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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 70-14,436 WEST, Ronald Robert, 1935- MARINE COMMUNITIES OF A PORTION OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN) IN HUGHES COUNTY, OKLAHOMA. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1970 Geology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MARINE COMMUNITIES OF A PORTION OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAN) IN HUGHES COUNTY, OKLAHOMA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY RONALD ROBERT V/EST Norman, Oklahoma 1970 MARINE COMMUNITIES OF A PORTION OF THE w’H'JOKA FORMATION (PENNSYLVANIAÎI) IN HUGHES COUNTY, OKLAHOMA APPROVED BY fâXH.éJc 1C DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was carried out under the direction of Dr. P. K. Sutherland whose advice and supervision are gratefully acknowledged. Special thanks are due Dr. D. B. Kitts and Dr. 0. W. Ikrper, Jr., who, throughout the course of this investigation, provided helpful suggestions and discussions. They also read the manuscript and offered suggestions for its improvement. The author is especially grateful to Dr. R. G. Johnson of the Department of Geophysical Sciences at the University of Chicago who critically appraised the manuscript and served as external examiner on the dissertation committee. Dr. C. J. Mankin, Director of the School of Geology and Geophysics and of the Oklahoma Geological Survey provided constant aid and advice, particularly in regard to financial matters. Studies conducted at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, during the summer of 1968 were made possible by a National Institute of Health Fellowship and a travel grant from the University of Oklahoma, School of Geology and Geophysics. The writer wishes to thank the National Science Foundation for providing funds for a 1968-69 traineeship for full time research and for funds to cover drafting and typing of the final manuscript; the School of Geology and Geophysics of the University of Oklahoma for providing funds for reproduction and other services connected with this study; and iii to my fellow graduate students, especially T. W. Henry, for suggestions and discussions provided throughout the course of the investigation. This investigation was supported by research grants from the Society of the Sigma Xi and from the Penrose Fund of the Geological Society of America (Grant No. 1194--68). This support is gratefully acknowledged. Lastly, and most importantly, this study could not have been brought to completion without the patience, encouragement and aid in the field, laboratory and office of my wife, Shi ley L. West. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ........... vli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................. ix httroduction ................................................... i Purpose of Investigation .......... 1 Previous Paleoecological Investigations. .................... 2 Methods of Investigation ........................... .... 6 Criteria for Determining the Nature of Fossil Assemblages. 6 Position of Fossils in Matrix....................... 7 Nature of Fossil Preservation....................... 7 Size-Frequency Distributions ........................ 9 Selection of the Stratigraphie Unit and Field Methods. 19 Laboratory Methods ..................................... 26 Palynological Samples..................................28 Mineralogical Samples..................................28 Paleontological and Paleoecological Samples............ 28 Statistical Techniques........... 31 GEOLOGIC SETTING ............................................... 37 Regional Stratigraphy of the Wewoka Formation.................. 37 Topographic Nature of the Study A r e a .......................... 38 Stratigraphie and Depositional Nature of the Study Area. 4.0 General Statement. ....................................40 Shale............................................... 41 Lithology and Paleontology ......................... 41 Depositional Environment ........................... 43 Lower Claystone........................................... 45 Lithology and Paleontology......................... 45 Depositional Environment . ....................... 46 Middle Claystone..........................................49 Lithology and Paleontology ......................... 49 Depositional Environment ........................... 51 l%)per Claystone........................................... 52 Lithology and Paleontology ........ ......... 52 Depositional Environment . ..................... 53 Sandstone................................................. 54 Lithology and Paleontology ......................... 54 Depositional Environment ........................... 54 Cyclicity................................................. 55 Page BENT HIC MARINE COMMUNITIES OF THE WEWOKAFO R M T I O N ................. 60 General Statement..............................................60 Glabrocingulnm Community.......... .. ...................... 65 Biotic Elements.............................................. 68 Indigenous Forms ...... 68 Transported Forms...................................... 69 Taphonomic (Post-Mortem) Effects ..................... 70 Community Structure........................................ 80 Transitional Community ..................................... 87 Biotic Elements............................................88 Indigenous F o r m s.................................... '88 Transported Forms......................................92 Taphonomic (Post-Mortem) Effects ..................... 93 Community Structure........................................99 Cleiothyridina Community ................................... 102 Biotic Elements. ................................. 104 Indigenous Forms...................................... 104 Transported Forms................... 109 Taphonomic (Post-Mortem) Effects ..................... 110 Community Structure.............. ... ................... 115 Mesolobus Community...........................................120 Biotic Elements........................................... 122 Indigenous F o r m s..................................... 122 Transported Forms..................................... 126 Taphonomic (Post-Mortem) Effects .............. 126 Community Structure....................................... 128 Substrate Mineralogy ........................................ 132 Trophic Levels (Food Webs) .................................. 135 Summary of Wewokan Marine Communities..................... 142 SUMMARY..........................................................146 REFERENCES.......................................................148 APPENDIX I. Location and Descriptions of Measured Sections . 159 APPENDIX II. Location of the 19 Collecting Stations ............ 256 APPENDIX III. Nature of the 19 Fossil Assemblages................. 260 APPENDIX IV. Some Representative Fossils from the Wewokan Marine Communities ................................ 299 VI LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Inferred Environmental Requirements of the Nuculanid and Euphemitid Assemblages,., . , .................... A? 2. Nature and Composition of the Glabroeingulum Community. 66 3. Transported Biotic Elements in the Glabroeingulum Community . .................................. 70 L,. Feeding Type and Mode of Life of the Members of the Glabroeingulum Community............................... 81 5. Percentages of Species of Each Feeding Type and Mode of Life in the Glabroeingulum Community................. 85 6. Nature and Composition of the Transitional Community. 89 7. Transported Biotic Elements in the Transitional Community............................................. 92 8. Feeding Type and Mode of Life of the Members of the Transitional Community................................ 100 9. Percentages of Species of Each Feeding Type and Mode of Life in the Transitional Community............. 102 10. Nature and Composition of the Cleiothyridina Community... 105 11. Transported Biotic Elements in the Cleiothyridina Community ........................................ 109 12. Feeding Type and Mode of Life of the Members of the Cleiothyridina Community.............................. 116 13. Percentages of Species of Each Feeding Tj'pe and Mode of Life in the Cleiothyridina Community . ............ 118 14-. Nature and Composition of the Mesolobus Community . .123 V l l Table Page 15. Transported Biotic Elements in the Mesolobus Community............................................. 126 16. Feeding Type and Mode of Life of the Members of the Mesolobus Community ................................. 129 17. Percentages of Species of Each Feeding Type and Mode of life in the Mesolobus Community................... 130 18. Mineralogy of 13 of the 19 Collecting Stations Based on X-ray Diffraction Analysis........................... 133 19. Inferred Characteristics of the Benthic Marine Communities in the Wewoka Formation................. 14.3 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iigure Page 1. Growth, Mortality and Theoretical Size-Frequency Curves for I-îarine Invertebrates.............................. 11 2. Size-Frequency Distribution of Mucula annularis . = 1A 3. Regression Lines of Classes 2 and 3 of tJucula annularis . 16 U. Combination of Regression Lines of Glasses 2 and 3 for Nucula annularis....................................... 18 5. Stratigraphie Sections of Rocks of the Des Moines Series in Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska....................... 20 6. Outcrop Pattern of
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