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American Jewish Year Book AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 1984 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA The 1984 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, the eighty-fourth in the series, continues to offer a unique chronicle of developments in areas of concern to Jews around the world. The present volume features three articles dealing with the causes, course, and consequences of Operation Peace for Galilee: "Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon" by Ralph Mandel; "The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War" by George Gruen; and "U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War" by Geraldine Rosenfield. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Fried- man's "Intergroup Relations" and Paul Ritterband's and Steven Cohen's 'The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981" Alvin Chenkin provides revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and South Africa. New estimates for the world Jewish popu- lation are given. (Continued on back flap) $23.5O American Jewish Year Book American Jewish Year Book 1984 VOLUME 84 Prepared by THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Editors MILTON HIMMELFARB DAVID SINGER THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE NEW YORK THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA COPYRIGHT, 1983 BY THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE AND THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper. ISBN 0-8276-0235-9 Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 99-4040 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE HADDON CRAFTSMEN, INC., SCRANTON, PA. Preface lie present volume features three articles dealing with the causes, course, and consequences of Operation Peace for Galilee: "Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon," by Ralph Mandel; "The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War," by George Gruen; and "U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War," by Geraldine Rosenfield. The review of developments in the United States includes Murray Friedman's "Intergroup Relations" and Paul Ritterband's and Steven M. Cohen's "The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981." Alvin Chenkin provides revised U.S. Jewish population estimates. Jewish life around the world is reported on in a series of articles dealing with Israel, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, the Soviet Union, Poland, Ru- mania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and South Africa. New estimates for the world Jewish population are given. Carefully compiled directories of national Jewish organizations, periodicals, and federations and welfare funds, as well as religious calendars and obituary notices, round out the 1984 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. We are very grateful to our colleagues Carol Sue Davidson and Nechama Dina Nerenberg for technical and editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to Joan Mar- gules for her proofreading efforts and to Diane Hodges for compiling the index. Finally, we acknowledge the aid of Cyma M. Horowitz, director of the Blaustein Library, Lotte Zajac, and all our other co-workers in the Information and Research Department. THE EDITORS Contributors BERNARD BASKIN: rabbi, Temple Anshe Sholom, Hamilton, Ontario. ALVIN CHENKIN: research consultant, CJFWF, New York. STEVEN MARTIN COHEN: associate professor, sociology, Queens College, CUNY, New York. SERGIO DELLAPERGOLA: senior lecturer, Jewish demography, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. DENIS DIAMOND: associate director, World Jewish Congress, Israel branch, Jerusalem. MURRAY FRIEDMAN: director, middle Atlantic region, AJC, Philadelphia. GEORGE E. GRUEN: director, Israel and Middle East affairs, AJC, New York. LIONEL E. KOCHAN: Bearsted Reader in Jewish history, University of Warwick, Oxford. MIRIAM KOCHAN: journalist, translator, Oxford. ARNOLD MANDEL: novelist, reporter, literary critic, Paris. RALPH MANDEL: journalist, translator, Jerusalem. GERALDINE ROSENFIELD: research analyst, AJC, New York. PAUL RITTERBAND: professor, sociology, City College, CUNY, New York. FRIEDO SACHSER: reporter, editor, Dusseldorf. U. O. SCHMELZ: associate professor, Jewish demography, Institute of Contempo- rary Jewry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. LEON SHAPIRO: Rutgers University, retired, New York. vn Table of Contents PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS vn SPECIAL ARTICLES Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon Ralph Mandel 3 The United States and Israel: Impact of the Lebanon War George E. Gruen 73 U.S. Public Opinion Polls and the Lebanon War Geraldine Rosenfield 105 UNITED STATES CIVIC AND POLITICAL Intergroup Relations Murray Friedman 119 COMMUNAL The Social Characteristics of the New York Area Jewish Community, 1981 Paul Ritterband and Steven M. Cohen 128 DEMOGRAPHIC Jewish Population in the United States, 1983 Alvin Chenkin 162 IX X / CONTENTS OTHER COUNTRIES CANADA Bernard Baskin 175 WESTERN EUROPE Lionel and Miriam Great Britain Kochan 187 Arnold Mandel 198 France CENTRAL EUROPE Federal Republic of Germany Friedo Sachser 205 German Democratic Republic Friedo Sachser 210 EASTERN EUROPE Soviet Union Leon Shapiro 212 Soviet Bloc Nations Leon Shapiro 224 SOUTH AFRICA Denis Diamond 235 WORLD JEWISH POPULATION U.O. Schmelz and Sergio DellaPergola 247 DIRECTORIES, LISTS, AND NECROLOGY NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS United States 261 Canada 303 JEWISH FEDERATIONS, WELFARE FUNDS, COMMUNITY COUNCILS 306 JEWISH PERIODICALS United States 320 Canada 328 NECROLOGY: UNITED STATES 329 SUMMARY JEWISH CALENDAR, 5744-5748 (Sept. 1983-Sept. 1988) 344 CONTENTS / XI CONDENSED MONTHLY CALENDAR, 1983-1985 (5743-5746) 346 REPORT OF JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 375 SPECIAL ARTICLES IN VOLUMES 51-83 OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 386 INDEX 391 Special Articles Israel in 1982: The War in Lebanon by RALPH MANDEL LS ISRAEL MOVED INTO its 36th year in 1982—the nation cele- brated 35 years of independence during the brief hiatus between the with- drawal from Sinai and the incursion into Lebanon—the country was deeply divided. Rocked by dissension over issues that in the past were the hallmark of unity, wracked by intensifying ethnic and religious-secular rifts, and through it all bedazzled by a bullish stock market that was at one and the same time fuel for and seeming haven from triple-digit inflation, Israelis found themselves living increasingly in a land of extremes, where the middle ground was often inhospitable when it was not totally inaccessible. Toward the end of the year, Amos Oz, one of Israel's leading novelists, set out on a journey in search of the true Israel and the genuine Israeli point of view. What he heard in his travels, as published in a series of articles in the daily Davar, seemed to confirm what many had sensed: Israel was deeply, perhaps irreconcilably, riven by two political philosophies, two attitudes toward Jewish historical destiny, two visions. "What will become of us all, I do not know," Oz wrote in concluding his article on the develop- ment town of Beit Shemesh in the Judean Hills, where the sons of the "Oriental" immigrants, now grown and prosperous, spewed out their loath- ing for the old Ashkenazi establishment. "If anyone has a solution, let him please step forward and spell it out—and the sooner the better. The situa- tion is not good." OPERATION PEACE FOR GALILEE Background of the Lebanon War The military thrust into Lebanon that began on June 6, though launched in response to a specific occurrence, was, in retrospect, the seemingly inevi- table consequence of a series of developments that began over a decade earlier with the expulsion of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Jordan and its subsequent move into Lebanon. The PLO's move did away with Lebanon's delicate political balance and unleashed a civil war that raged for over five years, bringing in its wake a large-scale military intervention by Syria. When the dust settled, as it were, Lebanon had ceased 4 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1984 to exist as a sovereign entity with an effective central government. The country had been carved up into a number of zones of control: Syria dominated the area east and north of Beirut and the strategic Beka'a valley along its own border; the PLO, with its headquarters in Beirut, controlled virtually the entire country south of the capital. Having established its own "state within a state" in Lebanon, the PLO sent murder squads across the Israeli border and provided training and haven for terrorist groups that operated against Jewish and other targets around the world. In the course of time, Israel's north became the virtual hostage of the PLO, which interspersed its dispatch of terrorist squads with mortar and rocket shellings of Galilee. Israel sought to deal with the in- creasingly intolerable situation through air, artillery, and commando strikes, and in March 1978 through "Operation Litani" (see AJYB, Vol. 80, 1980, p. 263). That large-scale ground operation in southern Lebanon re- sulted in the formation of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and helped consolidate the enclave of Major Saad Haddad, a defector from the Lebanese army who, with Israeli assistance, had formed his own militia in the south of the country, the so-called "Free Lebanon." In July 1981 a two-week "mini-war" erupted between Israel and the PLO, resulting in the
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