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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88996-4 - Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information

Index of subjects

Page numbers in bold denote illustrations.

Abelisaurids, killing technique 196 Cladogram 223, 224 Acetabulum 59 Derived characters 222 Aves 237 Dinosaur 222–224 Dinosauria 65–67 Flight 231 Acromial process 92, 100, 103 Archosauria 61, 64, 65, 69, 275, 276, 309–310, 312–313, Actinopterygii 54 315 Aetosaurs 311 Cladogram 223 Air sacs, see Pleurocoels Comparison with birds 224 Alexander, R. M., dynamic similarity 254 Derived characters 222 Allometry 256 Skull 65 Altricial offspring 149, 151, 152 Archosauromorpha 64, 310 Alvarez, Walter, Cretaceous–Tertiary asteroid impact Cladogram 65 323–324 Derived characters 65 Alvarezsauridae 242–244 Arctic, dinosaur assemblage 262 Cladogram 243 Arms, see Forelimbs American Museum of Natural History Asteroid impact, Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary 322–327, “Brontosaurus” display 179 329, 340, 341–344 Gobi Desert expedition 10, 293 Astragalus Ammonites 327, 330, 341 Archaeopteryx 218 Amnion 61, 62 Dinosauria 67 Amniota 68, 72 Atoms 29, 30 Analogs 36 ATP/ADP 251 Anamniotes 61–62 Auca Mahuevo (Patagonia), Sauropod nesting site 175, 176 Anapsida 62, 63 Aves 241–244 Andrews, Roy Chapman (1884–1960), American Museum Evolution 240–243 of Natural History Gobi Desert expedition 293 see also Birds Angiosperms Avetheropoda 206 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 331, 332 Cladogram 205 Mesozoic 282–284, 285 Derived characters 205 co-evolution with herbivores 150–151, 286, 287 Avialae 207, 223, 236–237 Ankylosauria 85, 95–102, 280 Cladogram 223, 237 Brain 101 Derived characters 222, 233 Defense 101 Derived characters 104 Bakker, Robert. T. 310, 316 Feeding 100–101 Angiosperm/dinosaur co-evolution 287 Global distribution 99 Dinosaur metabolism 305 Metabolism 251 Predator:prey biomass ratio 259–261 Skull 98 Balance, Theropoda 198 Ankylosauridae 99, 100 Barbs 227 Cladogram 103 Barbules 227 Antarctic, dinosaur assemblage 262, 274 Beaks, see Rhamphotheca Antorbital fenestra 64, 177 Bennettitaleans 284, 313 Archaeopteryx Benton, M. J., tetrapod diversity 278 Anatomy 218–219, 220–221 Bering land bridge, migration 282 Bird ancestor 217–219 Biomass ratio, predator:prey 259–261

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364 Index of subjects

Biostratigraphy 23–24 Browsers Bipedalism 69–70 Low Birds 214 Ankylosaurs 95–100 Ceratopsia 121 Ceratopsia 124 Ornithopoda 136 Ornithopoda 138 Prosauropoda 163 Stegosauria 88–89 Speed 252 Tall Theropoda 188, 205 Prosauropoda 163–164, 286 Birds 214–217 Sauropoda 171–172 Brain 214 Buckland, William (1784–1856), Megalosaurus tooth 295 Carpometacarpus 214, 215 Burial, fossils 5 Comparison with dinosaurs 224 Deﬁ nition 230 Calcium–sodium hydroxy apatite 5 Diagnostic characters 214 Camarasauromorphs 178 Comparison with Archaeopteryx 222 Cannibalism 200–201, 201 Comparison with Maniraptora 217, 222 Carbon atom 30 Early 236–244 Carbon-12 30 Cladogram 237 Carbon-14 20, 21, 30 Mesozoic 236–240 Carcasses Feathers 214, 215 Decomposition 4–5, 5 Skeleton 215, 216 Scavenging 200 Stance 214, 215 Carnivores 188, 200–201 Tarsometatarsus 215, 216 Cannibalism 200–201, 201 Vision 214 Scavenging 202 Bivalves, Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 330, 340 Carpals 56, 59 Blood pressure, Sauropoda 169 Semi-lunate 206, 207, 220 Bone Carpometacarpus, birds 214, 224, 239, 240, 242 Fossilization 5, 6, 7 Cellular respiration 251 Growth rate 255–258 Cenozoic 24 Haversian 255–257, 258, 259 Birds 241 Oxygen isotopes 265, 266 Cephalochordates 52, 53 Pneumatic 225 Cerapoda 80, 82, 110 Birds 214, 215 Cladogram 110, 117 Sauropoda 171 Ceratopsia 82, 118–130, 280, 281 Theropoda 188 Brain 128 Bonebeds Cladogram 128 Ceratopsia 128 Derived characters 129–130 Ornithopoda 147–148 Diversity 274–275 Prosauropoda 165 Evolution 128–130 Theropoda 201, 203 Feeding 119–120, 123 Brain Global distribution 120, 129, 131 Ankylosauria 101 Locomotion 123 Birds 214 Skull 121, 122, 127 Ceratopsia 128 Social behavior 125, 128, 129 Estimating size and shape 91 Ceratopsidae Intelligence 255 Cladogram 130 Ornithopoda 143 Derived characters 129–130 Pachycephalosauria 114 Characters 38–39 Sauropoda 168 Derived 40–41 Stegosauria 91 Diagnostic 39 Theropoda 198–199 Primitive 40–41 Breathing, unidirectional, Sauropoda 170–171 Cheeks Brown, Barnum (1873–1963) 304, 306 Ceratopsia 119

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Index of subjects 365

Ornithischia 79 Pachycephalosauria 117, 118 Ornithopoda 141 Prosauropoda 176 Pachycephalosauria 114 Saurischia 156, 158, 159 Stegosauria 89 Sauropoda 177 Chelonia 61, 63 Sauropodomorpha 162 Chemistry, basics 29–30 Stegosauria 103, 104 Chewing Tetanurae 229 Ankylosauria 100 Tetrapoda 61 Ceratopsia 119, 123 Theropoda 189, 205 Euornithopoda 142 Thyreophora 86 Hadrosauridae 151 Classiﬁ cation, biological 62 Late Cretaceous 286 Clavicle 59 Mammals 77–78 Claws Ornithischia 78–79, 81 Theropoda 192–193 Ornithopoda 82, 141–143 Deinonychus 193 Stegosauria 89–91 Cleveland–Lloyd bonebeds (USA) 204 Chicxulub impact crater (Mexico) 324–327, 326, 327 Climate, see Paleoclimate Chondrichthyes 54 Co-evolution, plants and herbivores 150–151, 164, 286, Chordata 287 Cladogram 54 Coelophysoidea 205 Derived characters 52–53, 54 Coelurosauria 206, 223, 225, 310 Chronostratigraphy 20–21 Feathers 225, 226, 227 Clades 40 Global distribution 188 Cladistic analysis 308–310 Cold-bloodedness, see Ectothermy Cladograms 39–45, 310 Collagen, Tyrannosaurus 230, 241 Alvarezsauridae 243 Collecting 9–15 Ankylosauridae 103 Common ancestor 34, 35, 40 Archaeopteryx 223 Molecular evolution techniques 241 Archosauria 223 Condensations 224 Archosauromorpha 65 Cones, see Osteoderms Avetheropoda 206 Confuciusornithidae 233 Avialae 223, 237 Conifers 283, 284, 286, 313 Birds, Mesozoic 237 Continental drift 24, 26, 27 Cerapoda 117, 118 Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897), rivalry with Othniel Ceratopsia 128 Charles Marsh 298–299 Ceratopsidae 130 Coprolites 7 Chordata 54 Late Cretaceous 286 Dinosauria 156 Tyrannosaurus rex 196 Endothermy 264 Coracoids 56, 59, 216, 239 Eumaniraptora 208 Coronoid process 78, 119, 120, 124, 140–141 Eurypoda 103, 104 Crests In evolution 40–45 Hadrosauridae 143–146 Genasauria 138 Theropoda 203 Gnathostomata 58 Cretaceous Hadrosauridae 151 Dinosaur distribution 274 Humans 41, 42, 44 Dinosaur diversity 275, 279–281 Iguanodontia 150 Early 24, 27, 279 Mammalia 41, 42, 44 Climate 28–29 Marginocephalia 110 Late 27 Neoceratopsia 128, 129 Climate 279–280, 322 Nodosauridae 105 Diversity 280 Ornithischia 80 Geology 322 Ornithopoda 138, 149 Sea level 322

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366 Index of subjects

Cretaceous (cont.) Dollo, Louis Antoine Marie Joseph (1857–1931), Late (cont.) Iguanodon skeletons 299, 301 Volcanism 322 Domes 110, 116, 117 Mid, climate 29 Head-butting 115 Plant diversity 283, 284, 285 Dromaeosauridae 208, 228 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 314, 322–343 Agility 198 Asteroid impact 323–327, 327, 337–343 Dynamic similarity 254 Bird radiation 240 Oceans 327, 330–332 Ectothermy 250, 252–253, 256, 266, 303 Recovery 339–340 Encephalization quotient 255 Terrestrial record 332–333 Eggs Crocodilians 62, 64, 279 Ceratopsia 123 Crurotarsi 64, 65 Prosauropoda 165 Cycadophytes 283, 285, 313 Theropoda 204 Cynodonts 311, 313 Electrons 29–30 Elements 29–30 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809–1882), On the Origin of Enantiornithes 237, 238 Species (1859) 46–48 Encephalization quotient (EQ) 255, 256 Dating 20–24 Endemism 278–279, 282, 287 Relative 22, 23 Endocasts 255 Decomposition 4–5, 5 Endosymbionts 173 Defense Endothermy 226, 230, 250–253, 256, 264, 266, 304, 305, Ankylosauria 101 313 Ceratopsia 124, 127 Anatomy 250–252, 255 Deinonychosaurs 207, 228, 281 Encephalization quotient 255 Balance 198, 199 Predator:prey biomass ratio 259–262 Dental battery Stance 250–251 Ceratopsia 120, 124 Work of Robert Owen 295 Hadrosauridae 142, 143, 151 Entrada Formation (Middle Jurassic, USA), Theropod Diapsida 62, 63–64 trackway 191 Diastema 140, 141 Epeiric seas, see Epicontinental seas Dicynodonts 311, 313 Epicontinental seas 24 Dinosaur, terminology 4 effect on climate 28 Dinosauria 64 Epochs 24 Chewing 78–79 Eras 24 Cladogram 156 Estivation, Heterodontosauridae 139 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 334–336, 337 Eumaniraptora 206, 207–208 Hypotheses 336–342 Cladogram 208 Derived characters 65–67 Derived characters 208, 223 Origins 67–71 Feathers 228 Rise and fall 311–313 Origin of ﬂ ight 231 Stance 66, 67, 68, 69–70, 309 Euornithopoda 137, 149 Dinosauromorpha 69 Altricial young 151 Diplodocoidea 177, 178, 182 Feeding 138, 141, 142 Display 127, 203 Global distribution 136 Specimens 15, 16 Eurypoda 86 Distribution 262, 274 Ankylosauria 95–102, 102–104 Diversity 274, 278 Cladogram 103, 104 Ecological, dinosaurs 334 Derived characters 102 Estimation 274 Evolution 102 Minimal divergence time (MDT) 280–281 Stegosauria 87–95, 102 DNA hybridization 241 Eusaurapoda 176, 178

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Index of subjects 367

Evolution 34–36, 46–48 Tetrapoda 59 Ceratopsia 128–130 Theropoda 193 Convergent 207 Fossilization 4–5, 6 Molecular 241 Fossils Ornithopoda 149–151 Body 4, 5 Pachycephalosauria 117–118 Collecting 9–15 Sauropodomorpha 175–183 Formation 4–5, 6 Theropoda 205–208 Preservation 274 Thyreophora 102–105 Trace, see Ichnofossils see also Co-evolution Frills, Ceratopsia 124–128, 127 Expeditions, planning 10–11 Furcula 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 238, 240 Extinction Background 329 Galton, Peter M. 305, 310 Cretaceous–Tertiary 314, 322–343 Gastralia 219, 221 Dinosaurs 334–336 Gastroliths 90, 164, 172 Hypotheses 336–342 Ornithomimosaurs 197 Recovery 339–340 Oviraptorosaurs 197 Mass 329 Gauthier, Jacques A. 311 Triassic 313 Dinosauria relationships 67–68, 69, 70, 156–157, 157, 225, 310–311 Feathers Genasauria 81, 81, 82, 89 Archaeopteryx 218, 219, 221 Cladogram 138 Birds 214, 215 Geochronology 20–21 Non-avian Theropoda 199 Geological time 24, 25 Evolution 225–230, 227 Ghost lineage 280 Feet Ghost Ranch Theropoda bonebeds (USA) 204 Archaeopteryx 218, 219, 221 Gigantothermy 266 Birds 214, 215 Gingko 283, 284, 313 Sauropoda 167 Girdles, pectoral and pelvic 55, 59 Theropoda 192 Gizzard 172 Femur 57, 59 Glen Rose Trackway (USA) 168 Fermentation, digestive 100–101, 114, 118, 164, 173 Glycogen 91 Ferns 282, 283, 284, 313 Gnathostomata 54, 54 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction spike 332, 339 Cladogram 58 Fibula 57, 59 Gobi Desert (Mongolia) Birds 214 American Museum of Natural History Expedition 10, Finding fossils 12, 13 293 Fingers Shar-tsav Trackway 8 Birds 224 Theropoda bonebeds 203 Iguanodon 138–139 Gondwana 24, 26, 27 Flight Greenhouse conditions, Cretaceous 29, 280 Avialae 236 Grifﬁ n legend 292, 294 Birds 216 Growth rate 174, 204, 257–259, 259 Origin 231 Gubbio (Italy), iridium anomaly 323, 324 Footprints 7, 7 Gymnosperms 150–151, 164 Sauropoda 167 Mesozoic 283, 284 Foramen magnum 59, 60 Foraminifera 330, 331, 341 Hadrosauridae 137, 150–151, 280 Forelimbs Cladogram 150 Archaeopteryx 218 Crests 143–147 Ornithopods 138 Dental battery 142, 143 Sauropoda 167 Derived characters 151

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368 Index of subjects

Hadrosauridae (cont.) Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895), Dinosaur–bird Feeding 139–143 connection 225 Conifers 286–287 Hyoid bones 100, 137 Hands 138–139 Hypantrum, Herrerasaurus 156 Metabolism 253 Hyposphene, Herrerasaurus 156 Reproduction 148 Hypotheses, testing 45 Sexual selection 144–146 Skull 147 Ichnofossils 5, 7 Hadrosauridinae 150 see also Footprints and Trackways Half–life 21 Ichthyornithiformes 238 Hands Ichthyosaurs 327, 330 Archaeopteryx 218, 220 Iguanodontia 136 Herrerasaurus 156 Cladogram 150 Iguanodon 139 Derived characters 149 Theropoda 192–193 Global distribution 136 Haversian bone 255–257, 258, 259 Skeleton 147 Haversian canals 257 Ilium 57, 59 Head-butting 115 Insulation 199, 226, 264 Hearing, Theropoda 198 Intelligence 255, 256 Heart, four-chambered, endothermy 253, 255 Iridium anomaly 323–324, 324 Heilmann, Gerhard (1859–1946), dinosaur–bird connection Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Argentina), Earliest 225 dinosaurs 275 Hell Creek Formation (Cretaceous, USA) 306, 332, 336 Ischium 57, 59 Hennig, Willi (1913–1976) 308, 311 Isotopes Herbivores Carbon 20, 30 Ankylosaurs 100–101 Decay 20–21 Mesozoic 282–285 Half-life 21 Co-evolution with angiosperms 150–151, 164, 286 Stable, oxygen 265–266, 266 Ornithopoda 82, 136–152 Unstable, carbon-14 20, 21, 30 Prosauropoda 163 Stegosauria 89–91 Jackets 13, 14 Hesperornithiformes 238–239 Janensch, Werner (1878–1969) 307 Heterodontosauridae 79, 81 Jaw Chewing 81, 82 Ankylosaurs 100 Estivation 139 Ceratopsia 122, 124 Global distribution 136 Euornithopoda 142, 144 Teeth 149 Hadrosauridae 151 Hierarchy 36, 38 Heterodontosauridae 139 Homeothermy 250, 265–266, 305 Ornithischia 78–79 Homology 34, 54–55 Ornithopoda 140–141 Hopson, James. A. Oviraptosaurs 199 Encephalization quotient 256 Sauropoda 177 Hadrosauridae crests 144 Jerison, Harry J., Encephalization quotient 256 Horner, John (Jack) R. 316 Jurassic Hornlets, Theropoda 203 Dinosaur distribution 274, 279 Horns, Ceratopsia 118, 124–126, 128, 129 Dinosaur diversity 275 Howe Quarry bonebed (USA) 306 Early 24, 278–279 Huene, Friedrich von (1875–1969) 300, 302 Climate 28 Humans, cladogram 41, 42, 44 Late 24, 26 Humboldt Museum für Naturkunde 307, 308 Climate 28 Humerus 56, 59 Dinosaur diversity 279 Dinosauria 66–67 Middle 24

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Index of subjects 369

Dinosaur diversity 274, 279–280 Minimal divergence time (MDT) 280–281 Plant diversity 283, 284, 285 Moenave Formation (Early Jurassic, USA), Footprint 7 Monophyly 40, 41 K-strategy 149 Montana (USA) K/T extinction, see Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary 332 Hell Creek Formation (Cretaceous) 306, 332, 336 LAG, see Lines of arrested growth Iridium anomaly 325 Lambeosaurinae 150 Morphology 34 Langer, M., Dinosauria relationships 159 Morrison Formation (Jurassic, USA) Laurasia 24 Permineralized bone 6 Legs Sauropoda trackways 168, 173 Archaeopteryx 218 Mosasaurs 327, 330 Birds 214, 215 Museum of Northern Arizona, specimens 15 Tetrapoda 59 Lepidosauromorpha 61, 64 Nanofossils, calcareous 331 Liaoning Province (China), feathered theropod fossils Neoceratopsia 128, 129 226–228, 229 Cladogram 128, 129 Life, history of 52 Derived characters 129 Lineage, ghost 280–281 Neoceratosauria 205, 207 Lines of arrested growth (LAGs) 258–259, 261 Neosauropoda 177 Linnaeus, Carolus (1707–1778), biological classiﬁ cation Nests 62 Ornithopoda 148 Lithostratigraphy 22 Prosauropoda 165 Lycopods 282, 283, 284 Protoceratops 123, 126 Sauropoda 174, 175 Macronaria 177–178 Theropoda 204 Mammalia, cladogram 41, 42, 44 Neutrons 29–30 Maniraptora 206 New Synthesis 47 Diagnostic characters 217, 222 Nodosauridae 99, 100, 103, 104 Mantell, Gideon (1790–1852) 292 Cladogram 105 Iguanodon teeth 292, 294 Derived characters 105 Marginocephalia 80, 82, 110–132 Nopcsa, Baron Franz von (1877–1933) 309 Ceratopsia 118–130 Norell, Mark A. 316–317 Cladogram 110 Notochord 53 Pachycephalosauria 110–118 Nuchal ligament 167 Marsh, Othniel Charles (1831–1899), rivalry with Edward Drinker Cope 298–299 Oceans Maynard Smith, John (1920–2004), The Folly of Being too Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary 327–332 Clever 92 “Strangelove” oceans 331–332 Mayor, Adrienne, Grifﬁ n legend 292, 294 Olecranon process 242 Mesozoic 24, 25, 272–288 Olfactory lobes 91, 114, 197 Birds 236–240 Optic lobes 143 Paleoclimate 27–29 Ornithischia 65, 66, 70–71, 76–82 Plants 282–284 Chewing 78–79, 81 Herbivores 284–287 Cladogram 80 Metabolism 250, 251, 258–259, 266 Diagnostic characters 76–77, 80 Metacarpals 56, 59 Relationship to Saurischia 300, 302, 310 Metatarsals 57, 59 Ornithodira 64, 65, 222 Microtektites 324, 326 Ornithomimosaurs 206 Migration 264 Running 189 Ceratopsia 129, 131 Toothlessness 197 Sauropoda 168, 282 Ornithomorpha 238

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370 Index of subjects

Ornithopoda 81, 135–151, 280 Pangaea 24, 26, 278, 279 Brain 143 Temperature 28 Cladogram 138, 149 Parsimony 42, 44–45, 336–337 Derived characters 138, 149 Particles, subatomic 29–30 Evolution 149–151 Patellar groove 237 Feeding 139–143 Pectoral girdle 59 Forelimbs 138 Pectoralis muscle 216, 217 Global distribution 136 Pelvic girdle 59 Locomotion 138 Pelvis Reproduction 148–149, 151 Ornithischia 70, 71, 76 Skull 140, 141, 142, 143 Stegosaurs 89 Social behavior 143–146 Perching 238, 240 Ornithothoraces 237 Periods, geological 24 Ornithurae 237, 238 Permineralization 5, 6 Ornithuromorpha 237 Permits 10–11 Osteichthyes 54, 58 Petriﬁ ed Forest National Park (USA) 23 Osteoderms 86, 87 Phalanges 56–57, 59 Ankylosauria 95, 96 Phylogeny 34 Pachycephalosaurs 117 Systematics 36, 38–45, 308–311 Sauropoda 177, 182 Phytosaur 276 Stegasauria 93–95 Plants Thermoregulation 94–95 Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 332 Titanosaurs 174 Mesozoic 283–284 Ostrom, John. H. (1928–2005) 308 Herbivores 285–287 Dinosaur–bird connection 225, 304, 311 Plates, see Osteoderms Oviraptorosaurs 206, 227 Plesiosaurs 327, 330 Feeding 197 Pleurocoels 172, 173, 178, 216 Nesting 204 Pleurokinesis 142, 143, 144, 151 Owen, Richard (1804–1892) 294–297 Plot, Dr Robert (1640–1696), Megalosaurus thigh 295 Oxidation 251 Pneumatic foramina 171, 215, 216 Oxygen isotopes 264–265, 266 Poikilothermy 250, 265 Pollen, Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 332, 333 Pachycephalosauria 110–118, 282 Precocial offspring 149 Brain 114 Predator:prey biomass ratio 259–262 Cladogram 117, 118 Predentary bone 76, 77 Derived characters 117 Preparation 13, 15 Evolution 117–118 Prolacertiformes 65 Feeding 114 Prosauropoda 162, 163–165 Global distribution 111–113 Cladogram 176 Head-butting 115 Derived characters 176 Social behavior 115–117 Evolution 175–176 Palate, secondary 100, 253 Feeding 163–164 Paleoclimate 27–29 Growth 174 Mesozoic 28–29 Locomotion 164–165 Paleoenvironment 11–12 Reproduction 165 Paleogeography, North America 113 Sexual dimorphism 165 Paleontology Skeleton 56–57 Nineteenth century 292, 295–303 Social behavior 165 Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 294–295 Teeth 163, 164 Twentieth century 303–314 Thumb claw 163 Twenty-ﬁ rst century 314–315 Prospecting 13 Paleozoic 24 Protons 29–30 Palpebral 76 Pterosauria 64–65, 65, 66, 67–69, 275

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Index of subjects 371

Pubis 57, 59 Derived characters 177 Birds 215, 216, 240 Environment 168–169 Ornithischia 70, 76 Evolution 176–183 Saurischia 70 Feeding 171–173 Sauropoda 173 Feet 167 Pygostyle 215, 216, 236, 239, 240 Growth 174 Locomotion 173 Quadrupedalism 69–70 Longevity 174 Ceratopsia 123, 128–129 Neck 165, 169–170 Ornithopoda 138 Reproduction 174, 175 Prosauropoda 164 Skull 165–166 Sauropoda 167, 176 Social behavior 174 Speed 254 Tail 168, 174 Stegosauria 85, 102 Teeth 165–166, 171, 177, 178 Quartz, see Shocked quartz Tripodal posture 170, 171 Unidirectional breathing 170–171, 172 r-strategy 149, 174 Sauropodomorpha 156, 162–184 Radius 56, 59 Cladogram 162 Rauisuchian 276 Derived characters 162 Red Deer River (Canada) 303, 304, 306 Evolution 175–181, 183 Reproduction Global distribution 162 Hadrosauridae 148 Teeth 164 Ornithopoda 148–149, 151 Scapula 56, 59, 216 Prosauropoda 165 Scavenging 4, 6, 202 Sauropoda 174, 175 Sclerotic rings 137, 144, 218 Theropoda 204 Sea level Reptilia 62 Eustatic 24, 28 Respiration, see Breathing and Cellular respiration Late Cretaceous 322 Rhamphotheca 79, 89, 100, 114 Seas, Mesozoic 24 Birds 214 Sedimentary rock 12, 22 Ceratopsia 118, 120 Seed ferns 285, 286 Ornithomimosaurs 197 Extinction 313 Ornithopoda 141 Seeley, Harry Govier (1839–1909) 300, 302 Rhynchosauria 65, 313 Dinosauria relationships 70, 156, 158 Ribs 56, 59 Sereno, Paul C. 317 Rocky Mountains (USA), paleogeography 113 Dinosauria relationships 69, 158 Rostral bone 118, 121 Serum albumin 241 Running Sexual dimorphism Ectothermy 252 Ceratopsia 126, 127 Theropoda 189–191 Pachycephalosauria 115–116 Trackways 254 Prosauropoda 165 Stegosauria 93 Sacrum 57, 59 Theropoda 203–204 Sarcopterygii 54, 55 Sexual selection, Hadrosauridae 144–145, 147 Saurischia 70–71, 156–159 Shar-tsav (Mongolia), Trackway 8 Cladogram 156, 158, 159 Shocked quartz 324, 326 Derived characters 156 Skeleton Relationship to Ornithischia 300, 302, 310 Archaeopteryx 218–219, 220–221 Sauropoda 165–174, 281 Birds 215, 216 Blood pressure 170 Brachiosaurus 169 Brain 168 Ceratopsia 119 Cladogram 177 Iguanodontia 147 Defense 174 Nodosauridae 100

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372 Index of subjects

Skeleton (cont.) Birds 215, 216 Ornithopoda 137 “Strangelove” oceans 331 Pachycephalosauria 111 Stratigraphy 20–24 Prosauropoda 163 Stride, trackways 254 Saurischia 157, 158 Supracoracoideus muscle 216, 217 Sauropoda 178, 180–181 Swimming, Theropoda 191 Stegosauria 87 Synapsida 61, 62, 63, 64, 273 Stegosaurus 94 Synsacrum 215, 216, 236, 239 Tetrapoda 55, 56–57, 58–60 Theropoda 190, 191 Tail, Balance 198, 199, 205 Skin, Theropoda 199–200 Tail club 96, 99, 101, 103 Skull Tail spike 94, 95 Amniota 63 Taphonomy 12 Ankylosaurs 96, 98 Tarsals 57, 59 Archaeopteryx 218, 220 Tarsometatarsus, birds 215, 216, 238, 239 Ceratopsia 121, 122, 127 Taylor, Bert L. (1866–1921) Stegosaurus poem 92 Hadrosauridae 147 Teeth Kinetic 142 Ankylosaurs 100 Marginocephalia 110 Aves 241 Ornithischia 91, 114 Ceratopsia 120, 123, 124 Ornithopoda 140, 141, 142, 143, 145 Hadrosauridae, dental battery 142, 143 Pachycephalosauria 110, 112, 113, 115 Ornithopoda 140–143, 149 Prosauropoda 164 Pachycephalosauria 114, 116–117 Sauropoda 165–166 Sauropoda 165–166, 171 Stegosauria 90 Sauropodomorpha 164 Tetrapoda 56, 59, 60 Stegosauria 89–90 Theropoda 193, 194–196 Theropoda 194, 196–197 Smell, Theropoda 198 Temnospondyl 262, 273, 280 Soft tissue, Tyrannosaurus 5, 230, 241 Temporal fenestrae Solnhofen (Germany), Archaeopteryx 217, 218 Amniota 62, 63, 64 Speed, estimation, trackways 189–190, 254 Dinosauria 66 Sphenopsids 283, 285, 286 Tendaguru bone beds (Tanzania) 93, 168, 173, 303, Spikes, see Osteoderms 307–308 Spines, see Osteoderms Tetanurae 205, 206, 222 Squamosal horns 100 Cladogram 229 Stance Evolution 207 Birds 214, 215, 222 Feathers 228, 229 Dinosauria 66, 67, 68, 69–70, 311 Tethyan Seaway 24 Theropoda 189 Tethys Ocean 24, 27 Endothermy 250–251 Tetrapoda 55–63 Stegosauria 84, 85–93, 281 Cladogram 61 Brain 91–93 Derived characters 60, 61 Cladogram 103, 104 Diversity 273 Derived characters 102–103 Skeleton 55, 56–57, 58–60 Feeding 89–91 “Thecodontia” 70, 225, 300, 302, 309–310 Global distribution 88 Therapsids 273, 276, 311 Locomotion 88–89 Extinction 313 Osteoderms 93–95 Therizinosauroidea 206–207, 208, 228, 287 Skeleton 94 Thermoregulation 250–268, 305 Social life 93 Osteoderms 94–95 Stegosauridae 103 Theropoda 156, 158, 188–209, 281 Sternberg, Charles Hazelius (1850–1943) 303, 304–305 Balance 198 Sternum 59 Bonebeds 203

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Index of subjects 373

Brain 199 Triassic Cladogram 189, 205, 264 Early 26 Crests 203 Extinction 313 Derived characters 189, 205–207 Late 24, 273–275, 276, 311–313 Evolution 205–208 Climate 28 Feathers 199 Dinosaur distribution 272 Feeding 200–201 Dinosaur diversity 275 Feet 192 Plant diversity 283, 284, 285 Forelimbs 192–193 Trioseal foramen 216 Global distribution 188 Tripodal posture 91, 170, 171 Growth 204 Troodontidae 208 Hands 192–193 Agility 198 Hearing 198 Brain 199 Nests 204 Turbinates, respiratory 256, 257 Origin of birds 214–217 Turtles 275, 277 Reproduction 204 Tyranosauroids Running 189–191 Dexterity 206 Scavenging 202 Hornlets 203 Skeleton 190, 191 Killing technique 196 Skin 199–200 Scavenging 202 Skull 193, 194–196 Smell 198 Ulna 56, 59 Social behavior 203–204 Urochordates 52, 53 Swimming 191 Teeth 194, 196–197, 202 Vane 227 Vision 198 Vertebrae Thulborn, R. A. Birds 240 Estivation hypothesis 139 Pachycephalosauria 115 Locomotor speed 254 Vertebral column 55, 56–57, 58 Thumb, semi-opposable 192 Vertebrata Thumb claw Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction 332–336 Prosauropoda 163 Diagnostic characters 52, 53–55 Sauropoda 172, 174 Vision Thyreophora 80, 81–82, 86–105, 279 Binocular, Theropoda 198, 199 Cladogram 86 Birds 214 Evolution 102–104 Volcanism, Late Cretaceous 322 Tibia 57, 59 Birds 214, 215 Warm-bloodedness, see Endothermy Dinosauria 66–67 Waterhouse Hawkins, Benjamin (1807–1889), Dinosaur Titanosauria 174, 175, 178, 181 sculpture 296–297, 300 Trace fossils, see Ichnofossils Wedge, evolutionary 312, 313 Trachea 172 Weight, estimation 263 Trackways 7, 8, 254 Prosauropoda 164 Zoogeography 262 Sauropoda 167–168, 168, 171 Zygapophyses Theropoda 190, 191 Archaeopteryx 219 Tree of life 34, 37 Tetanurae 205, 206

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Index of genera

Page numbers in bold indicate ﬁ gures. All roots are Greek or Latin unless otherwise indicated.

Acanthopholis (akantho – spine; pholis – scale, scaly) sauros – lizard, reptile) 165, 173, 178, 179, 200, 273 105 Apsaravis (Apsara (sanskrit), winged consorts prominent in Acanthostega (akantho – spine; stega – roof, cover) 55 Buddhist and Hindu art; avis – bird) 317 Achelousaurus (after Achelous, a Greek mythological river Aquilapollenites (aquila – eagle; pollenites – pollen like) deity; sauros – lizard, reptile) 122, 130, 265 333 Achillonychus (Achillo – after Achilles, the Greek hero; Araucaria (after Arauco Province (Chile)) 284 onycho – claw, nail) 317 Archaeomimus (archaeo – ancient; mimus – mimic) 258 Acrocanthosaurus (akros – high; akantha – spine; sauros – Archaeopteryx (archaeo – ancient; pteryx – wing) 216–226, lizard, reptile) 203 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 264, 273, 279, 304, 311 Afrovenator (afro – after Africa; venator – hunter) 205, Argentinasaurus (after Argentina; sauros – lizard, reptile) 207, 317 183 Agilisaurus (agili – nimble; sauros – lizard, reptile) 137, Arrhinoceratops (a – without; rhinos – nose, snout; kera – 138, 149 horn; ops – face) 122, 130 Alamosaurus (after the Ojo Alamo Formation (Texas); Astrodon (astro – star; don – tooth) 168 sauros – lizard, reptile) 177, 178, 180, 273 Avaceratops (after amateur paleontologist Ava Cole, who Albertosaurus (after Alberta (Canada); sauros – lizard, collected the fossil; kera – horn; ops – face) 130 reptile) 195, 205, 206 Avisaurus (avis – bird; sauros – lizard, reptile) 238, 242 Alexornis (after American paleontologist Alexander Wetmore; ornis – bird) 238 Bagaceratops (baga– small (in Mongolian); kera – horn; ops Alioramus (ali – other; ramus – branch, as in another – face) 122, 129 branch of the tyrannosaurids) 203 Bagarataan (small predator (in Mongolian)) 206 Alligator (likely a sixteenth century corruption of the Baptornis (bapto – dipped, submerged; ornis – bird) 239 Spanish el lagarto (the lizard)) 260 Barapasaurus (bara – big; pa – leg (based upon several Allosaurus (allo – other, different; sauros – lizard, reptile) Indian languages); sauros – lizard, reptile) 272 16, 190, 194, 196, 200, 203, 206, 207, 229, 259, 265, Barosaurus (bary – heavy; sauros – lizard, reptile) 16, 308 266, 272, 329 Barynonyx (bary – heavy; onycho – claw, nail) 200, 205, Altirhinus (alti – high, tall; rhinos – nose, snout) 147 273 Alvarezsaurus (after Argentian historian Don Gregorio Beipiaosaurus (after Beipiao, Liaoning Province (China); Alvarez; sauros – lizard, reptile) 229, 242–243 sauros – lizard, reptile) 228 Amargasaurus (after Amarga Canyon, Neuquen Province Blikanasaurus (after Blikano Mountain (South Africa); (Argentina); sauros – lizard, reptile) 177, 178, 182, 273 sauros – lizard, reptile) 176 Ammosaurus (ammos – sand; sauros – lizard, reptile) 176 Brachiosaurus (brachion – arm; sauros – lizard, reptile) 166, Amphioxus (amphi – both, double; oxi – oxygen, referring 169, 169–170, 173, 177, 180, 183, 273, 279, 303, 308 to the fact that it can breathe with either lungs or gills) Brachylophosaurus (brachys – arm; lophos – crest; sauros – 53, 54 lizard, reptile) 141, 146 Anchiceratops (anchi – close; kera – horn; ops – face) 130 “Brontosaurus” (bronto – thunder; sauros – lizard, reptile) Anchisauros (anchi – close; sauros – lizard, reptile) 164, 178, 179, 306 176, 272 Byronosaurus (after Byron Jaffe, who supported that Ankylosaurus (ankylo – fused; sauros – lizard, reptile) 69, expedition; sauros – lizard, reptile) 317 96, 97, 104 Anomopteris (a – without; nom – law; pteri – fern, a Camarasaurus (camara – chamber; sauros – lizard, reptile) reference to abundant growth) 283 164, 166, 173, 177, 178, 179, 181–182, 266, 279 Apatosaurus (apato – trick or false, because O. C. Marsh Camptosaurus (kamptos – ﬂ exible; sauros – lizard, reptile) thought that the tail bones resembled those of a lizard; 140, 150, 272

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Index of genera 375

Carcharodontosaurus (Carcharodon – genus of the Great Dimorphodon (di – two; morphos – shape; don – tooth) 66, White shark; sauros – lizard, reptile) 188, 194, 206, 273, 277 317 Diplodocus (diplo – two, twin; docus – spar, beam) 160– Carnotaurus (carnis – fl esh, meat; sauros – lizard, reptile) 161, 164, 166, 167, 170, 173, 177, 178, 182, 273, 279 192, 193, 194, 196, 199, 205, 207, 273, 310 Dromaeosaurus (dromaios – swift; sauros – lizard, reptile) Caudipteryx (cauda – tail; pteryx – wing) 199, 206, 227, 196, 208, 229 228, 229, 273 Dromiceiomimus (Dromiceius – genus of emu (older Centrosaurus (centro – center; sauros – lizard, reptile) 120, nomenclature); mimus – mimic) 195 122, 126, 129, 130, 131, 273, 305 Dryosaurus (dryos – oak; sauros – lizard, reptile) 140, 148, Cephalaspis (kephale – head; aspis – shield) 54 150, 307 Ceratosaurus (kera – horn; sauros – lizard, reptile) 190, 194, 203, 205, 265, 266, 272 Edmontonia (after Edmonton, Alberta (Canada)) 98, 105, Cetiosaurus (cetus – whale; sauros – lizard, reptile) 273 273 Changchengornis (Chang Cheng (Chinese) – Great Wall; Edmontosaurus (after Edmonton, Alberta (Canada); sauros ornis – bird) 236 – lizard, reptile) 135, 141, 143, 146, 200, 273, 286 Chasmosaurus (chasm – ravine; sauros – lizard, reptile)) Einiosaurus (einio – derived from North American Indian 119, 121, 126, 127, 129, 130, 305 Blackfoot for buffalo; sauros – lizard, reptile) 122, 130 Chunkingosaurus (after Chungking (China); sauros – lizard, Elaphrosaurus (elaphros – fl eet; sauros – lizard, reptile) 307 reptile) 90 Elasmosaurus (elasmo – fl exible; sauros – lizard, reptile) Ciona (kion – pillar) 53 330 Coelophysis (koilos – hollow; physis – nature) 15, 194, 200, Emausaurus (EMAU is an abbreviation for Ernst Moritz 203, 204, 205, 259, 272 Arndt Universität; sauros – lizard, reptile) 86 Coloradisaurus (after the Los Colorado Formation (USA); Enaliornis (en – belonging to; ali – other; ornis – bird) 239 sauros – lizard, reptile) 164 Enantiornis (enantos – opposite; ornis – bird) 237–238 Compsognathus (compso – neat, elegant; gnathos – jaw) Eolambia (Eos – Greek goddess of Dawn; lambia – a 200, 206, 229, 272, 279 reference to Lambeosaurus (see below)) 150 Concornis (conca – a Latinization of Cuenca Province Eoraptor (Eos – Greek goddess of Dawn; raptor – thief, (Spain); ornis – bird) 237 stealer) 157, 158, 159, 272, 275, 317 Confuciusornis (after the Chinese philosopher Confucius; Eozostrodon– (Eos – Greek goddess of Dawn; oster – ornis – bird) 236, 237, 259 nimble; don – tooth) 276 Corythosaurus (korytho – from Corinthian, as in a Equisetum (Equus – genus of modern horse; saeta – hair, the Corinthian helmet (armor); sauros – lizard, reptile) 77, modern horsetail plant) 283 142, 145, 147, 286 Erlikosaurus (after Erlik, Mongolian King of the Dead; Cryolophosaurus (cryo – cold; lophos – crest; sauros – sauros – lizard, reptile) 206 lizard, reptile) 203 Eryops (eryo – draw, drag, elongate; ops – face) 304 Cynognathus (kyon – dog; gnathos – jaw) 276 Euoplocephalus (eu – true; hoplon – shield; kephale – head) 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 273 Dacentrurus (da – very; kentron – spine; ura – tail) 89, 102 Euskelosaurus (eu – true; skele – limb; sauros – lizard, Daspletosaurus (dasples – frightful; sauros – lizard, reptile) reptile) 176 200 Eusthenopteron (eu – true; theno – palm (of hand); pteryx – Deinocheirus (deino – terrible; cheirus – hand) 329 fi n) 54, 55 Deinonychus (deino – terrible; onychos – claw) 190, 193, Eustreptospondylus (eu – true; strepto – reversed; spondyl – 195, 199, 200, 201, 208, 273, 304 spool, referring to the centrum) 205, 272 Deltadromeus (delta – triangle, river mouth; dromeus – runner) 317 Gallimimus (Gallus – genus of chicken; mimus – mimic) 8, Dicraeosaurus (dikraios – bifurcated; sauros – lizard, 195, 197, 273 reptile) 308 Gargoyleosaurus (after gargoyle; sauros – lizard, reptile) Dicroidium (dikos – forked; eidos – similar to) 313 104 Dilong (emperor dragon (in Chinese)) 199 Gasparinisaura (after Argentinian paleontologist Z. Dilophosaurus (di – two; lophos – crest; sauros – lizard, Gasparini; sauros – lizard, reptile) 149 reptile) 194, 203, 329 Gastonia (after R. Gaston, who discovered it) 104 Dimetrodon (di – two; metros – measured, long; don – Giganotosaurus (giga – large; noto – south, southern; sauros tooth) 64, 304 – lizard, reptile) 188, 203, 206, 207

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376 Index of genera

Gingkoites (a reference to the gingko tree) 284 Kannemeyeria (after the South African D. R. Kannemeyer) Globorotalia (globo – sphere; rotalia – rotated) 331 276 Gobipteryx (of the Gobi Desert; pteryx – wing) 237 Kentrosaurus (kentron – prickly, spiny; sauros – lizard, Gorgosaurus (gorgo – after the gorgons of Greek reptile) 91, 93, 94, 102, 272, 307 mythology; sauros – lizard, reptile) 202, 305 Kizylkumavis (after the Kyzylkum Desert (Kazakhstan and Gorilla (name given to wild, hairy people reported to Uzbekistan); avis – bird) 238 inhabit northwestern Africa, in a fi fth century BC Greek Kotasaurus (after the Kota Formation (India); sauros – translation of an account of an earlier voyage) 42 lizard, reptile) 176, 177 Gryposaurus (grypos – hooked nose; sauros – lizard, reptile) 141, 146 Lagerpeton (lagos – hare; erpeto – creep) 69 Guaibasaurus (after the Guaiba River (Brazil); sauros – Lagosuchus (lagos – hare; suchus – crocodile) 68–69, 69 lizard, reptile) 157, 158, 159 Lambeosaurus (after Canadian paleontologist L. M. Lambe; sauros – lizard, reptile) 142, 145, 305 Haplocanthosaurus (haplos – single; akantha – spine; sauros Leaellynasaura (after Leaellyn Rich, who helped to discover – lizard, reptile) 173 the fossil; saura – lizard, reptile) 143 Harpymimus (harpyiai – a harpy in Greek mythology; Leptoceratops (lepto – slender; kera – horn; ops – face) 122, mimus – mimic) 206 129 Herrerasaurus (after V. Herrera, the Argentinian rancher Lesothosaurus (after Lesotho (southern Africa); sauros – who fi rst discovered the fossil; sauros – lizard, reptile) lizard, reptile) 79, 80, 272 156, 157, 158, 194, 272, 275, 317 Lexovisaurus (after the Lexovii, Gallic Celts enlisted to fi ght Hesperornis (hesper – western; ornis – bird) 237, 239, 259 Julius Caesar; sauros – lizard, reptile) 89 Heterodontosaurus (hetero – different; don – tooth; sauros Lufengosaurus (after Lu-Feng, Yunnan Province (China); – lizard, reptile) 81, 136, 272 sauros – lizard, reptile) 164, 176 Hexinlusaurus (after He Xin-Lu (China); sauros – lizard, Lycorhinus (lycos – wolf; rhinos – nose, snout; sauros – reptile) 137 lizard, reptile) 142 Homalocephale (homalos – even; kephale – head) 111, 112, 114, 115, 116 Magyarosaurus (after Magyars – Hungarian people; sauros Homo (homo – same) 41, 260 – lizard, reptile) 183 Huayangosaurus (after Hua Yang Guo Zhi (Chin Dynasty Maiasaura (maia – mother; saura – lizard, reptile (female name for Sichuan Province, China); sauros – lizard, ending)) 137, 141, 146, 148, 149, 257, 258, 260, 273, reptile) 89, 90, 102 316, 329 Hylaeosaurus (hylaios – forest; sauros – lizard, reptile) 105, Majungatholus (after Majunga (Madascar); atholus – dome) 295 200, 202 Hypacrosaurus (hypakros – highest, referring to the spines; Malawisaurus (after Malawi; sauros – lizard, reptile) 177, sauros – lizard, reptile) 142, 148, 149, 265, 266 178 Hypsilophodon (hypsi – high; lophos – crest; don – tooth) Mamenchisaurus (after the Mamenchi Ferry at Jinshajiang, 137, 142, 149, 273 Sichuan Province (China); sauros – lizard, reptile) 177 Mapusaurus (Mapu is an abbreviation of the word Iberomesornis (ibero – of the Iberian peninsula (mainly Mapuche, an indigenous Argentinian people, and refers Spain and Portugal); mes – middle; ornis – bird) 237, to “Earth”; sauros – lizard, reptile) 203 238 Marasuchus (a reference to the mara, a Patagonian rodent; Ichthyornis (ichthys – fi sh; ornis – bird) 237, 239, 240, 259 sauros – lizard, reptile) 69 Ichthyostega (ichthys – fi sh; stegos – roof) 55 Massospondylus (masso – massive; spondyl – spool, Iguanodon (Iguana – iguana; don – tooth) referring to the centrum) 165, 176, 258, 260 82, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 147, 150, 273, 294, 295, Matonidium (after British botanist W. G. Maton; eidos – 297, 300, 329 similar to (in this case, the genus Matonia, a living genus Ingenia (after the Ingeni locality (Mongolia)) 207 of fern)) 283 Irritator (one who irritates) 205 Megalosaurus (mega – large, great; sauros – lizard, reptile) 205, 207, 276, 295 Janenschia (after German paleontologist Werner Janensch; Melanorosaurus (melanos – black; oros – mountain; sauros see Figure B14.7.1 ) 305 – lizard, reptile) 164, 165, 176 Jobaria (after Jobar, a creature in Tuareg (Saharan nomadic Microraptor (micro – small; raptor – thief; stealer) 188, tribe) mythology) 317 199, 228, 229

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Index of genera 377

Monolophosaurus (mono – one; lophos – crest; sauros – Patagopteryx (after Patagonia (Argentina); pteryx – wing) lizard, reptile) 206 237, 238, 239, 259 Mononykus (mono – one; onychus – claw) 242, 293, 316 Pentaceratops (penta – fi ve; kera – horn; ops – face) 15, Montanoceratops (from Montana (USA); kera – horn; ops – 122, 130 face) 129, 265, 266 Phuwiangosaurus (after Phu Wiang (Thailand); sauros – Mussaurus (mus – mouse, because the specimen, a lizard, reptile) 177 hatchling(!), was small; sauros – lizard, reptile) 165 Piatnitzkysaurus (after Argentinian geologist A. Piatnitzky; Muttaburrasaurus (after Muttaburra (Australia); sauros – sauros – lizard, reptile) 205 lizard, reptile) 147 Pikaia (after Mt Pika (British Columbia, Canada)) 52, 54 Pinacosaurus (pina – pine, pine nut; sauros – lizard, reptile) Nanantius (nano – dwarf; (en)antos – opposite; Eos – Greek 98, 101, 104 goddess of Dawn) 238 Plateosaurus (plateos – fl at; sauros – lizard, reptile) 56–57, Nemegtosaurus (after the Nemegt Formation (Mongolia); 60, 163, 164, 165, 176, 255, 272 sauros – lizard, reptile) 166, 177 Platypterygius (platy – fl at; pterygius – wing-bearer) 330 Neocalamites (neo – new; calamus – a reed) 283 Pleuromeia (pleuro – rib; meion – small; a reference to the Nothronychus (nothro – sluggish; onychus – claw) 206, 208 underground nutrient-storing part of the stem (corm), which is small relative to its ancestors 283 Omeisaurus (after Mt Emei, Sichuan Province (China); Polacanthus (poly – many; akantha – spine) 273 sauros – lizard, reptile) 177 Postosuchus (post – behind; suchus – crocodile) 276 Onychiopsis (appearing like Onychium, a living genus Prenocephale (prenes – sloping; kephale – head) 112 of fern; onychus – claw, a reference to the curved Probactrosaurus (pro – before; that is, before Bactrosaurus “fi ddlehead”) 283 (see above)) 150 Opisthocoelicaudia (opistho – hind; koilos – hollow; caud Proceratosaurus (pro – before; that is, before Ceratosaurus – tail) 174 (see above)) 203 Ornitholestes (ornitho – bird; lestes – robber ) 195, 203, Proganochelys (pro – before; gen – origin; chelys – turtle) 207, 273 277 Ornithomimus (ornitho – bird; mimus – mimic) 71, 206 Prosaurolophus (pro – before; that is, before Saurolophus Ornithosuchus (ornitho – bird; suchus – crocodile) 225 (see above)) 70, 141, 146 Orodromeus (oros – mountain; dromeus – runner) 148, Protarchaeopteryx (pro – before; that is, before 149, 151, 263, 266 Archaeopteryx (see above)) 199, 228, 273 Oryctodromeus (orycto – dug out; dromeus – runner) 11, Proteacidites (after the Greek god Proteus, renowned 148 for changing form; the fl owers of the modern family Ouranosaurus (ourane – brave (in Nigerian); sauros – Proteaceae come in a variety of forms) 333 lizard, reptile) 140, 143, 147, 2732, 329 Protoceratops (proto – before, early; that is, before Oviraptor (ovi – egg; raptor – thief; stealer) 123, 195, 198, Ceratops (see above)) 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 203, 206, 229, 273, 317 129, 200, 201, 273, 292, 293, 329 Protohadros (proto – before, early; hadro – thick, stout; Pachycephalosaurus (pachy – thick; kephale – head; sauros saur – lizard, reptile; that is, before hadrosaurs) 150 – lizard, reptile) 112, 114, 273 Protosuchus (proto – before; early; suchus – crocodile) Pachyrhinosaurus (pachy – thick; rhinos – nose, snout; 276 sauros – lizard, reptile) 122, 130 Pseudolagosuchus (pseudo – false; that is, false Lagosuchus Pagiophyllum (pagio – fi xed, fastened; phylum – leaf) 284 (see above)) 69 Panoplosaurus (pan – all; hoplon – shield; sauros – lizard, Psittacosaurus (psittaco – parrot; sauros – lizard, reptile) reptile) 98, 105 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 273 Parahesperornis (para – near; that is, similar to Hesperornis (see above)) 239 Rahonavis (rahon – menace from the clouds (in Malagasy); Paranthodon (para – near; that is, similar to Anthodon (a avis – bird) 236, 236 Permian-aged anapsid) 90 Rajasaurus (after Rajasthan (India); sauros – lizard, reptile) Parasaurolophus (para – near; that is, similar to 317 Saurolophus (see below)) 9, 142, 145, 273 Rapetosaurus (rapeto – mischievious; sauros – lizard, Parksosaurus (after paleontologist W. A. Parks; sauros – reptile) 200 lizard, reptile) 149, 150 Rhea (the wife of the Titan Kronos, in Greek mythology) Parvicursor (parvi – small; cursor – runner) 242 257

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378 Index of genera

Riojasaurus (after Rioja (Argentina); sauros – lizard, reptile) Struthiosaurus (Struthio – genus of ostrich; sauros – lizard, 164, 176 reptile) 105, 191 Rugops (rugo – wrinkled; ops – face) 317 Stygimoloch (stygi – of the river Styx (boundary of Hades or Rutiodon (ruti – wrinkle; don – tooth) 276 hell); moloch – devil) 115 Styracosaurus (styrax – a spike at the blunt end of a spear; Saichania (saichan – beautiful (in Mongolian)) 104 sauros – lizard, reptile) 121, 122, 130, 305, 329 Saltasaurus (after Salta Province (Argentina); sauros – Suchomimus (suchus – crocodile; mimus – mimic) 205, 273, lizard, reptile) 177, 178, 181, 273 317 Sarcosuchus (sarkos – ﬂ esh; suchus – crocodile) 317 Syntarsus (syn – fused; tarsos – tarsus) 203, 204, 258, 260 Saturnalia (after the Roman festival of the winter solstice) Szechuanosaurus (after Szechuan Province (China); sauros – 157, 158, 159 lizard, reptile) 205, 207 Saurolophus (sauros – lizard, reptile; lophos – crest) 141, 146, 200 Tarbosaurus (tarbos – terror; sauros – lizard, reptile) 192, Sauropelta (sauros – lizard, reptile; pelte – shield) 97, 99, 197, 200, 205 100, 105 Tarchia (tarchi – brain (in Mongolian)) 98, 104 Saurornithoides (sauros – lizard, reptile; ornithoides – bird Telmatosaurus (telmat – swamp; sauros – lizard, reptile) like) 195 141 Sazavis (saz – clay (in Uzbek); avis – bird) 238 Tenontosaurus (tenon – tendon; sauros – lizard, reptile) Scelidosaurus (skelis – limb; sauros – lizard, reptile) 86, 87, 140, 150, 201 102, 272 Thecodontosaurus (theko – socket; don – tooth; sauros – Schizoneura (schizo – split, divided; neura – neuron, brain) lizard, reptile) 165, 176 283 Therizinosaurus (therizo – to reap, cut off; sauros – lizard, Scutellosaurus (scutellum – small shield; sauros – lizard, reptile) 273 reptile) 86, 102, 272 Thescelosaurus (theskelos – astonishing; sauros – lizard, Seismosaurus (seismos – earthquake; sauros – lizard, reptile) reptile) 149, 150, 255 183, 272 Titanosaurus (after the Titans, of Greek mythology; sauros Sequoia (after Sequoyah (“George Guess”), originator of the – lizard, reptile) 177 Cherokee language) 284 Tornieria (after German paleontologist G. Tornier) 308 Shamosaurus (shamo – desert (in Chinese); sauros – lizard, Torosaurus (tauro – bull; sauros – lizard, reptile) 122, 130 reptile) 98, 104 Torvosaurus (torvus – savage; sauros – lizard, reptile) 205 Shunosaurus (after Shuno, an old name for Sichuan Triceratops (tri – three; kera – horn; ops – face) 69, 123, Province (China); sauros – lizard, reptile) 166, 173, 176, 124, 128, 129, 130, 200, 273 177, 178, 272 Troodon (troo – wound; don – tooth) 194, 201, 208, 229, Shuvuuia (bird (in Mongolian)) 242, 317 259, 262, 273 Silvisaurus (silva – forest; sauros – lizard, reptile) 98, 105 Tuojiangosaurus (after Tuojiang (China); sauros – lizard, Siniraptor (sino – China; raptor – thief, stealer) 206 reptile) 87, 90, 102 Sinornis (sino – China; ornis – bird) 237, 238 Tylocephale (tyle – swelling; kephale – head) 112 Sinornithosaurus (sino – China; ornitho – bird; sauros – Tylosaurus (tyle – swelling; sauros – lizard, reptile) 330 lizard, reptile) 199, 228, 229 Tyrannosaurus (tyranno – tyrant; sauros – lizard, reptile) Sinosauropteryx (sino – China; sauros – lizard, reptile; 24, 186–187, 188, 192–193, 195, 196, 199, 200, 203, pteryx – wing) 199, 200, 227, 228, 273 206, 229, 230, 255, 258, 261, 265, 266, 273, 303, 306, Sinvenator (sino – Chinese; venator – robber) 208 310 Spinosaurus (spina – spine; sauros – lizard, reptile) 205, 207 Stagonolepis (stagon – drop, a reference to the drop-like pits Utahraptor (after Utah (USA); raptor – thief, stealer) 273 on the scutes; lepis – scale) 276 Staurikosaurus (stauriko – a reference to the Southern Velociraptor (velo – swift; raptor – thief, stealer) 8, 193, Cross, a constellation; sauros – lizard, reptile) 157, 159, 200, 201, 208, 257, 273, 293, 329 272 Vorona (bird (in Malagasy)) 237, 238 Stegoceras (stegos – roof; kera – horn) 112, 115, 116, 117 Vulcanodon (after Vulcanus, the Roman god of ﬁ re; don – Stegosaurus (stegos – roof; sauros – lizard, reptile) 69, 76, tooth) 176, 177 90, 91, 92, 94–95, 103, 272 Struthiomimus (Struthio – genus of ostrich; mimus – mimic) Wielandiella (after U.S. paleontologist/paleobotanist G. R. 193 Wieland) 284

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Index of genera 379

Williamsoniella (after British paleobotanist W. C. Yunnanosaurus (after Yunnan Province (China); sauros – Williamson) 284 lizard, reptile) 164, 176 Wuerhosaurus (after Wuerho (China); sauros – lizard, reptile) 102, 273 Zalmoxes (after the Dacian (southeastern Europe) diety Zalmoxes) 149 Yandusaurus (yan – salt; du – capital (in Chinese); sauros – Zephyrosaurus (Zephyros – Greek god of the west wind; lizard, reptile) 140 sauros – lizard, reptile) 140 Yangchuanosaurus (after Yangchuan County (China); sauros – lizard, reptile) 203

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