DOCSLIB.ORG

9 X13.5 Doublelines.P65

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
9 X13.5 Doublelines.P65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88996-4 - Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Index of subjects Page numbers in bold denote illustrations. Abelisaurids, killing technique 196 Cladogram 223, 224 Acetabulum 59 Derived characters 222 Aves 237 Dinosaur 222–224 Dinosauria 65–67 Flight 231 Acromial process 92, 100, 103 Archosauria 61, 64, 65, 69, 275, 276, 309–310, 312–313, Actinopterygii 54 315 Aetosaurs 311 Cladogram 223 Air sacs, see Pleurocoels Comparison with birds 224 Alexander, R. M., dynamic similarity 254 Derived characters 222 Allometry 256 Skull 65 Altricial offspring 149, 151, 152 Archosauromorpha 64, 310 Alvarez, Walter, Cretaceous–Tertiary asteroid impact Cladogram 65 323–324 Derived characters 65 Alvarezsauridae 242–244 Arctic, dinosaur assemblage 262 Cladogram 243 Arms, see Forelimbs American Museum of Natural History Asteroid impact, Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary 322–327, “Brontosaurus” display 179 329, 340, 341–344 Gobi Desert expedition 10, 293 Astragalus Ammonites 327, 330, 341 Archaeopteryx 218 Amnion 61, 62 Dinosauria 67 Amniota 68, 72 Atoms 29, 30 Analogs 36 ATP/ADP 251 Anamniotes 61–62 Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia), Sauropod nesting site 175, 176 Anapsida 62, 63 Aves 241–244 Andrews, Roy Chapman (1884–1960), American Museum Evolution 240–243 of Natural History Gobi Desert expedition 293 see also Birds Angiosperms Avetheropoda 206 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 331, 332 Cladogram 205 Mesozoic 282–284, 285 Derived characters 205 co-evolution with herbivores 150–151, 286, 287 Avialae 207, 223, 236–237 Ankylosauria 85, 95–102, 280 Cladogram 223, 237 Brain 101 Derived characters 222, 233 Defense 101 Derived characters 104 Bakker, Robert. T. 310, 316 Feeding 100–101 Angiosperm/dinosaur co-evolution 287 Global distribution 99 Dinosaur metabolism 305 Metabolism 251 Predator:prey biomass ratio 259–261 Skull 98 Balance, Theropoda 198 Ankylosauridae 99, 100 Barbs 227 Cladogram 103 Barbules 227 Antarctic, dinosaur assemblage 262, 274 Beaks, see Rhamphotheca Antorbital fenestra 64, 177 Bennettitaleans 284, 313 Archaeopteryx Benton, M. J., tetrapod diversity 278 Anatomy 218–219, 220–221 Bering land bridge, migration 282 Bird ancestor 217–219 Biomass ratio, predator:prey 259–261 M1485 - FASTOVSKY TXT1.indd 363 10/11/08 14:57:36 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88996-4 - Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information 364 Index of subjects Biostratigraphy 23–24 Browsers Bipedalism 69–70 Low Birds 214 Ankylosaurs 95–100 Ceratopsia 121 Ceratopsia 124 Ornithopoda 136 Ornithopoda 138 Prosauropoda 163 Stegosauria 88–89 Speed 252 Tall Theropoda 188, 205 Prosauropoda 163–164, 286 Birds 214–217 Sauropoda 171–172 Brain 214 Buckland, William (1784–1856), Megalosaurus tooth 295 Carpometacarpus 214, 215 Burial, fossils 5 Comparison with dinosaurs 224 Defi nition 230 Calcium–sodium hydroxy apatite 5 Diagnostic characters 214 Camarasauromorphs 178 Comparison with Archaeopteryx 222 Cannibalism 200–201, 201 Comparison with Maniraptora 217, 222 Carbon atom 30 Early 236–244 Carbon-12 30 Cladogram 237 Carbon-14 20, 21, 30 Mesozoic 236–240 Carcasses Feathers 214, 215 Decomposition 4–5, 5 Skeleton 215, 216 Scavenging 200 Stance 214, 215 Carnivores 188, 200–201 Tarsometatarsus 215, 216 Cannibalism 200–201, 201 Vision 214 Scavenging 202 Bivalves, Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 330, 340 Carpals 56, 59 Blood pressure, Sauropoda 169 Semi-lunate 206, 207, 220 Bone Carpometacarpus, birds 214, 224, 239, 240, 242 Fossilization 5, 6, 7 Cellular respiration 251 Growth rate 255–258 Cenozoic 24 Haversian 255–257, 258, 259 Birds 241 Oxygen isotopes 265, 266 Cephalochordates 52, 53 Pneumatic 225 Cerapoda 80, 82, 110 Birds 214, 215 Cladogram 110, 117 Sauropoda 171 Ceratopsia 82, 118–130, 280, 281 Theropoda 188 Brain 128 Bonebeds Cladogram 128 Ceratopsia 128 Derived characters 129–130 Ornithopoda 147–148 Diversity 274–275 Prosauropoda 165 Evolution 128–130 Theropoda 201, 203 Feeding 119–120, 123 Brain Global distribution 120, 129, 131 Ankylosauria 101 Locomotion 123 Birds 214 Skull 121, 122, 127 Ceratopsia 128 Social behavior 125, 128, 129 Estimating size and shape 91 Ceratopsidae Intelligence 255 Cladogram 130 Ornithopoda 143 Derived characters 129–130 Pachycephalosauria 114 Characters 38–39 Sauropoda 168 Derived 40–41 Stegosauria 91 Diagnostic 39 Theropoda 198–199 Primitive 40–41 Breathing, unidirectional, Sauropoda 170–171 Cheeks Brown, Barnum (1873–1963) 304, 306 Ceratopsia 119 M1485 - FASTOVSKY TXT1.indd 364 10/11/08 14:57:36 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88996-4 - Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Index of subjects 365 Ornithischia 79 Pachycephalosauria 117, 118 Ornithopoda 141 Prosauropoda 176 Pachycephalosauria 114 Saurischia 156, 158, 159 Stegosauria 89 Sauropoda 177 Chelonia 61, 63 Sauropodomorpha 162 Chemistry, basics 29–30 Stegosauria 103, 104 Chewing Tetanurae 229 Ankylosauria 100 Tetrapoda 61 Ceratopsia 119, 123 Theropoda 189, 205 Euornithopoda 142 Thyreophora 86 Hadrosauridae 151 Classifi cation, biological 62 Late Cretaceous 286 Clavicle 59 Mammals 77–78 Claws Ornithischia 78–79, 81 Theropoda 192–193 Ornithopoda 82, 141–143 Deinonychus 193 Stegosauria 89–91 Cleveland–Lloyd bonebeds (USA) 204 Chicxulub impact crater (Mexico) 324–327, 326, 327 Climate, see Paleoclimate Chondrichthyes 54 Co-evolution, plants and herbivores 150–151, 164, 286, Chordata 287 Cladogram 54 Coelophysoidea 205 Derived characters 52–53, 54 Coelurosauria 206, 223, 225, 310 Chronostratigraphy 20–21 Feathers 225, 226, 227 Clades 40 Global distribution 188 Cladistic analysis 308–310 Cold-bloodedness, see Ectothermy Cladograms 39–45, 310 Collagen, Tyrannosaurus 230, 241 Alvarezsauridae 243 Collecting 9–15 Ankylosauridae 103 Common ancestor 34, 35, 40 Archaeopteryx 223 Molecular evolution techniques 241 Archosauria 223 Condensations 224 Archosauromorpha 65 Cones, see Osteoderms Avetheropoda 206 Confuciusornithidae 233 Avialae 223, 237 Conifers 283, 284, 286, 313 Birds, Mesozoic 237 Continental drift 24, 26, 27 Cerapoda 117, 118 Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897), rivalry with Othniel Ceratopsia 128 Charles Marsh 298–299 Ceratopsidae 130 Coprolites 7 Chordata 54 Late Cretaceous 286 Dinosauria 156 Tyrannosaurus rex 196 Endothermy 264 Coracoids 56, 59, 216, 239 Eumaniraptora 208 Coronoid process 78, 119, 120, 124, 140–141 Eurypoda 103, 104 Crests In evolution 40–45 Hadrosauridae 143–146 Genasauria 138 Theropoda 203 Gnathostomata 58 Cretaceous Hadrosauridae 151 Dinosaur distribution 274 Humans 41, 42, 44 Dinosaur diversity 275, 279–281 Iguanodontia 150 Early 24, 27, 279 Mammalia 41, 42, 44 Climate 28–29 Marginocephalia 110 Late 27 Neoceratopsia 128, 129 Climate 279–280, 322 Nodosauridae 105 Diversity 280 Ornithischia 80 Geology 322 Ornithopoda 138, 149 Sea level 322 M1485 - FASTOVSKY TXT1.indd 365 10/11/08 14:57:36 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88996-4 - Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information 366 Index of subjects Cretaceous (cont.) Dollo, Louis Antoine Marie Joseph (1857–1931), Late (cont.) Iguanodon skeletons 299, 301 Volcanism 322 Domes 110, 116, 117 Mid, climate 29 Head-butting 115 Plant diversity 283, 284, 285 Dromaeosauridae 208, 228 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 314, 322–343 Agility 198 Asteroid impact 323–327, 327, 337–343 Dynamic similarity 254 Bird radiation 240 Oceans 327, 330–332 Ectothermy 250, 252–253, 256, 266, 303 Recovery 339–340 Encephalization quotient 255 Terrestrial record 332–333 Eggs Crocodilians 62, 64, 279 Ceratopsia 123 Crurotarsi 64, 65 Prosauropoda 165 Cycadophytes 283, 285, 313 Theropoda 204 Cynodonts 311, 313 Electrons 29–30 Elements 29–30 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882), On the Origin of Enantiornithes 237, 238 Species (1859) 46–48 Encephalization quotient (EQ) 255, 256 Dating 20–24 Endemism 278–279, 282, 287 Relative 22, 23 Endocasts 255 Decomposition 4–5, 5 Endosymbionts 173 Defense Endothermy 226, 230, 250–253, 256, 264, 266, 304, 305, Ankylosauria 101 313 Ceratopsia 124, 127 Anatomy 250–252, 255 Deinonychosaurs 207, 228, 281 Encephalization quotient 255 Balance 198, 199 Predator:prey biomass ratio 259–262 Dental battery Stance 250–251 Ceratopsia 120, 124 Work of Robert Owen 295 Hadrosauridae 142, 143, 151 Entrada Formation (Middle Jurassic, USA), Theropod Diapsida 62, 63–64 trackway 191 Diastema 140, 141 Epeiric seas, see Epicontinental seas Dicynodonts 311, 313 Epicontinental seas 24 Dinosaur, terminology 4 effect on climate 28 Dinosauria 64 Epochs 24 Chewing 78–79 Eras 24 Cladogram 156 Estivation, Heterodontosauridae 139 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 334–336, 337 Eumaniraptora 206, 207–208 Hypotheses 336–342 Cladogram 208 Derived characters 65–67 Derived characters 208, 223 Origins 67–71 Feathers 228 Rise and fall 311–313 Origin of fl ight 231 Stance 66, 67, 68, 69–70, 309 Euornithopoda 137, 149 Dinosauromorpha 69 Altricial young 151 Diplodocoidea 177, 178, 182 Feeding 138, 141, 142 Display 127, 203 Global distribution 136 Specimens 15, 16 Eurypoda 86 Distribution 262, 274 Ankylosauria 95–102, 102–104 Diversity 274, 278 Cladogram 103, 104 Ecological, dinosaurs 334 Derived characters 102 Estimation 274 Evolution 102 Minimal divergence time (MDT) 280–281 Stegosauria 87–95, 102 DNA hybridization 241 Eusaurapoda 176, 178 M1485 - FASTOVSKY
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JVP 26(3) September 2006—ABSTRACTS
    Neoceti Symposium, Saturday 8:45 acid-prepared osteolepiforms Medoevia and Gogonasus has offered strong support for BODY SIZE AND CRYPTIC TROPHIC SEPARATION OF GENERALIZED Jarvik’s interpretation, but Eusthenopteron itself has not been reexamined in detail. PIERCE-FEEDING CETACEANS: THE ROLE OF FEEDING DIVERSITY DUR- Uncertainty has persisted about the relationship between the large endoskeletal “fenestra ING THE RISE OF THE NEOCETI endochoanalis” and the apparently much smaller choana, and about the occlusion of upper ADAM, Peter, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; JETT, Kristin, Univ. of and lower jaw fangs relative to the choana. California, Davis, Davis, CA; OLSON, Joshua, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los A CT scan investigation of a large skull of Eusthenopteron, carried out in collaboration Angeles, CA with University of Texas and Parc de Miguasha, offers an opportunity to image and digital- Marine mammals with homodont dentition and relatively little specialization of the feeding ly “dissect” a complete three-dimensional snout region. We find that a choana is indeed apparatus are often categorized as generalist eaters of squid and fish. However, analyses of present, somewhat narrower but otherwise similar to that described by Jarvik. It does not many modern ecosystems reveal the importance of body size in determining trophic parti- receive the anterior coronoid fang, which bites mesial to the edge of the dermopalatine and tioning and diversity among predators. We established relationships between body sizes of is received by a pit in that bone. The fenestra endochoanalis is partly floored by the vomer extant cetaceans and their prey in order to infer prey size and potential trophic separation of and the dermopalatine, restricting the choana to the lateral part of the fenestra.
    [Show full text]
  • Mini Page 1.28.15.Indd
    © 2015 Universal Uclick Roaming North America from The Mini Page © 2015 Universal Uclick Land of Dinosaurs Gigantic dinosaurs such as It wasn’t snowing then Tyrannosaurus rex (ty-RAN- Right now, in the middle of the oh-SORE-rus RECKS) and winter, if you look at the states where Triceratops (tri-SER-uh-tops) the Hell Creek Formation is, it is hard ruled western North America 66 to imagine that in the time of the million years ago. dinosaurs it was a rainy, subtropical Dinosaurs had been roaming forest. There were no cold winters. It the Earth for about 165 million would have been much like southern years. And then, in just a few Florida today. years, all dinosaurs but birds The Earth was much warmer 66 were wiped from the planet. million to 68 million years ago, at the Much of what we know end of the Cretaceous (kruh-TAY-shus) about these awesome animals Period. There were no polar ice caps. and the land they ruled comes The planet’s sea levels were much from fossil discoveries in one higher than today. The oceans had set of rocks, the Hell Creek flooded parts of North America, Formation. This layer of rocks creating a huge inland sea. Dinosaurs covers parts of Montana, North lived to the east and west of the sea. Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming. (It is called the Lance At the top of the Formation in Wyoming.) art, Anzu In November 2014, the (the pink art by Mary Parrish, courtesy Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian’s National dinosaurs) Museum of Natural History in In the background, an Edmontosaurus (ed-MON- roam toh-SAW-rus) travels through a swamp in the through Washington, D.C., opened a new Hell Creek Formation area 66 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • At Carowinds
    at Carowinds EDUCATOR’S GUIDE CLASSROOM LESSON PLANS & FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES Table of Contents at Carowinds Introduction The Field Trip ................................... 2 The Educator’s Guide ....................... 3 Field Trip Activity .................................. 4 Lesson Plans Lesson 1: Form and Function ........... 6 Lesson 2: Dinosaur Detectives ....... 10 Lesson 3: Mesozoic Math .............. 14 Lesson 4: Fossil Stories.................. 22 Games & Puzzles Crossword Puzzles ......................... 29 Logic Puzzles ................................. 32 Word Searches ............................... 37 Answer Keys ...................................... 39 Additional Resources © 2012 Dinosaurs Unearthed Recommended Reading ................. 44 All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Dinosaur Data ................................ 45 means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other without Discovering Dinosaurs .................... 52 explicit prior permission from Dinosaurs Unearthed. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for class use. Glossary .............................................. 54 Content co-created by TurnKey Education, Inc. and Dinosaurs Unearthed, 2012 Standards www.turnkeyeducation.net www.dinosaursunearthed.com Curriculum Standards .................... 59 Introduction The Field Trip From the time of the first exhibition unveiled in 1854 at the Crystal
    [Show full text]
  • 1 JOURNAL of VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY a New
    JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY A new caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, and a reevaluation of the relationships of Caenagnathidae GREGORY F. FUNSTON*,,PHILIP J. CURRIE Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta,Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 [email protected]; [email protected] SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1 1 CHARACTERS MODIFIED FROM LAMANNA ET AL. (2014) 78. Dentary: (0) elongate; (1) proportionally short and deep, with maximum depth of dentary between 25% and 50% of dentary length (with length measured from the tip of the jaw to the end of the posterodorsal process); (2) extremely short and deep, with maximum depth 50% or more of dentary length. [ORDERED] Modification—Removed [ORDERED] Justification—Mandibular variation through ontogeny in has not been qualified in oviraptorosaurs, nor has the degree of intraspecific variation. This character in particular is correlated with size in caenagnathids, such that larger specimens tend show state 0, and smaller specimens tend to show state 2, with a smooth gradient between. 84. Anterodorsal margin of dentary in lateral view: (0) straight; (1) concave; (2) broadly concave. [ORDERED] Modification—Removed [ORDERED] Justification—As above, though the opposite correlation to size is shown: large specimens tend to show state 2, and small specimens tend to show state 0. 176. Manual phalanx II-2: (0) longer than II-1; (1) subequal to or slightly shorter than II- 1; (2) distinctly shorter than II-1. [ORDERED] Modification—Removed [ORDERED] Justification—Caenagnathid manual proportions are highly variable, with a number of apparent reversals within clades. For example, Hagryphus giganteus, scored as character state 1 for this character, is consistently recovered as a basal caenagnathid, but within more derived caenagnathids, all three character states for this character are present, indicating that the character state can move both directions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Census of Dinosaur Fossils Recovered from the Hell Creek and Lance Formations (Maastrichtian)
    The Journal of Paleontological Sciences: JPS.C.2019.01 1 TAKING COUNT: A Census of Dinosaur Fossils Recovered From the Hell Creek and Lance Formations (Maastrichtian). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Walter W. Stein- President, PaleoAdventures 1432 Mill St.. Belle Fourche, SD 57717. [email protected] 605-210-1275 ABSTRACT: A census of Hell Creek and Lance Formation dinosaur remains was conducted from April, 2017 through February of 2018. Online databases were reviewed and curators and collections managers interviewed in an effort to determine how much material had been collected over the past 130+ years of exploration. The results of this new census has led to numerous observations regarding the quantity, quality, and locations of the total collection, as well as ancillary data on the faunal diversity and density of Late Cretaceous dinosaur populations. By reviewing the available data, it was also possible to make general observations regarding the current state of certain exploration programs, the nature of collection bias present in those collections and the availability of today's online databases. A total of 653 distinct, associated and/or articulated remains (skulls and partial skeletons) were located. Ceratopsid skulls and partial skeletons (mostly identified as Triceratops) were the most numerous, tallying over 335+ specimens. Hadrosaurids (Edmontosaurus) were second with at least 149 associated and/or articulated remains. Tyrannosaurids (Tyrannosaurus and Nanotyrannus) were third with a total of 71 associated and/or articulated specimens currently known to exist. Basal ornithopods (Thescelosaurus) were also well represented by at least 42 known associated and/or articulated remains. The remaining associated and/or articulated specimens, included pachycephalosaurids (18), ankylosaurids (6) nodosaurids (6), ornithomimids (13), oviraptorosaurids (9), dromaeosaurids (1) and troodontids (1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Battering Ram?
    A Battering Ram? All evidence suggests that Pachycephalosaur skulls were built to withstand extreme forces 9 inches of solid bone Bone organized in a radial arrangement- structural support Articulation btw back of skull and vertebrae oriented to transfer forces linearly Articulation btw back of skull and vertebral column built to withstand sideways forces Vertebral column has tongue and groove articulations Spinal column is an S-shaped shock absorber BUT There is no ‘locking’ mechanism on skull to keep battering heads aligned Some Pachycephalosaurs have imprinted blood vessels on dome These factors suggests that head- butting may not be likely Intraspecies Competition (typically male-male) Females are typically choosey Why? Because they have more to loose Common rule in biology: Females are expensive to lose, males are cheap (e.g. deer hunting) Females choose the male most likely to provide the most successful offspring Males compete with each other for access to female vs. female chooses the strongest male Choosey females // Strong males have more offspring => SEXUAL selection Many ways to do this... But: In general, maximize competition and minimize accidental deaths (= no fitness) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PontCXFgs0M http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1941236/giraffe_fight/ http://www.youtube.com/watch? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYDx1y38vGw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULRtdk-3Yh4 Air-filled horn cores vs. solid bone skull caps... Gotta have a cheezy animated slide. Homalocephale Pachycephalosaurus Prenocephale Tylocephale Stegoceras Head butting Pachycephalosaurs Bone structure was probably strong enough to withstand collision Convex nature would favor glancing blows Instead, dome and spines seem better suited for “flank butting” So..
    [Show full text]
  • The Oldest Record of Ornithuromorpha from the Early Cretaceous of China
    ARTICLE Received 6 Jan 2015 | Accepted 20 Mar 2015 | Published 5 May 2015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7987 OPEN The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China Min Wang1, Xiaoting Zheng2,3, Jingmai K. O’Connor1, Graeme T. Lloyd4, Xiaoli Wang2,3, Yan Wang2,3, Xiaomei Zhang2,3 & Zhonghe Zhou1 Ornithuromorpha is the most inclusive clade containing extant birds but not the Mesozoic Enantiornithes. The early evolutionary history of this avian clade has been advanced with recent discoveries from Cretaceous deposits, indicating that Ornithuromorpha and Enantiornithes are the two major avian groups in Mesozoic. Here we report on a new ornithuromorph bird, Archaeornithura meemannae gen. et sp. nov., from the second oldest avian-bearing deposits (130.7 Ma) in the world. The new taxon is referable to the Hongshanornithidae and constitutes the oldest record of the Ornithuromorpha. However, A. meemannae shows few primitive features relative to younger hongshanornithids and is deeply nested within the Hongshanornithidae, suggesting that this clade is already well established. The new discovery extends the record of Ornithuromorpha by five to six million years, which in turn pushes back the divergence times of early avian lingeages into the Early Cretaceous. 1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China. 2 Institue of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China. 3 Tianyu Natural History Museum of Shandong, Pingyi, Shandong 273300, China. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2019, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptors in Action 1 Suggested Pre-Visit Activities
    PROGRAM OVERVIEW TOPIC: Small theropods commonly known as “raptors.” THEME: Explore the adaptations that made raptors unique and successful, like claws, intelligence, vision, speed, and hollow bones. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: Razor-sharp teeth and sickle-like claws are just a few of the characteristics that have made raptors famous. Working in groups, students will build a working model of a raptor leg and then bring it to life while competing in a relay race that simulates the hunting techniques of these carnivorous animals. AUDIENCE: Grades 3–6 CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS: Grade 3 Science: Building with a Variety of Materials Grade 3–6 Math: Patterns and Relations Grade 4 Science: Building Devices and Vehicles that Move Grade 6 Science: Evidence and Investigation PROGRAM ObJECTIVES: 1. Students will understand the adaptations that contributed to the success of small theropods. 2. Students will explore the function of the muscles used in vertebrate movement and the mechanics of how a raptor leg works. 3. Students will understand the function of the raptorial claw. 4. Students will discover connections between small theropod dinosaurs and birds. SUGGESTED PRE-VISIT ACTIVITIES UNDERstANDING CLADIstICS Animals and plants are often referred to as part of a family or group. For example, the dog is part of the canine family (along with wolves, coyotes, foxes, etc.). Scientists group living things together based on relationships to gain insight into where they came from. This helps us identify common ancestors of different organisms. This method of grouping is called “cladistics.” Cladistics is a system that uses branches like a family tree to show how organisms are related to one another.
    [Show full text]
  • The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
    Biol. Rev. (2014), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12128 The extinction of the dinosaurs Stephen L. Brusatte1,∗,†, Richard J. Butler2,†, Paul M. Barrett3, Matthew T. Carrano4, David C. Evans5, Graeme T. Lloyd6, Philip D. Mannion7, Mark A. Norell8, Daniel J. Peppe9, Paul Upchurch10 and Thomas E. Williamson11 1School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, U.K. 2School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K. 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, U.K. 4Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, U.S.A. 5Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada 6Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, U.K. 7Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K. 8Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, U.S.A. 9Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, U.S.A. 10Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K. 11New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, geologically coincident with the impact of a large bolide (comet or asteroid) during an interval of massive volcanic eruptions and changes in temperature and sea level. There has long been fervent debate about how these events affected dinosaurs. We review a wealth of new data accumulated over the past two decades, provide updated and novel analyses of long-term dinosaur diversity trends during the latest Cretaceous, and discuss an emerging consensus on the extinction’s tempo and causes.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Network Analyses Reveal Oppositional Heterochronies in Avian Skull Evolution ✉ Olivia Plateau1 & Christian Foth 1 1234567890():,;
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0914-4 OPEN Birds have peramorphic skulls, too: anatomical network analyses reveal oppositional heterochronies in avian skull evolution ✉ Olivia Plateau1 & Christian Foth 1 1234567890():,; In contrast to the vast majority of reptiles, the skulls of adult crown birds are characterized by a high degree of integration due to bone fusion, e.g., an ontogenetic event generating a net reduction in the number of bones. To understand this process in an evolutionary context, we investigate postnatal ontogenetic changes in the skulls of crown bird and non-avian ther- opods using anatomical network analysis (AnNA). Due to the greater number of bones and bone contacts, early juvenile crown birds have less integrated skulls, resembling their non- avian theropod ancestors, including Archaeopteryx lithographica and Ichthyornis dispars. Phy- logenetic comparisons indicate that skull bone fusion and the resulting modular integration represent a peramorphosis (developmental exaggeration of the ancestral adult trait) that evolved late during avialan evolution, at the origin of crown-birds. Succeeding the general paedomorphic shape trend, the occurrence of an additional peramorphosis reflects the mosaic complexity of the avian skull evolution. ✉ 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | (2020) 3:195 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0914-4 | www.nature.com/commsbio 1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY | https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0914-4 fi fi irds represent highly modi ed reptiles and are the only length (L), quality of identi ed modular partition (Qmax), par- surviving branch of theropod dinosaurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Vertebrate Faunas of the Markagunt, Paunsaugunt, and Kaiparowits Plateaus, Southern Utah
    GEOLOGY OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST an open-access journal of the Utah Geological Association Volume 3 2016 LATE CRETACEOUS STRATIGRAPHY AND VERTEBRATE FAUNAS OF THE MARKAGUNT, PAUNSAUGUNT, AND KAIPAROWITS PLATEAUS, SOUTHERN UTAH Alan L. Titus, Jeffrey G. Eaton, and Joseph Sertich A Field Guide Prepared For SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Annual Meeting, October 26 – 29, 2016 Grand America Hotel Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Post-Meeting Field Trip October 30–November 1, 2016 © 2016 Utah Geological Association. All rights reserved. For permission to copy and distribute, see the following page or visit the UGA website at www.utahgeology.org for information. Email inquiries to [email protected]. GEOLOGY OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST an open-access journal of the Utah Geological Association Volume 3 2016 Editors UGA Board Douglas A. Sprinkel Thomas C. Chidsey, Jr. 2016 President Bill Loughlin [email protected] 435.649.4005 Utah Geological Survey Utah Geological Survey 2016 President-Elect Paul Inkenbrandt [email protected] 801.537.3361 801.391.1977 801.537.3364 2016 Program Chair Andrew Rupke [email protected] 801.537.3366 [email protected] [email protected] 2016 Treasurer Robert Ressetar [email protected] 801.949.3312 2016 Secretary Tom Nicolaysen [email protected] 801.538.5360 Bart J. Kowallis Steven Schamel 2016 Past-President Jason Blake [email protected] 435.658.3423 Brigham Young University GeoX Consulting, Inc. 801.422.2467 801.583-1146 UGA Committees [email protected] [email protected] Education/Scholarship
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index
    Cambridge University Press 0521811724 - The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs, Second Edition David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Subject index Bold type indicates figures. Absolute age 23–5 Arctic dinosaurs 372–373, 373 Actinopterygii 67 Asteroid impact 425, 426–32 Aguja Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) 401 see also Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary; Alxa Desert (China) 297 Iridium; Chicxulub Amarga Canyon (Argentina) 262 Affects of 432–4 American Museum of Natural History (USA) Indicators of 426, 427–9, 428, 429, 430, 431 18n, 19, 253, 259, 292 Atlas Mountains (Morocco) 263 Amnion 77 Auca Mahuevo (Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) Amniota 245, 246 Diagnostic characters 77, 78 Aves, see Theropoda Major groups 78 Azendoh (Morocco) 261 Amphibia 77, 77n, 393 Amur River (Sino-Russian border) 217 Baharije Oasis (Egypt) 291, 292 Anapsida 78, 79–80 Barun Goyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Anhui Province (China) 162 Mongolia) 401 Ankylosauria Bernissart (Belgium) 212, 213 Age 133, 396, 397 Biological classification 68 Armament 133, 137, 138, 139 Biostratigraphy 22, 27–8 Behavior 134–7, 138–9 Birds, see Theropoda Clades of 133, 139–42 Body plans 65 Cladogram of, see Cladograms Bone histology 362–7, 363 Derived characters of 140, 139–41, 142 British Museum (Natural History) 234, 258, 336 Distribution 134, 135 Bug Creek (USA) 441 Evolution of 139 Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, Canada) 64 Fermentation in 136, 137 Burial 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 History of discovery 142–5 Inferred intelligence 361 Canadian Dinosaur Rush 182, 183,
    [Show full text]