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SDSU Extension Fact Sheets SDSU Extension
1977
Shade Trees to Replace the Elm (Especially the American Elm)
Cooperative Extension South Dakota State University
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Recommended Citation South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension, "Shade Trees to Replace the Elm (Especially the American Elm)" (1977). SDSU Extension Fact Sheets. 731. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_fact/731
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Shade Trees to Replace the Elm
Cooperative Extension Service South Dakota State University U.S. Department of Agriculture FS 661 Shade Trees to Replace the Elm (Especially the American Elm)
By: Larry L. Helwig, Extension forester
The trees shown below are the key to the geometric forms listed zontal or flat. When a tree's branches are held high they are better beside each variety. This will give you an idea of the shape your shade trees, because they provide a canopy ofleaves and limbs for tree will produce when fully-grown. shade, while allowing passage and view underneath. Some trees The forms or shapes of trees vary from upright and pyramidal to have picturesque growth, giving interesting character,silhouette vase-shaped, rounded or irregular. They may be drooping, hori- and winter effect.
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Willow Sugar Maple Poplar American Elm Crabapple
Bur Oak Birch Norway Maple Pin Oak
Considerations at Planting Time Proper spacing of trees in the landscape is very important. To compensate for root loss and damage, prune the tree by cutting Whether you are locating a tree next to a building or next to other back about one-third of the lateral growth. Remove weak or dam trees, it has definite space requirements. These requirements are aged branches and those that rub against other branches. based upon its expected mature size.
PROPER SP ACING Minimum Minimum Do not prune spacing spacing /'/ leader or from from / • small twigs SIZE Spacing in wall corner plant (one-story (one-story Height in feet massings building) b uilding) ,i Small trees-30 ft. or less 6-15 ft. 8-10 ft. 6-8 ft. ' Medium trees-30-70 ft. 30-40 ft. 15 ft. 12 ft. Large trees-70 ft. or more 40-50 ft. 20 ft. 15 ft. The primary purpose of this publication is to make peo For proper planting and maintenance procedures, con ple aware oftrees suitable for planting in South Dakota. It tact your local county Extension office for these publica is much better to have a mixed population of trees than to tions: have one made up ofonly 1 or 2 species. This provides an 1. Pruning Shade Trees-FS 379 attractive, eye-appealing landscape, and lessens the 2. Pests ofTrees and Shrubs-Fact Sheets 647,648,649 chance for disease or insects to kill out a certain species 3. General Tree Establishment Procedures-EMC 697 and upset the landscape plan. 4. Planting Bare Root Trees-EMC 698 5. Planting Containerized or Potted Trees-EMC 699 For instance, it has been determined that the American 6. Planting Balled and Burlapped Trees-EMC 700 elm made up about 60 percent of the state's tree popula 7. Protecting Trees from Animal and Bird tion. Dutch elm disease threatens to wipe out the popula Damage-EMC 707 tion of elm in a short period oftime, leaving the state with as few as 10 percent of this tree's population. This publication may be used as a guide by cities when writing city tree-planting ordinances.
Create a Green Thumb The performance of a newly-planted tree rests heavily upon planting procedures and proper maintenance after it becomes established. 1. Select the proper tree for the space available. Check with local ordinances for species selection and placement of trees. 2. Use the saucer-shaped hole planting method. Impro perly planted stock won't perform well. 3. Water the trees, making sure the water reaches depths below the 18" level. 4. Guide the tree's growth through regular pruning. 5. Be aware ofparticular disease and insect problems of certain trees. Nothing is so discouraging as watching a tree struggle for several years and then die. This could be blamed on several factors, but often the tree initially had an insuffi cient or weak root system, and received poor maintenance after planting. A replacement guarantee is a poor guide for buying a tree. Buy through a reputable dealer. Ask for names oflast Plant trees for a definite purpose. Select the right year's tree for that customers and check with them to see how well the purpose. dealer's stock performed.
Boxelder-Acer negundo Crimson King Maple-Acer platanoides Likes:Native to South Dakota. Hardy in 'Crimson King' all respects. Likes:Has purple foliage throughout the Dislikes:Irregular growth habit. Very sus growing season. ceptible to 2,4-D and storm dam L - Dislikes:Hardiness may be the big problem. age. Female trees attract boxelder Plant in a protected area. bu~. Height & - Schwedler Maple-Acer platanoides Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-45 ft. 'Schwedler' 1 tall with 35 ft. spread. ( Likes:One of the better cultivars of Nor- Norway Maple-Acer platanoides _) way Maple with the same hardiness "-- features. Purple-red foliage in the Likes:Well structured. 1 Adapts to varied spring which changes to bronze ' soil conditions. Golden-yellow au- green and finally to a dark green \ tumn in color. Flowers before it leafs the summer. out. Dislikes:Same as for Norway Maple. Dislikes:Dense foliage and shallow roots makes growing grass beneath tree Silver Maple-Acer difficult. Hardiness declines when saccharinum · Likes:Native. Usually develops into a planted outside the southeastern stately vase-shaped part of the state. shade tree. Height & Rapid growth rate. Bright yellow Crown Spread:10 years-5-10 ft. Mature-SO ft. autumn color. tall with 40 ft. spread. V Dislikes:Can become too large for crowded areas. Subject to storm damage and Cleveland Norway Maple-Acer platanoides chlorosis. Maple bladder gall make 'Cleveland' leaves unsightly. Susceptible to Likes:Upright oval growth habit. Dense drought. \ foliaged street tree. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-12-25 '--- Dislike~:Same as for Norway Maple. Same ft. Mature-65 ft. hardiness features as Norway tall with 50 ft. spread. Maple. Sugar Maple-Acer saccharum Cutleaf Weeping Birch-Betula pendula Likes:Native. Outstanding fall color. 'Gracilis' Strong wooded. Excellent form. Likes:Graceful pendulous ornamental Dislikes:Slow grower. Young trees subject tree. Deeply cut, dark green G to sunscald (wrap trunk). Grows leaves. best on cool sites. (Avoid planting Dislikes:Same as those for the above. The in open or south or west slopes). pendulous branches limit its use Leaves will show scorch symp as a shade tree. toms. Height & Northern Catalpa-Catalpa speciosa Crown Spread:10 years-8-20 ft. Mature-50 ft. Likes:White flowers are ornamental. tall with 30 ft. spread. Large leaves make it an interesting tree. \_; Dislikes:Lim1ted to the southeast. Difficult Ohio Buckeye-Aesculus glabra to transplant. Coarse growing hab Likes:Excellent red fall color. Quite hardy. The best of the Aesculus for it. Hardiness problem. Height & South Dakota. Handsome round Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-50 ft. U crown. Flowers in May. tall with 25 ft. spread. Dislikes:Difficult to transplant because of taproot. (Start from nut in a contain er or buy container-grown). Nuts Shagbark Hickory-Carya ovata reportedly said to be slightly poi Likes:Attractive bark. Oval crown. Large leaves. Dense crown. sonous. Slow growing. Dislikes:Har iness proo em outside south- Height & ) Crown Spread: 10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-40 ft. east South Dakota. Transplant prob tall with 30 ft. spread. lem. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-6-12 ft. Mature-40 ft. Horsechestnut-Aesculus hippocastanum tall with 25 ft. spread. Likes:Stately and massive. Has a showy white flower. Hackberry--Celtis occidentalis Dislikes:Produces no fall color. Less hardy Likes:Native. Characteristics very close L than Ohio Buckeye. Not easily to those of American Elm. Wood transplanted. ) very strong. Height & Dislikes:Seed source very important. G_rows Crown Spread:10 years-5-8 ft. Mature-40 ft. tall V slowly. Witches broom and mpple with 25 ft. spread. gall make tree unsightly. Height & River Birch-Betula nigra Crown Spread:10 years-8-15 ft. Mature-50 ft. Likes:Can be grown in more varied soil tall with 35 ft. spread. conditions. Has shown a higher re sistance to Bronze Birch Borer. Russian-olive-Elaeagnus angustifolia Bark is a flaky orange. Likes:Adapts readily to varied soil and Ii Dislikes:Restricted to southeastern part of moisture conditions. Good growth South Dakota. Chlorosis problem. rate. Gray foliage provides good Moisture loving. contrast. Height & U Dislikes:Subject to branch tip damage. Re Crown Spread:10 years-10-18 ft. Mature-40 ft. quires periodic pruning to shape tall with 20 ft. spread. into desirable tree. Paper Birch-Betula papyri/era Height & Likes:Native. Excellent yellow fall color. Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-25 ft. Reportedly less subject to Bronze tall with 20 ft. spread. ) Birch Borer attack. \ Dislikes:Bark not as white or attractive as Autumn Purple Ash-Fraxinus americana the European species. Requires a 'Autumn Purple' cool moist site. Bark peeling in ) Likes:Good fall color. Oval crown. Easi stinct by the young public requires ly transplanted. judicious placement. Growing Dislikes:May be adapted to southeast South G Dakota only. Needs more evalua site limited. (Does best on cool moist sites). Suckers from the root tion. crown. Height & Height & Crown Spread:10 years-10-15 ft. Mature-45 ft. Crown Spread:lOyears-10-20 ft. Mature-45 ft. tall with 30 ft. spread. tall with 20 ft. spread. Green Ash-Fraxinus pennsylvanica European White Birch-Betula pendula Likes:Native. Easily transplanted. Very Likes:Faster growing and whiter bark adaptable. Brilliant yellow fall than the native. Vivid yellow fall color is common. ) color. Dislikes:Certain clones exhibit irregular \ Dislikes:Subject to Bronze Birch Borer U growth habits. May have boreJ.: attack and the same limitations as problems. Paper Birch. Height & Height & Crown Spread:10 years-12-20 ft. Mature-50 ft. Crown Spread:10 years-10-20 ft. Mature-40 ft. tall with 25 ft. spread. tall with 20 ft. spread. Marshall's Seedless Ash-Fraxinus Butternut-Juglans cinerea pennsylvanica 'Marshall's Seedless' Likes:Has a wide spreading crown. Likes:Seedless. Foliage attractive glossy Strong structure. green. Dislikes:Coarse foliage that appears late and Dislikes:Isn't as well adapted as native. Re drops early. Performance question quires more maintenance. Needs V able north of Highway 14. Prefers more evaluation. Lacks central the richer, deep soils, or it will be leader. subject to drought problems. Height & Summit Ash-Fraxinus pennsylvanica Crown Spread:10 years-9-18 ft. Mature-35 ft. 'Summit' tall with 25 ft. spread. Likes:Believed to be seedless. Symmetri- ( ) cal. Good central leader. Black Walnut-Juglans nigra Dislikes:Needs more evaluation. Likes:Native. When grown in the open, ) crown very much like American Honeylocust-Cleditsia triacanthos Elm. Good fall color. Likes:Native. Fine textured. Leaves not \; Dislikes:Not easily transplanted. Seed as bothersome in the fall. Select source important. Prefers the rich from variety list below. er, deeper soils. Otherwise, Dislikes:Seed source important to reduce drought problems will result. G adaptability problems. Thorny. Height & Large seed pods. May not be a Crown Spread:10 years-8-15 ft. Mature-50 ft. good shade tree. Exhibits canker tall with 30 ft. spread. and insect probfems. - Height & European Larch-Larix decidua Crown Spread:10 years-12-22 ft. Mature--40 ft. Likes:Hardy in most of South Dakota tall with 25 ft. spread. except alkaline soils. Golden fall color. Thornless Honeylocust--Gleditsia lJ Dislikes:Without wide spreading crown. triacanthos var. inermis Transplant problems. Likes:This botanical variety is naturally Height & thornless. It's numerous clones Crown Spread:10 years-8-15 ft. Mature-65 ft. listed below have become quite tall with 20 ft. spread. U popular. Drought and alkaline tol erant. Grass grows well in shade of this tree. Siberian Larch-Larix siberica Dislikes:Doesn't always have fall color. Likes:Quite hardy. Dislikes:Narrow crown. Transplant prob- Imperial Honeylocust--Gleditsia I lem. triacanthos var. inermis 'Imperial' l Height & Likes:Full crown development. Crown Spread:Same as European Larch. Straight trunk with strong branch es. Dark green and. dense foliage. Siberian Crabapple-Malus baccata U Dislikes:Same as the variety•inermis except Likes:Hardiest of the Malus. Attractive . it produces more 'shade. during all seasons. Relatively dis ease free. White flowers and bright Shademaster Honeylocust--Gleditsia U red fruit. triacanthos var. inermis 'Shademaster' Dislikes:Needs guidance by pruning. Likes:Strong trunk, symmetrical ascend Fruits may be messy. ing branches. Reputedly rapid in Height & L; growth, few disease problems and Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-30 ft. nark green folia~ tall with 25 ft. spread. Dislikes:.~ame as t}ie variety inermis. Hopa Crabapple-X Malus 'Hopa' Skyline Honeylocust~leditsia triacanthos Likes:Size lends itself to being a shade var. inermis 'Skyline' tree with ornamental features. Likes:Stately, upright pyramidal-shaped Withstands city conditions very tree. Coarse textured. Strong struc U well. ture. Hardy. Dislikes:Not as ornamental as most other U Dislikes:Same as the variety inermis. More rosy-bloom crabs. Susceptible to susceptible to canker than the scab. Nearly all crabapples subject other varieties. to fireblight. Height & Kentucky Coffeetree--Gymnocladus dioicus Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-25 ft. tall with 20 ft. spread. Likes:Tolerant to drought and relatively pest free. Sturdy rustic winter ap Selkirk Crabapple-X Malus 'Selkirk' / pearance. Quite hardy. Dense Likes:Large round crown. Foliage red- crowned picturesque tree. () dish in spring changing to bronze Dislikes:Large compound leaves. Slow green. Shows only slight suscepti grower. Coarse brown seed pods. bility to apple scab and fireblight. Difficult to transplant. Dislikes:Recent introduction with very Height & little history. Needs more evalua Crown Spread:10 years-8-10 ft. Mature--45 feet tion. tall with 25 ft. spread. Height & Crown Spread:Same as Hopa Crabapple. Russian Mulberry-Morus alba var. tatarica Northern Pin Oak-Quercus ellipsoidalis Likes:Hardiest of mulberries. Attractive Likes:Quite drought resistant. Better medium textured foliage. Male for this area than Pin Oak. tree best for landscape purpose. Dislikes:Shows chlorosis. Plant in southeast D Adapted to different soil condi for best performance. Not readily tions. V available. Dislikes:Limited to the area south of High Height & way 14. Fruit messy. With careful Crown Spread:10 years-7-10 ft. Mature-40 ft. seed selection it could be grown in tall with 35 ft. spread. the northern part of the state. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-30 ft. Bur Oak-Quercus macrocarpa tall with 25 ft. spread. Likes:Native. Very hardy. Drought resis tant. Long lived. Attractive bark. Ironwood--Ostrya virginiana Grows and persists under difficult Likes:Native. Disease and insect prob 0 conditions. Grows to a large stately lems minimal. Shreddy bark. Good tree under good conditions, and fall color. Long lived. rugged and picturesque under poor 0 Dislikes:Slow grower. Difficult to trans conditions. plant. Dislikes:Difficult to transplant. Slow growth Height & rate. No fall color. Crown Spread:10 years-5-8 ft. Mature-25 ft. Height & tall with 20 ft. spread. Crown Spread: 10 years-5-10 ft. Mature-60 ft. tall with 40 ft. spread. Amur Cork-tree-Phellodendron amurense Likes:Picturesque tree. Broad spreading crown. Deeply fissured bark. Easi Northern Red Oak-Quercus rubra ly transplanted. Likes:Growth more rapid than bur oak. 0 Dislikes:Availability a problem. Irregular Round crown. Easier to transplant. branching habit. Good fall color. Height & 0 Dislikes:Hardiness problem outside south Crown Spread:10 years-10-18 ft. Mature-30 ft. east South Dakota. tall with 25 ft. spread. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-8-10 ft. Mature-40 ft. Poplar spp.-Populus spp. tall with 35 ft. spread. Likes:Several species to choose from. Fast grower. Consider the Quaking and Bigtooth Aspen. V,Dislikes:Choose only those trees from cut Black Locust-Robinia pseudoacacia tings of male trees. White poplars Likes:Fragrant flowers. Hardy. Fairly should not be planted in towns fast grower. because of root-suckering habits. Dislikes:Thorny. Do not plant in parks. Dis Canker and borer problems. Most 0 ease and insect problems. Some are moisture loving. times suckers. Height & Height & Crown Spread:10 years-18-30 ft. Mature-60 ft. Crown Spread:10 years-10-18 ft. Mature-35 ft. tall with 40 ft. spread. tall with 20 ft. spread. Manchurian Apricot-Prunus mandshurica Likes:Very hardy. Fruit of fair quality. Weeping Golden Willow-Salix alba 'Tristis' Foliage is glossy with good autumn Likes:Hardiest and most reliable of the color. Weeping Willows. Most attractive 0 Dislikes:Early flowers very often frost-kill. in both the winter and summer. Height & Should be considered when Weep Crown Spread:10 years-10-15 ft. Mature-25 ft. r ing Birch has problems. tall with 20 ft. spread. Dislikes:Requires a moist situation. Branch Mayday-Tree-Prunus padus 'Commutata' let breakage. Likes:Early fragrant flowers. Early leaf Height & out. Crown Spread:10 years-15-30 ft. Mature-45 ft. Dislikes:Some root-suckering. Subject to tall with 30 ft. spread. 0 black knot disease. Prune tree to one stem. Laurel Willow-Salix pentandra Height & Likes:Attractive dark green lustrous foli Crown Spread:10 years-10-15 ft. Mature-28 ft. age. One of the better ornamental tall with 25 ft. spread. willows. Ussurian Pear-Pyrus ussuriensis 0 Dislikes:Requires guidance by pruning. Likes:Extremely hardy. Considered a Moist sites preferred. Has leafspot good ornamental tree. disease problems. Dislikes:May need pruning to be of any Height & C value as a shade tree. Messy fruit. Crown Spread:10 years-12-24 ft. Mature-35 ft. Thorny. tall with 20 ft. spread. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-7-12 ft. Mature-25 ft. tall with 15 ft. spread.
\ ( European Mountain-ash-Sorbus aucuparia Redmond Linden-Tilia X euchlora 'Redmond' Likes:Most popular of the Mountain-ash Likes:Pyramid shape makes it a good species. Very ornamental with at street tree. Good growth rate. tractive seasonal features. For maxi Quite adaptable. Dense dark green U mum height, grow tree with single foliage. trunk. Slightly alkaline soils ac- l- Dislikes:Same as Littleleaf Linden. ceptable. Height & Dislikes:Thin barked (require.s early life Crown Spread:10 year-7-12 ft. Mature-45 ft. trunk wrapping). Susceptible to tall with 20 ft. spread. fireblight. Fruit can become arsen al for youngsters. Height & Crown Spread:10 years-10-15 ft. Mature-35 ft. tall with 20 ft. spread. Trees Able to Withstand Dry Sites American Basswood-Tilia americana 1. Boxelder Likes:Native. Excellent for park shade 2. Bur Oak trees. Capable of good autumn 3. Hackberry color. 4. Most Crabapples Dislikes:Requires a moist site. Produces 5. Green Ash and cultivars trunk sprouts. 6. Mayday-Tree Height & 7. Honeylocust and cultivars Crown Spread:10 years-8-12 ft. Mature-60 ft. 8. Kentucky Coffeetree tall with 40 ft. spread. 9. Russian Mulberry 10. Northern Red Oak Littleleaf Linden-Tilia cordata Trees for Moist Sites Likes:Attractive pyramidal shaped crown 1. Birches makes it an outstanding street tree. 2. Larches Dense crown with attractive small 3. Lindens U leaf foliage. Relatively pest-free. 4. Poplars and Aspens Has several cultivars (i.e. Green 5. Sugar Maple spire Linden). 6. Willows Dislikes:Slow growing. Very little autumn color. Requires a moist site. Trees That Can Be Bothersome Height & 1. White poplar (root suckers) Crown Spread:10 years-7-12 ft. Mature-40 ft. 2. Cottonwood (female trees release cotton) tall with 25 ft. spread. 3. Boxelder (Boxelder bugs)
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Hollis D. Hall, Director of Extension Service, South Dakota State University, Brookings. South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service offers educational programs and materials to all people without regard to age, race, color, religion, sex, handicap or national origin, and is an Equal Opportunity Employer. (Male/Female)
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