (night before and in the morning)~~~~

~~~~8 F 15 Shushan Purim~~~~

~~~~9 Sa 16 Ki tissa' Exod. 30: 11-34: 35 I Kings 18: 1-39 / Kings 18:20-39~~~~

~~~~16 Sa 23 Wa-yakhel, Exod. 35: 1-40: 38 Ezekiel 36: 16-38 Pekude Num. 19: 1-22 Ezekiel 36:16-36 (Shabbat Parah)~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 368 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1985, Mar. 23-Apr. 21] NISAN (30 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Mar. Sa Nisan Wa-yikra' Levit. 1:1-5:26 Ezekiel 45: 16-46: 18 23 1 (Shabbat Exod. 12: 1-20 Ezekiel 45:18-46:15 Ha-hodesh) Num. 28:9-15 New Moon 30 Sa 8 Zaw Levit. 6: 1-8: 36 Malachi 3: 4-24 (Shabbat Ha-gadol) Apr. F 14 Fast of Firstborn 5 6 Sa 15 Passover, Exod. 12:21-51 Joshua 5:2-6:1,27 first day Num. 28: 16-25 7 S 16 Passover, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1-9 second day Num. 28: 16-25 21-25 8 M 17 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 13: 1-16 first day Num. 28: 19-25 9 T 18 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 22: 24-23: 19 second day Num. 28: 19-25 10 W 19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Exod. 34: 1-26 third day Num. 28: 19-25 11 Th 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed, Num. 9: 1-14 fourth day Num. 28: 19-25 12 F 21 Passover, Exod. 13: 17-15: 26 II Samuel 22: 1-51 seventh day Num. 28: 19-25 13 Sa 22 Passover, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Isaiah 10: 32-12: 6 eighth day Num. 28: 19-25 20 Sa 29 Shemini Levit. 9: 1-11:47 I Samuel 20: 18-42 21 S 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 369~~~~

~~~~1985, Apr. 22-May 20] IYAR (29 DAYS) [5745~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Apr. M Iyar New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 22 1 second day~~~~

~~~~27 Sa 6 Tazria', Mezora' Levit. 12: 1-15: 33 II Kings 7: 3-20~~~~

~~~~May Sa 13 Ahare mot, Levit. 16: 1-20: 27 Amos 9: 7-15 4 Kedoshim Ezekiel 20:2-20 9 Th 18 Lag Ba-'omer~~~~

~~~~11 Sa 20 Emor Levit. 21:1-24:23 Ezekiel 44: 15-31~~~~

~~~~18 Sa 27 Be-har, Levit. 25: 1-27: 34 Jeremiah 16: 19-17: 14 Be-hukkotai~~~~

~~~~1985, May 21-June 19] SIWAN (30 DAYS) [5745~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~May T Siwan New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 21 1~~~~

~~~~25 Sa 5 Be-midbar Num. 1:1-4:20 Hosea 2: 1-22 26 S 6 Shavu'ot, Exod. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezekiel 1: 1-28 first day Num. 28:26-31 3:12~~~~

~~~~27 M 7 Shavu'ot, Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 Habbakuk 3: 1-19 second day Num. 28:26-31 Habbakuk 2:20-3:19~~~~

~~~~June Sa 12 Naso' Num. 4:21-7:89 Judges 13: 2-25 1~~~~

~~~~8 Sa 19 Be-ha'alotekha Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 15 Sa 26 Shelah lekha Num. 13: 1-15:41 Joshua 2: 1-24 19 W 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 370 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

1985, June 20-July 18] TAMMUZ (29 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING June Th Tammuz New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 20 1 second day 22 Sa 3 Korah Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Samuel 11:14-12:22 29 Sa 10 Hukkat Num. 19: 1-22: 1 Judges 11:1-33 July Sa 17 Balak Num. 22: 2-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 6 7 S 18 Fast of 17th Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 of Tammuz 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 13 Sa 24 Pinehas Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jeremiah 1: 1-2: 3 MONTHLY CALENDAR / 371

1985, July 19-Aug. 17] AV (30 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING July F Av New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 19 1 20 Sa 2 Mattot, Mas'e Num. 30:2-36:13 Jeremiah 2: 4-28 3:4 Jeremiah 2:4-28 4:1, 2 27 Sa 9 Devanm Deut. 1:1-3:22 Isaiah 1: 1-27 (Shabbat Hazon) 28 S 10 Fast of 9th Morning: (Lamentations is of Av Deut. 4: 25-40 read the night Afternoon: before.) Exod. 32: 11-14 Jeremiah 8:13-9:23 34: 1-10 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 Aug. Sa 16 Wa-ethannan Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Isaiah 40: 1-26 3 (Shabbat Nahamu) 10 Sa 23 'Ekev Deut. 7: 12-11:25 Isaiah 49: 14-51:3 17 Sa 30 Re'eh Deut. 11:26-16:17 Isaiah 66: 1-23 New Moon, Num. 28: 9-15 Isaiah 66:1-23 first day I Samuel 20:18. 42

1985, Aug. 18-Sept. 15] ELUL (29 DAYS) [5745 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Aug. S Elul New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 18 1 second day 24 Sa 7 Shofetim Deut. 16:18-21:9 Isaiah 51: 12-52: 12 31 Sa 14 Ki teze' Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5 Sept. Sa 21 Ki tavo' Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Isaiah 60: 1-22 7 14 Sa 28 Nizzavim Deut. 29: 9-30: 20 Isaiah 61: 10-63: 9 Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 1985, Sept. 16-Oct. 15] TISHRI (30 DAYS) [5746 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Sept. M Tishri Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 21: 1-34 I Samuel 1: 1-2: 10 16 1 first day Num. 29:1-6 17 T 2 Rosh Ha-shanah, Gen. 22: 1-24 Jeremiah 31: 2-20 second day Num. 29: 1-6 18 W 3 Fast of Gedaliah Exod. 32:11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 34: 1-10 (afternoon only) 21 Sa 6 Wa-yelekh Deut. 31: 1-30 Hosea 14: 2-10 (Shabbat Shuvah) Micah 7: 18-20 Joel 2: 15-27 Hosea 14:2-10 Micah 7:18-20 25 W 10 Yom Kippur Morning: Isaiah 57: 14-58:14 Levit. 16: 1-34 Jonah 1:1-4:11 Num. 29:7-11 Micah 7: 18-20 Afternoon: Levit. 18: 1-30 28 Sa 13 Ha'azinu Deut. 32: 1-52 II Samuel 22: 1-51 30 M 15 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 Zechanah 14:1-21 first day Num. 29: 12-16 Oct. T 16 Sukkot, Levit. 22: 26-23: 44 I Kings 8: 2-21 1 second day Num. 29: 12-16 2-4 W-F 17-19 Hoi Ha-mo'ed W Num. 29: 17-25 Th Num. 29: 20-28 F Num. 29: 23-31 5 Sa 20 Hoi Ha-mo'ed Exod. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezekiel 38: 18-39:16 Num. 29: 26-31 6 S 21 Hosha'na' Rabbah Num. 29: 26-34 7 M 22 Shemini 'Azeret Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 I Kings 8: 54-66 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 8 T 23 Simhat Torah Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 Joshua 1: 1-18 Gen. 1:1-2:3 Joshua 1:1-9 Num. 29: 35-30: 1 12 Sa 27 Be-re'shit Gen. 1:1-6:8 Isaiah 42: 5-43: 10 Isaiah 42:5-21 15 T 30 New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 first day

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. MONTHLY CALENDAR / 373~~~~

1985, Oct. 16-Nov. 13] HESHWAN (30 DAYS) [5746 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Oct. W Heshwan New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 16 1 second day 19 Sa 4 Noah Gen. 6:9-11:32 Isaiah 54: 1-55: 5 Isaiah 54:1-10 26 Sa 11 Lekh lekha Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Isaiah 40: 27-41: 16 Nov. Sa 18 Wa-yera' Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 II Kings 4: 1-37 2 // Kings 4:1-23 9 Sa 25 Hayye Sarah Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31

1985, Nov. 14-Dec. 12] KISLEW (29 DAYS) [5746 Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING Nov. Th Kislew New Moon Num. 28: 1-15 14 1 16 Sa 3 Toledot Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Malachi 1:1-2:7 23 Sa 10 Wa-yeze' Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Hosea 12: 13-14: 10 Hosea 11: 7-12:12 30 Sa 17 Wa-yishlah Gen. 32: 4-36: 43 Hosea 11:7-12: 12 Obadiah 1:1-21 Dec. Sa 24 Wa-yeshev Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Amos 2: 6-3: 8 7 8-12 S-Th 25-29 Hanukkah, S Num. 7: 1-17 first to fifth days M Num. 7: 18-29 T Num. 7: 24-35 W Num. 7: 30^1 Th Num. 7: 36-47

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. 374 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~1985, Dec. 13-Jan. 10, 1986] TEVET [5746~~~~

~~~~Day Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Date Week Date FESTIVALS, FASTS READING READING~~~~

~~~~Dec. F Tevet New Moon, Num. 28: 1-15 13 ' 1 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 42^7 sixth day~~~~

~~~~14 Sa 2 Mi-kez, Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 Zechariah 2: 14-4: 7 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 48-53 seventh day~~~~

~~~~15 S 3 Hanukkah, Num. 7: 54-8: 4 eighth day~~~~

~~~~21 Sa 9 Wa-yiggash Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezekiel 37:15-28~~~~

~~~~22 S 10 Fast of Exod. 32: 11-14 Isaiah 55: 6-56: 8 10th of Tevet 34: 1-10 (afternoon only)~~~~

~~~~28 Sa 16 Wa-yehi Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings 2: 1-12~~~~

~~~~Jan. Sa 23 Shemot Exod. 1: 1-6: 1 Isaiah 27: 6-28: 13 4 29: 22-23 Jeremiah 1:1-2:3~~~~

~~~~Italics are for Sephardi Minhag. The Jewish Publication Society of America~~~~

~~~~REPORT OF NINETY-FIFTH YEAR~~~~

OFFICERS (Elected May 22, 1983) President MURIEL M. BERMAN Vice-Presidents STUART E. EIZENSTAT NORMA F. FURST NORMAN OLER ROBERT S. RIFKIND CHARLES R. WEINER Chairman Executive Committee ROBERT P. ABRAMS Treasurer LEON J. PERELMAN Secretary MARLENE F. LACHMAN Editor MAIER DESHELL Special Projects Editor CHAIM POTOK Executive Vice-President BERNARD I. LEVINSON Executive Director Emeritus LESSER ZUSSMAN Honorary Presidents EDWIN WOLF 2nd JOSEPH M. FIRST WILLIAM S. FISHMAN JEROME J. SHESTACK A. LEO LEVIN EDWARD B. SHILS

~~~~375 376 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984~~~~

~~~~Board of Trustees BERNARD G. SEGAL, Philadelphia, Life Trustee~~~~

ROBERT P. ABRAMS, Philadelphia MARTIN MEYERSON, Philadelphia MURIEL M. BERMAN, Allentown ALAN H. MOLOD, Philadelphia EDWARD J. BLOUSTEIN, New Brunswick RELA G. MONSON, Philadelphia IRVIN J. BOROWSKY, Philadelphia NORMAN OLER, Philadelphia BURTON CAINE, Philadelphia LEON J. PERELMAN, Philadelphia PAUL COWAN, New York DAVID REICHERT, Cincinnati HAROLD CRAMER, Philadelphia ROBERT S. RIFKIND, New York JACK L. CUMMINGS, Montreal JULIUS ROSENWALD 2nd, Philadelphia STUART E. EIZENSTAT, Washington JONAS SALK, La Jolla JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia NAHUM SARNA, Waltham LIBBY G. FISHMAN, Philadelphia MORRIS W. SATINSKY, Philadelphia WILLIAM S. FISHMAN, Philadelphia MAX R. SCHRAYER, Chicago BERNARD FRANK, Allentown DANIEL SEGAL, Philadelphia JAMES O. FREEDMAN, Iowa City RUTH SEPTEE, Philadelphia NORMA F. FURST, Philadelphia NORMA L. SHAPIRO, Philadelphia MAXWELL E. GREENBERG, Los Angeles STANLEY I. SHEERR, Philadelphia IRWIN T. HOLTZMAN, Detroit JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia LAWRENCE E. IRELL, Los Angeles EDWARD B. SHILS, Philadelphia MAX M. KAMPELMAN, Washington DOLORES K. SLOVITER, Philadelphia JAY I. KISLAK, Miami STEPHEN J. TRACHTENBERG, Hartford MARLENE F. LACHMAN, Philadelphia MARVIN WACHMAN, Philadelphia JACK LAPIN, Houston JERRY WAGNER, Bloomfield A. LEO LEVIN, Washington CHARLES R. WEINER, Philadelphia ROBERTA K. LEVY, Minneapolis CHAROLOTTE WILEN, Atlanta RICHARD MAASS, White Plains SONIA B. WOLDOW, Philadelphia THEODORE R. MANN, Philadelphia EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia JOSEPH L. MENDELSON, Washington GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia

~~~~Publication Committee~~~~

YOSEF HAYIM YERUSHALMI, Chairman THEODORE K. RABB, Vice-Chairman CHAIM POTOK, Secretary ROBERT D. ABRAHAMS, Philadelphia SAMUEL DININ, Los Angeles HOWARD L. ADELSON, New York AZRIEL EISENBERG, New York ROBERT ALTER, Berkeley DANIEL J. ELAZAR, Philadelphia ARNOLD J. BAND, Los Angeles LOUIS FINKELSTEIN, New York SALO W. BARON, New York JOSEPH M. FIRST, Philadelphia STANLEY F. CHYET, Los Angeles H. LOUIS GINSBERG, New York ARTHUR A. COHEN, New York ELI GINZBERG, New York GERSON D. COHEN, New York NAHUM N. GLATZER, Watertown MARTIN D. COHN, Hazleton JUDAH GOLDIN, Swarthmore MOSHE DAVIS, Jerusalem ROBERT GORDIS, New York THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 377

ALFRED GOTTSCHALK, Cincinnati HARRY M. ORLINSKY, New York MOSHE GREENSBERG, Jerusalem CYNTHIA OZICK, New Rochelle JONAS C. GREENFIELD, Jerusalem BERNARD PUCKER, Boston LEO GUZIK, New York ELLIS RIVKIN, Cincinnati ABRAHAM HALKIN, Jerusalem HOWARD M. SACHAR, Washington LOUIS HENKIN, New York NAHUM SARNA, Waltham ARTHUR HERTZBERG, Englewood JEROME J. SHESTACK, Philadelphia MILTON HINDUS, Waltham DAVID SIDORSKY, New York OSCAR I. JANOWSKY, Jamesburg SEYMOUR SIEGEL, New York LOUIS L. KAPLAN, Baltimore HAYM SOLOVEITCHIK, New York ABRAHAM J. KARP, Rochester SHALOM SPIEGEL, New York ABRAHAM KATSH, New York HARRY STARR, New York FRANCINE KLAGSBRUN, New York ISADORE TWERSKY, Cambridge MILTON R. KONVITZ, Ithaca MAXWELL WHITEMAN, Philadelphia NORMAN LAMM, New York EDWIN WOLF 2nd, Philadelphia ARTHUR J. LELYVELD, Cleveland GERALD I. WOLPE, Philadelphia JACOB R. MARCUS, Cincinnati

~~~~REPORT OF THE 95TH JPS ANNUAL MEETING~~~~

Dr. Muriel M. Berman, president, presided at the 95th annual meeting of the Jewish Publication Society on May 22, 1983, at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia. The report of the nominating committee was presented by the chairman, Bernard G. Segal. Mr. Segal proposed an amendment to the by-laws which provides for the election of fifty trustees (rather than forty-five), and this was approved by the membership. The newly elected trustees were Irvin J. Borowsky of Philadelphia, president of North American Publishing Company and of the Jewish Exponent; Max Robert Schrayer, Chicago, chairman of the board of The Associated Agencies and former chairman of the Combined Jewish Appeal of Chicago; Dolores K. Sloviter, Philadelphia, judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals; Stephen Joel Trachtenberg, Hartford, president of the University of Hart- ford; and Marvin Wachman, Philadelphia, former president of Temple University. Re-elected as trustees were Robert P. Abrams, Philadelphia; Burton Caine, Philadelphia; Libby G. Fishman, Philadelphia; Lawrence E. Irell, Los Angeles; Max M. Kampelman, Washington; Jay I. Kislak, Miami; Marlene F. Lachman, Philadelphia; Theodore R. Mann, Philadelphia; Jo- seph L. Mendelson, Washington; Norman Oler, Philadelphia; David 378 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Reichert, Cincinnati; Julius Rosenwald II, Philadelphia; Jonas Salk, La Jolla; Morris W. Satinsky, Philadelphia; Daniel Segal, Philadelphia; Ruth Septee, Philadelphia; and Norma L. Shapiro, Philadelphia. Dr. Muriel M. Berman, Allentown, was re-elected president. The following vice-presidents were re-elected: Stuart E. Eizenstat, Washington; Norma F. Furst, Philadelphia; Norman Oler, Philadelphia; Robert S. Rif- kind, New York; and Charles R. Weiner, Philadelphia. Also re-elected were Marlene F. Lachman, Philadelphia, secretary; Robert P. Abrams, Philadel- phia, chairman of the executive committee; Bernard I. Levinson, executive vice-president; and Maier Deshell, editor. Leon J. Perelman, Philadelphia, founder of the Perelman Antique Toy Museum, president of West Park Hospital and American Paper Products, Inc., was elected treasurer. After the reports of the president, treasurer, publication committee, and executive vice-president, our editor introduced Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg who addressed the members on the topic "Is There an American Jewish Culture?"

~~~~From the Annual Report of JPS President Muriel M. Berman~~~~

My friends, sometimes I feel about our work at the Jewish Publication Society that, somehow or other, we must have a direct line with someone looking over us. Because in spite of the statements by eminent Jewish organizations that the Jewish community is imperiled by ignorance of its heritage and history, despite the supposed ignorance of Jewish literature and our Judaic civilization, and despite the supposed relaxation of Jewish moral values in the Western World—there is still a great interest in J.P.S. books, on Jewish scholarly thought, traditions, and especially the Holy Scriptures. Our membership retains its level, and we are now in the process of implementing a strong membership drive—we believe our books must be disseminated to more and more readers. Lack of Jewish education weakens bonds between fellow Jews—lack of Jewish education opens the door to assimilation, and lack of Jewish education undermines our own self-respect, and leaves us vulnerable. Ninety-five years ago, the Jewish Publication Society came into being to communicate Jewish educational and religious values to a new generation of Americans. But the picture in publishing in 1888 was far different from what it is in 1983. At that time, our organization was called into being, mandated, if you will, because the children of the immigrants were growing up knowing only THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 379 one language—English. Unfortunately there were no books in English about Jewish culture or history, not even an English language Jewish prayer book. The necessity was filled when the Jewish Publication Society of America became a reality, and for 95 years we have provided continuous, uninterrupted service to the reading public. Last year, in 1982, the Jewish Publication Society distributed 166,000 books, published 12 new books, and reprinted 23. In comparison, at the 20th annual meeting, 75 years ago in 1907, only four books were published. That year Edwin Wolf, the president, reported a forthcoming epoch-making work, The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg (translated by Henrietta Szold). This is one of the most distinguished of J.P.S. books. It is still in print, and after 75 years is still widely used by both the Jewish and non- Jewish community. Today, many other concerns publish books of Jewish content. Nearly all the leading university presses and most of the commercial publishing houses feature books on Jewish subjects from many of our best-selling Jewish authors. But the Jewish Publication Society is unique, we are still resolutely dedicated to publishing quality, authoritative books on every Jewish subject that requires attention. Peruse through our catalog and you will see volumes on history, religion, literary novels, translations of the classics, art books, biographies, marvelous children's books, a wonderful poetry series, anthologies, books on philosophical studies, all of which are actually selling. There are books on the Holocaust, among the best of which is Martin Gilbert's Atlas of the Holocaust. He is a young man, recognized as the official historian on Winston Churchill, who painstakingly pinpointed on maps of Europe, the communities that were victims of the Holocaust. This is valuable material, especially since some Nazi groups are claiming the Holocaust never happened. The Holocaust must not be forgotten, and this book should be in every college, university and public library, and J.P.S. will see that it is. Incidentally, the Berman National Medical Library in Jerusalem is establishing a new concept—by request of the medical students and faculty—a department of non-medical educational and recreational Jewish content books. Five hundred volumes are currently being selected for initial delivery —and, of course, all of them are J.P.S. selections. Many volumes are read by medical students; some are even taken on army maneuvers when the students serve in the military. Later this will be expanded to include other publishers. This concept of J.P.S. libraries could be duplicated in many libraries around the country. 380 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 We have just celebrated the holiday of Shevuot, commemorating God's wondrous gift of the Holy Torah to the Jewish people, and in turn to the world. It is truly amazing, that this body of law, so succinct, yet all inclu- sive, still remains so relevant and inspiring, that one has to force oneself to remember these laws were handed down centuries ago. And, again I was struck with the awesome accomplishments of our Society. As you all know, the quarter-century task of our new translation of the Holy Scriptures was finally completed last year and we are still receiving accolades. Time devoted a full page article in its July S, 1982 issue, and the New York Times, as well as hundreds of newspapers and magazines throughout the country carried the story of this major event. Jewish Book Month hailed our new translation "as possibly the most extraordinary scholarly achievement in American Jewish history." The New York Times Sunday magazine printed an article by our own Chaim Potok, the Special Projects Editor of J.P.S., entitled "The Bible's Inspired Art" on October 3, 1982. Further recognition of the Bible came when the Layman's National Bible Committee honored us with an award at the annual meeting of the New York Board of Rabbis on January 12th. I was pleased and surprised when Bowie Kuhn, commissioner of baseball and a director of this interfaith lay organization, made the presentation—and even more surprised when none other than Howard Cosell accompanied him. This was really an ecumenical event, baseball and the New York Board of Rabbis. And the common denominator—the Bible! A prophet is often without honor in his own country, but on November the 1 lth, the Philadelphia chapter of the American Jewish Committee honored us. We were especially pleased to be acknowledged for bringing honor to the entire Philadelphia community. On April 21st, our publication of Kethubim received still another citation in the translation category of the Kenneth B. Smilen Present Tense Literary Awards. Chaim Potok accepted for the Society. His Eminence Pope John Paul II sent a gracious letter of appreciation from the Vatican in Italy—thanking us for the presentation of our new translation to him through the kindness of His Eminence John Cardinal Krol—and Cardinal Krol was delighted with the specially engraved edition which was presented to him. It will remain in the diocese library. On January 21st at a dinner held in Jerusalem, Dr. Avraham Harman, president of the Hebrew University, accepted our new editions in the presence of the three scholars involved in the translation of the last volume, THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 381 and again in Jerusalem, on June 29th, 1982, President Navon of Israel received us at the President's House, discussing with us at length the merits and beauty of our new translations. Moshe Greenberg and Jonas Greenfield, two of the scholars involved with the translation, as well as Dorothy Harman, our representative in Israel, were in attendance. The genuine admiration President Navon had for every phase of our work was indeed heartening. Recognition and honor for our Bible translation reached a new height when on April 1 lth, we were invited to the oval office of the White House where we presented our new translation of the Jewish Bible, suitably bound and engraved. President Reagan warmly accepted our gift. The meeting was arranged by Philip Berman, Senator Arlen Specter, and Senator John Heinz and was attended by these gentlemen as well as by Vice President Bush, our editor, Chaim Potok, and our vice presidents Stuart Eizenstat, Dr. Norma F. Furst, Norman Oler, Robert S. Rifkind, Judge Charles Weiner and trustee Joseph Mendelson. The president was especially attentive to the remarks made to mark the occasion about the history of the Jewish Publica- tion Society, and before leaving I asked Mr. Reagan to sign another set of the Bible for us to put in our archives for our 100th anniversary celebration in 1988. After the ceremony, Senator Specter arranged a cocktail reception at the Capitol Senate Building where other senators, congressmen, influential Washingtonians and many Jewish Publication Society members attended. The next day a most comprehensive article describing the White House visit and the history and goals of the Jewish Publication Society appeared in the Senate Congressional Record (page S4471). Many other awards and citations almost too numerous to cite came our way this year. The New York Times praised Dan Pagis' book of poetry. Commentary devoted two articles to our books, the new Bible translation and Spain, the Jews and Franco, which was also featured in the New Re- public. The book world too has its Emmy's and Oscar's, and our Society won a good share of them. The Medieval Academy of America has selected our book, The Jewish Debate in the High Middle Ages by David Berger as the winner of the John Nicholas Brown Prize for 1983. The New York Review of Books carried a long, glowing essay by Harold Bloom on our co-publication Zakhor by Yosef Yerushalmi. The Philadelphia Book Clinic awarded our Society for the highest standards of design, printing and binding in the 38th Philadelphia Book Show, for Linda Heller's The Castle on Hester 382 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Street, a charming, utterly delightful book for youngsters five to eight, full of humor and fantasy. Also noted by important periodicals were Alina by Mira Meier; In New York by Moyshe-Leyb Halpern; Quality of Witness, A Romanian Diary by Emil Dorian; and Marc Angel's La America, in literally hundreds of favorable reviews. As your president, I was interviewed on the NBC "Eternal Light" radio program, featuring our Society's goals, history and anecdotes back to the time of Henrietta Szold. The host was Martin Bookspan, noted television and radio commentator, and known as the voice of the New York Philhar- monic and of "Live from Lincoln Center." In celebration of Jewish Book Month, NBC's radio program, "In Good Faith", featured David Adler, our editor of J.P.S. juvenile books, who is himself the author of more than 25 children's books. One of our most outstanding events was a membership brunch hosted by the board of trustees at the Bourse in Philadelphia, followed by a standing- room-only event at the American Jewish History Museum. This symposium, entitled "On Women and Judaism, A View From Tradition," was led by Blu Greenberg, author of the book by the same name, a JPS publication. Respondents were Rabbi Susan Abramson, Rabbi Hava Pell, and Reena Sigman Friedman. The list of co-sponsors for this event is a veritable who's who of Jewish organizations in Philadelphia. They included the American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Congress, Philadelphia Hadassah, Jewish Archives Board, Leadership Development Committee of the Federa- tion, and the Museum of American Jewish History. The moderator of this meaningful and stimulating discussion was none other than Philadelphia's Marciarose. Seventy-five, going on 100, seems to be a good number—for it was 75 years ago we enrolled our first Palestinian member on King David Street in Jerusalem. Now we have an active growing Israeli branch, and this was the year for our Israel office to shine. The Jerusalem International Book Fair took place a few weeks ago, and this year the prestigious Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies held seminars there on "The Future of Books in the Electronic Era" exploring such avenues as cassette, video tapes, and other exciting possibilities. Our booth was quite prominent, and over 100 new Israeli members signed up. More than 100,000 books were exhibited. Israel is a book-minded country, and welcomed the more than 60,000 people who attended. More than 1,100 publishers representing 45 countries showed their products to the public and fellow publishers. THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 383 Besides the commercial and image building aspects of the fair, we sponsored several intellectual seminars, with some of our most prominent authors, at the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem. As you know, many Israelis are in the forefront of Jewish thought and literature today, and a great many of their manuscripts are sent through our Israeli office, and published by our Society. We participate in so many things. We send a generous amount of books through proper channels known as Project Sefer to Soviet Jewry, to encourage the continuation and growth of Jewish culture there. Through the cooperation of our Society, the Jewish Braille Institute of America is preparing an edition of the Torah, in large 18-point bulletin-size type, to be distributed free of charge exclusively to the visually handicapped throughout the world. In conclusion, I would like to mention a phenomena that seems to be pervasive in the academic world. It is not entirely new, it has been taking place in our important universities for many years. In the last few years, however, great interest has surfaced in the Christian world in the study of Jewish civilization. There is particular concern that the sources be authentic and of Jewish origin, and not abridgements or interpretations of their own theologians. To meet these needs, the president of Israel, under the direction of Moshe Davis, has established a group known as the Interna- tional Center for University Teaching of Jewish Civilization. As a member of this Board, I attended the December meeting at the President's House in Jerusalem, and, to confirm that this interest does exist on the part of the colleges and universities and to see how they can become more involved with teaching Jewish studies, I will be meeting (at their request) with the Presidents of both Lafayette College and Lehigh University on June 13th. So you see, the opportunities for J.P.S. are expanding all around us. Obviously J.P.S. will be an important resource, supplying reading material and information for successful college and university programs as well as background material. We have had a busy and successful year of accomplishment. For this I want to thank all of you, our members, the dedicated staff, our executive director, our editors, all our committees and their chairmen—and most of all, the board of trustees who formulate policy and are truly dedicated, concerned, and involved with every phase of our activity. Jewish life depends on the transmission of Jewish knowledge from generation to generation. I am sure all of us are proud of the substantial link in 384 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 the chain that has been forged by the Jewish Publication Society of America for almost ten decades.

~~~~JPS Treasurer's Report for 1982~~~~

This year, once again, I am pleased to report that the Society's financial condition continues to improve. In 1982 income from sales of books and membership dues amounted to $1,166,119 compared with $1,038,470 in 1981, an increase of over twelve percent. Publishing costs and other ex- penses came to $1,378,969 compared with $1,301,047, an increase of only about six percent. As a result, the bottom line, after taking into consideration donations and income from investments, showed net revenue for the year in the amount of $26,485 as compared to a deficit in 1981 of $49,164. As I step down from the office of treasurer, I am also pleased to be able to report that under the watchful eye of our investment committee and our investment advisor, the Society's funds continue to be prudently invested and that we may look forward to being able to publish significant books of Judaica in the years ahead. I would like to thank each of the members of the investment committee for their guidance that has been so helpful in insuring the financial stability of the Society.

~~~~JPS Publications~~~~

~~~~In 1982 JPS published the following new volumes:~~~~

Title and Author Printed WALTER BENJAMIN. The Story of a Friendship 5,000 by Gershom Scholem ON WOMEN AND JUDAISM: A View from Tradition 5,000 by Blu Greenberg THE WRITINGS-KETHUBIM 15,000 A New Translation of The Holy Scriptures According to Traditional Hebrew Text POINTS OF DEPARTURE 2,000 by Dan Pagis IN NEW YORK: A Selection 2,000 by Moyshe-Leyb Halpern SPAIN, THE JEWS AND FRANCO 4,000 by Haim Avni LA AMERICA: The Sephardic Experience in the United States 3,000 by Marc Angel ALINA: A Russian Girl Comes to Israel 5,000 by Mira Meier THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA / 385 THE CASTLE ON HESTER STREET 6,000 by Linda Heller POTATO PANCAKES ALL AROUND: A Hanukkah Tale 5,000 by Marilyn Hirsh (paperback edition) AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK—Volume 82 2,500 edited by Milton Himmelfarb and David Singer (co-published with the American Jewish Committee) ZAKHOR: Jewish History and Jewish Memory 1,000 by Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (co-published with University of Washington Press) THE MACMILLAN ATLAS OF THE HOLOCAUST 1,000 by Martin Gilbert (co-published with Macmillan Publishing Co.)

~~~~1982 Reprints~~~~

During 1982 JPS reprinted the following books: THE ALEPH-BET STORY BOOK by Deborah Pessin (2,000); BEHOLD A GREAT IMAGE edited by Sharon Strassfeld and Arthur Kurzweil (3,000); THE BEST OF K'TONTON by Sadie Rose Weilerstein (3,000); DON ISAAC ABRAVANEL by Benzion Netanyahu (2,000); THE FIVE MEGILLOTH AND THE BOOK OF JONAH (3,000); HEBREW ETHICAL WILLS edited by Israel Abrahams (2,000); HEBREW: THE ETERNAL LANGUAGE by William Chomsky (2,000); THE HOLY SCRIPTURES (23,000); THE JEWISH CATALOG edited by Richard Siegel, Michael and Sharon Strassfeld (15,000); THE JEWISH MARRIAGE ANTHOLOGY by Philip and Hanna Goodman (2,000); THE JEWS OF POLAND by Bernard Weinryb (2,000); LEGENDS OF THE JEWS-Volumes III, IV, and VI by Louis Ginzberg (1,500); LETTERS TO AN AMERICAN JEWISH FRIEND by Hillel Halkin (2,000); ON WOMEN AND JUDAISM by Blu Greenberg (2,000); THE PASSOVER ANTHOLOGY edited by Philip Goodman (2,000); PESIKTA DE-RAB KAHANA translated by William G. Braude and Israel J. Kapstein (1,000); THE PROPHETS by Abraham J. Heschel (2,000); THE THIRD JEWISH CATALOG edited by Sharon and Michael Strassfeld (10,000); THE TORAH (25,000). SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-83 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Acquisition of Political and Social Rights Oscar and Mary F. Handlin by the Jews in the United States 56:43-98 The American Jew: Some Demographic Ben B. Seligman 51:3-52 Features American Jewish Tercentenary David Bernstein 57:101-18 American Jewry, 1970: Sidney Goldstein 72:3-88 A Demographic Profile Antisemitism as a Policy Tool in the Maurice Friedberg 71:123-40 Soviet Bloc A Century of Jewish History, Lucy S. Dawidowicz 82:3-98 1881-1981: The View from America A Century of Reform Sefton D. Temkin 74:3-75 Judaism in America The Church and the Jews: Judith Herschcopf 66:99-136 The Struggle at Vatican II 67:45-77 Concerning Jewish Theology in North Lou H. Silberman 70:37-58 America: Some Notes on a Decade The Condition of American Jewry in Henry L. Feingold 76:3-39 Historical Perspective: A Bicentennial Assessment Conference on Jewish Material Claims Lucy S. Dawidowicz Against Germany 54:471-85 61:110-27 Economic Status and Occupational Structure Eli E. Cohen 51:53-70 Eichmann Trial European Jewry Before and After Hitler Salo W. Baron 63:3-53 The Proceedings Leon Poliakov 63:54-84

~~~~386 SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-83 / 387~~~~

~~~~America's Response George Salomon 63:85-103 The Judgment Sidney Liskofsky 63:104-19 Text of the Indictment 63:120-31~~~~

~~~~Intermarriage in the United States Arnold Schwartz 71:101-21~~~~

~~~~Israel and the United Nations: Shabtai Rosenne Changed Perspectives, 1945-1976 78:3-59~~~~

~~~~Israelis in the United States: Dov Elizur 80:53-67 Motives, Attitudes, and Intentions~~~~

~~~~Jewish Academics in the United States: Seymour Martin Lipset and Their Achievements, Culture and Politics Everett Carll Ladd, Jr.~~~~

72:89-128 Jewish Education—For What? Walter I. Ackerman 70:3-36 Jewish Fertility in the United States Erich Rosenthal 62:3-27 Jewish Labor Movement in the United States Will Herberg 53:3-74 Jewish Social Work in the United States, Herman D. Stein 57:3-98 1654-1954

~~~~Jewish Studies in American Liberal-Arts Arnold J. Band 67:3-30 Colleges and Universities~~~~

~~~~Jewish Survival: U.O. Schmelz 81:61-117 The Demographic Factors~~~~

~~~~Jews in the United States: Sidney Goldstein 81:3-59 Perspectives from Demography~~~~

~~~~The Jews in Western Europe Today Arnold Mandel 68:3-28~~~~

~~~~Jews, Nazis, and Civil Liberties David G. Dalin 80:3-28~~~~

~~~~Leadership and Decision-making in a Charles S. Liebman Jewish Federation: The New York 79:3-76 Federation of Jewish Philanthropies~~~~

The Legal Status of the Daniel J. Elazar and American Jewish Community Stephen R. Goldstein 73:3-94 388 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Library Resources for Jewish Studies Charles Berlin 75:3-54 in the United States North American Settlers in Israel Gerald Engel 71:161-87 Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 66:21-97 Yitzchak Leybush Peretz: An Appreciation S. Niger 54:542-49 Professional Personnel in the Social Services Araulf M. Pins 64:203-35 of the Jewish Community The Purposes of the Jewish Community Carl Urbont 68:29-59 Center Movement: An Appraisal of Their Operation Reconstructionism in American Jewish Life Charles S. Liebman 71:3-99 Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel: Ephraim Tabory 83:41-61 A Social and Religious Profile Religion in Israel Zvi Yaron 76:41-90 Religiosity Patterns in Israel Calvin Goldscheider and Dov Friedlander 83:3-39 The Sephardim of the United States: An Exploratory Study Marc D. Angel 74:77-138 Social Characteristics of American Jews, 1654-1954 Nathan Glazer 56:3-41 The Soviet Jewish Problem at the United Nations Ronald I. Rubin 71:141-59 Soviet Jewry Since the Death of Stalin: A Twenty-five Year Perspective Leon Shapiro 79:77-103

~~~~Spiritual Life of American Jewry, 1654-1954 Joseph L. Blau 56:99-170 Studies of Jewish Intermarriage in the United Erich Rosenthal 64:3-53 States~~~~

Three Centuries of Jewish Life in England, S. D. Temkin 58:3-63 1656-1956 The Training of American Rabbis Charles S. Liebman 69:3-112 SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-83 / 389 Trends in Jewish Philanthropy Steven Martin Cohen 80:29-51 Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada, Louis Rosenberg 62:28-49 1760-1960 "Who Hast Not Made Me a Man": Anne Lapidus Lerner The Movement for Equal Rights for Women 77:3-38 in American Jewry 390 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 OBITUARIES Leo Baeck By Max Gruenewald 59:478-82 Jacob Blaustein By John Slawson 72:547-57 Martin Buber By Seymour Siegel 67:37-43 Abraham Cahan By Mendel Osherowitch 53:527-29 Albert Einstein By Jacob Bronowski 58:480-85 Felix Frankfurter By Paul A. Freund 67:31-36 Louis Ginzberg By Louis Finkelstein 56:573-79 Jacob Glatstein By Shmuel Lapin 73:611-17 Hayim Greenberg By Marie Syrkin 56:589-94 Abraham Joshua Heschel By Fritz A. Rothschild 74:533-44 Horace Meyer Kallen By Milton R. Konvitz 75:55-80 Herbert H. Lehman By Louis Finkelstein 66:3-20 Judah L. Magnes By James Marshall 51:512-15 Alexander Marx By Abraham S. Halkin 56:580-88 Reinhold Niebuhr By Seymour Siegel 73:605-10 Joseph Proskauer By David Sher 73:618-28 Maurice Samuel By Milton H. Hindus 74:545-53 Leo Strauss By Ralph Lerner 76:91-97 Max Weinreich By Lucy S. Dawidowicz 70:59-68 Chaim Weizmann By Harry Sacher 55:462-69 Stephen S. Wise By Philip S. Bernstein 51:515-18 Harry Austryn Wolfson By Isadore Twersky 76:99-111 Index

ABC/Washington Post poll, 105-116 Ain, Joe, 178 Abeles, Karl, 185 Akselrod, Meir, 222 Abella, Irving, 183 Albany Jewish World, 322 Abelson, Mark, 244 Albert, Phyllis Cohen, 196 Abram, Morris, 120 Alert, 320 Abramov, Zalman, 70 Algemeiner Journal, 322 Abramovich, Elena, 221 Algeria, 18 Abrams, Alan, 184 Ali, Kamal Hassan, 37, 38 Abrams, Lester, 245 Aliev, Geidar, 212 Abravanel, Isaac, 196 Alignment (Israel), 59, 60, 61 Abse, Leo, 192 Alloy, I., 245 Abuhatzeira, Aharon, 66 Alter, Robert, 196 Abu Eian, Ziad, 33 Amado-Levy-Valensi, Elaine, 203 Abu Rabia, Hamad, 66 AMC Cancer Research Center, 290 Action Committee Against Genocide in National Council of Auxiliaries, Lebanon, 190 290 Action Directe (France), 199 Amdur, K., 221 Adam, Yekutiel, 10 America-Israel Friendship League, 293 Adler, Steven, 245 American Academy for Jewish Re- Afghanistan, 102 search, 265 Afn Shvel, 322 American Associates of Ben-Gurion African National Congress, 237 University of the Negev, 293 Against Melancholy, 203 American Association for Ethiopian Agamemnon, 244 Jews, 288 Agudat Israel Party (Israel), 60 American Association of Rabbis, 272 Agudath Israel of America, 125, 271 American Biblical Encyclopedia Soci- Children's Division—Pirchei Agu- ety, 265 dath Israel, 271 American Civil Liberties Union, 124 Girls' Division—Bnos Agudath Is- American Committee for Shaare Zedek rael, 271 Hospital in Jerusalem, Inc., 293 Women's Division—N'Shei Agudath American Committee for the Weizmann Israel of America, 271 Institute of Science, Inc., 293 Youth Division—Zeirei Agudath Is- American Council for Judaism, 261 rael, 271 American Federation of Jewish Fight- Agudath Israel World Organization, ers, Camp Inmates and Nazi Vic- 271 tims, Inc., 288 Ahiaz, Aharon, 17 American Federation of Jews from Cen- Ahmed, Iskander, 48 tral Europe, Inc., 288 391 392 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

American Friends of Haifa University, American Jewish Times—Outlook, 327 293 American Jewish World, 322 American Friends of the Alliance Israel- American Jewish Year Book, 4,8,14,29, ite Universelle, Inc., 269 33, 37, 39,40,41,42,43,46,48,49, American Friends of the Hebrew Uni- 51, 57, 58, 59, 63, 66, 67, 93, 247, versity, 294 248n, 252n, 322 American Friends of the Israel Mu- American Library Association, 126 seum, 294 American Mizrachi Woman, 323 American Friends of the Jerusalem American Mizrachi Women, 294 Mental Health Center—Ezrath American ORT Federation, Inc.—Or- Nashim, Inc., 294 ganization for Rehabilitation American Friends of the Tel Aviv Mu- Through Training, 269 seum, 294 American and European Friends of American Friends of the Tel Aviv Uni- ORT, 269 versity, Inc., 294 American Labor ORT, 269 American Friends Service Committee, Business and Professional ORT, 269 87 National ORT League, 269 American Histadrut Cultural Exchange Women's American ORT, 269 Institute, 265 American Physicians Fellowship, Inc. American-Israel Cultural Foundation, for Medicine in Israel, 295 Inc., 294 American Red Magen David for Israel, American Israel Public Affairs Commit- Inc., 295 tee (AIPAC), 101, 294 American Sephardi Federation, 288 American-Israeli Lighthouse, Inc., 294 American Society for Jewish Music, 265 American Israelite, 327 American Society for Technion—Israel American Jewish Alternatives to Zion- Institute of Technology, 295 ism, Inc., 261 American Veterans of Israel, 288 American Jewish Archives, 327 American Zionist, 323 American Jewish Committee, 86, 88, American Zionist Federation, 295 100, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 261 American Zionist Youth Foundation, American Jewish Congress, 88, 120, Inc., 295 122, 125, 262 American Zionist Youth Council, 295 American Jewish Correctional Chap- Americans for a Safe Israel, 86 lains Association, Inc., 290 Americans for Progressive Israel, 295 American Jewish Historical Society, 265 Amichai, Yehuda, 209 American Jewish History, 321 Amnesty International, 84, 213 American Jewish Joint Distribution Ampal—American Israel Corporation, Committee (JDC), 227, 233, 234, 296 269 Andropov, Yurii, 212, 213, 215 American Jewish Journal, 321 Angola, 236 American Jewish League for Israel, 294 Anti-Defamation League (see B'nai American Jewish Philanthropic Fund, B'rith) 269 The Arab in Hebrew Prose, 1911-1948, American Jewish Press Association, 265 196 American Jewish Public Relations Soci- Arab League, 101, 102, 189 ety, 300 Arafat, Yasir, 18, 50, 54, 58, 76, 80, 81, American Jewish Society for Service, 91,98,102,122,194, 200,207,212, Inc., 290 216 INDEX / 393 Arens, Moshe, 51, 78, 120 Association of Yugoslav Jews in the Argentina, 69, 187, 188 United States, Inc., 288 Argov, Michael, 72 Atlantic Jewish Council (Canada), 178 Argov, Shlomo, 6, 7, 32, 73, 76, 86, 188 Aufbau, 323 Aridor, Yoram, 34, 55, 61, 70 Austin, Jack, 184 A.R.I.F.—Association Pour le Reta- Australia, 33, 56, 57, 179 blissement des Institutions et Austria, 69 Oeuvres Israelites en France, Inc., Avnon, Yaacov, 237, 243 270 AvRutick, Abraham, 329 Aris, Helmut, 211 Axelrod, Paul, 184 Arizona Post, 320 Azbel, Mark, 196 Arkin, Marcus, 244, 245 Arlosoroff, Chaim, 67 Babi Yar, 219, 222 Arnest, Joseph, 329 Bachmeyer, Ivan, 245 Aron, Geraldine, 243 Bachrach, Alfred R., 329 Aronowsky, Solly, 243 Backman, Jules, 329 The Art of Biblical Narrative, 196 Badinter, Robert, 198 ARZA—Association of Reform Zion- Baider, Chaim, 221 ists of America, 296 Bakhmin, Viacheslav, 213 Ashley, Harold, 177 Ball, George, 76, 120 al Assad, Hafez, 8, 85, 91 Baltimore Jewish Times, 321 Assembly for French Judaism, 202 Bar-Ilan University in Israel, 296 Bar-Kochba, Moshe, 71 Associated American Jewish Museums, Bar-Kochba, Shimon, 67 265 Bar-Lev, Haim, 20 Associated Press, 81 Bar-Simantov, Yaacov, 6 Association for Civil Rights in Israel Barak, Aharon, 26 (ACRI), 47 Baram, Uzi, 193 Association for Jewish Studies, 272 Barnet, Shirley, 177 Association for the Sociological Study Baron de Hirsch Fund, 290 of Jewry, 265 Barret, Leila, 245 Association of Hillel Directors/Jewish Bass, Max, 209 Camp Professionals, 272 Batovrin, Sergeii, 214 Association of Jewish Book Publishers, Bayswater and Maida Vale Synagogue 266 (Great Britain), 195 Association of Jewish Center Workers, el-Baz, Osama, 38 262 Begin, Aliza, 72 Association of Jewish Chaplains of the Begin, Menachem, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, Armed Forces, 272 14,15,16,17,19,20,21,25,28,36, Association of Jewish Community Rela- 38,46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, tions Workers, 262 59,63,66,67,70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, Association of Jewish Family and Chil- 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, dren's Agencies, 290 100, 105, 107, 108, 120, 127, 192, Association of Jewish Libraries, 266 200, 201 Association of Orthodox Jewish Scien- Begun, Yosef, 193, 220 tists, 272 Bekhor, David, 67 Association of School Administrators, Belgium, 32, 57 125 Belgrade Politika (Yugoslavia), 233 394 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Belilovskaia, Polina, 221 Block, Ghita, 245 Bell, Daniel, 90 Blum, Amram, 64 Bellow, Saul, 90 Blumenfeld, Theodor, 229 Ben-Porat, Mordechai, 11, 59 Blumenthal, Walter, 245 Bender, Doreen, 245 B'nai B'rith International, 88, 242, 290 Bengelsdorf, Sergeii, 221 Anti-Defamation League of, 119,120, Benoshofsky, Hone, 231 121, 122, 125, 262 Bensimantov, Yaakov, 199 Career and Counseling Services, 290 Benson, Basil, 246 Hillel Foundations, Inc., 272 Berea Hebrew Congregation of Johan- International Association of Hillel nesburg, 241 Directors, 272 Berendsohn, Walter, 209 Youth Organization, 272 Berger, Nathan, 242 B'nai B'rith (Canada), 176, 177, 180, Bergman, L., 245 185 Berinski, Lev, 220 B'nai B'rith Messenger, 320 Berkman, Steven, 245 B'nai B'rith Women, 291 Berman, Daniel, 66 Bnai Zion—The American Fraternal Berman, Julius, 89, 100, 101, 122 Zionist Organization, 289 Berman, Yitzhak, 24, 60 Board of Deputies of British Jews, 190, Bermant, Chaim, 196 191, 192, 193 Bernstein, Garvin, 245 Boesak, Allan, 237 Bertrams Synagogue (South Africa), Boguchwal, David, 227 241 Bonner, Elena, 214 Besdin, Morris J., 329 The Book of Heaven, 203 Beszeloe (Hungary), 230 Booker Prize, 196 Betar Zionist Youth Movement, Inc., Boschwitz, Rudy, 94, 101 296 Botha, Pieter, 235, 236, 238 Beth Emeth-Bais Yehuda Synagogue Boucetta, Mohammed, 92 (Canada), 181, 182 Bourguiba, Habib, 101 Beth Medrosh Elyon (Academy of Bradley, Tom, 127 Higher Learning and Research), Brailovsky, Victor, 193, 220 272 Brandeis-Bardin Institute, 272 Beth Tikvah Synagogue (Canada), 183 Brandeis University National Women's Beth Tzedec Congregation (Canada), Committee, 301 185 Brasch, Victor, 246 Bethlehem, Marlene, 245 Braude, Max A., 330 Beyond Sambation: Selected Essays and Breytenbach, Breyten, 242 Editorials, 1928-1955, 184 Brezhnev, Leonid, 8, 206, 212, 213,216, Beyond the Verse, 202 221, 225 Biberfeld, Paul, 208 Brilling, Bernhard, 206 Bierer, Immanuel, 197 Brith Abraham, 289 Biran, Yoav, 188 Brith Sholom, 289 Bir Zeit University, 190 British Friends of Peace Now, 192 Bitzaron, 323 Brodsky, Aleksandr, 220 Black Student Society, 239 Bronfman, Edgar, 86, 230, 231 Blankfort, Michael, 330 Bronstein, Shaia, 222 Blankstein, Marjorie, 178 Bronze in My Blood: A Memoir, 196 Blass, Simha, 72 Brook, Doris, 245 INDEX / 395

Bruton, Mike, 238 Caplan, Usher, 184 Budzinski, Czeslaw, 226 Carlos, 199 Buffalo Jewish Review, 323 Carmel College (Great Britain), 195 Bulldog (Great Britain), 188 Carmel School (South Africa), 242 Bulletin du Cercle Juifde Langue Fran- Carmi, T., 195 qaise du Congres Juif Canadien, Carr, Judy Feld, 185 328 Carrington, Lord, 57, 187, 188 Burbica, Cornel, 228 CBC poll, 176 Burg, Joseph, 47, 60, 238, 240 CBS poll, 105-116, 119 Bush, George, 81 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 228 Buthelezi, Gatsha, 236 Center for Holocaust Studies, Inc., 266 Center for Jewish Community Studies, The Call, 323 262 Canada, 175-186 Central Board of Jewish Communities Canada-Israel Committee, 179 (Hungary), 231 Canada-Israel Cultural Foundation, 181 Centra] Conference of American Rab- Canada-Israel Securities, Ltd., 303 bis, 87, 123, 273 State of Israel Bonds, 303 Central Consistory of France, 202 Canadian Association for Labor Israel Central Council of Jews in Germany, (Histadrut), 303 205, 206 Canadian B'nai B'rith, 303 Central Sephardic Jewish Community League for Human Rights, 303 of America, 289 Canadian Committee for Soviet Jewry, Central Synagogue (Great Britain), 194 181 Central Welfare Agency of Jews in Ger- Canadian Foundation for Jewish Cul- many, 206, 207 ture, 303 Central Yeshiva Beth Joseph Rabbinical Canadian Friends of the Alliance Israel- Seminary, 273 ite Universelle, 303 Central Yiddish Culture Organization Canadian Friends of the Hebrew Uni- (CYCO), Inc., 266 versity, 303 Chafets, Ze'ev, 47 Canadian Jewish Anthology, 184 Chagall, Marc, 209 Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), 176, Chait, Alan, 244 177, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 303 Chalom, Moshe, 180 Canadian Jewish Herald, 328 Chapman, Simon, 246 Canadian Jewish News, 177, 328 Chapters from South African History, Canadian Jewish Outlook, 328 242 Canadian Labor Congress, 180 Chavel, Charles B., 330 Canadian ORT Organization, 304 Chebrikov, Victor, 212 Women's Canadian ORT, 304 Chernack, Michael, 179 Canadian Sephardi Federation, 304 Cherniack, Saul, 185 Canadian Young Judea, 304 Chernin, Vladimir, 219, 220 Canadian Zionist, 328 Cheysson, Claude, 56, 200 Canadian Zionist Federation (CZF), Chile, 57 178, 181, 304 Chirac, Jacques, 198 Bureau of Education and Culture, Chlenov, Mikhail, 220 304 Christian Science Monitor, 89 Canetti, Elias, 209 Chweidan, Harry, 244 Cantors Assembly, 272 Cinna, Jack, 197 396 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Circle of Christian Democratic Stu- Congress for Jewish Culture, Inc., 266 dents, 207 Congress Monthly, 323 City of Hope National Medical Center Connecticut Jewish Ledger, 320 and Research Institute, 291 Conservative Friends of Israel (Great Clark, Joe, 175 Britain), 192 Clark, William, 75 Conservative Judaism, 323 Clergy and Laity Concerned, 87 Conservative Party (Canada), 175 Cleveland College of Jewish Studies, 273 Conservative Party (Great Britain), 187, Cleveland Jewish News, 327 189, 190 Coalition for Alternatives in Jewish Ed- Conservative Party (South Africa), 235 ucation, 273 Consultative Council of Jewish Organi- Cohen, Albert, 203 zations—CCJO, 263 Cohen, Elie, 202 Contemporary Jewry, 323 Cohen, Harold, 244 Conway, Flo, 127 Cohen, Jack, 197 Coordinating Board of Jewish Organi- Cohen, Matt, 184 zations, 263 Cohen, Maxwell, 185 Corbett, Harry, 197 Cohen, Michael, 194 Corfu, Haim, 68 Cohen, Percy, 196 Corsican National Liberation Front, Conn, Haim, 47 199 Cohon, George, 184 Costa Rica, 57, 61 Cohos, Gert, 185 Cotler, Irwin, 178, 240 Collis, Maureen, 245 Council for Jewish Education, 273 Colombo, Emilio, 57 Council for the Advancement of Arab- Columbia Journalism Review, 121 British Understanding, 190 Commentary, 323 Council of Jewish Federations, Inc., Commission on Social Action of Reform 291 Judaism, 262 Council of Jewish Organizations in Civil Committee to Bring Nazi War Crimi- Service, Inc., 263 nals to Justice in U.S.A. Inc., 262 Council of Natal Jewry, 242 Common Market, 188 Council of Reform and Liberal Rabbis Communist Party (France), 198 (Great Britain), 192 Communist Party (Israel), 7 Council of Torah Sages, 63 Communist Party (Soviet Union), 212— Cowen, Zelman, 197 223 Cummings, Theodore, 330 Concerned Jewish Youth (Great Brit- Cuomo, Mario, 127 ain), 192, 193 Concordia University (Canada), 180 Dakhina, Ludmila, 220 Conference of Jewish Communal Ser- Dani, Fati, 199 vice, 291 Danin, Aharon, 72 Conference of Presidents of Major Danon, Cadic, 233 American Jewish Organizations, Dascalescu, Constantin, 228 262 Datner-Spiewak, Helena, 227 Conference on Jewish Material Claims Davar, 3 Against Germany, Inc., 270 Davidov, Amnon, 220 Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Davidovic, Emil, 208 Inc., 266 Davies, David, 197 Congregation Beth Haminyan (Can- Davis, Stanley, 88 ada), 181 The Day of the Countess, 203 INDEX / 397

Dayan, Moshe, 58, 59 Economic History of the Jews in En- Dayton Jewish Chronicle, 327 gland, 196 Defferre, Gaston, 198 Economic Horizons, 323 Dekel, Michael, 42 Edelstein, Sami, 229 DellaPergola, S., 252n Edenvale Synagogue (South Africa), Demianuk, Stanislaw, 226 241 Democratic Front for Peace and Equal- Edwards, Robert, 188 ity (DFPE), 7, 8, 60 Efrat, Yona, 26 Democratic Zionist Association of Eggleton, Arthur, 181 South Africa, 243 Egypt, 13, 33-40, 49, 77, 91, 92, 95, 96, The Demographic Consequences of U.S. 99, 105, 106 Jewish Population Trends, 252n Ehrlich, Simcha, 55 Denmark, 57 Ein Yaakov, 202 Deukmejian, George, 127 Einstein, Albert, 68 Dine, Thomas, 101 Eisenberg, Neville, 245 Dipale, Ernest, 237 Eitan, Rafael, 5, 9, 19, 21, 22, 26, 28 Doctorow, E. L., 90 El Al, 63, 64 Dolgikh, Vladimir, 212 Elberg, Yehuda, 184 Domb, Risa, 196 The Eleventh Test of Abraham, 203 Domin, Hilde, 209 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 175, 191 Elkaim-Sartre, Arlette, 202 Donin, Hayim, 331 Elkann, Jean Paul, 202 Doubrovski, Serge, 203 Elkins, Michael, 71 Dragosavac, Dusan, 232 Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe, 57 Dragunsky, David, 216 Ellman, David, 245 Draper, Morris, 5, 13, 27, 30, 31 Ellsberg, Daniel, 216 Dreaming Backwards, 184 The Emancipation of the Jews in Britain, Dresner, Israel, 87 196 The Dresser, 238 Emerton, J., 196 Drobless, Matityahu, 42 Emunah Women of America, 296 Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cog- Engel, Howard, 184 nate Learning, 273 England, 6, 73, 102 Alumni Association of, 273 Epstein, Arnold, 185 Dror—Young Kibbutz Movement— Epstein, Madeleine, 185 Habonim, 296 Epstine, Harry M., 331 Chavurat Hagalil, 296 Essays in Modern Jewish History, 196 Garin Yarden, The Young Kibbutz Ethiopia, 69 Movement, 296 European Economic Community Drori, Amir, 28, 46, 47 (EEC), 57, 188, 198 Druckman, Haim, 68 Evian, I. D., 210 Druker, Irme, 222 The Eye (Canada), 328 Dubinsky, David, 331 Ezra, Derek, 197 Dubnow, Simon, 234 Dudai, Avi, 28 Fackre, Gabriel, 127 Dudein, Mustafa, 46 Faerber, Meir, 209 Dulzin, Arye, 23, 69, 70, 241 Fairbanks, Richard, 40 Dunsky, Shimshon, 184 The Falashas: The Forgotten Jews of Duschinsky, Eugene, 245 Ethiopia, 196 Dymshits, Veniamin, 219 Falk, Feliks, 225 398 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Falwell, Jerry, 127 Friedman, Marion, 243 Fane, Irving, 331 Freij, Elias, 40, 41, 101 Fattal, Antoine, 30, 31 Freud, Anna, 197, 209 Feder, Theodor, 229, 230 Frid, Grigorii, 222 Federal League of Jewish Students in Friedlander, Albert, 195 Germany, 207 Friedlander, Paul, 229 Federal Republic of Germany, 205-210 Friedman, Maurice, 196 Federated Council of Israel Institutions Friedman, Rosemary, 196 —FCII, 296 Friedman, Thomas, 84 Federation of Jewish Communities (Yu- Friends of Pioneering Israel, 304 goslavia), 233 Frye, Northrop, 196 Federov, Yuri, 181 Fuks, Marian, 228 Fedorchuk, Vitalii, 212 Fund for Higher Education, 296 Fein, Leonard, 86 Furst, Melvin J., 332 Feinstein, Elaine, 196 TTte Future of a Denial, 203 Feinstein, Israel, 194 Feldheim, Eric, 243 Gaber, Samuel Lewis, 332 Feldman, Basil, 197 Gafny, Arnon, 71 Feldman, Leon, 206 Galinski, Heinz, 208 Feldman, Marty, 197 Gallup poll, 105-116, 119, 187 Feltsman, Vladimir, 181 Gamiel, Uri, 237 Fenton, Paul, 196 Gamzu, Haim, 71 Fice, Tadeus, 182 Gapurov, M., 214 Fields, Harvey, 185 Garai, George, 193 Figaro (France), 200 Garth, David, 121 Findlay, Paul, 127 Garth Furst International/Penn and Finkelstein, Moses, 227, 228 Schoen Associated, 119 Finkielkraut, Alain, 203 The Gatekeepers of God, 203 Fishier, Shmuel, 230 Gee, George, 192, 193 Fishman, Isidore, 197 Geft, Hymie, 245 Fister, Roman, 203 Geissler, Erich, 212 Flowers of Darkness, 184 Gendler, Everett, 88 Folks-sztyme (Poland), 226, 227, 228 General Confederation of Labor Foreign Affairs, 78 (France), 200 Fortas, Abe, 332 Genocide, 243 Foundation for French Judaism, 203 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 57 Fox, Seymour, 242 German Democratic Republic, 211, 212 Fram, David, 242 Gershuni, Vladimir, 214 France, 6, 11, 32, 49, 56, 57, 74, 102, Geva, Eli, 14, 26 198-204 Gewirtz, Jacob, 187 France-Soir, 60 Ghali, Butros, 39 Frank, Lisa, 241 Gilbert, J. C, 195 Frank, Solomon, 185 Gilbert, Joseph, 197 Franklin, Selwyn, 245 Gillen, Anne, 181 Franzblau, Abraham, 332 Giscard d'Estaing, Valery, 198, 200 Free Sons of Israel, 289 Gittlesohn, Roland, 86, 88, 243 Freedman, Constance, 197 Gittelson, Renee, 245 Freedman, Harry, 183 Glaser, Eva, 333 INDEX / 399

Glasgow University, 190 Grayer, Stefan, 227 Glass, Anne, 186 Great Britain, 187-197 Glazer, Nathan, 90 The Great Code: The Bible and Litera- Glazer-Ta'asa, Miriam, 68 ture, 196 Glemp, Jozef, 225 Greece, 18 Glenn, John, 76 Green, Joe, 245 Glick, Srul Irving, 183 Green and Sea Point Hebrew Congrega- Glikson, P., 247n tion (South Africa), 241 Glos Szczecinski (Poland), 226 Greenberg, Jack, 124 Glowczyk, Jan, 225 Greenberg, Lorry, 185 Glube, Constance, 185 Greenberg, Maxwell, 86 Gluecksmann, Hanna, 209 Greenstein, Ivan, 245 God's Bullies, 127 Griffel, Igal, 229 Gogoski, Brad, 244 Grinstein, Hyman B., 334 Golan, Matti, 196 Grosberg, Charles, 186 Gold, Bertram, 122 Griinewald, Hans, 208 Gold, Nusia, 243 Guardian (Great Britain), 190, 192 Goldberg, Stella, 181 Gubenko, Iakov, 221 Goldblatt, Harold, 197 Gurvich, Yusef, 222 Goldfarb, Bertha, 333 Gurwicz, Leib, 197 Goldin, Maks, 221 Guttmann, Ludwig, 209 Goldman, Ralf, 227 Gwertzman, Bernard, 101 Goldmann, Nahum, 72, 89, 90, 200, 203 Gysi, Klaus, 211 Goldschmidt, Meyer, 246 Goldshtein, Grigory, 181 Ha'aretz, 26, 28 Goldstein, Maurice, 227 Habib, Philip, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, Golovensky, David I., 333 17, 18, 30, 53, 76 Gomberg, D., 221 Habonim-Dror Labor Zionist Youth, Gomulka, Wladislas, 228 296 Goodman, Allan Harry, 43 Hadarom, 323 Goodman, Henry, 244 Hadassah Magazine, 323 Goodman, Hirsch, 243 Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Orga- Goodman, Jacob, 333 nization of America, Inc., 297 Goodman, Jean, 196 Hashachar, 297 Goodman, Joseph, 185 Hadassah—WIZO of Canada, 304 Goodman, Wolfe, 185 Haddad, Saad, 4, 6 Gordimer, Nadine, 244 Hadoar, 323 Gorywada, Manfred, 225 Haig, Alexander, 8, 39, 51, 52, 53, 73, Gotlieb, Allan Ezra, 184 75, 77, 78, 79, 92, 228 Gottschalk, Rudolf, 209 Hallemann, Isaak, 209 Gould, Donald, 241 Halper, Marice, 240 Gould, S. J., 247 Hamdallah, Wahid, 44 Grade, Chaim, 182, 334 Hamilton, Iain, 196 Grafstein, Elazar, 184 Hamilton Hebrew Academy, 177 Gram, Boris, 218 Handelsman, Mark, 244 Granek, Sol, 185 Harif, Moshe, 71 Grant, Roderick, 199 Haroush, Ron, 17 Gratz College, 273 Harris poll, 105-116 400 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Hart, Gary, 94 Herut-U.S.A., Inc., 297 Hartzenberg, Ferdie, 235 Theodor Herzl Foundation, 297 Harvard Law Review, 124 Theodor Herzl Institute, 297 Harwood, Ronald, 238 Herzl Press, 297 Hashomer Hatzair, 200, 297 Herzlia Middle School (South Africa), A Hasidic Apprenticeship, 203 242 Hatch, Orrin, 126 Herzliah-Jewish Teachers Seminary, Hausman, Leo, 186 275 Heber, Imre, 231 Graduate Division, 275 Hebrew Arts School, 266 Herzliah Hebrew Teachers Institute Hebrew College, 274 Inc., 275 Hebrew Culture Foundation, 266 Jewish Teachers Seminary and Peo- Hebrew Order of David, 242 ple's University, Inc., 275 Hebrew Theological College, 274 Music Division, 275 Hebrew Union College—Jewish Insti- Hess, Joram, 207 tute of Religion, 274 Hess, Moshe Gerhard Manfred, 209 American Jewish Archives, 274 HIAS, Inc., 270 American Jewish Periodical Center, Hildesheimer, Wolfgang, 209 274 Hill, Samuel, 127 Jerome H. Louchheim School of Him, George, 197 Judaic Studies, 274 Hiro, Dilip, 196 Edgar F. Magnin School of Graduate Histadrut (Israel), 61, 62, 64 Studies, 274 Histadruth Ivrith of America, 266 Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Ar- Hitler, Adolf, 11 chaeology, 274 Hochwald, Abraham, 208 Rhea Hirsch School of Education, Hoffmann, Aharon, 231 274 Hofi, Yitzhak, 71 School of Education, 274 Hollai, Imre, 230 School of Graduate Studies, 275 Holocaust Center of Greater Pittsburgh, School of Jewish Communal Service, 267 275 Holy Blossom Temple (Canada), 185 School of Jewish Studies, 275 Holy Terror, 127 School of Sacred Music, 275 Holzman, Jacquelin, 185 Skirball Museum, 275 Homecoming, 243 Hebrew University, 68 Honduras, 57 Hebrew University—Technion Joint Honecker, Erich, 212 Maintenance Appeal, 297 Hope Center for the Retarded, 291 Hebrew Watchman, 327 Horev, Amos, 243 Hegedus, George, 178 Hotz, Sybil, 244 Heinrich Stahl Prize, 207 The House of Levy, 203 Heinz, John, 94, 119 How to be Seventy, 196 Hellmann, Ellen, 246 Howe, Irving, 90 Helms, Jesse, 125, 126 Huberman, Bronislaw, 68 Hepker, Victor, 246 Hughes, John, 99 Heritage Foundation, 121 Hungary, 230-231 Heritage-Southwest Jewish Press, 320 Hurd, Douglas, 188, 189, 192 Herman, Simon, 242 Hurvitz, Yigael, 59 Hertzberg, Arthur, 90 Hurwitz, Charles, 246 INDEX / 401

Hussein, King of Jordan, 46, 50, 51, 54, Israel, 3-72, 73-103, 119, 120, 121, 127, 55, 75, 76, 82, 91,93,94, 95,96,97, 178, 179, 180, 181, 188, 189, 192, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103 193, 199, 200, 201, 205, 207, 212, Hussein, Saddam, 85 216, 217, 220, 228, 230, 232, 233, Hyams, Jack, 197 234, 237, 240 Israel, Alfred, 209 / Lost it All in Montreal, 184 Israel Horizons, 323 Iakir, Piotr, 222 Israel Quality, 323 Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism Israel Today, 320 in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Israel United Appeal, 240, 241 Affair, 196 Italy, 32, 57, 74 Ignatoff, Daniel, 334 Ivri, David, 71 Iliya, Shlomo, 45 Index to Jewish Periodicals, 327 Jabes, Edmond, 203 India, 10 Jablonski, Henryk, 225 Indiana Jewish Post and Opinion, 321 Jackson, C, 245 Information Juive (France), 202 Jacobs, Louis, 196 Inger, Hersh, 222 Jacobson, Dan, 196 Inside the Middle East, 196 Jacobson, Pauline, 245 Institute for Computers in Jewish Life, Jacobson, Shmuel, 71 275 Jaffe, Eliezer, 71 Jager, Karl, 211, 212 Institute for Jewish Policy Planning and Jakobovits, Immanuel, 194, 195 Research (see Synagogue Council James, Syd, 244 of America, p. 281) Janner, Barnett, 197 Institute of Contemporary Jewry, 247n Janner, Greville, 192, 193 Institute of Jewish Affairs, 247n Japhet, Ernst, 65 Intermountain Jewish News, 320 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 215, 224, 225, 226 International Conference of Jewish Jeldel, Hilda, 244 Communal Service, 263 Jemayel, Amin, 24 International Council on Jewish Social Jemayel, Bashir, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 83 and Welfare Services, 291 Jerusalem Post. 14,27,35,39,40,42,52, The International Jewish Monthly, 321 71 International Jewish Peace Union, 192 Jevrejski Pregled (Yugoslavia), 233, 234 International League Against Racism Jewish Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Antisemitism, 201 Inc., 267 International League for the Repatria- Jewish Action, 323 tion of Russian Jews, 270 Jewish Advocate, 321 International Red Cross, 24, 33, 80 Jewish American Record, 323 International Yiddish Cultural Con- Jewish Blind Society (Great Britain), gress, 220 191 Interpreting the Hebrew Bible, 196 Jewish Book Annual, 323 Introduction to the Critical Study of the Jewish Books in Review, 323 Text of the Hebrew Bible, 196 Jewish Braille Institute of America, Iran, 48, 49, 84, 85, 92, 102 Inc., 291 Iraq, 18,48,49,76,78, 81, 84,85,91,92, Jewish Braille Institute Voice, 323 94, 102 Jewish Braille Review, 323 Isaac, Dan, 87 Jewish Bulletin of the East Bay, 320 402 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Jewish Chautauqua Society, Inc., 275 Jewish Journal (N.Y.), 324 Jewish Chicago, 321 Jewish Labor Bund, 289 Jewish Chronicle (Great Britain), 192 Jewish Labor Committee, 263 Jewish Chronicle (Pa.), 327 National Trade Union Council for Jewish Chronicle—Harold H. Wingate Human Rights, 263 Literary Award, 195 Women's Division of, 263 The Jewish Civic Press (La.), 321 Workmen's Circle Division of, 263 Jewish Civic Press (Texas), 327 Jewish Ledger, 324 Jewish Colonization Association, 183 Jewish Marriage Council (Great Brit- Jewish Community News, 321 ain), 190 Jewish Community Relations Council Jewish Ministers Cantors Association of of New York, 120 America, Inc., 276 Jewish Community Voice, 322 Jewish Museum, 267 Jewish Conciliation Board of America, Jewish Music Notes, 324 Inc., 292 Jewish National Fund, 207, 241 Jewish Consistorial Association of Jewish National Fund of America, 297 Paris, 202 Jewish National Fund of Canada Jewish Cultural and Social Union (Po- (Keren Kayemeth Le'Israel, Inc.), land), 226, 227, 228 304 Jewish Current Events, 323 Jewish News (Michigan), 322 Jewish Currents, 323 Jewish News (N.J.), 322 Jewish Daily Forward, 323 Jewish Observer, 324 Jewish Digest, 320 Jewish Observer of Syracuse, 324 Jewish Education, 324 Jewish Peach Fellowship, 289 Jewish Education Directory, 324 Jewish population Jewish Education in Media, Inc., 276 United States, 162-174 Jewish Education News, 324 World, 247-258 Jewish Education Service of North Jewish Population Studies, 1961-1968, America, Inc., 276 247n Jewish Employment Action Group Jewish Post (Canada), 328 (Great Britain), 191 Jewish Post and Opinion, 321 Jewish Exponent, 327 Jewish Post of New York, 324 Jewish Federations, Welfare Funds, Jewish Press (Neb.), 322 Community Councils, 306-319 Jewish Press (N.Y.), 135, 324 Jewish Floridian, 321 Jewish Press Features, 328 Jewish Floridian of Greater Fort Lauder- Jewish Publication Society of America, dale, 321 267 Jewish Frontier, 324 Jewish Quarterly Review, 327 Jewish Guardian, 324 Jewish Radicals and Radical Jews, 196 Jewish Herald-Voice, 327 Jewish Reconstructionist Foundation, Jewish Historical Society of British Co- 276 lumbia, 184 Federation of Reconstructionist Con- Jewish Horizon, 322 gregations and Havurot, 276 A Jewish Icongraphy, 196 Reconstructionist Rabbinical Associ- Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Can- ation, 276 ada (JIAS), 177, 183, 304 Jewish Record, 322 Jewish Information Bureau, Inc., 267 Jewish Reporter (Mass.), 321 Jewish Journal (N.J.), 322 Jewish Reporter (Nev.), 322 INDEX / 403

Jewish Restitution Successor Organiza- Jewish Transcript, 328 tion, 270 Jewish Veteran, 321 Jewish Social Studies, 324 Jewish Voice, 322 Jewish Socialist Verband of America, Jewish War Veterans of the United 289 States of America, 263 Jewish Socialists' Group (Great Brit- National Memorial, Inc; National ain), 192 Shrine to the Jewish War Dead, Jewish Spectator, 320 264 Jewish Standard (Canada), 328 Jewish Week (Wash., D.C.), 321 Jewish Standard (N.J.), 322 Jewish Week (N.Y.), 324 Jewish Star, 320 Jewish Weekly News, 322 Jewish Student Press-Service—Jewish Jewish Welfare Board (JWB), 191 Student Editorial Projects, Inc., Jewish Western Bulletin (Canada), 184, 302 328 Jewish Student Union (France), 202 Jewish Youth League (Federal Republic Jewish Survival: The Demographic Fac- of Germany), 207 tors, 248n Jews' College (Great Britain), 195 Jewish Teachers Association—Morim, Jews: Their Religious Beliefs and Prac- 276 tices. 196 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 328 Johannesburg Zionist Luncheon Club, Jewish Telegraphic Agency Community 242 News Reporter, 324 John Merriman, 242 Jewish Telegraphic Agency Daily News John Paul II, Pope, 122, 225 Bulletin, 324 Joint Committee Against Racialism Jewish Telegraphic Agency Weekly News (Great Britain), 192 Digest, 324 Joint Israel Appeal, 191 Jewish Theological Seminary of Amer- Jolesz, Carol, 229 ica, 276 Jonas, Hans, 89, 90 American Student Center in Jerusa- Jonas, Tibi, 241 lem, 277 Jordan, 3,4, 5, 18, 33,42,46,49, 50, 51, Cantors Institute and Seminary Col- 52, 55,75, 76,77,92,93,94,95,96, lege of Jewish Music, 277 97,98, 99, 101, 103, 119 Department of Radio and Television, Joseph, Maxwell, 197 277 Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Institute for Advanced Study in the 324 Humanities, 277 Journal of Jewish Conservative Educa- Institute for Religious and Social tion, 324 Studies, 277 Journal of Psychology and Judaism Melton Research Center, 277 (Canada), 328 Schocken Institute for Jewish Re- Journal of Reform Judaism, 324 search, 277 Journal of the North Shore Jewish Com- Seminary College of Jewish Studies- munity Center, 322 Teachers Institute, 277 Judah L. Magnes Memorial Museum— University of Judaism, 277 Jewish Museum of the West, 267 Jewish Times (La.)» 321 Judaism, 324 Jewish Times (Mass.), 322 Judaism on Trial: Jewish-Christian Dis- Jewish Times of the Greater Northeast, putations in the Middle Ages, 196 327 Judd, Denis, 196 404 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 JUFNews. 321 Kessler, Solly, 239 July's People, 244 Khadra, Mahmoud, 80, 81 JWB, 292 Khalaf, Karim, 43 Commission on Jewish Chaplaincy, Khodorovitch, Sergei, 213 292 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 85 Jewish Book Council, 267 Khorol, Dvoira, 222 Jewish Music Council, 267 Khronika Tekushchikh Sobytii (Soviet JWB Circle, 324 Union), 214 JWB Jewish Book Council, 267 Kidron, Avraham, 72 JWB Jewish Music Council, 267 Kimche, David, 31 Kinder Journal, 324 Kadar, Janos, 230 Kinder Zeitung, 324 Kaddoumi, Farouk, 189 King David School (South Africa), 242 Kadelburg, Lavoslav, 233 King Faisal University, 180 Kadima (Yugoslavia), 234 Kirchner, Peter, 211, 212 Kagan, Rachel, 72 Kirilenko, Andreii, 212 . Kage, Joseph, 183 Kislik, Vladimir, 181 Kahan, Yitzhak, 25, 71 Kiss, Janos, 230 Kalian Commission, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, Klaperman, Libby, 334 88 Klein, A. M., 184 Kahane, Akiva, 227 Klein, Theo, 201 Kahane, Meir, 36, 44 Klewansky, Sandra, 244 Kahn, James, 334 Klisser, Devora, 245 Kalmanowitz, Itz, 241 Klug, Aaron, 197 Kanader Adler—Jewish Eagle, 328 Klutznick, Philip, 85, 86, 89, 90, 200 Kanevsky, Boris, 219 Knoblowicz, Mordechai, 197 Kansas City Jewish Chronicle, 322 Koestler, 196 Kantor, Even, 246 Koeszeg, Ferenc, 230 Kapitsa, Mikhail, 215 Kogan, Leonid, 223 Kaplan, Richard, 244 Kohansky, Mendel, 72 Kaplan, Robert, 179 KolHat'nuah, 324 Kaplan, Sylvia, 245 Kolbe, Maximilian, 225 Kark, Sidney, 244 Kompaneets, Zinovii, 221 Katin, Arno, 208 Kondracke, Morton, 127 Katz, Abraham, 246 Konwicki, Tadeusz, 224 Katz, David, 196 Kook, Zvi Yehuda, 72 Katz, Sholom, 334 Kopelev, Lev, 209 Katzir, Ephraim, 23 Korczak, Janusz, 223, 227 Kaufman, Simion, 229 Korn, Mauricy, 227 Kaunda, Kenneth, 236 Korn, Rochel, 184 Kayfetz, Ben, 179 Kornacki, Jerzy, 227 Kazin, Alfred, 90 Kosher Directory, 324 Keim, Anton Maria, 206 Kosher Directory, Passover Edition, 325 Kellner, Menachem, 196 Kosky, Mark, 194 Keneally, Thomas, 196 Kotler, Shneur, 335 Kennedy, Edward, 94, 119 Kotlovitz, Raphael, 229 Kentucky Jewish Post and Opinion, 321 Kovno Yiddish Folk Theater, 221 Keren Or, Inc., 298 Kraft, Joseph, 90 Kessler, David, 196 Krakowsky, Stefan, 227-228 INDEX / 405

Kramer, Hans, 243 LeGrange, Louis, 238 Kravetz, Nochem, 221 Lehrman, Lewis, 127 Kriegel, Annie, 200 Leighton, Lionel, 191, 197 Krivel, Orin, 177 Leissner, Gerald, 245 Ku Klux Klan, 177 Leiwick, B., 228 Kuberski, Jerzy, 226 Leningrad University, 219 Kulikov, Viktor, 215 Leo Baeck College (Great Britain), 195 Kultur un Lebn—Culture and Life, 325 Leo Baeck Institute, Inc., 267 Kuron, Jacek, 226 Leo Baeck Prize, 206 Kushlik, Taubie, 244 Leo Baeck Synagogue (W. Germany), Kutakhov, Pavel, 78 208 Kuznetsov, Vasilii, 232 Leo N. Levi National Arthritis Hospi- Kwaterko, Abraham, 227 tal, 292 Leon, Hyman, 197 Labor Party (Great Britain), 187, 189, Leonoff, Cyril Edel, 184 190 Lermer, Arthur, 182 Labor Party (Israel), 7, 16, 22, 23, 25, Lerner, Aleksandr, 220 55, 59, 60, 61, 88, 96, 99 Lerner, Yoel, 44 Labor Zionist Alliance, 85, 298 Leslie, Barbara, 240 Labor Zionist Movement of Canada, Levi, Artur, 208 305 Levi, Isak, 233 Lahat, Shlomo, 229 Levi, Joseph A., 335 Lamm, Hans, 208 Levik, Wilhelm, 222 Landau, Moshe, 71 Levin, Hanoch, 68 Landecker, Julie, 246 Levin, Paul, 244 Landsman, Geoff, 244 Levinas, Emmanuel, 202 Lapid, Joseph, 237 Levine, Frank, 194 Lapidot, Amos, 71 Levinrad, Ivan, 244 Las Vegas Israelite. 322 Levinthal, Israel H., 336 Lasensky, Gerald, 243 Levitt, Reginald, 197 Lash, Werner, 195, 197 Levoy, Myron, 209 Laskov, Haim, 72 Levy, Benjamin J., 336 Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Levy, David, 17, 26, 34, 42 Under Law, 124 Lewin, Herbert, 209 Lazar, Gyorgy, 230 Lewis, Leon, 245 Lazarus, David, 244 Lewis, Samuel, 51, 55, 56 League for Labor Israel, 298 Lewis, Stanley, 245 League for Yiddish, 267 Lewsen, Phyllis, 242 League of Arab States, 190 Liberal Party (Great Britain), 189, 190 Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Fac- Liberal Party (Israel), 60 tion, 199 Libya, 78, 101 Lebanon, 3-33, 36, 37,38,39,40,44,45, Likud Party (Israel), 14, 25, 48, 59, 60, 46,47,49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 99 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 73-95, 102, 103, Lilith—The Jewish Women's Magazine, 105-108, 119-121, 179, 180, 181, 325 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 200, 205, Linde, Roseve, 245 212, 216, 232, 233 Lindenbaum, Henry, 336 Leeds University, 195 Linn, Amnon, 59 Leff, Meyer Isaac, 335 Linowitz, Sol, 38, 98 406 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984

Lipschis, Hans, 123 Matatov, M., 219 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 90 Mathias, Bernard, 203 Lipski, Jan, 226 Mauroy, Pierre, 198 Literaturnaia Gazeta (Soviet Union), Mazabow, G., 245 213, 218, 219 McCloskey, Paul, 76, 121, 127 Litynski, Jan, 226 McDermott, Dennis, 180 Lobwanabi, Mbuze N'some, 58 McGill University, 180 Loftus, John, 123 McMaster University, 180 London Board for Jewish Religious Ed- McPherson, M. Peter, 83 ucation, 195 Mehta, Zubin, 68 Long Island Jewish World, 325 Meiman, Naum, 214 Lorch, Netanel, 71 Melamed, Vladimir, 217 Lord Reading, 196 Melamet, David, 240 Los Angeles Times poll, 105-116 Melamud, Chaim, 221 Loup, Robert, 86 Mellitz, Samuel, 336 Lubavitch Foundation of South Africa, Meltz, Barbara, 245 242 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Cul- Lustiger, Arno, 208 ture, 229, 233, 267 Mendel, Norman, 241 Ma'ariv, 21 Mendelsohn, George, 245 Maccabiah Germany, 208 Mendes-France, Pierre, 89, 90, 200, 203 MacGuigan, Mark, 179 Menorah, 321 Macharski, Franciszek, 225 Menuhin, Yehudi, 209 Machne Israel, 277 Meridor, Dan, 9 Macoby, Hyam, 196 Meridor, Yaacov, 11, 66 Magen David synagogue (Canada), 182 Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, Inc., 277 Maimon, David, 11 Mervis, Frieda, 246 Maimonides, Obadyah, 196 Mervis, Joel, 244 Malino, Frances, 196 Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin Malino, Jerome, 88 Rabbinical Academy, 278 Malraux, Clara, 204 Meyersfeld, Clifford, 245 Mandel, Arnold, 203 M'Godolim: The Jewish Quarterly, 321 Mandel, Eli, 184 Michael, Michael, 58 Mandelbaum, Moshe, 71 Michigan Jewish History, 322 Manger, Itzik, 203 Michnik, Adam, 226 Manoim, Monty, 245 Middleton, Drew, 77 Mapai Party (Israel), 67 Midler, Victor, 222-223 Mapam Party (Israel), 25 Midstream, 325 Margo, Cecil, 241 Mikes, George, 196 Marilus, Itschak, 229 Mikhoels, Shlome, 221 Markham, Muriel, 190 Miklos, Imre, 231 Marks, Aviva, 243 Mikunis, Shmuel, 72 Marrus, Michael, 196 Milson, Menachem, 40, 42, 45 Martin, Bernard, 336 Minkovski, Eugene, 200 Martin Buber's Life and Work: The Mintz, Clara, 177 Early Years, 196 Minute (France), 199 Marx, Robert, 87-88 Minyan Sephard Synagogue (Canada), Marx: Economist, Philosopher, Jew, 196 182 Matas, David, 179 Mirkind, Anatoly, 220 INDEX / 407

Mirrer Yeshiva Central Institute, 278 el-Nabi Hafez, Rab, 38 Mirsky, David, 337 Nachmann, Werner, 206 Missouri Jewish Post and Opinion, 322 Naifeld, Yankel, 246 Mitchell, Timothy, 87 Naor, Arye, 34, 66 Mitterrand, Francois, 11, 56, 57, 198, National Association of Arab Ameri- 199, 200 cans, 121 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi Organi- National Association of Jewish Family, zation of Canada, 305 Children's and Health Profession- Mobilization for Survival, 87 als, 292 Modai, Yitzhak, 60 National Association of Jewish Voca- Modern Jewish Studies Annual, 325 tional Services, 292 Mogoerane, Tell, 237 National Catholic Education Associa- Mojsov, Lazar, 232 tion, 125 Moment, 122, 322 National Committee for Furtherance of The Mond Legacy: A Family Saga, 196 Jewish Education, 278 Monday Morning (Lebanon), 48 National Committee for Labor Israel— Montor, Henry, 337 Israel Histadrut Campaign, 298 Moon, Sun Myung, 126 American Trade Union Council For Moral Majority, 126, 127 Histadrut, 298 Moranski, Peretz, 182 National Conference of Christians and Morawski, Cazimierz, 225 Jews, 123 National Conference on Soviet Jewry, Morning Freiheit, 325 264 Morocco, 10, 49, 91, 92, 93, 101, 178, Soviet Jewry Research Bureau, 264 189 National Congress of Jewish Deaf, 292 Morris, Roger, 121 National Conservative Political Action Morris/Sussex Jewish News, 322 Committee (NCPAC), 127 Mortada, Sa'ad, 38 National Council of Beth Jacob Schools, Moscow University, 219 Inc., 278 Moscow Yiddish Drama Ensemble, 221 National Council of Jewish Prison Moses, Stephane, 203 Chaplains, Inc. (see American Jew- Mosololi, Jerry, 237 ish Correctional Chaplains Associ- Moss, Harry, 197 ation, Inc.) Moss, Leo, 185 National Council of Jewish Women, Motaung, Marcus, 237 292 Moynihan, Patrick, 53 National Council of Jewish Women of Mphephu, P., 238 Canada, 305 Muaddi, Jabar, 66 National Council of Young Israel, 278 Mubarak, Hosni, 36, 37, 38, 92, 95, 101 American Friends of Young Israel Mulder, Connie, 235 Synagogues In Israel, 278 Multinational Force and Observers Armed Forces Bureau, 278 (MFO), 95 Employment Bureau, 278 Murder on Location, 184 Institute for Jewish Studies, 278 Murzhenko, Aleksei, 181 Young Israel Collegiates and Young Museum of the Diaspora, 238 Adults, 278 Muslim News (South Africa), 239 Young Israel Youth, 279 Mystical Theology and Social Dissent: National Democratic Party (Egypt), 38 The Life and Works ofJudah Loew National Emergency Committee on of Prague, 196 Lebanon (NECOL), 87 408 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 National Federation of Jewish Men's New York Times, 48, 78, 81, 84, 89, 90, Clubs, Inc., 279 101, 120, 126 National Foundation for Jewish Cul- New York Times- CBS poll, 127 ture, 268 Newstadt, Mandy, 244 National Front Party (Great Britain), Nidel, Menahem, 218 187, 188 Niger, 10 National Hebrew Culture Council, 268 Nissim, Moshe, 24, 25 National Jewish Commission on Law Nocham, Phillip, 246 and Public Affairs (COLPA), 124, None is Too Many, 183 264 North American Association of Jewish National Jewish Committee on Scout- Homes and Housing for the Aged, ing, 293 293 National Jewish Community Relations North American Jewish Students Ap- Advisory Council, 122, 124, 264 peal, 302 National Jewish Hospital/National North American Jewish Students' Net- Asthma Center, 293 work, 303 National Jewish Hospitality Committee, North American Jewish Youth Council, 279 264 National Jewish Information Service for Northern California Jewish Bulletin, 320 the Propagation of Judaism, Inc., Norwich, Rose, 238 279 Nothman, Na'ama, 243 National Jewish Population Study, 2S2n Novick, Natalie, 337 National Jewish Resource Center, 279 Novosti Press Agency, 221 Zachor: The Holocaust Resource Nowakowski, Mark, 225 Center, 279 Nudel, Ida, 220 National Joint Community Relations Committee of Canadian Jewish O'Brien, John, 180 Congress, 305 Ohio Jewish Chronicle, 327 National Party (South Africa), 235, 238 Olbrysky, Wanda, 182 National Religious Party (Israel), 24, Olomeinu—Our World, 325 59, 60, 61 On the Other Hand, 196 National Yiddish Book Center, 268 Ontario Federation of Labor (OFL), National Youth Council for Soviet 180, 181 Jewry (Great Britain), 193 Or Chadash, 325 Navon, Yitzhak, 23, 25, 37, 38, 56, 59 Or Haemet School (Canada), 182 NBC poll, 105-116 Ornstein, Paul, 229 Near East Report, 321 Ostrovsky-Cohen, Victoria, 66 Nebenzahl, Yitzhak, 71 Ott, Harry, 212 Ne'eman, Yuval, 60 Ottawa Jewish Bulletin & Review, 328 Neiman, Ernest, 229 Otte, Rudolf, 212 Nelson, John, 180 Owen, Dennis, 127 Nemeth, Morris, 197 Oz, Amos, 3 Ner Israel Rabbinical College, 279 Ozar Hatorah, Inc., 279 New Jewish Agenda, 87 Oziel, Leon, 182 New-Old Rendering of the Psalms, 196 New Religious Right in America, 127 Pakistan, 10 New Republic, 121 Palestine Congress of North America, New York Jewry, 128-139 87 INDEX / 409 Palestine Liberation Army, 18 Phoenix Jewish News, 320 Palestine Liberation Organization Pierce, Joseph, 188 (PLO), 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, Pigalev, V., 219 15,16,17,18,19,20,23,24,26,32, Pilkey, Clifford, 180 33,40,41,43,44,45,47,49, 50, 53, Pilley, Amnon, 197 54, 57, 58,73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, Pincus Jewish Education Fund, 195 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89,90,91, Pinsky, Leonard, 185 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 102, 107, Pioneer Woman, 325 120, 121, 122, 127, 180, 181, 188, Pioneer Women Na'amat, The Wo- 189, 190, 191, 199, 200, 201, 207, men's Labor Zionist Organization 212, 216, 232, 239 of America, Inc., 298 Palestinian Red Crescent Society, 80 Pioneers, Ploughs, and Prayers, 184 Pamensky, Joe, 243 Planinc, Milka, 232 Parness, Marcia, 245 Plehn, Sarah, 245 Pasternak, Boris, 222 Poale Agudath Israel of America, Inc., Pasternak, Evgenii, 222 298 Pastor, Sevilla, 230 Women's Division of, 298 Patt, Gideon, 57, 241 Podhoretz, Norman, 89, 121 Paxton, Robert, 196 Poggi, Luigi, 225 Pazner, Avi, 58 Polack, Albert, 197 PEC Israel Economic Corporation, 298 Poland, 178, 207, 212, 215, 224-228, Pedagogic Reporter, 325 232 PEF Israel Endowment Funds, Inc., Polish, David, 85 298 Pollins, Harold, 196 Peled, Gabriel, 208 Population and Vital Statistics Report, Pelshe, Arvid, 212 25On The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, 195 Porat, Hanan, 34 Pens, Moishe, 220 Porter, Maurice, 244 Percy, Charles, 76 Portugal, Eliezer Zisya, 338 Perec, Georges, 204 Posluns, Louis, 185 Peres, Shimon, 7, 22, 23, 55, 56, 60, 61, Posswohl Synagogue (South Africa), 241 99 Post-Conservative America, 127 Peretz, Martin, 121 Pravda (Soviet Union), 216, 219 Peretz, Yitzhak, 59 Present Tense, 325 Peri, Chaim, 242 Pressler, Larry, 52, 76 Perlmutter, Nathan, 122 Prestin, Vladimir, 181 Perlmutter, Ruth Ann, 122 Pretoria University, 238 Pertsov, Mikhail, 221 Prilutski, Noah, 228 Peskin, Nathan, 338 Princeton University, 68 Petah Tikva Synagogue (Canada), 182 Principles of Faith, 196 Petrovic, Luci, 233 Proceedings of the American Academy P'eylim—American Yeshiva Student for Jewish Research, 325 Union, 279 Proofs of Affection, 196 Phillips, Kevin, 127 Public opinion polls, 105-116 Phillips, Minnie, 244 Pym, Francis, 189, 192 Philo-Semitism and the Readmission of the Jews to England, 1603-1655, Qaddafi, Muammar, 91 196 Al Qalam (South Africa), 239 410 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Rabbinical Academy of Johannesburg, Religious Zionists of America, 299 242 Bnei Akiva of North America, 299 Rabbinical Alliance of America, 280 Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi, 299 Rabbinical Assembly, 280 Mizrachi Palestine Fund, 299 Rabbinical College of Telshe, Inc., 280 National Council for Torah Educa- Rabbinical Conference in the Federal tion of Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizra- Republic of Germany, 208 chi, 299 Rabbinical Council of America, Inc., Noam-Hamishmeret Hatzeira, 299 280 Repin, Valerii, 213 Rabbinical Council Record, 325 Reporter, 325 Rabbinical Seminary (Hungary), 231 Representative Council of French Rabin, Yitzhak, 12, 61, 241 Jewry, 201 Rabinkov, Heshel, 221 Research Foundation for Jewish Immi- Rabinovitch, Nahum, 19S gration, Inc., 268 Rader, William, 182 Research Institute of Religious Jewry, Radwan, Abdul-Hamid, 38 Inc., 280 Raisov, Boris, 221 Reshef, Amnon, 71 Raiz, Carmella, 181 Response, 325 Rajk, Ladislav, 230 Revista Culturui Mosaic (Rumania), Rajk, Lazlo, 230 229 Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 227 Rey, Charles, 199 Rally for the Republic (France), 198 Rhode Island Jewish Historical Notes, Randt, Iakov, 229 327 Raphaely, Rudolph, 245 Riback, Sidney B., 338 Raskin, Joseph, 338 Ribalow, Harold, 338 Rauca, Albert Helmut, 179 Riemer, Chaim, 229 Ravitch, Melee, 184 Rigner, Gerhard, 231 Reagan, Ronald, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 22, 36, Rittenberg, Mark, 241 Robak, Henryk, 227 38,40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, Rodensky, Shmuel, 209 73, 74, 77, 83,90,92,94, 95, 96,97, Ronder, I., 221 98, 99, 100, 101,102, 103, 120, 123, Rose, Herbert, 88 124, 125, 175, 188, 226 Rosen, Moses, 228, 229, 230 The Real Anti-Semitism, 122 Rosen, Moshe, 69 Reconstructionist, 325 Rosenberg, Lillian, 244 Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Rosenfeld, Chava, 184 280 Rosenthal, Benjamin, 82 Reform Judaism, 325 Rosenthal, David, 338 Reform Synagogues of Great Britain, Rosenzweig, Franz, 202 192 Rosin, A. J., 245 Refusenik: Trapped in the Soviet Union, Roth, Ernst, 208 196 Rothberg, Sam, 70 Reiber, Edward, 227 de Rothschild, Alain, 201, 203 Reichmann, Eva, 209 Roumanian Jewish Federation of Amer- Reif, Stefan, 196 ica, Inc., 289 Reizenstein, Lottie, 197 Roy, Aharon, 237 The Religious Right and Christian Faith, Rozenhoiz, Mendl, 222 127 Rozenoer, Sergeii, 214 INDEX / 411

Rubens, Alfred, 196 Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Econom- Rubenstein, Julian, 243 ics, and the Universities of Ontario, Rubin, Gillian, 244 1945-1980, 184 Rubin, Rivka, 222 Scholem, Gershom, 71, 196 Rubinstein, Amnon, 24, 33, 35 Schonfeld, Solomon, 196 Rubinstein, Arthur, 339 Schotz, Benno, 196 Rudin, Jacob Philip, 339 Schreyer, Edward, 185 Rumania, 69, 178, 224, 228-230 Schuster, David, 209 Runes, Dagobert D., 339 Schwarz-Gardos, Alice, 209 Russakov, Konstantin, 215 Sciaky, Ino, 71 Ryan, Toby Gordon, 184 Scriver, Charles, 185 Searle, Charlotte, 238 Sachar, Howard, 243 Seeff, Lawrence, 244 Sacks, Jonathan, 195 Segal, Abe, 244 Sacks, Kim, 243 Segal, Judah, 195 The Sacred Executioner: Human Sac- Seifert, Iliana, 231 rifice and the Legacy of Guilt, 196 Seko, Sese, 58 al-Sadat, Anwar, 36, 39, 92 A Self-Love Affair, 203 Saenger, Hanns, 240 Senderov, Valerii, 219 Saguy, Yehoshua, 5, 28, 78 Sentinel, 321 bin Said, Qabas, 92 Sephardic House, 268 St. Louis Center for Holocaust Studies, Sephardic Jewish Brotherhood of Amer- 268 ica, Inc., 289 St. Louis Jewish Light, 322 Seven Arts Feature Syndicate and Sakharov, Andreii, 213, 214 World Wide News Service, 328 Salah, Munser, 44 Shaarei Tefillah Synagogue (Canada), Salbstein, M.C.N., 196 179 Salmon, Jack, 197 Shahar, David, 203 Samsonowicz, Henryk, 225 al-Shaka, Bassam, 41 Sandelson, Neville, 192 Shamgar, Meir, 41, 67, 71 Sanders, Henry, 197 Shamir, Yitzhak, 6, 11, 15, 17, 27, 28, Sandier, Boris, 220 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 51, 56, 58, 69 Sandier, Shimon, 221 Shapira, Amos, 238 Sarbanes, Paul, 75 Shapira, Avraham, 63 Sash, Cecily, 243 Sharir, Avraham, 65 Saudi Arabia, 48, 49, 75, 76, 77, 83, 92, Sharon, Ariel, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 95, 106, 119, 189, 206, 207 17,18,19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24,26,27, Savidor, Menahem, 71 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 39,41,42,45, Savitt, Martin, 193 48,49, 51, 52, 57, 58,69, 78, 82, 85, Schach, Leonard, 238 90, 93, 97 Schapiro, Meyer, 90 Shauki, Ahmed, 44 Schechter, Emil, 229 Shayevich, Adolf, 218 Scheiber, Aleksander, 231 Shcharansky, Anatoly, 181, 219 Schiff, Ze'ev, 78 Shehadeh, Raja, 196 Schindler, Alexander, 123 Sherman, Bertha, 245 Schindler's Ark. 196 Sherman, David, 245 Schmelz, U. O., 247n, 248n, 252n Sherman, John, 186 Schneider, Gaby, 244 Sherwin, Byron, 196 412 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Sheviley Ha-Hinnukh, 325 South Africa, 235-246 Shifman, David, 72 South African Jewish Board of Depu- Shilansky, Dov, 33 ties, 238, 239, 240, 242 Shimon Peres, 196 South African Union for Progressive Ju- Shimoni, Emanuel, 243 daism, 243 Shinui Party (Israel), 24, 25, 33, 60 South African Union of Jewish Stu- Shkolnik, L., 222 dents, 239 Shliefer, Solomon, 218 South African Zionist Conference, 241 Sh'ma, 325 South African Zionist Federation, 238, Shmuessen Mit Kinder Un Yugent, 325 239, 240, 241, 242 Shoah, 325 Southern Israelite, 321 Shoikhet, R., 222 Southern Jewish Weekly, 321 Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute, Inc., Southgate Reform Synagogue (Great 280 Britain), 195 Short History of the Jewish People, 234 Southwest Jewish Chronicle, 327 Shraibman, Iekhiel, 221 Sovetish Heimland (Soviet Union), 216, Shultz, George, 16, 45, 53, 56, 75, 76, 219, 220, 221, 222 82, 100 Sovetskaia Etnographia (Soviet Union), Sichel, H., 244 219 Sieff, Edward, 197 Sovetskii Voin (Soviet Union), 219 Siegal, Aranka, 196 Soviet Union, 69, 73, 74, 77, 78, 90, 91, Siegel, Ida Lewis, 185 94, 98, 102, 103, 178, 205, 212, Siegelman, Jim, 127 212-223, 224 Siegman, Henry, 124 Soviet Weekly. 193 Silke, Ens, 243 Spain, 14 Silverstone, Alec, 197 The Spare Room, 243 Simkowitz, Manfred, 242 Spectrum, 325 Singer, Barney, 245 Spertus College of Judaica, 280 Sirat, Rene Samuel, 201 Spiel, Hilde, 209 Six Day War, 6, 36 Spilberg, Chaim, 184 Slepak, Vladimir, 219 Spira, Phyllis, 244 Slobodin, Roman, 339 Spiro, John, 245 Smolianskaia, R., 221 Spitzer, Jack, 240 Snopkowski, Simon, 209 Spokojny, Julius, 209 Snowman, Arthur, 197 Spornic, Aneta, 228 Sobol, Yehoshua, 68 Springer, Axel, 207 Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas Squadron, Howard, 127 of Assimilation in Germany and Stage Left, 184 Austria-Hungary, 196 Stambolic, Petar, 232 Society for Humanistic Judaism, 280 Stanislavsky Dramatic Theater, 221 Society for the History of Czechslovak Star of Redemption, 203 Jews, Inc., 268 Stark Jewish News, 327 Society of Friends of the Touro Syna- State of Israel Bonds, 299 gogue, National Historic Shrine, Steadman, Ian, 243 Inc., 280 Stein, Russel, 244 Society of Israel Philatelists, 299 Steinberg, Donna, 184 Soldierz Wolnosti (Poland), 224 Steinberg, M. W., 184 Sommer, Evelyn, 240 Steinhorn, Jack, 241 INDEX / 413

Stember, Charles, 340 Taub, Henri, 227 Stern, Isaac, 246 Taub, Ken, 177 Stern, Jossi, 243 Tauber, Eduard, 233 Stern, Max, 340 Tavin, Eli, 242 Stolen Years, 196 Tehiya Party (Israel), 60 Stone, Robby, 245 Telem Party (Israel), 59 The Stormer (Great Britain), 188 Temple Emanu-El (Canada), 182 The Story of the Stories: The Chosen Peo- Temple Emanuel (South Africa), 241 ple and its God, 196 Temple Shalom (South Africa), 242 Strasberg, Lee, 340 Tenenblat, Shmuel, 228 Strauss, Walter, 209 Terre Blanche, Eugene, 238, 239 Street, Anthony, 57 Texas Jewish Post, 327 Strub, Leo, 177 Teyku: The Unsolved Problem in the Stryjkowski, Julian, 224-225 Babylonian Talmud, 196 Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry, 264 Thatcher, Margaret, 187, 189 Studies in Bibliography and Booklore, The Third Way: A Journal of Life on the 327 West Bank, 196 Studies in Jewish Demography, 247, Thomas, D. H., 196 247n Thurman, Israel N., 340 Sudan, 18 El Tiempo (Israel), 69 Sunday Times (South Africa), 240 Tiferet Israel Synagogue (Canada), 182 Survey for 1969-1971, 247 Tifereth Beth David Synagogue (Can- The Survivors, 196 ada), 181 Suzman, Helen, 244 Tikhonov, Nikolaii, 215 Sussman, Yoel, 72 The Times (Great Britain), 190, 192 Svijet (Yugoslavia), 233 Tindemans, Leo, 57 Switzerland, 123 Tito, Josip, 232 Synagogue Council of America, 125, Tlas, Mustafa, 78 281 Torah Schools for Israel—Chinuch Atz- Institute for Jewish Policy Planning mai, 281 and Research of, 281 Torah Umesorah—National Society for Synagogue Light, 325 Hebrew Day Schools, 281 Syracuse Jewish Observer, 326 Institute for Professional Enrich- Syria, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, ment, 281 18, 20,27, 32,48, 73, 74,76,77, 78, National Association of Hebrew Day 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 103, 212 School Administrators, 281 System and Revelation, 203 National Association of Hebrew Day Szurmiej, Szymon, 227 School Parent-Teacher Associa- tions, 281 Tajfel, Henri, 197 National Conference of Yeshiva Prin- Tal, Noam, 43 cipals, 281 Tal, Sidi, 221 National Yeshiva Teachers Board of Talks and Tales, 326 License, 282 Talmon, Shemaryahu, 206 Samuel A. Fryer Educational Re- Tami Party (Israel), 24, 59, 60, 66 search Foundation, 282 Tamir, Avraham, 58 Toronto Jewish Congress (TJC), 178 Tarnopolsky, Iurii, 220 Touati, Emile, 202 Tartakower, Arye, 72 Touro College, 282 414 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Tradition, 326 Union of Jewish Women, 240, 242 The Treatise of the Pool, 196 Union of Liberal and Reform Syna- Trepper, Leopold Leib, 71 gogues (Great Britain), 192 Treurnicht, Andreis, 235, 238 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congrega- Tribune Juive (France), 201 tions of America, 283 Trifa, Valerian, 123 National Conference of Synagogue Troper, Harold, 183 Youth, 283 Trud (Soviet Union), 213 Women's Branch, 283 Trudeau, Pierre, 175, 178, 180 Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United Tsipin, Mikhail, 220 States and Canada, 283 Tsongas, Paul, 120 Union of Religious Congregations (Po- Tsoref, Nir, 43 land), 226, 227 Tsukerman, Vladimir, 181 Union of Sephardic Congregations, Inc., Tuck, Raphael, 197 284 Tulsa Jewish Review, 327 United Charity Institutions of Jerusa- Tunik, Yitzhak, 71 lem, Inc., 299 Tunisia, 18 United Communal Fund, 240, 241 Tyloch, Witold, 227 United Israel Appeal (UIA), 178, 299 United Jewish Appeal, Inc., 270 UJFNews, 327 Faculty Advisory Cabinet, 270 Undzer Veg (Canada), 328 Rabbinic Cabinet, 271 Unikower, Franz, 209 University Programs Dept., 271 Union for Democracy in France, 198 Women's Division of, 271 Union of American Hebrew Congrega- Young Leadership Cabinet, 271 tions, 122, 123 Young Women's Leadership Cabinet, American Conference of Cantors, 282 271 Commission on Social Action of Re- United Jewish Philanthropic Fund, 201 form Judaism, 262 United Jewish Relief Agencies, 183 National Association of Temple Ad- United Jewish Teachers' Seminary, 305 ministrators of, 282 United Kingdom Muslim Solidarity National Association of Temple Committee, 190 Educators, 282 United Lubavitcher Yeshivoth, 284 National Federation of Temple United Mizrachi Organizations of South Brotherhoods, 282 Africa, 240, 242 National Federation of Temple Sister- United Nations, 120, 179, 188 hoods, 282 United Nations, General Assembly, 12, North American Federation of Tem- 52 ple Youth, 283 United Nations, Resolution 242, 50, 95, and Central Conference of American 97 Rabbis: Commission on Jewish Ed- United Nations, Resolution 338, 97 ucation, 283 United Nations, Security Council, 8,43, and Central Conference of American 102 Rabbis: Joint Commission on Syna- United Nations Interim Force in Leba- gogue Administration, 283 non (UNIFIL), 4, 6 Union of Councils for Soviet Jews, 264, United Nations Relief and Welfare 270 Agency (UNRWA), 10, 82, 83 Union of Jewish Students (Great Brit- United Order True Sisters, Inc., 290 ain), 192 United Progressive Congregations, 241 INDEX / 415 United States, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 26, 27, Vichy France and the Jews, 196 30, 31, 33, 36,40,43,45,49, 51, 52, Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 200 53, 54, 55, 56, 73-103, 119-127, Viljoen, Marais, 235 175, 212, 217, 225 Vilno Yiddish Folk Theater, 221 United States, House of Representa- Vincent, Sidney Z., 341 tives, 120 The Visitants, 184 United States, State Department, 217 Vital, David, 195 United States Committee Sports for Is- Volksarmee (German Democratic Re- rael, Inc., 299 public), 212 United States Peace Council, 87 Vorster, John, 235 United Synagogue of America, 284 Vysotsky, Vladimir, 222 Atid, College Age Organization of, 284 Waddington, Miriam, 184 Commission on Jewish Education, Wajda, Andrzej, 225 284 Walesa, Lech, 225 Jewish Educators Assembly of, 284 Wallach, Michael, 197 Joint Commission on Social Action, Wallenberg, Raoul, 207 284 Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friend- Kadima of, 284 ship, 196 National Association of Synagogue Warburg, Siegmund, 197 Administrators of, 284 Washington Post, 90, 120, 121 United Synagogue Youth of, 285 Washington Post -ABC Poll, 119 United Synagogue (Great Britain), 192 Watt, James, 120 United Synagogue Review, 326 al-Wazzan, Shank, 13, 22 University of Calgary, 180 Webber, George, 197 University of Cape Town, 237, 242 Der Wecker, 326 University of Guelph, 180 Weichselbaum, Alfred, 208 University of Ottawa, 180 Weil, Sherwood, 245 University of the Witwatersrand, 239, Weiler, Mauricy, 227 240, 243, 244 Weinberg, Zvi, 241 University of Toronto, 180 Weinberger, Caspar, 51, 52, 53, 55, 75, Unna, Itzhak, 241 93,94 Unser Tsait, 326 Weiner, Lazar, 341 Unterman, Alan, 196 Weiner, Sidney, 197 Upon the Head of the Goat: A Childhood Weingreen, J., 196 in Hungary, 1939-1944, 196 Weinstein, Fay, 241 Urbach, Ephraim, 23 Weinstein, Julius, 241 Uris Harold D., 341 Weiss, Abner, 243 Uruguay, 69 Weiss, Peter, 209 Uzan, Aharon, 66 Weizman, Ezer, 60, 61 Weizmann Institute of Science, 181 Vaad Mishmereth Stam, 285 Weltsch, Robert, 72, 206 Variants (Soviet Union), 214 Werbach, Moses, 234 Veil, Simone, 209 West Coast Talmudical Seminary, 285 Veliotes, Nicholas, 93 Western Jewish News (Canada), 328 Venezuela, 57 Western Province Adult Education Verdet, Hie, 228 Council, 242 Vergelis, Aron, 220 Western Province Zionist Council, 241 416 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 Western States Jewish Historical Quar- World Council of Yiddish and Yiddish terly, 320 Culture, 182 White, Dale, 87 World Jewish Congress, 85, 191, 207, The White Hotel, 196 230, 233, 264 Who's Who in Nazi Germany, 196 World Jewish population, 247-258 Why Windsor? An Anecdotal History of World Jewish Population: Regional Esti- the Jews of Windsor and Essex mates and Projections, 247n County, 184 World Over, 326 Wiesenthal, Simon, 179 World Union for Progressive Judaism, Willebrands, Johannes, 122 Ltd., 285 Wilsker, Leib, 220 World Zionist Congress, 70, 193, 202 Wilson, Stephen, 196 World Zionist Organization, 42, 55, Windsor Jewish Community Council 193, 195, 242 Bulletin (Canada), 328 World Zionist Organization-American Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, 328 Section, 300 Wishner, Maynard, 100 Department of Education and Cul- Wistrich, Robert, 196 ture, 300 WIZO Federation, 207 North American Aliyah Movement, Wolf, Jeffrey, 245 300 Wolfe, Morley, 185 Zionist Archives and Library of the, Wolfson, Murray, 196 300 Wolpe, David, 242 Ya'ari, Yehuda, 72 Women Strike for Peace, 87 Yachad, Mandy, 244 Women's American ORT Reporter, 326 Yadin, Yigael, 68 Women's International League for Yankelevitch, Wladimir, 200 Peace and Freedom, 87 Yariv, Avner, 243 Women's League for Conservative Ju- Yaron, Amos, 28 daism, 285 Yavne Hebrew Theological Seminary, Women's League for Israel, Inc., 300 285 Women's League Outlook, 326 Yearbook of the Central Conference of Women's Social Service for Israel, Inc., American Rabbis, 326 271 Yediot Ahronot, 21 Women's Zionist Council of South Yellin, Dora, 246 Africa, 241 Yeshiva University, 285 Wood, Bobby, 244 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Wood, Murray, 90 286 The Worker (Poland), 226 Alumni Office, 286 Workmen's Circle, 290 Belfer Graduate School of Science, Division of Jewish Labor Committee, 286 263 Belfer Institute for Advanced Bi- World Alliance of Reformed Churches, omedical Studies, 286 237 Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, World Confederation of Jewish Com- 286 munity Centers, 293 Bernard Revel Graduate School, 286 World Confederation of United Zion- Cantonal Training Institute, 287 ists, 300 Caroline and Joseph S. Grass Insti- World Council of Synagogues, 285 tute in Jerusalem, 287 INDEX / 417 Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychol- Yom Kippur War, 11, 58 ogy, 287 Yoman Hashavua, 68 Harry Fischel School for Higher Jew- York University, 180 ish Studies, 287 Young, Perry Deane, 127 Marcos and Adina Katz Kollel, 287 Young Israel Viewpoint, 326 Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Young Judaean, 326 Seminary, 287 Youngstown Jewish Times, 327 Society of the Founders of the Albert Youth and Nation, 326 Einstein College of Medicine, 287 Yugntruf, 326 Women's Organization, 287 Yugntruf Youth for Yiddish, 303 Wurzweiler School of Social Work, Yugoslavia, 232-234 287 Yeshiva University Gerontological Zaire, 58 Institute, 287 Zamir, Yitzhak, 47 Yeshiva University of Los Angeles, Zbornik (Yugoslavia), 234 287 Zedaka, Yefet Ben-Avraham, 72 Yeshiva University Museum, 268 Zeigerman, Dror, 24, 60 Yeshivath Torah Vodaath and Mesivta Zhabotinsky, Ickhok, 222 Rabbinical Seminary, 288 Zigelboym, Artur, 228 Alumni Association, 288 Zikhroines, 221 Yiddish, 326 Zimbabwe, 236 Yiddish Musical Chamber Theater, 221 Zionism: The Formative Years, 195 Di Yiddishe Heim, 326 Zionist Federation (ZF), 192, 193, 195 Yiddishe Kultur, 326 Zionist Organization of America, 300 Yiddishe Shprakh, 326 Zionist Organization of Canada, 305 Dos Yiddishe Vort, 326 Zionist Organization of Germany, 207 Yiddisher Kemfer, 326 Zipper, Jacob, 184 Yiddisher Kultur Farband—YKUF, Zippori, Mordechai, 28 268 Ziprin, Nathan, 341 YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, Zolty, Bezalel, 241 326 Zorea, Meir, 30 YIVOBleter, 326 DiZukunft, 326 Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, Inc., Zundel, Ernest, 179 269 Zwerling, Yetta, 341 Max Weinreich Center for Advanced Zyskind, Sara, 196 Jewish Studies, 269

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Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out this highly regarded reference work.

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