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Structural Geology and Volcanism of Owens Valley Region, California- a Geophysical Study

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Structural Geology and Volcanism of Owens Valley Region, California- a Geophysical Study Structural Geology and Volcanism of Owens Valley Region, California- A Geophysical Study GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 438 Prepared partly in cooperation with the Cal~fornia Division of Mines and Geology Structural Geology and Volcanism of Owens Valley Region, California- A Geophysical Study By L. C. PAKISER, M. F. KANE, and W. H. JACKSON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 438 Prepared partly in cooperation with the California Division of Mines and Geology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Pakiser, Louis Charles 1919- Structural geology and volcanism of Owens Valley region, California; a geophysical study, by L. C. Pakiser, M. F. Kane, and W. ·H. Jackson. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1964. iv, 67 p. maps (2 col.) .diagrs., profiles, table. (u:s. Geological Survey. Professional paper 438) Part of illustrative matter fold. in pocket. Prepared partly in cooperation with the California Division of Mines. Bibliography : p. 63-65. (Continued on next card) Pakiser, Louis Charles 1919- Structural geology and volcanism of Owens Valley region, California. 1964. (Card 2) 1. Geology-California-Owens Valley. 2. Gravity. 3. Magnetism, Terrestrial-California-Owens Valley. I. Kane, Martin Francis 1928- joint author. II. Jackson, Wayne Harold 1919- joint author. III. California. Division of Mines. IV. Title. (Series) For sale b_y the Superintendent .of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract------------------------------------------- 1 Geophysical surveys-Continued Introduction _______________________________________ _ 2 Gravity survey-Continued Purpose of study __ -----------______________ ----- 2 Analysis of gravity profiles __________________ _ 29 Previous geophysical studies _____________________ _ 3 Profile A-A"' _______________ -----.- ____ _ 31 Fieldwork and acknowledgments _________________ _ 3 Profile B-B" __________________________ _ 37 General geographic setting ______________________ _ 5 Profile C-C' __________ ~ ________________ _ 38 Climate and vegetation ________ -·-~- _____________ _ 5 Profile D-D' __________________________ _ 38 Economic development _________________________ _ 5 Profile E-E' ___________________________ _ 38 GeologY-------------------------------------------- 6 Profile F-F' ___________________________ _ 38 Pre-Tertiary rocks ______________________________ _ 6 Profile G-G' ___________________________ _ 38 Granitoid rocks ____________________________ _ 8 Profile H-H' __________________________ _ 39 Discussion of gravity profiles. ______________ _ Sedimentary rocks of the White· and Inyo 7 39 ~ountains----------------~-------------- 8 AeromagneLic survey _____________ ------ ________ _ 39 ~etamorphic rocks _______________ '- ____ - ____ _ 8 ~agnetic properties ________________________ - 39 Cenozoic rocks _________________________________ _ 9 ~agnetic contour map ____________________ ..,._ 40 Older lake beds ____________________________ _ 9 Analysis of selected magnetic anomalies ______ _ 41 Younger lake beds __________________________ _ 10 Seismic survey _________________________________ _ Alluvial fans _______________________________ _ 42 10 Seismic field methods and interpretation of data_ 43 Glacial deposits ______________________ ----- __ 11 Analysis of seismic profiles __________________ _ 43 Volcanic rocks north of Bishop _______________ _ 11 · Profile 1 ______________________________ _ 43 Volcanic rocks of Tertiary(?) age ________ _ 11 Profile 2------------------------------- 44 Volcanic rocks of Pleistocene age __________ _ 13 Profile 3 ______________________________ _ 45 Volcanic rocks of Owens Valley ______________ _ 13 Profile 4 ______________________________ _ 45 Structure and physiography----------- __________ _ 14 Profile 5 ______________________________ _ 47 Older structural framework __________________ _ 14 Profile 6------------------------------- 48 Basin and range structural features ___________ _ 15 Geologic interpretation of geophysical surveys _________ _ 48 Volcano-tectonic features ____________________ _ 17 Structural geology of Owens Valley region:.. _______ _ 48 Evolution of the present land forms ____ _: _____ _ 17 ~ono Basin and Long Valley ________________ _ Physiographic evidence _________________ _ 49 18 Owens Valley ______________________________ _ Paleobotanic evidence __________________ _ 20 50 Nature of Cenozoic rocks _______________________ _ Geophysical surveys ________________________________ _ 21 52 Gravity survey----- ___________________________ _ 22 Cenozoic rocks of Long Valley _______________ _ 52 Density--------- ___________________ -.- _____ _ 22 Cenozoic rocks of Owens Valley ______________ _ 53 Fieldwork and computations _________________ _ 23 Tectonics and volcanism of Owens Valley _________ _ 54 Accuracy of data _______________________ _ 24 Dip-slip faulting in Owens Valley ____________ _ 54 Interpretation of gravity data _______________ _ 25 Strike-slip faulting in Owens Valley __________ _ 55 Gravity contour maps __________________ _ 26 Relation to regional tectonic pattern _________ _ 56 Area north of Owens Valley _________ _ 26 Volcanism of Owens Valley __________________ _ 59 Northern Owens Valley _____________ _ 27 Origin of ~ono Basin and Long Valley _______ _ 60 Central Owens Valley ____________ --- 28 Summary of tectonics and volcanism ______ --__ Owens Lake basin __________________ _ .28 62 Gravity effects of dense pre-Tertiary rocks __ 28 Summary of geologic history of Owens Valley region_ 62 Literature cited ______________________ - _____________ _ Regional gravity and isostatic compensa- 63 tion _________________________________ _ 29 IndeX------~-------------------------------------- 67 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Combined gravity and geologic map, showing location of seismic profiles, of: Sheet 1. Area north of Owens Valley. Sheet 2. Northern Owens Valley. Sheet 3. Central Owens Valley and Owens Lake basin. III IV CONTENTS Pr.ATE 2. Combined aeromagnetic, gravity, and geologic map of an area including parts of Long Valley, Volcanic tableland, and Owens Valley. 3. Analyses of seismic profiles 2, 4, 5, and 6, Owens Valley region. Page FIGURE 1. Map showing geographic setting and gravity coverage______________________________________________ 4 2. Generalized geologic map_________________________________________________________________________ 7 3-4. Cross sections showing: 3. Erosion surface of Kern County-Mount Whitney area_________________________________________ 18 4. Erosion surfaces of Yosemite Valley area----------------------------------------------------- 19 5. Histograms of gravity data_______________________________________________________________________ 24 6-7. Diagrams showing analyses of gravity profiles across: 6. Eastern Long ValleY-----~----------------------------------------------------------------- 30 7. Northern extension of Owens ValleY--------------------------------------------------------- 31 · 8-9. Gravity profiles across: 8. Long Valley and northern extension of Owens Valley _____ ------_________________ ------________ 32 9. Mono Basin and Long ValleY--------------------------------------------------------------- 32 10-15. Diagrams showing analyses of gravity profiles: 10. In Mono Basin _________________________________________ ·_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 11. From Mount Humphreys to Deep Spring ValleY--------------------------------------------- 34 12. Near Big Pine _________________________- ________________________________________ ---------- 35 13. North of Tungsten Hills__________________________________________________________________ 35 14. East of Mount Whitney__ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 15. In Owens Lake basin _______________________________________________ .______________________ 36 16. Map comparing magnetic and gravity contours for an area northeast of BishOP--------------------------- 40 17-18. Diagrams showing analyses of seismic profiles: 17. Southeast of Owens Lake_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 18. South of Lone Pine----------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 19-20. Maps showing: 19. Fault pattern and volcanic rocks _____________________________ ----_______ -------_--------___ 57 20. Regional geology of southern California and southwestern Nevada_____________________________ 58 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Owens Valley project gravity bases---------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND VOLCANISM OF OWENS VALLEY REGION CALIFORNIA-A GEOPHYSICAL STUDY By L. C. PAKISER, M. F. KANE, and W. H. JACKSON ABSTRACT and Inyo Mountains is remarkably simple in form. The physi­ ography of the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada is much more Owens Valley in eastern California is one of the western­ irregular and complex and is the expression of some warping as most downdropped blocks of the Basin and Range province and well as block faulting. The association of volcanic rocks with is important because it includes part of the boundary between the depressions of Long Valley and Mono Basin suggests that the Sierra Nevada
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