Fundamentos Y Cristalización Del Urbanismo En Venezuela: De Gómez a Medina (1908-1945)

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Fundamentos Y Cristalización Del Urbanismo En Venezuela: De Gómez a Medina (1908-1945) Fundamentos y cristalización del urbanismo en Venezuela: de Gómez a Medina (1908-1945) Trabajo de Incorporación Académica (TIA) presentado ante la Ilustre Academia Nacional de la Ingeniería y el Hábitat (ANIH), por el urbanista Arturo ALMANDOZ MARTE como requisito parcial para optar a su incorporación como Miembro Correspondiente por el estado Guárico Caracas, julio 2019 1 Índice preliminar Índice de figuras 3 Agradecimiento 4 Resumen/Summary 5 I Consideraciones historiográficas e introductorias 7 Desde el “pre-urbanismo” francés 8 En torno a la planning history británica 11 Tras las ideas viajeras 15 Aproximaciones latinoamericanas 18 Antecedentes venezolanos 23 Delimitación, orientaciones y aportes de esta revisión 27 II Fundamentos pre-urbanísticos en la era gomecista 31 Pax gomecista y loas doctorales 31 De ferrocarriles a carreteras 35 Entre higiene y saneamiento 44 Petróleo e infraestructura en regiones 55 Agenda caraqueña del gomecismo: de las obras centenarias al Banco Obrero 59 Carros, tráfico y transporte 62 Expansión urbana 64 Vivienda masiva, reformas profesionales y legales 68 III Urbanismo local en el decenio de López y Medina 75 Transición política y geografía económica 75 Del Programa de febrero al Plan trienal 79 En la Caracas lopecista 85 Debate capitalino: renovación, extensión y tráfico 89 La Dirección de Urbanismo 101 La misión francesa 110 El Plan Monumental de Caracas 114 Crítica a las propuestas 120 Entre el Consejo Nacional de Obras Públicas y El Silencio 127 IV Consideraciones finales 134 V Bibliografía 139 Fuentes primarias 139 Bibliografía de apoyo 146 Obras de referencia y sitios web 162 VI Índice de personajes históricos y profesionales 165 2 Índice de figuras FIG. 1. Portada de la segunda edición de Tyrant of the Andes. The Life of Juan Vicente Gómez, de Thomas Rourke. FIG. 2. Ferrocarril de Puerto Cabello a Valencia, centro-occidente de Venezuela, 1912. FIG. 3. Carretera central del estado Táchira, occidente de Venezuela, 1912: paso de la aplanadora para el granzón. FIG. 4. Carretera de Occidente, sección Caracas-Valencia, entrada a Turmero, estado Aragua, 1919. FIG. 5. Cartel promocional de las carreteras realizadas por la administración de Juan Vicente Gómez entre 1908 y 1926. FIG. 6. Acueducto de Coro, estado Falcón, al occidente de Venezuela; vertedero del dique de Caujarao, tras reparaciones de 1912. FIG. 7. Acueducto de Caracas, sifón Yaguara en construcción, 1916. FIG. 8. Portadas de las ediciones de Jean-Louis Lapeyre, Au pays de Gomez, pacificateur du Venezuela (1937) y Georges Lafond L’Amérique du Sud. Venezuela. Guyanes. Paraguay. Uruguay (1927). FIG. 9. Cartel promocional del desarrollo de San Agustín, Caracas, 1928. FIG. 10. Unidad Educativa Gran Colombia, diseñada por el arquitecto Carlos Raúl Villanueva. FIG. 11. Portada de la primera edición de las Obras completas de Ramiro Nava. FIG. 12. Esquemas de ordenamiento urbano y zonificación propuestos por Maurice Rotival. FIG. 13. Perspectiva de la avenida Central propuesta en el PMC, con el Calvario al fondo. FIG. 14. Plaza O’Leary y fachadas de edificios El Silencio, Caracas, circa 1975. 3 Agradecimiento A los integrantes de la Comisión de Historia, a la cual fui invitado en enero de 2018, por la estimulante interacción, que me ha permitido ver aspectos más ingenieriles del urbanismo y la arquitectura. A la profesora Rosa María Chacón, colega y amiga de la Universidad Simón Bolívar, por haberme puesto en contacto con la ANIH. 4 Resumen Desde la perspectiva de la historia urbana y urbanística, este trabajo intenta revisar los períodos gubernamentales de Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-35), Eleazar López Contreras (1936-41) e Isaías Medina Angarita (1941-45) como continuidad epistemológica e institucional para explicar los fundamentos y la cristalización del urbanismo en Venezuela, colocándolo en el umbral de su asunción como cuestión nacional por parte del Estado. A través de la era gomecista, se intenta ilustrar y explicar cómo, en el marco de la naciente explotación petrolera y la penetración foránea, carreteras y saneamiento articularon componentes infraestructurales, profesionales y epistemológicos de una agenda urbana en formación, fundamental para la consolidación del urbanismo a finales de la década de 1930. Al revisar ambas vertientes y ponerlas en perspectiva continental, también se intenta cuestionar la idea tópica, proveniente de la historiografía política, de que durante el gomecismo no ocurrieron avances urbanos. Con respecto al decenio democrático de López y Medina, se revisa la institucionalización del urbanismo de base local, epitomada en la creación de la Dirección de Urbanismo (DU) de la Gobernación del Distrito Federal (GDF), donde fuera formulado el primer plan urbano de Caracas en 1939, con asesoría de la misión técnica francesa coordinada por Maurice Rotival. Allende la capital, se intenta explorar cómo ese urbanismo de base local fue acompañado por programas nacionales y nuevas instituciones que - del Ministerio de Obras Públicas (MOP) al Instituto Nacional de Higiene y la División de Ingeniería Sanitaria del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (MSAS), durante el cuatrienio de López Contreras – proyectaron ese urbanismo a una escala nacional. Completado en la administración Medina con piedras angulares como el Consejo Nacional de Obras Públicas (CNOP, 1941) y el Instituto Nacional de Obras Sanitarias (INOS, 1943), la cobertura de ese urbanismo que se tornaba planificación sería fortalecida, a partir de 1946, con la Comisión Nacional de Urbanismo (CNU) y la Dirección de Urbanismo del MOP. Palabras clave: urbanismo, planificación, comunicaciones, saneamiento, siglo XX, Venezuela 5 Summary From the standpoint of urban and town planning history, this work aims at reviewing the tenures of Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-35), Eleazar López Contreras (1936-41) and Isaías Medina Angarita (1941-45) as an epistemological and institutional continuity in order to explain the bases and crystallization of Venezuela’s urbanism, placing the latter at the threshold of its assumption as a national issue by the state. Throughout the Gómez era, the research intends to illustrate and explain how, in the midst of the nascent oil exploitation and foreign penetration, roads and sanitation informed infrastructure, professional and epistemological components of an emerging urban agenda, fundamental for the consolidation of local planning by the late 1930s. By reviewing those strands and setting them in continental perspective, the research also intends to question the platitude, imported from the political historiography, according to which no urban breakthroughs occurred during the Gómez era. In relation to the democratic decade from López through Medina, the research revisits the institutionalization of local-based planning, epitomized by the creation of the GDF’s Dirección de Urbanismo. The first urban plan for Caracas was framed here, with the advice of the technical French mission coordinated by Maurice Rotival. Beyond the capital, the research intends to explore how that local-based planning was accompanied by national programs and new institutions that – from the Ministry of Public Works (MOP) to the National Institute of Hygiene and the Division of Sanitary Engineering belonging to the Ministry of Sanitation and Social Assistance (MSAS), during López Contreras’s government – spread that urbanism nationwide. Completed during Medina’s administration with cornerstones such as the National Council of Public Works (CNOP, 1941) and the National Institute of Sanitary Works (INOS, 1943), the coverage of that urbanism that turned into planificación was stepped up, from 1946, with the National Commission of Urbanism (CNU) and the MOP’s Direction of Urbanism. Keywords: town planning, urbanism, sanitation, roads, communication, Venezuela, twentieth century 6 I Consideraciones historiográficas e introductorias1 1. Los fundamentos y el proceso conducente a la emergencia del urbanismo parecen ser tan importantes, en términos epistemológicos, como su propia cristalización, la cual ocurrió en la primera década del siglo XX en Europa y, hacia finales de los años veinte, en varios países latinoamericanos. En este sentido, el gran significado de disciplinas y profesiones antecedentes y colindantes de cara a trazar los orígenes del urbanismo moderno ―de la medicina a la arquitectura, pasando por la ingeniería― viene dado en mucho por la ubicación periférica de aquel entre tales profesiones decimonónicas, posición epistemológica que ha acrisolado la interdisciplinariedad del urbanismo desde el nivel teórico hasta el metodológico (ALMANDOZ, 1993). Y para reforzar la importancia epistemológica de esas vísperas, la detección de los problemas de la ciudad decimonónica hecha por médicos, ingenieros y arquitectos, entre otros expertos, marcó la agenda del urbanismo profesional en el siglo XX en varios contextos, tal como será discutido más adelante en términos historiográficos. Atravesando ese plexo disciplinar, la exploración de formas de representación artística o política también parece necesaria cuando, allende los orígenes del urbanismo en su sentido técnico, se intenta, como se propone este trabajo, indagar la formación de la cultura urbana y el despertar de la conciencia sobre la ciudad en una sociedad en proceso de modernización. Cuando tal pesquisa intenta retrotraerse hasta antes de los orígenes del urbanismo contemporáneo, hace falta entonces traducir este vocablo a sus antecedentes históricos ―ciudad, progreso, civilización, ornato urbano, higiene,
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