DOCSLIB.ORG

|||GET||| the Scramble for Africa 3Rd Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
|||GET||| the Scramble for Africa 3Rd Edition THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 3RD EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Muriel Evelyn Chamberlain | 9781408220146 | | | | | Events Leading to the Scramble for Africa Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires — Performance and Analytics. These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil-rich African nations. The continuing anti-slavery movement in Western Europe became a reason and an excuse for the conquest and colonization of Africa. A New Scramble For Africa? Armonk, NY: Routledge. German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South-West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population. Cookie Preferences We use cookies and similar tools, including those used by approved third parties collectively, "cookies" for the purposes described below. Civilian impact Atrocities. The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed. Egypt was never an actual British colony. Of the thirteen nations present, the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria-Hungary. Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a "sphere of influence. Britain's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River. At the behest of Grant, a scientific racist and eugenicistzoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him "The Missing Link" in an attempt to illustrate Darwinismand in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans. The Scramble for Africa. Chamberlain: Contrasts the Victorian image of Africa with what we now know of African civilisation and history Examines in detail case histories from Egypt to Zimbabwe Argues that the history and background of Africa are as important as European politics and diplomacy in understanding the 'scramble' Considers the historiography of the topic, taking into account Marxist and anti-Marxist, financial, economic, political and strategic theories of European imperialism This indispensible introduction, now in a fully updated third edition, provides the most accessible survey of the 'scramble for Africa' currently available. There is, of course, no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century, and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses. A modern rejection of traditional explanations of the partition The choices you make here will The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition to your interaction with this service The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition this device. South Africa 8. Cambridge University Press. Views Read Edit View history. However, during his second premiership between and he The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet, and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt. Armonk, NY: Routledge. More Close. The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed. This led to the Algeciras Conferencein which France's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories, and then to the Agadir Crisis in Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions From the beginning of the 20th century, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers. In barely one tenth of Africa was under European control. In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol; the idea of "greatness" became linked with the " White Man's Burden ", or sense of duty, underlying many nations' strategies. Paths in the Rainforest. It was the central theme of The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference — The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled, with a million paying entrances that year, a huge success for these times. Within just The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition years, the political face of Africa had changed, with only Liberia a colony run by formerly enslaved African Americans and Ethiopia remaining free of European control. World War I. Scramble for Africa Home 1 Books 2. Medical advances The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition played an important role, especially medicines for tropical diseaseswhich helped control their adverse effects. John A. France's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in Additionally, Britain wanted control of areas of southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. The choices you make here will apply to your interaction with this service on this device. We use cookies to serve you certain types of adsincluding ads relevant to your interests on Book Depository and to work with approved third parties in the process of delivering ad content, including ads relevant to your interests, to measure the effectiveness of their ads, and to perform services on behalf of Book Depository. German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition South-West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population. The Diplomacy of Imperialism, — East Africa 7. African cattle was severely damaged, destroying the African livelihood, forcing them to work as labour for their colonizers. Gallagher and A. History Expert. A joint British-Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in In response to European pressure, the Sokoto Caliphate abolished slavery in and Ethiopia officially abolished slavery in Egypt was never an actual British colony. Leopold II personally owned the colony from and used it as a source of ivory and rubber. The 10 percent of Africa that was under formal European control in increased to almost 90 percent bywith only Ethiopia Abyssinia and Liberia remaining independent. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Along with the Fashoda Incident between France and Britain, this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations, which ultimately led to World War I. Pearson Education. However, during his second premiership between and he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet, and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt. New York University Blogs. Along with Lord Milnerthe British colonial minister in South Africa, Rhodes advocated such a "Cape to Cairo" empire, linking the Suez Canal to the mineral-rich Southern part of the continent by rail. You can learn more about how we plus approved third parties use cookies and how to change your settings by visiting the Cookies notice. Images and empires: visuality in The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition and postcolonial Africa U of California Press, Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably. First, the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Chamberlain M. Dispatched from the UK in The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition business days When will my order arrive? New York and London: G. A French force under Jean-Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda, soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchenercommander in chief of the British Army since After a war with Austria inSardinia, under the leadership of general Giuseppe Garibaldihad occupied all the states on the Italian peninsula, declaring the Kingdom of Italy in Other colonial exhibitions included the British Empire Exhibition and the Paris "Exposition coloniale". He has said that "imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil-rich African nations. Martin, Bismarck and Germany D. In —90, it occupied territory on the south side of the horn of Africa, forming what would become Italian Somaliland. This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers. Independent nations attempting to westernize or impress Europe sometimes cultivated an image of slavery suppression. Once these two areas were The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition, it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. The Scramble for Africa, 3rd edition Additionally, Britain wanted control of areas of southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India. Once these two areas The Scramble for Africa 3rd edition secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Leopold sent four CFS expeditions. Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible. Product details Format Paperback pages Dimensions Navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers was to be free to all, and to declare a protectorate over a region the European colonizer must show effective occupancy and develop a "sphere of influence. Exploration of Africa. Byonly Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control, and Liberia had strong connections to the United States. The continuing anti-slavery movement in Western Europe became a reason and an excuse for the conquest and colonization of Africa. This led to the Algeciras Conferencein which France's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories, and then to the Agadir Crisis in For example, we use cookies to conduct research and diagnostics to improve our content, products and services, and to measure and analyse the performance of our services. Further information: Decolonisation of Africa and Neocolonialism. Robinson, J. In the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia. The Scramble for Africa — was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Becoming Rwandan: Paths to Integration for the Potters
    BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 BECOMING RWANDAN: PATHS TO INTEGRATION FOR THE POTTERS A Thesis by Anna Rushton Kamanzi Spring 2016 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: _________________________________ Sharon Barrios, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. David A. Eaton Jr., Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ William Loker, Ph.D. DEDICATION To Bruce My sounding board, my translator, my husband My sample of one. I love you. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to extend my deepest gratitude and sincerest appreciation to Dr. David A. Eaton, Jr. whose mentorship, kindness, support, phenomenal teaching, and countless hours of advice have meant more to me than I can ever say. Your introduction to this beautiful continent has provided a means for endless exploration and adventure. I am honored to count you among my friends and I look forward to continuing to work together in the future. I would also like to extend my sincerest thanks to my second committee member, Dr. Loker. Your patience and guidance throughout this process have been invaluable. To my mom and Janice, thank you for your patience, support, and help with my daughter while I completed classes, research, and writing. Your hard work and dedication has been nothing short of inspiring. Amaya, thank you for your amazing spirit and willingness to move across the world with me.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 20 Historical Markers
    Black History Month Historical Highway Markers Marker descriptions provided by A Guidebook to Virginia’s African American Historical Markers, which was published for the first time by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) in late 2019 Name of Marker Location Dates Summary of Contribution Dorothy Height At 1400 Hull 1912-2010 Dorothy I. Height, civil rights leader, was born in Richmond and lived in this neighborhood Street, Richmond until 1916. For more than 50 years she worked for racial justice and gender equality. Serving on the national staff of the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) from 1944 to 1977, Height fostered interracial dialogue and moved the YWCA toward full integration. As president of the National Council of Negro Women for 40 years, she promoted economic development and voting rights and advised United States presidents. She worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and was a chief organizer of the March on Washington in 1963. Height was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1994. Booker T. Washington, At Booker T. 1856 Booker T. Washington was born a slave on the nearby Burroughs plantation on April 5, Birthplace Washington 1856. He graduated from Hampton Institute in 1875 where he became an instructor. Because National of his achievements as an educator, he was selected to establish a normal school for blacks in Monument, Alabama which later became the Tuskegee Institute. Recognized as an orator and author of Franklin County Up From Slavery, he exerted great influence both in the Republican party and as a humanitarian for the benefit of his fellow blacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Exhibitions and Human Zoos
    Colonial Exhibitions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A colonial exhibition was a type of international exhibition intended to boost trade and bolster popular support for the various colonial empires during the New Imperialism period, which started in the 1880s with the scramble for Africa. The British Empire Exhibition of 1924–5 ranked among these expositions, but perhaps the most notable was the rather successful 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition, which lasted six months and sold 33 million tickets. Paris's Colonial Exhibition debuted on 6 May 1931, and encompassed 110 hectares of the Bois de Vincennes. The exhibition included dozens of temporary museums and façades representing the various colonies of the European nations, as well as several permanent buildings. Among these were the Palais de la Porte Dorée, designed by architect Albert Laprode, which then housed the Musée permanent des Colonies, and serves today as the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration. An anti-colonial counter-exhibition was held near the 1931 Colonial Exhibition, titled Truth on the Colonies and was organized by the French Communist Party. The first section was dedicated to the crimes made during the colonial conquests, and quoted Albert Londres and André Gide's criticisms of forced labour while the second one made an apology of the Soviets' "nationalities' policy" compared to "imperialist colonialism". Germany and Portugal also staged colonial exhibitions, as well as Belgium, which had a Foire coloniale as late as 1948. Human zoos were featured in some of these exhibitions, such as in the Parisian 1931 exhibition. Through the 1950s, Africans and Native Americans Were Kept In Zoos As Exhibits By M.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ota Benga: the Pygmy Put on Dis- Play in A
    Papers extinct, is a major chapter in Darwinian history. The ne- Ota Benga: the farious fruits of evolutionism, from the Nazis’ conception of racial superiority to its utilisation in developing their governmental policy, are all well documented.3,4 pygmy put on dis- Some scientists felt that the solution to the problem of racism in early twentieth century America was to allow play in a zoo Darwinian natural selection to operate without interference. Bradford and Blume noted that Darwin taught that: Jerry Bergman ‘ …when left to itself, natural selection would ac- complish extinction. Without slavery to embrace and One of the most fascinating historical ac- protect them, or so it was thought, blacks would have counts about the social effects of Darwin- to compete with caucasians for survival. Whites’ ism is the story of Ota Benga, a pygmy who greater fitness for this contest was [they believed] was put on display in an American zoo as beyond dispute. The disappearance of blacks as a 5 an example of an evolutionarily inferior race, then, would only be a matter of time.’ race. The incident clearly reveals the rac- Each new American census showed that this pre- ism of Darwinism and the extent to which diction of Darwin was wrong because ‘the black population the theory gripped the hearts and minds showed no signs of failing, and might even be on the rise.’ of scientists and journalists in the early Not content ‘to wait for natural selection to grind out the 1900s. As humans move away from this answer,’ one senator even tried to establish programs to time in history, we can more objectively convince — or even force — Afro-Americans to return 6 look back at the horrors that Darwinism back to Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 334: a Visual Exploration of Race and Identity
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Honors Theses Undergraduate Research 2012 No. 334: A Visual Exploration of Race and Identity Naudline Pierre Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/honors Recommended Citation Pierre, Naudline, "No. 334: A Visual Exploration of Race and Identity" (2012). Honors Theses. 35. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/honors/35 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. John Nevins Andrews Scholars Andrews University Honors Program Honors Thesis No. 334: A Visual Exploration of Race and Identity Naudline Pierre April 2, 2012 Advisor: Professor Steve Hansen Primary Advisor Signature: __________________________ Department: __________________________ Pierre 2 No. 334: A Visual Exploration of Race and Identity Abstract Throughout history, humans have invented several methods of classification—most of which I find unsettling. The human need to classify is one that is deeply rooted in the search for identity. This senior thesis project is essentially a documentation of my journey to finding, understanding, and accepting my identity, through the lens of human classification based on physical attributes. Through the research of various human classification systems, such as scientific racism and somatotyping, and through the creation of a compelling body of artwork, I want to both inform and disturb the viewer while raising questions about classification, race, and identity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Zoo: Science's Dirty Secret
    Race: Science’s Last Taboo The Human Zoo: Science’s Dirty Secret In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scientists were so fascinated by race that thousands of indigenous people from all over the world were put on display in human zoos in pseudo-scientific demonstrations of ‘racial difference’. What was the context of this disturbing phenomenon, and who were the individuals involved? Pygmies and indigenous people today Ota Benga was a member of the Mbuti pygmies who, like all indigenous people today are struggling to hold on to their ancient ways of life. To modern day ‘race’ scientists - including population geneticists and biological anthropologists - people like the Mbuti are highly valuable and their genetic lineage is one of the most ancient of any group alive today. It is now widely accepted that non-Africans are descended from a single group who left 50- 70,000 years ago, but the origins of Africans themselves remain much less clear. Did this adventurous group also spread out across Africa, or did it represent just one of many different African populations with even deeper roots? These are important questions, and the answers are most likely to be found by studying current populations like the Mbuti, the San Bushmen and others. Indigenous cultural practices help anthropologists understand an ancient way of life that all our ancestors practised but that has become extinct in many parts of the world. These peoples hold a key to the history of all of us and as such their status in the world of science couldn’t be more different to the old colonial notions of ethnographic fairs.
    [Show full text]
  • The New York Times OTA BENGA, PYGMY, TIRED of AMERICA the Strange Little African Finally Ended Life at Lynchburg, Va. ONCE at TH
    The New York Times Sunday, July 16, 1916 OTA BENGA, PYGMY, TIRED OF AMERICA The Strange Little African Finally Ended Life at Lynchburg, Va. ONCE AT THE BRONX ZOO His American Sponsor Found Him Shrewd and Courageous – Wanted to be Educated Ota Benga, the first of the African pygmies to consent to leave his native wilds and the first who ever elected to remain in this country, committed suicide recently at Lynchburg, Va. During his stay in this city he was employed in the Zoological Park in the Bronx. He fed the anthropoid apes. It was this employment that gave rise to the unfounded report that he was being held in the park as one of the exhibits in the monkey cage. The story, though denied, persisted, and Ota became the centre of a discussion in which the public became interested. Samuel P. Verner, who brought Ota here in 1906, has retold the story of the coming to the United States of his protégé, and paid a tribute to the African as a man of native courage and resource. Ota Benga was from a settlement remote form that of the other pygmies who came here to go to the St. Louis Exposition. They came from the town of King Ndombe at Wismann Falls on the Kasai. All of them except Ota were later returned to their homes and were content to stay there. Of the arrival of Ota, Mr. Verner said: “When our steamship called at the confluence of the Kasai, where Commandant Loos of the Belgian Army was stationed, he told me of a strange little man in his settlement, who had been found by his soldiers as a captive slave in the hands of the cannibal Baschiele, when he had gone on an expedition to stop one of the tribe’s periodical raids into the interior.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Zoo Hut
    1958: A young girl twirls in As a URI undergraduate, Webb was a basketball player and track front of her bedroom mirror, star on a full athletic scholarship. picking out a party dress for her birthday She majored in journalism and trip to the World’s Fair in Brussels, minored in English, and was a Belgium. Cut to fairgrounds: popcorn founding mother of the University’s tumbles from a kettle, a ticket booth opens. first African American sorority, In a small dirt corral, a groundskeeper Alpha Kappa Alpha. Although she sweeps leaves from the dirt of one of the loved the arts, she felt obligated after day’s exhibitions, a replica of a Congolese graduation to pursue a practical Human Zoo hut. Inside the hut, an African girl waits path. She returned to her native A dark, forgotten chapter of the 1958 World’s Fair with her mother. The groundskeeper stakes Maryland, working in IT and even- a sign into the dirt: live feeding. compelled filmmaker Monda Raquel Webb ’90 to explore tually real estate and the mortgage Thus begins the short film Zoo racism and the loss of childhood innocence. finance industry. But her heart (Volkerschau) by first-time filmmaker belonged elsewhere. “The first 44 Monda Raquel Webb ’90, inspired by a real- Young actresses Kate Egan (left) and Erin Appiah BY NICOLE MARANHAS years, I worked to make sure my life photograph of an African child on became “instant besties,” says Webb. “When they mother would be proud of me,” says Webb. display in the “Negro Village” at Expo ’58, met one another, there was a moment of shyness.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin's Garden
    Chapter 1 Darwin’s Garden Ken Ham Biological arguments for racism may have been common before 1859, but they increased by orders of magnitude following the acceptance of evolutionary theory. — Stephen Jay Gould, a leading evolutionist (Ontogeny and Phylogeny, 1977) e crouched in the corner of the cage. With his head between his knees and his arms pulling his Hlegs tightly to his chest, he shielded himself as best he could from the crowd. The iron bars around him offered a certain level of physical protection from the mob that swirled around him — but they did nothing to protect him from the stares, from the laughter, from the jeers that rained down upon him day after day after day. Coins and stones pelted his flesh, the crowd hoping to instigate some sort of reaction. His infre- quent backlashes of anger only incited them further. 15 16 5 ONE RACE ~ ONE BLOOD Thousands of miles from his home and the graves of his slaughtered ancestors, he dreamed of the days when he moved freely and intently through his homeland. He longed to hunt again with his kinsman. He starved for the warm immersion of fellowship with his wife and children. But that was all behind him now. His family and his tribe had been murdered in the name of evolution. And now he cow- ered in the cage, a prisoner in Darwin’s garden. A Man Named “Ota” Ota Benga was born in 1881 in Central Africa where he grew strong and keen in the ways of the wilderness. The husband of one and the father of two, he returned one day from a successful elephant hunt to find that the camp he called “home” had ceased to exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoos As Engineered Nature
    Zoos as Engineered Nature KAREN RADER – FRIDAY 5/18 MBL HISTORY OF BIOLOGY SEMINAR – “A CENTURY OF ENGINEERING LIFE” I am NOT a historian of zoos but… … I know some! Zoo Displays as one window onto how institutions reflect and shape ideas about nature, animals, ecosystems. Share features w/museums, wilderness parks Driven in part by technologies of visualization and their interpretations, uses Embody values and assumptions about education, research, and human-animal relations Create opportunities for research and animal or ‘natural’ encounter that would otherwise be impossible Bird Hall at the Milwaukee Public Museum, c. 1920s School children examining the moose group at the American Museum of Natural History (n.d.) Carl Hagenbeck (1844-1913) Postcard from Hagenbeck Tierpark Hamburg, 1907) H.Warwick, keeper, with a tiger cub and a Peccary, taken at ZSL London Zoo, undated. Early animal keepers as ‘practical naturalists’ “Although not considered especially scientific in retrospect, practical naturalists working with living animals in and out of zoos in the later nineteenth century contributed (literally) volumes of information about animal habits, behavior, and basic living requirements – interests that in and of themselves, though not systematized, constituted an enormous expansion in explicit attention to living animals and thereby contributed directly to biological knowledge.” Lynn Nyhart, Modern Nature (2009), p. 108. Mitman (1996) “When Nature is the Zoo” Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo (1906) Mitman (1996) “When Nature is the Zoo” “Zoo exhibits were neither places to witness and affirm an imperial mastery over nature…nor places to affirm technological prowess….The new habitat display instead sought to blend the natural, technological, and social in a way that made possible an urban flight into an ephemeral experience of wilderness.”(p.
    [Show full text]
  • Savagery on Display at the Bronx Zoo
    Journal of Undergraduate Studies at Trent (JUST) ISSN 1913-0937 (Print) | 1913-0945 (Online) Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 51 - 58, Summer 2009 © Journal of Undergraduate Studies at Trent Step Right Up: Savagery on Display at the Bronx Zoo Pauline Harder, Trent University For two and a half weeks in 1906, a man from the Congo named Ota Benga was put on display in the monkey house of the Bronx zoo alongside an orangutan for the pleasure and supposed edification of the paying American public. This paper explores the his- torical context for this event, namely the display of humans in a carefully constructed racial hierarchy, and how Benga’s experience both typifies and subverts the turn-of-the- century practice of putting humans on display. For two and a half weeks in 1906, a man from the Congo named Ota Benga was put on display in the monkey house of the Bronx zoo alongside an orangutan for the pleasure and supposed edification of the paying American public.1 According to Samuel P. Verner, the man who brought him to America from the Congo, Benga was a member of the Bachichi or Chirichiri “tribe”, known more commonly to the American public as a “pygmy”.2 While Benga’s exhibition in the zoo may seem shocking to contemporary readers, it was not without precedent; in fact, at the time there was an established and thriving entertainment business in the United States based on the display of humans in freak shows and sideshows, in circuses such as P. T. Barnum’s and in amusement parks like the ones on Coney Island.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural World As Colonized Other(S): Educational Implications
    The Natural World as Colonized Other(s): Educational Implications Sean Blenkinsop, Laura Piersol, Michael D. Sitka-Sage, & Yi Chien Jade Ho, Simon Fraser University, Canada Abstract This paper begins with two parallel, although not identical, images. The first is of Ota Benga, a Congolese “pygmy” brought to the St. Louis World Fair in 1904 and displayed in a cage for the entertainment of the visiting public. The second is of a Red Maple tree in a large concrete pot on the campus of Simon Fraser University on the unceded territories of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw (Squamish), and Səl̓ílwəta?/Selilwitulh (Tsleil-Waututh) peoples. The remainder of the paper is an exploration of the varied responses these two images provoked for students, colleagues, and conference participants when confronted with the juxtaposition. In searching for an explanation, the paper deploys the work of Tunisian anti-colonial scholar Albert Memmi. Using Memmi’s work as an anchor, we explore five of the most common responses in order to propose that “the natural world” and its myriad beings is/are colonized. This realization, we conclude, has dramatic implications for environmental education. Résumé Le présent article compare d’abord deux images évoquant une certaine similitude sans être pour autant identiques. La première montre Ota Benga, un « Pygmée » congolais qui a été amené à Saint-Louis au Missouri pour l’Exposition universelle de 1904, où il a été exposé dans une cage pour divertir le public. La seconde représente un érable rouge planté dans un grand pot de béton sur le campus de l’Université Simon Fraser, sur les territoires non cédés des peuples xxʷməθkʷəy̓əm(Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw (Squamish) et Səl̓ílwəta?/Selilwitulh (Tsleil-Waututh).
    [Show full text]