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Oxides of Nitrogen This report contains the collective vews of an international group of experts and does not necce- sarilv represent the decisions or the stated policy of eaher the World hle;ilth Organization or the United Nations Environment Programme EnvironmentQ/ Health Criteria 4 OXIDES OF NITROGEN Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme and the Wodd Health Organization World Health Organization 1 '- Geneva, 1977 I, . 7. ISBN 92 4 154063 X t World 1-Icaith Organization 1977 Publications of the World I-Iealth Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or in lob, application should he made to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTLD iN UNITED KiNtiDUM CONTEJV TS Page FNVIRONMJN1AL HEALTH (RliF-RIA FOR OXIDISOF - NITROGEN 9 I. SUMMARY ANt) RF.C(JMMFNDATIONS FOR FURTHER RF.SFAR( II 10 1.1 Suniniirv 10 I. Li (hcrnitrs• andanalyvcal niethixIs ...... I)) I 2 Sources of I) S ides of riltroge n ............. I U 1.1 3 F.nvii'unmental levels and exposure' ............ 1 11.4 [fleets on experilnental anitiials .......... 12 1. I .5 Effects us man ................ I 3 1.5.1 ( 'ontrolled exposures ............ 13 1.15.2 Accklciltiil arid IliluStriLil cxpssures ....... 14 .1.53 (immunity exposures ............ 14 1.1.6 F.vuluation of health risks ................ 15 1.2 Recommendations for further research ............ 16 2. CHEMISTRY AND ANALYTICAL M[1HODS .......... 17 2.1 Chemical and phxsical properties ................I? Atmospheric uhenissii" ... ............. 19 2 3 Anaistical methods ... ............. .20 2.3 I Sampling .................20 2.3,2 E:iluationoliisilyicul melhods ............20 2.3.2.1 Maflual methods ...............21 13,2.Aulonis0ic methods ...... ......22 2.3.3 Calibration procedures SOURCES OF OXIDFS OF NITROGEN 3.1 Natural sources .....................24 3,3 Man-made sources .... ...............24 3.2 I Slationars smmarccs, ,....,.. ,,,,, 32.3 MohiI sources .................... 26 3.2.3 Non-combustion sources .................26 1.24 Other sources ....................20 ENVIRONMENTAL I.EVELS AND EXPOSURES .......... 26 4. 1 Background concentrations ................26 4.2 Urban concentrations ..................27 4.3 Indoor exposure 31 4.4 Smoking ...... ..................13 - 5. EFFECTS ON F.XPERIMI1NTAI. ANIMALS .,,,....,.... 5.1 local effects on the respiratory ss steni . 33 1.1 Morphological chungs ............... 5.1.2 Functional changes... .............1 5 .f 3 Biochemical cllccts ... 16S 3 Page 5.2 Other effectc g 5.2.1 Effects on growth and body weight 52.2 Immunological effects .. ...... ........ ..38 5.2. 3 1-luematological effects ....... ........ ...39 52.4 Miscellaneous biochemical effects ...... ....... 40 5.15 F.ffects on reprod uction ... ..... .......... 41 5.2.6 Effects on the central nervous system ..... ...... 41 5.2,7 Behavioural changes ..... ..... ........ 42 5.2.8 C'arcinogcnicHy, mutagenicity and teratogenicity ........ 42 5.3 Interaction of nitrogen dioxide and infectious agents ... ...... 43 5,4 Sununars' table .... ....... ...... ...... 45 FEFEC'3'SON MAN .......................... 45 61 Controlled exposures ........... ...... .... 45 6.2 Accidental and industrial exposures .... ............ St 6.3 Community exposures ...... ................ 54 6.3.1 Effects on pulmonary function .. ...............54 6.3.2 Effects on the incidence of acute rcsp]rator disease ........ 55 6.33 Effects on the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease 6.4 Summary tables ..... ....... ....... .... 60 EVALUATION OF l-IEALTI-1 RiSKS FROM EXPOSURE '10 OXII)ES OF NITROGEN ........ ....... ........... 65 7.1 Exposure levels ....... ...... ........... 65 7.2 Experimenial animal studies ... .............. 66 7.3 ....... Controlled studies in man ....... ..... 67 7.4 Fffecs of accidental and industrial exposures ..... ...... 67 7.5 Effects of community exposures ......... ...... 68 7.6 Evaluation of health risks ......... ...... ..... 69 REFERENCES ...... ..... ....... ...... 71 4 NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRiTERIA DOCUMENTS While every effort has been made to present information in the criteria documents as accurately as possible without unduly delaying their publication, mistakes might have occurred and are likely to occur in the future. In the interest of all users of the environmental health criteria documents, readers are kindly requested to communicate any errors found to the Division of Environmental Health, World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda which will appear in subsequent volumes. In addition, experts in any particular field dealt with in the criteria documents are kindly requested to make available to the WHO Secretariat any important published information that may have inadvertently been omitted and which may change the evaluation of health risks from exposure to the environmental agent under exami- nation, so that information may be considered in the event of updating and re-evaluating the conclusions contained in the criteria documents. S WHO TASK GROUP ON ENViRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR OXIDES OF NITROGEN Tokro, 23 27 August 1976 'S Participants ,,li 'i/s'r.v Dr K. Riersteker, Medical Research Division, Municipal Health Department, Rotterdeni. Nether! and Professor K. A- Butueva. Department of Community Hygiene, Central Institute for Advanced Mcdical Training, Moscow, USSR Dr R. G. Derwent. Environmental and Medical Sciences Division. Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Hirwell, England Professor L. F-riherg. Department of Environmental Hygiene, 1 he Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Sweden (Ciiuirn,an) Dr D. F.. Gardner, Biomedical Research Branch, Clinical Studies Division, Health Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N C USA (Raiportiur) Dr J. .kiger. Centre of General and Environmental Hygiene. Institute of hygiene and Epidemiology. Praguc, Ciechoslovakia Dr 1. N akajima, Division of Eovironniental Health Research, Osaka Prefeciural Institute of Public I-Ieilih, Osaka. Japan I Vi(i'-Chairnian) Dr U. von Nieding. Luhoratoriuni for Atinung und Kreislauf, K runkeiihuus Bethan]en. Moers, Federal Republic of German', Mr F. A Schuck. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring and Support laboratory, Las Vegas. NV. lISA (?f'.si'riers Dr J - Kagasva. Department of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan Profesw)r K Maedi. Department of Medicine, Tokyo University. Tokyo. Japan Dr I. Okila. Department of Community Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Public II cal t h . Tok yo. J apa H Dr H - Watariahe. 11yogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health. K ohe, Japan Professor N. Yamaki. Faculty of Engineering. Saitama University, Saitama, Japan Dr N. Yamate, First Section of Fnvironmental Chemistry. National Institute of hygienic Sciences. Tokyo, Japan 7 Dr C. Freeman. Department 01 Medical Sciences, Stanford Resarcli Institute, Menlo Park, CA, IJ Si\ (lcrniiorarj Athco'rj Dr Y. Hascgawii, Medical Officer. Control of Environmental Pollution and llatards, World Health Organiiation, Geneva, Switierland 4501, Mr G ()i.olins. Scientist, ('ontrol of Environmental Pollution and Ha7ards, World Heullh Organization. Geneva, Switzerland (Seiretari) Professor C M. Shy, Institute for Environmental Studies and Department of F.pide- rr iology, School of Public Health, University of' North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Teniporari Athiaer) Dii. S'uiuki. The Institale of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan (Temporary Athio'r) Professor T. Toyarnii, Department of' Prcvenlive Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo. Japan ('[emporari A thoa'r) ENVIRONMENTAL HEAL TH CRITERIA FOR OXIDES OF NITROGEN . A WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen met in Tokyo from 23 to 27 August 1976. Dr Y. Hasegawa, Medical Officer, Control of Environmental Pollution and Hazards, Division of Environmental Health, WHO, opened the meeting on behalf of the Director-General and expressed the appreciation of the Orga- nization to the Government of Japan for kindly acting as host to the meeting. In reply the group was welcomed by Dr M. Hashimoto, Director-General of the Air Quality Bureau, Environment Agency, Japan. The Task Group reviewed and revised the second draft criteria document and made an evaluation of the health risks from exposure to oxides of nitrogen. The first and second drafts of the criteria document were prepared by Dr C. Freeman, Director. Department of Medical Sciences, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, USA. The comments on which the second draft was based were received from the national focal points for the WHO
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