572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 12

Hinter den dunklen Fichten! Behind the dark pine"trees. Der Bach singt voller Wohllaut durch das Dunkel. The brook sings out aloud through the darkness, Die Blumen blassen im Dämmershein. The flowers turn pale in the twilight, MAHLER Die Erde atmet voll von Ruh! und Schlaf. The earth breathes full of rest and sleep. Alle Sehnsucht will nun träumen, All yearning now is dreaming, Die müden Menschen geh!n heimwärts, Weary men go homewards Um im Schlaf vergeß!nes Glück To learn anew Und Jugen neu zu lernen! The forgotten joy of sleep and youth! Die Vögel hokken still in ihren Zweigen. The birds roost silently on their branches (The Song of the Earth) Der Welt schläft ein! The world is going to sleep! Es wehet kühl im Schatten nüner Fichten. It blows cool in the shadow of my pine-trees Ich stehe hier und harre meines Freundes. I stand there and await my friend. Jane Henschel, Mezzo-soprano • Gregory Kunde, Ich harre sein zum letzten Lebewohl. I wait for his last farewell. Ich sehne mich, o Freund, an deiner Seite I long, my friend, by your side Die Schönheit dieses Abends zu genießen. To enjoy the beauty of this evening. Houston Symphony • Hans Graf Wo bleibst du? Du läßt mich lang allein! Where are you? You leave me so long alone! Ich wandle auf und nieder mit meiner Laute I wander up and down with my lute Auf Wegen, die von weichem Grase schwellen. On the pathway that is covered with soft grass. O Schönheit, o ewigen Liebens-, Lebens-trunk!ne Welt! O beauty, O world drunk with eternal love and life!

(nach Wang-Wei) (after Wang-Wei)

Er stieg vom Pferd und reichte ihm den Trunk He dismounted from his horse and handed him des Abschieds dar. the farewell drink, Er fragte ihn, wohin er führe He asked him where he was going Und auch warum es müßte sein. And why, too, he must leave. Er sprach, seine Stimme was umflort: He spoke, his voice was low. Du, mein Freund, Ah, my friend, Mir war auf dieser Welt das Glück nicht hold! Fortune was not good to me in this world!

Wohin ich geh? Ich geh!, ich wand!re in die Berge. Where am I going? I go, I wander in the mountains. Ich suche Ruhe für mein einsam Herz! I seek rest for my lonely heart! Ich wandle nach der Heimat, meiner Stätte! I go to my home, my abode! Ich werde niemals in die Ferne schweifen. I shall never rove into the far distance. Still ist mein Herz und harret seiner Stunde! My heart is still and awaits its hour! Du liebe Erde allüberall The beloved earth everywhere Blüht auf im Lenz und grünt aufs neu! Is in flower in spring, green again! Allüberall und ewig blauen licht die Fernen, Everywhere and for ever it shines blue in the distance Ewig... ewig! For ever... for ever.

Hans Bethge (1876-1946) English translations by Keith Anderson

8.572498 12 572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 2

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) 5 Der Trunkene im Frühling The Drunkard in Spring Das Lied von der Erde (The Song of the Earth) (nach Li-Tai-Po) (after Li-Tai-Po) The great Viennese symphonic tradition found worthy closely with , Mahler attempted little composition in Wenn nur ein Traum das Leben ist, If life is only a dream, successors in two composers of very different temperament this field. His work as a composer consists chiefly of his Warum denn Müh! und Plag!? Why labour and worry? and background, Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler. The songs and of his ten symphonies, the last left unfinished at Ich trinke, bis ich nicht mehr kann, I drink until I can drink no more, latter, indeed, extended the form in an extraordinary way his death, together with his monumental setting of poems Den ganzen lieben Tag! The whole blessed day! that has had a far-reaching effect on the course of Western from the Chinese in Das Lied van der Erde. The greater part music, among other things creating a symphonic form that of his music was written during summer holidays away from Und wenn ich nicht mehr trinken kann, And if I can drink no more, included in it the tradition of German song in a varied the business of the opera-house, a miraculous achievement Weil Kehl! und Seele voll, Since throat and soul are full, tapestry of sound particularly apt for a twentieth century that in view of his other obligations. So tauml! ich bis zu meiner Tür I totter to my door has found in Mahler!s work a reflection of its own joys and The year of 1907 brought Mahler troubles greater than Und schlafe wundervoll! And sleep wonderfully! sorrows. those posed by his resignation from the Court Opera. During Mahler was to express succinctly enough his position in the summer, spent as usual at Maiernigg, the elder of his Was hör! ich beim Erwachen? Horch! What do I hear when I wake? Listen! the world. He saw himself as three times homeless, a native two daughters caught scarlet fever and died. The mother of Ein Vogel singt im Baum. A bird is singing in the tree. of Bohemia in Austria, an Austrian among Germans and a his wife Alma, who was visiting the family, had a heart- Ich frag! ihn ob schon Frühling sei, I ask him if the spring is coming, Jew throughout the whole world. The second child, and the attack and the doctor called in to treat her also found Mir ist als wie im Traum. It is like a dream to me. first of fourteen to survive, he was born in Kaliste in Bohemia weaknesses in Alma!s heart and advised rest. Almost in in 1860. Soon after his birth his family moved to Jihlava, jest, Mahler suggested that the doctor should test his heart. Der Vogel zwitschert: Ja! The bird twitters: yes! where his father, by his own very considerable efforts, had The result was the diagnosis of a dangerous weakness of Der Lenz ist da, sie kommen über Nacht! Spring is there, it came overnight! raised himself from being little more than a pedlar, with a the heart and the immediate advice to restrict all physical Auf tiefstem Schauen lauscht! ich auf, In deepest wonder I listen, desire for intellectual self-improvement, to the running of a activity. Superstition had, since the time of Beethoven, Der Vogel singt und lacht! The bird sings and laughs! tavern and distillery. Mahler!s musical abilities were composer of nine completed symphonies, suggested the developed first in Jihlava, before a brief period of schooling association of the ninth symphony of any composer as Ich fülle mir den Becher neu I fill my beaker again in Prague, which ended unhappily, and a later course of possibly his last. Mahler!s illness and the necessity of Und leer! ihn bis zum Grund And empty it to the bottom study at the Conservatory in , where he turned from continued work as a conductor, now particularly in New York Und singe, bis der Mond erglänzt And sing, until the moon shines the piano to composition and, as a necessary corollary, to at the and with the New York Am schwarzen Firmament! In the black sky! conducting. Philharmonic Orchestra, led him to regard his last major It was as a conductor that Mahler made his career, at works, a Ninth and Tenth Symphony and Das Lied von der Und wenn ich nicht mehr singen kann, And when I can sing no more, first at a series of provincial opera-houses, then in Prague, Erde as his farewell to the world. At the point of his death, So schlaf! ich wieder ein. I go to sleep again. Budapest and Hamburg, before moving to a position of the the Tenth Symphony was never finished and he never Was geht mich denn Frühling an? What then is spring to me? highest distinction of all, when, in 1897, he became heard performances of either of the other two works. Laßt mich betrunken sein! Let me be drunk! Kapellmeister of the Vienna Court Opera, two months after Mahler sketched Das Lied von der Erde during the his baptism as a Catholic, a necessary preliminary. In summer months of 1908, spent at Alt-Schluderbach, near 6 Der Abschied The Farewell Vienna he effected significant reforms in the Court Opera. Toblach in the South Tyrol, after his first season at the (nach Li-Tai-Po) (after Li-Tai-Po) He made enough enemies, particularly represented in the Metropolitan. The work was scored in the following year, but anti-semitic press, to lead to his resignation in 1907, had its first performance only after Mahler!s death, when Die Sonne scheidet hinter dem Gebirge. The sun sinks behind the mountains. followed by a final period conducting in America and Bruno Walter directed it in on 20th November 1911. In alle Täler steigt der Abend nieder In all the valleys evening descends elsewhere, in a vain attempt to secure his family!s future Das Lied sets six poems taken from Hans Bethge!s Mit seinen Schatten, die voll Kühlung sind. With its shadows, that are so cool. before his own imminent death, which took place a week fashionable collection of translations of Chinese or O sieh! Wie eine Silberbarke schwebt O see! Like a silver barque the moon after his final return to Vienna, on 18th May, 1911. supposedly Chinese poems, Die chinesische Flöte. The Der Mond am blauen Himmelssee herauf. Sails through the blue sea of heaven. Although his career as a conductor involved him most German versions of Bethge relied on translations, very Ich spüre eines feinen Windes Weh!n I feel a fine breeze blowing

8.572498 2 11 8.572498 572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 10

Wie ein Halbmond scheint die Brücke, The bridge seems like a half"moon, probably, indeed, on German versions of French flowers), the melody of the singer accompanied by Umgekehrt der Bogen. Freunde, Its arch inverted. Friends, translations from the Chinese and in one case at least on a pentatonic figuration from the woodwind. Trumpets and Schön gekleidet, trinken, plaudern. Finely dressed, drink, talk. German version of a fabricated pseudo-Chinese poem by drums introduce a new element, as the boys are seen riding Judith Gautier. on the river-bank and a further marching passage leads to a 4 Von der Schönheit Of Beauty Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde (The Drinking- description of the horses. Again the golden sun gilds their (nach Li-Tai-Po) (after Li-Tai-Po) Song of the Earth!s Sorrow) sets Bethge!s version of a bodies, reflected in the water, and a girl feels the pain of poem by the Tang dynasty poet Li Be (Li Tai Po). The four love. The music and the beauty it echoes, fades away to Junge Mädchen pflücken Blumen, Young girls are picking flowers horns of the orchestra announce the opening motif, followed nothing. Pflücken Lotosblumen an dem Uferrande. Picking lotus"flowers by the river"bank. by strings and woodwinds before the tenor enters, with his Der Trunkene im Frühling (The Drunkard in Spring), Zwischen Büschen und Blättern sitzen sie, Among bushes and leaves they sit, song of sorrow, of the darkness of life and of death (Dunkel derived from Li Be, is a second drinking-song. Mahler, in his Sammeln Blüten in den Schoß und rufen Gathering flowers in their laps and calling ist das Leben, ist der Tod). The four stanzas set by Mahler usual detailed instructions to the performers, suggests that Sich einander Neckereien zu. To each other playfully. contrast the command to drink with the inevitable death that the song should be keck (bold or pert). There are three bars lies ahead. The poetic structure is echoed in the music. of introduction before the tenor sings Wenn nur ein Traum Gold!ne Sonne webt um die Gestalten, Golden sunlight weaves about their figures, The second song, Der Einsame im Herbst (The Lonely das Leben ist (If life is only a dream, why labour and Spiegelt sir im blanken Wasser wider. Reflects them in the bright water. One in Autumn), apparently based on German versions of a worry?). He is interrupted by a version of the opening horn Sonne spiegelt ihre schlanken Glieder, The sun reflects their slender limbs, chinoiserie poem by Judith Gautier, opens gently with an motif, which returns in various forms as the music continues. Ihre süßen Augen wider, Their sweet eyes, accompaniment figure played by muted first violins, above The drunkard sleeps, and wakes again to the sound of the Und der Zephir hebt mit Schmeichelkosen And the Zephyr lifts, caressing, which the oboe enters. Second violins join the first and birds, joined now by a solo violin, telling him that spring has Das Gewebe ihrer Ärmel auf, The cloth of their sleeves, horns and clarinets are heard, followed by other instruments come. He drinks again and sleeps again, for what is spring Führt den Zauber Ihrer Wohlgerüche durch die Luft. Carries the magic of their fragrance through the air. in scoring that remains translucent. The contralto enters with to him? the descending melodic line of Herbstnebel wallen bläulich The last movement, Der Abschied (The Farewell), joins O sieh, was tummeln sich für schöne Knaben O see, what handsome boys are busy überm See (Autumn mist hangs blue#over the lake). The poems by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei. Two friends bid Dort an dem Uferrand auf mut!gen Rossen, There on the river"bank on their brave horses, solitary voice of the singer laments the changes of autumn, each other farewell, but for Mahler this was clearly a farewell Weithin glänzend wie die Sonnenstrahlen; Shining far like the rays of the sun; the fading of the flowers, weariness with life and loneliness, to the world, in a setting that is almost the length of all the Schon zwischen dem Geäst der grünen Weiden Between the branches of the green willows finally seeking the sun of love to dry her tears, in a tautly other movements together. In an opening marked Schwer, Trabt das jungfrische Volk einher! The lively young people trot! constructed song of melancholy. the oboe is heard over the ringing notes of double bassoon, Von der Jugend (Of Youth) changes at once to a more horn, harps, gong and lower strings. The contralto, in Das Roß des einen wiehert fröhlich auf, The horse of one of them joyfully neighs, cheerful mood, with flutes and oboe weaving their sinuous erzählenden Ton, ohne Ausdruck (relating the story, without Und scheut, und saust dahin, And shies, and dashes away, line over the ringing tones of the French horn. The words set expression), tells of the setting sun, Die Sonne schiedet Über Blumen, Gräser wanken hin die Hufe, Over flowers and grass his hooves go, seem again derived from Gautier rather than from any hinter dem Gebirge (The sun sinks behind the mountains), Sie zerstampfen jäh im Sturm die hingesunk!nen Blüten. Trampling down suddenly the fallen flowers. Chinese original, although Bethge attributes the poem to Li as the world takes its rest. This is the time for the letzte Hei! Wie flattern im Taumel seine Mähnen, Hei! How his mane flutters out in ecstasy, Tai Po. The tenor enters, his melody shared with the Lebewohl (The last farewell). There is a celebration of the Dampfen heiß die Nüstem! His nostrils hot and steaming! piccolo, with the words Mitten in dem kleinen Teiche / Steht beauty of the world, as the poet longs to be by the side of his ein Pavillon (In the middle of the little pond/Stands a friend. The second poem takes up the tale, as friends now Gold!ne Sonne webt um die Gestalten, Golden sunlight weaves about their figures, pavilion). Of the seven stanzas, the first two are echoed by part, the traveller riding to his homeland, from which he will Spiegelt sie im blanken Wasser wider. Reflects them in the bright water. the last two in an instrumental texture that suggests a never return: the dear earth is renewed in spring, Und die schönste von den Jungfrau!n sendet And the fairest of the girls sends romantic form of chinoiserie. everywhere and for ever shining blue and bright in the Lange Blicke ihm der Sehnsucht nach. Long looks of yearning after the boy. In Von der Schönheit (Of Beauty), its German words distance. The beauty of the world continues for ever, as the Ihre stolze Haltung ist nur Verstellung. Her proud bearing is only show. now an identifiable version of a poem by Li Be, flutes and music dies away to nothing. Der Abschied brings death and In dem Funkeln ihrer großen Augen, In the sparkling of her large eyes, violins, joined by the French horns, create a delicate parting, with the final acceptance of death. In dem Dunkel ihres heißen Blicks In the darkness of her heated glance, opening texture. Music and words are of summer. Now Schwingt klagend noch die Erregung ihres Herzens nach. The stirring of her heart sways lamenting towards him. Junge Mädchen pflücken Blumen (Young girls are picking Keith Anderson

8.572498 10 3 8.572498 572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 4

Jane Henschel Der süße Duft der Blumen ist verflogen; The sweet fragrance of the flowers has gone; Ein kalter Wind beugt ihre Stengel nieder. A cold wind bows down their stems. Jane Henschel has appeared with Bald werden die verwelkten, gold!nen Blätter Soon they will have faded, golden leaves the Philharmonic, Die Lotosblüten auf dem Wasser zieh!n. Of the lotus"flower lying on the water. Symphony, BBC Symphony, the Royal Concertgebouw and Mein Herz ist müde. Meine kleine Lampe My heart is tired. My little lamp Philadelphia Orchestras, the Erlosch mit Knistern, es gemahnt mich an den Schlaf. Goes out with a crackle, it reminds me Orchestre de la Suisse Romande Ich komm!zu dir, traute Ruhestätte! I should sleep. I come to you, trusted state of rest! and the Dresden Staatskapelle Ja, gib mir Ruh!, ich hab! Erquickung not! Yes, give me rest, I need refreshment! under Ozawa, Conlon, Maazel, Rattle, Janowski, Chailly, Luisi, Ich weine viel in meinen Einsamkeiten, I weep much in my loneliness. Colin Davis and Andrew Davis. In Der Herbst in meinem Herzen währt zu lange. Autumn lingers too long in my heart. opera, she has appeared at the Sonne der Liebe, willst du nie mehr scheinen, Sun of love, will you never more shine, Glyndebourne, Saito Kinen and Um meine bittern Tränen mild aufzutrocknen? Gently drying my bitter tears? Salzburg Festivals, the Opera, the Opéra, 3 Von der Jugend Of Youth La Scala, Milan and the San (nach Li-Tai-Po) (after Li-Tai-Po) Francisco Opera. For the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, she has Mitten in dem kleinen Teiche In the middle of the little pond sung Fricka and Waltraute under Steht ein Pavillon aus grünem Stands a pavilion of green Haitink, Ulrica under Gatti, Und aus weißem Porzellan. And white porcelain. Klytemnestra under Thielemann, Photo: Barbara Eichinger Mrs Grose (The Turn of the Screw) Wie der Rücken eines Tigers Like the back of a tiger under both Colin Davis and Daniel Harding and Erda under Pappano. Her rôles at the Bavarian State Opera, Munich Wölbt die Brücke sich aus Jade The bridge of jade arches include Herodias, Klytemnestra, Ulrica, Mistress Quickly and Ortrud; Klytemnestra, Herodias and Ortrud at the Zu dem Pavillon hinüber. Across to the pavilion. Deutsche Oper, Berlin, and Klytemnestra, Fricka and Mistress Quickly at the Vienna State Opera. She has sung the Amme () in Amsterdam, London, Los Angeles, Munich, Paris, Vienna, Berlin and at the In dem Häuschen sitzen Freunde, In the little house sit friends, Metropolitan Opera. Schön gekleidet, trinken, plaudern. Finely dressed, drinking, talking. Manche schreiben Verse nieder. Many of them are writing verses.

Ihre seidnen Ärmel gleiten Their silken sleeves move Rückwärts, ihre seidnen Mützen Backwards, their silken caps Hocken lustig tief im Nacken. Rest happily back on their necks.

Auf des kleinen Teiches stiller On the little pond!s still Wasserfläche zeigt sich alles Water"surface everything shows Wunderlich im Spiegelbilde. Wonderfully reflected.

Alles auf dem Kopfe stehend Everything is standing on its head In dem Pavillon aus grünem In the pavilion of green Und aus weißem Porzellan, And white porcelain.

8.572498 4 9 8.572498 572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 8

1 Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde The Drinking!Song of the Earth"s Sorrow Gregory Kunde (nach Li-Tai-Po) (after Li-Tai-Po) Gregory Kunde is regarded as one of the most elegant and Schon winkt der Wein im gold!nen Pokale, Now the wine in the golden goblet calls to me, accomplished bel canto singers on the opera stage today. Doch trinkt noch nicht, erst sing!ich euch ein Lied! but do not drink yet, first I will sing you a song! He has appeared regularly at the world!s greatest venues, Das Lied vom Kummer soll auflachend in die Seele The song of sorrow shall sound with laughter in your soul. including New York!s Metropolitan Opera and Carnegie Hall, euch klingen. Chicago Lyric Opera, Opéra National de Paris, Amsterdam!s Wenn der Kummer naht, liegen wüst die Gärten der Seele, If sorrow comes near, the garden of the soul lies waste, Concertgebouw, the Sydney Opera House and elsewhere. Welkt hin und stirbt die Freude, der Gesang. Joy, song, fade and die. He has earned widespread acclaim for his performances of Dunkel ist das Leben, ist der Tod. Dark is life, and so too death. the most notable tenor rôles, including Arnold (Guillaume Tell), Julien (Louise), Des Grieux (), the title rôles in Herr dieses Hauses! Lord of this house! Gounod!s Faust and Roméo et Juliette, and Rossini!s . Dein Keller birgt die Fülle des goldenen Weins! Your cellar is full of golden wine! He has collaborated with many outstanding conductors Hier, diese Laute nenn!ich mein! Here, this lute I call mine! including Riccardo Muti, , Georges Prêtre, Sir Die Laute schlagen und die Gläser leeren, Playing the lute and emptying glasses Simon Rattle, Sir John Eliot Gardiner and Sir Colin Davis. His Das sind die Dinge, die zusammen passen. Are things that go together. discography includes Bellini!s Bianca e Fernando, Rossini!s Ein voller Becher Weins zur rechten Zeit A full beaker of wine at the right time , , , , and Ist mehr wert, als alle Reiche dieser Erde! Is worth more than all the riches of the earth! , Thomas!s , Delibes!s Lakmé, Berlioz!s Dunkel ist das Leben, ist der Tod. Dark is life, and so too death. Benvenuto Cellini, and a Gramophone magazine award- winning DVD of the same composer!s at the Das Firmament blaut ewig, und die Erde The sky is ever blue, and the earth Châtelet. More information at www.gregorykunde.com and Wird lange fest steh!n und aufblüh!n im Lenz. Will long stand fast and blossom in spring. www.gregorykundechorale.org Du aber, Mensch, wie lang lebst denn du? But you, o man, how long then do you live? Nicht hundert Jahre darfst du dich ergötzen You cannot for a hundred years enjoy An all dem morschen Tande dieser Erde! All the tainted trifles of this earth!

Seht dort hinab! Im Mondschein auf den Gräbern See down there! In the moonlight on the graves Hockt eine wildgespenstische Gestalt. A wild and ghostly figure squats. Ein Aff!ist!s! Hört ihr, wie sein Heulen It is an ape! Listen how he howls, Hinausgellt in den süßen Duft des Lebens! Yelling in the sweet fragrance of life!

Jetzt nehmt den Wein! Jetzt ist es Zeit, Genossen! Now take the wine! Now is the time, friends! Leert eure gold!nen Becher zu Grund! Empty your golden beakers to the bottom! Photo: Antonino Barbagallo Dunkel ist das Leben, ist der Tod! Dark is life, and so too death.

2 Der Einsame im Herbst The Lonely One in Autumn (nach Chang-Tsi) (after Chang-Tsi)

Herbstnebel wallen bläulich überm See, Autumn mist hangs blue over the lake, Vom Reif bezogen stehen alle Gräser, All the grass stands are covered in frost; Man meint, ein Künstler habe Staub von Jade You would think an artist had cast jade"dust Über die feinen Blüten ausgestreut. Over the delicate flowers.

8.572498 8 5 8.572498 572498 bk Mahler_572498 bk Mahler 05/09/2011 19:27 Page 6

Houston Symphony Hans Graf Music Director: Hans Graf Known for his wide range of

Photo: Bruce Bennett The Houston Symphony has repertoire and creative played a central rôle in programming, Hans Graf is the Houston!s cultural and civic fifteenth and one of the longest life since 1913. One of serving music directors of the America!s oldest performing Houston Symphony. Graf is one arts organizations, the of today!s most highly respected orchestra has grown and musicians, and has led major matured under the direction of orchestras throughout the world, fifteen distinguished leaders. including those of New York, Los The Symphony moved into Angeles, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Jones Hall, its current home, Vienna, St Petersburg and the in 1966, and in 1971, signed Boston Symphony Orchestra, its first 52-week contract with with which he has developed a the musicians. Today, under close relationship. A participant the direction of Hans Graf, the in the most prestigious music Houston Symphony is widely festivals in the United States and acclaimed as one of the top Europe, he conducted at the orchestras in the world. Each Salzburg Festival for twelve season the Houston Symphony consecutive seasons and makes Photo: Bruce Bennett gives more than 280 frequent appearances at performances that reach an Tanglewood. He has also conducted opera productions in Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Zürich, Paris and Rome, including estimated audience of 300,000 people, including its classical, pops and family series as well as a number of concerts several world premières. Hans Graf was born in 1949 near Linz, in Austria. His international career was launched in performed throughout the community. In addition, the Symphony!s outreach programs serve more than 100,000 area 1979, when he won first prize at the Karl Böhm Competition. Music Director of the Salzburg Mozarteum Orchestra for residents, bringing musicians into the Houston community as soloists, master-class teachers and ensemble performers. ten years, he has also served as Music Director of the Calgary Philharmonic, the Orchestre National Bordeaux- Aquitaine and the Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra. Graf has been awarded the Chevalier de l!ordre de la Légion d!Honneur by the French government for championing French music around the world and the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria.

8.572498 6 7 8.572498