DOCSLIB.ORG

May, 1921. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

May, 1921. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. TABLE&-Computations of total cotton production by the application FORECASTING THE CROPS FROM THE WEATHER.' of the constants of Ute equation of the straight line of bestst, sholvn in [Abstract of presidential address of R. 1.Hooker, belore Roysl Yete&oghl B0dety.p Table 7,to the weather dnta and ginning reports for November. Cotton Mr. Hooker remarked that forecasts of the harvest fell data given to neareat 1,000 runnbg bales, as reported by tlu Bureaic of into two main groups, viz, those which predicted the recur- the Cmw, Department of CommtTce. rence of good and bad cro s in cycles, and those which com- puted the actual amount gy which the yield was improved or damaged by the weather during or shortly before the at3 7 1growin period. He outlined the evolution of the 53.2 4 195 6.45s 10 653 10 495 +l. 5 methof s of ascertainin relationshi s between the weather 57.1 r;@S 6,906 1$374 12:9S3 -4.7 at different seasons of t e year and t e subsequent harvest. 44.3 4 999 6,129 11,lZi 11,058 +O. 6 E R 57.5 ($99 8,192 13,091 13 088 +a o Originally writers such as Gilbert and Lawes could only ea9 3053 7,015 10,071 ld073 *o. 0 82.6 de? 7,346 11,809 lis68 f2.1 examine the meteorological conditions in years of ex- &h8 6'081 9,971 lti,052 14553 +3.2 ceptional abundance or scarcity. A great advance was 66.0 i524 4569 13,393 13,439 -0.7 5s.3 6568 &SO 14 418 13,983 +3.1 made when Sir Rawson Rawson and, later, Sir Napier 53.7 6 015 +a 2 63.0 3:m io. 0 Shaw, from the study of an entire sequence of crops and 62.2 2 7% +a 3 previous weather conditions, suggested formulae from 64.3 3'933 -1.2 4fk5 3:6W -3.6 which the crop might be calculated, while still wider --52.5 4,m -1.9 ossibilities were opened by the methods of correlation. ........-......-.. 1.5 kr. Hooker emphasized the necessit of taking the past - weather into account in predicting t K e harvest, as it was Column I.-Amount of eotton ginned during November. abundantly clear, from comparison with actual forecask Column 2 -Computed percents e of the cotton remainhg to be ginned on November 1 that was'glnned during Novem%m(computed from equations in Table 7, applied to in India and elsewhere, that the weather was responsible &ather data). for developments in the plant which were not visible Column 3.4omputed amount remaining unghncd an November 1 (column 1 divided to by wlumn 2). an observer surveying the young crops in the fields; and, Column 4 -Amount nned prior to November 1. column 5~omuteftotal crop (column 3, plus column 4). although much work still remained to be done, the time Column6.-Totaf crop, as reported by the Bureau of the Census, Department of was ripe for using statistics to confirm or modify the re- Pnrnmprm.---- - -. column 7.-Ppacents of error io computed asuount. sults of direct observation of the growing plants. Nme.-These com u%.ions can be mado as soon as the ginning report for Derunbor 1 is available, while %e actual tot& are.not available throngh the report ofthe Censua 1 uar. Jour Roy. Afei'l Boe Apr 191 4Zi5-99. Bureau until the latter part d the followmg March, or later. '1 Seprinted horn Nat?&(Lozdm);'Ja. h, 1921, p. 714. BIOCLIMATIC ZONES DETERMINED BY METEOROLOQlCAL DATA.' p/.586 By ANDREW D.Ho~sers. [U.S. Department ofdgriculture, Washington, D. C., Apr., lW1.1 In a comprehensive study of the relation of the Bio- 11. The Major Temperate Zone is south and north of climatic Law to the natural and artiiicial distribution of and below Major Fried I, with Minor Tern erate 1,2, 8, terrestrial plants and animals of the world the writer has 4,5,6, and 7, south and north of and below &nor Frigid4. developed a system of bioclimatic zones on the theory 111. The Major Tropical Zone is south and north of that a definite relation prevails between the range and and below Ma'or Temperate I1 with &finorTropical 1,2, limits of similar or equal zones of life and climate and the 3,4, south and north of and beiow Minor Temperate 7. unit constants of time, distance, and the thermal mean of This system of designations and classification of the this law. zones is with the idea of adopting a terminology that is While the study of this relation and the development of applicable to any continental or insular area of both systems of tables of constants, charts, etc., is yet in the hemispheres, instead of the usual names based on geo- reliminary stawe, the fundamental idea of applying the graphical features, .political divisions, regions, etc. , of raw to the stux of life zones, as suggested in SUPPLE- one country or continent. MENT 9 of the ONTELY WEATHERREVIEW-, 1918, p. 38, The major zones of this classification are not different has been developed,d and tested, to a sufficient estent to from those which have long been recognized, exce t that warrant the presentation of the result relatin to a their oleward and equatorward limits do not fo Row Ihe therinal mean principle of forecasting the biocimatic9 para1Ip el8 of latitude even at $ea level. zona that are represented by the meteorologicd stations The minor zones corres ond in general to the minor of the world. temperate zones 1by Dr. Merriam for North The term Bioclimatic Zone has been ado ted to include America, but his gg:ian and Canadian do not a pl the elements of both life and climate that c arscterize the to other continents and Austral and Sonoran for drd zonal complex of responses, primarily to thex solar factor, America do not apply in the same way to South America and secondarily to those represented by the variable or Africa. features of the earth's surface. The classification of zones to meet the requirements CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOCLXMATZC ZONES. of universal application is briefl as follows: The ma'or zones are the frigik tem erate, and tro ical, Each major and minor zone is characterized by some designatea by Roman numerals I, fI, and 111. hese eculiar element or group of elements of life and climate ma'ors are divided into minor fri id, minor temperate, gh. which it may be recognized anywhere on the face of ad minor tropical, which are fesignated by Arabic. t e earth where it is represented by greater or less land numerals. areas. I. The Ma'or Fri id Zone is Arctic, Antarctic, and The index or characterization elements of the minor Alpine, withknor hgid 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the poles zones and their subdivisions into sections are many and and from higher to lower altitudes. varied. Some of the principal ones are the themd 1 Presentad befm the American Meteorological Society, Wdington, D. C., Apr. a0,lOl. Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/25/21 02:01 PM UTC 800 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. MAY, 1981 index, life type and ecological index, the igophane and that either the annual July or Januq or the average of dtitude index including timberline, and the phenological the July and January means will indicate the zone and index. position within the zone represented b the station. Among these features of characterization the thermal 2. When there is a more or less wi Je variation in the mean is fundamental as a response to the solar fact,or; therefore, no matter to what extent the physical aspects as to climate, weather, topography, soil, etc., may vary, the normal range of the characterizin temperature, between the poleward and equatorwar Cf or lower and up er altitude limits of a given major or minor zone, wi8, in yneral, remain the same. There ore, it is to temperature that we must look for the most reliable guide to the preliminary interpretation of the distribution and range of the zones, so far as they resent the normal perature relations are more equally balanced, as related to the zones, Rule 1 ap lies. For examples, vnder 4-de 1, for Millsboro, Del., on the eastern coast of North America, the annual July or heres, computed from t,he records at an intercont.inent,al January gives minor zones - 4 + 5: and for Tokyo, Japan, lase. After some months of study of the recorded means on the enst coast of Eurasia, on about the same isophane, sea level isotherms, etc., from different parts of the the annual and July means give minor 0 5 and the January world, a preliminary table was prepared with Parl-\ers- - 5, so that any one of the means in bothof these examples burg, W. Va., as the intercontinental base station; the indicates ap roximately the correct zonal position. normal annual July and Janua.ry means for 153 years Under Ru re da, for Tatoosh Island, Washmgton, on the as the base data; the thermal unit c.onstant or gradient west coast of North America, and about the same of 1' F. to each one degree isophane as the unit of is0 hane as Example 1, the annual and the average of com utation the principle of modified thermal influence Ju and Januarymeans give minor - 3, the July minor - 1 , on l?ife activities with higher and lower latitudes and anf the January minor 06,and for Rorii, Norway, on the higher altitudes' as the correcting element.
Recommended publications

  • Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945

    Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan.
  • British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: a Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force

    British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: a Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force

    British Security Policy in Ireland, 1920-1921: A Desperate Attempt by the Crown to Maintain Anglo-Irish Unity by Force ‘What we are trying to do is to stop the campaign of assassination and arson, initiated and carried on by Sinn Fein, with as little disturbance as possible to people who are and who wish to be law abiding.’ General Sir Nevil Macready ‘outlining the British policy in Ireland’ to American newspaper correspondent, Carl W. Ackerman, on 2 April 1921.1 In the aftermath of victory in the Great War (1914-1918) and the conclusion to the peacemaking process at Versailles in 1919, the British Empire found itself in a situation of ‘imperial overstretch’, as indicated by the ever-increasing demands for Crown forces to represent and maintain British interests in defeated Germany, the Baltic and Black Seas regions, the Middle East, India and elsewhere around the world. The strongest and most persistent demand in this regard came from Ireland – officially an integral part of the United Kingdom itself since the Act of Union came into effect from 1 January 1801 – where the forces of militant Irish nationalism were proving difficult, if not impossible to control. Initially, Britain’s response was to allow the civil authorities in Ireland, based at Dublin Castle and heavily reliant on the enforcement powers of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), to deal with this situation. In 1920, however, with a demoralised administration in Ireland perceived to be lacking resolution in the increasingly violent struggle against the nationalists, London
  • The Conservatives in British Government and the Search for a Social Policy 1918-1923

    The Conservatives in British Government and the Search for a Social Policy 1918-1923

    71-22,488 HOGAN, Neil William, 1936- THE CONSERVATIVES IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SEARCH FOR A SOCIAL POLICY 1918-1923. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 History, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE CONSERVATIVES IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE SEARCH FOR A SOCIAL POLICY 1918-1923 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Neil William Hogan, B.S.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by I AdvAdviser iser Department of History PREFACE I would like to acknowledge my thanks to Mr. Geoffrey D.M. Block, M.B.E. and Mrs. Critch of the Conservative Research Centre for the use of Conservative Party material; A.J.P. Taylor of the Beaverbrook Library for his encouragement and helpful suggestions and his efficient and courteous librarian, Mr. Iago. In addition, I wish to thank the staffs of the British Museum, Public Record Office, West Sussex Record Office, and the University of Birmingham Library for their aid. To my adviser, Professor Phillip P. Poirier, a special acknowledgement#for his suggestions and criticisms were always useful and wise. I also want to thank my mother who helped in the typing and most of all my wife, Janet, who typed and proofread the paper and gave so much encouragement in the whole project. VITA July 27, 1936 . Bom, Cleveland, Ohio 1958 .......... B.S.S., John Carroll University Cleveland, Ohio 1959 - 1965 .... U.
  • Palestine. Disturbances in May, 1921. Reports of the Commission Of

    Palestine. Disturbances in May, 1921. Reports of the Commission Of

    ^sssaBomma^ma^am ^ f PALESTINE. DISTURBANCES IN MAY, 1921. Reports of the Commission of Inquiry WITH Correspondence Relating Thereto. Fresented to Parliament by Com7nand of His Majesty, October, 1921. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased through any Bookseller or directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses: Imperial Housk, Kinosway, London, W.C. 2, and 23, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.I: 37, Peter Street, Manchester; 1, St, Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff; 2 <, Forth Street, Edinburgh ; or from BASON & SON, Ltd., 40 & 41, Lower Sackville Street, Dublin. 1921. Price One Shilling Net, [Cmd. 1540.] I N LIST OF PAPERSi PALESTINE. DISTURBANCES IN MAY, 1921. Reports of the Commission of Inquiry with Correspondence relating thereto. No. 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE. A. I APPOINT His Honour Sir Thomas Haycraft, Chief Justice of Palestine, Mr. H. C. Luke, Assistant Governor of Jerusalem, and Mr. Stubbs, of the Legal Department, to be a Commission to inquire into the recent disturbances in the town and neighbourhood of Jaffa, and to report thereon > And I appoint Sir Thomas Haycraft to be the Chairman, and Aref Pasha Dejani El Daoudi, Elias Eff. Mushabbeck and Dr. Eliash to be assessors to the Commission. The Commission shall have all the powers specified in Article 2 of the Commission of Inquiries Ordinance, 1921. HERBERT SAMUEL, High Commissioner for Palestine. 7th May, 1921. (B C-82) Wt. 17098-761 1500/90 11/21 H & S, Ltd. * B. I DIRECT the Commission of Inquiry, appointed by Order dated the 7th of May to inquire into and report upon the recent disturbances in the town and neighbourhood of Jaffa, to extend their inquiries and report further upon recent disturbances which have taken place in any part of the District of Jaffa or elsewhere in Palestine.
  • Low-Latitude Auroras: the Magnetic Storm of 14–15 May 1921

    Low-Latitude Auroras: the Magnetic Storm of 14–15 May 1921

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Air Force Research U.S. Department of Defense 2001 Low-latitude auroras: the magnetic storm of 14–15 May 1921 S. M. Silverman E. W. Cliver Air Force Research Laboratory Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usafresearch Part of the Aerospace Engineering Commons Silverman, S. M. and Cliver, E. W., "Low-latitude auroras: the magnetic storm of 14–15 May 1921" (2001). U.S. Air Force Research. 4. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usafresearch/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. Air Force Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63 (2001) 523–535 www.elsevier.nl/locate/jastp Low-latitude auroras: the magnetic storm of 14–15 May 1921 S.M. Silvermana; ∗, E.W. Cliver b a18 Ingleside Rd., Lexington, MA 02420, USA bSpace Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, USA Received 30 November 1999; accepted 28 January 2000 Abstract We review solar=geophysical data relating to the great magnetic storm of 14–15 May 1921, with emphasis on observations of the low-latitude visual aurora. From the reports we have gathered for this event, the lowest geomagnetic latitude of deÿnite overhead aurora (coronal form) was 40◦ and the lowest geomagnetic latitude from which auroras were observed on the poleward horizon in the northern hemisphere was 30◦.
  • 7550 the London Gazette, 27 October, 1922

    7550 the London Gazette, 27 October, 1922

    7550 THE LONDON GAZETTE, 27 OCTOBER, 1922. SCHEDULE—continued. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Yearly Date from which sum or . yearly sum Benefice. County. Diocese. stipend or stipend is granted. payable. £ Henbury, V. ... Chester Chester 26(0 1 May, 1922 Latchfofd, St. James, V. Chester Chester 32 1 May, 1921 Little Budworth, V. Chester Chester 14(0 1 May, 1922 Marton, P.C. ... Chester Cheater 13(p)(0 1 May, 1921 Middle wich, V. Chester Chester 20 1 May, 1921 North Rode, St. Michael, V. ... Chester Chester Q(p)(t) 1 May, 1921 Rainow, V., with Salteraf ord, V. Chester Chester £46 I0a.(e) 2 Feb., 1922 Stoak, V. (or Stoke) Chester Chester 25 (0 1 May, 1922 Taxal, R., with Kettleshulme,V. Chester Chester £46 10s. 2 Feb., 1922 (')(*). Tintwistle, Christ Church, V. .. Chester Chester ... £12lOs.(/) 29 Oct., 1921 Wettenhall, V Chester Chester ... • 6(0 1 May, 1921 Wharton, V Chester Chester 37 1 May, 1921 Wincle, V, Chester ... Chester 7(0 1 May, 1921 Wincle,V. Chester Chester 5 (0 1 May, 1921 Wybunbury, V. Chester Chester 16(0 1 May, 1921 Barnham, V. Sussex ... Chichester 140(0 1 May, 1921 Bepton, R Sussex Chichester 60(p)(0 1 May, 1921 Binsted, R. Sussex ... Chichester 1 May, 1921 Bishopstone, V Sussex Chichester "*(0 1 May, 1921 Bodle Street Green, R Sussex ,, Chichester 26(0 1 May, 1922 Brighton, St. Wilfrid, V. Sussex ... Chichester 200 17 July, 1922 Buxted, St. Mary, V. Sussex Chichester 44 (0 1 May, 1922 Chalvmgton, E. Sussex Chichester 7 (p) (0 1 May, 1921 Crawley Down, All Saiuts, V...
  • Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Rev

    Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Rev

    OSU-Tulsa Library Ruth Sigler Avery collection Series 1: Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 Rev. December 2016 Research materials (arranged alphabetically by subject.) Box 1 “1921 Race Riot. What Was..What Is” Special issue of The Oklahoma Eagle . Feb 2003. Address and Resolutions to the Governor of Oklahoma and its Citizens “Address and Resolutions to the Governor of Oklahoma and its Citizens.” Written by the “Colored Citizens of Leavenworth.” Photocopied typescript, 3p. Photocopy of typed letter from the Governor’s office to T.W. Bell acknowledging receipt of the Address, etc. 2 Jul 1921, 1s. Allstrom, Marguerite Griffith Handwritten comments regarding an interview conducted by Ruth Avery, 6 Nov 1973. Consists of a two-paragraph portion of Avery’s further comments on other interviews. American Civil War Illustrated history cards by Panarizon Publishing Corp. depicting people, places, battles, and other events of the war. 73 cards. American Red Cross Angels of Mercy. The American Red Cross and the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot. Robert N. Hower. 1993. (See online catalog record) Report on the Tulsa Race Riot Disaster Relief. Photocopied typescript, 38p. Disaster Relief Committee. Tulsa County Chapter Report. Photocopied typescript, 31 Dec 1921, 37p. American Violence. A Documentary History Richard Hofstadter and Michael Wallace, eds. Avery’s typed and carbon copy typed page notes and transcriptions of excerpts. 7 pieces. “America’s Biggest Race War” Photocopy of a shaped prose poem, 1p. The Anatomy of Four Race Riots Lee E. Williams and Lee E. Williams II (Jackson, Mississippi: University & College Press, 1972). Photocopied excerpts from the book with Avery’s typed and handwritten notations, 4p.
  • THE LONDON GAZETTE, 28 OCTOBER, 1921. 8511 SCHEDULE—Continued

    THE LONDON GAZETTE, 28 OCTOBER, 1921. 8511 SCHEDULE—Continued

    THE LONDON GAZETTE, 28 OCTOBER, 1921. 8511 SCHEDULE—continued. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 Yearly Date from which sum or yearly sum Benefice County. Diocese. stipend or stipend is granted. payable. & .Desborough, V. ?... ... Northants Peterborough .. 42 1 May,' 1920 Easton Maudit, V. '... Northants Peterborough ... «(«)(P 1 May, 1921 Evington, V Leicester Peterborough .. 56(0 1 May, 1921 •Glen Parva with South Wigton, Leicester Peterborough . 110 1 May, 1920 St. Thomas the Apostle, V. •Orimston with Wartnaby, V. .. Leicester Peterborough ... 84(0 1 May, 1921 Hinckley, V Leicester Peterborough . 10 (h) 31 Aug., 1921 Hose, V Leicester Peterborough . 78 1 May, 1920 .Kettering, All Saints ... Northants Peterborough .. 92 1 May, 1920 .Kilsby, V Northants Peterborough . 30 1 May, 1921 .Leicester, All Saints, V. Leicester Peterborough .. 42 1 May, 1920 Leicester, All Souls, V. Leicester Peterborough .. 27 1 May, 1920 Leicester, Christ Church, V. Leicester Peterborough .. 40 1 May, 1920 Leicester, !St. Alban, V. Leicester Peterborough .. 50 1 May, 1920 .Leicester, St. Andrew,. V, Leicester Peterborough . 2 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. John, V.... Leicester Peterborough ... 53 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. John, V — Leicester Peterborough . 25 (aa) 14 Sept., 1921 Leicester, St. Leonard, V. Leicester Peterborough . 65 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. Luke, V. Leicester Peterborough . 24 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. Mary, V. Leicester Peterborough .. 4 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. Paul, V Leicester Peterborough . 50 1 May, 1920 Leicester, St. Philip, V. Leicester Peterborough . 50 1 May, 1920 Longthorpe, V.... Northants Peterborough ... 4(0(2') 1 May, 1921 Loughborough, Holy Trinity, Leicester Peterborough . 21 1 May, 1920 V. Mount Sorrel, Christ Church, Leicester Peterborough ..

  • Monthly Gdp Estimates for Inter-War Britain

    MONTHLY GDP ESTIMATES FOR INTER-WAR BRITAIN James Mitchell National Institute of Economic and Social Research Solomos Solomou Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge Martin Weale National Institute of Economic and Social Research and Monetary Policy Committee, Bank of England 2011 Abstract We derive monthly and quarterly series of UK GDP for the inter-war period from a set of monthly indicators that were constructed by The Economist at the time. The monthly information is complemented with data for quarterly industrial production, allowing us to employ mixed-frequency methods to produce monthly estimates of GDP and of industrial production. We proceed to illustrate how the new data compare with existing high frequency data and how they can be used to contribute to our understanding of the economic history of the UK in the inter-war period and to draw comparisons between recession profiles in the inter-war and the post-war period. Key Words: Economic History, National Accounts, Monthly GDP Data, Great Depression JEL Reference: N34, C82 2 Gross domestic product is generally regarded as the most appropriate indicator of economic activity. But for the inter-war period the data are only available at the annual frequency. As such, many important questions cannot be addressed in a satisfactory manner. If we are interested in the impact of historical events, such as the effect of policy changes that take place at discrete points in time, we are limited to using either annual data1 or indicators of economic activity at a monthly or quarterly frequency that may not fully capture macroeconomic movements.
  • Series 103 Bronx Parkway Commission Minutes of The

    Series 103 Bronx Parkway Commission Minutes of The

    Westchester County Archives Series 103 2199 Saw Mill River Road Elmsford, New York 10523 Bronx Parkway Commission (914) 231-1500 Minutes of the Commissioners of Appraisal 1916‐1924, 1928‐1930 PROCEEDING NAME DATES CALL NUMBER Proceeding 2K Howitt, et al. Nov 1917‐Dec 1917 A‐0108 (12)F Dec 1917‐Feb 1918 Feb 1918‐Jul 1918 Oct 1918‐Mar 1919 Proceeding 3 Kraft, et al. May 1916‐Jun 1916 Jun 1916‐Jul 1916 Jul 1916 A‐0108 (13)F Jul 1916‐Aug 1916 Aug 1916‐Sep 1916 Sep 1916 Oct 1916 Nov 1916 (2 folders) A‐0108 (14)F Dec 1916‐Jan 1917 Jan 1917‐Feb 1917 Feb 1917 Mar 1917 Mar 1917‐Apr 1917 A‐0108 (15)F Apr 1917‐Jun 1917 Page 1 Westchester County Archives Series 103 2199 Saw Mill River Road Elmsford, New York 10523 Bronx Parkway Commission (914) 231-1500 Minutes of the Commissioners of Appraisal 1916‐1924, 1928‐1930 PROCEEDING NAME DATES CALL NUMBER Proceeding 3 Kraft, et al. Jun 1917‐Jul 1917 A‐0108 (15)F Jul 1917‐Aug 1918 May 1920‐Feb 1921 Feb 1921 A‐0108 (16)F Mar 1921 Mar 1921‐Jun 1921 Jul 1921 Sep 1921‐Oct 1921 Nov 1921 Dec 1921‐Apr 1922 A‐0108 (17)F May 1922 May 1922‐Jul 1922 Jul 1922‐Dec 1922 Dec 1922‐Jun 1923 June 1923‐Dec 1923 Proceeding 3K Pequot Land Apr 1918‐Oct 1918 A‐0108 (18)F Company, et al. Oct 1918‐Nov 1918 Jan 1919‐Mar 1919 Page 2 Westchester County Archives Series 103 2199 Saw Mill River Road Elmsford, New York 10523 Bronx Parkway Commission (914) 231-1500 Minutes of the Commissioners of Appraisal 1916‐1924, 1928‐1930 PROCEEDING NAME DATES CALL NUMBER Proceeding 3K Pequot Land Apr 1919‐May 1919 A‐0108 (18)F Company, et al.
  • Retail Prices, 1913 to December, 1921 : Bulletin of the United States

    Retail Prices, 1913 to December, 1921 : Bulletin of the United States

    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES T BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ No. 315 RETAIL PRICES AND COST OF LIVING SERIES RETAIL PRICES 1913 TO DECEMBER, 1921 JANUARY, 1923 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS. Page. Introduction and summary.................................................................................................. 7 Summary of price changes................................................................................................... 7-64 Food.................................................................................................................................... 7-57 Monthly and yearly price changes in the United States, 1913 to 1921.. 7-41 Monthly and yearly price changes, by cities, 1913 to 1921....................... 41-54 Yearly price changes in the United States, 1890 to 1921........................... 54-57 By articles, 1907 to 1921............................................................................... 54 All articles combined, 1890 to 1921.......................................................... 56 By articles, 1890 to 1921.............................................................................. 56,57 Coal................... 58,59 Average and relative prices for the United States, January and July of
  • Outpost Years for a Start-Up Agency: the Ftc from 1921–1925

    Outpost Years for a Start-Up Agency: the Ftc from 1921–1925

    OUTPOST YEARS FOR A START-UP AGENCY: THE FTC FROM 1921–1925 MARC WINERMAN WILLIAM E. KOVACIC* This study examines the Federal Trade Commission during the Presi- dential term that began in March 1921,1 which Warren G. Harding started and Calvin Coolidge finished after Harding died. In its first six years, the Commission had already been shaken by high turnover at the Commission level and by American participation in the First World War—participation which produced a virtual suspension of antitrust, a diversion of the agency from its contemplated tasks, and dramatic swings in staff size. Now it confronted, as well, its first change in Presi- dential leadership. We see the distant events of this era as having considerable signifi- cance for current policymaking, especially for the design and operation of new competition policy systems. In this article, we focus on events in the latter part of the agency’s first decade, with brief summaries of its earlier years. This was a period in which the agency faced tremendous challenges in building a relatively novel institutional framework and ap- plying the agency’s new powers to address specific commercial phenom- ena. Today the number of jurisdictions with competition systems exceeds 110, and over half of these systems have been formed since * William Kovacic is a Commissioner with the Federal Trade Commission and a Profes- sor of Law at the George Washington Law School (on leave). Marc Winerman is an Attor- ney Adviser to Commissioner Kovacic; portions of his research were undertaken when he was the Victor H. Kramer Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School.