The Development of the C Language*
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The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System*
The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System* Dennis M. Ritchie Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974 ABSTRACT This paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system. It concentrates on the evolution of the file system, the process-control mechanism, and the idea of pipelined commands. Some attention is paid to social conditions during the development of the system. NOTE: *This paper was first presented at the Language Design and Programming Methodology conference at Sydney, Australia, September 1979. The conference proceedings were published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science #79: Language Design and Programming Methodology, Springer-Verlag, 1980. This rendition is based on a reprinted version appearing in AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 No. 6 Part 2, October 1984, pp. 1577-93. Introduction During the past few years, the Unix operating system has come into wide use, so wide that its very name has become a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Its important characteristics have become known to many people. It has suffered much rewriting and tinkering since the first publication describing it in 1974 [1], but few fundamental changes. However, Unix was born in 1969 not 1974, and the account of its development makes a little-known and perhaps instructive story. This paper presents a technical and social history of the evolution of the system. Origins For computer science at Bell Laboratories, the period 1968-1969 was somewhat unsettled. The main reason for this was the slow, though clearly inevitable, withdrawal of the Labs from the Multics project. To the Labs computing community as a whole, the problem was the increasing obviousness of the failure of Multics to deliver promptly any sort of usable system, let alone the panacea envisioned earlier. -
An Analysis of the D Programming Language
Journal of International Technology and Information Management Volume 16 Issue 3 Article 7 2007 An Analysis of the D Programming Language Sumanth Yenduri University of Mississippi- Long Beach Louise Perkins University of Southern Mississippi- Long Beach Md. Sarder University of Southern Mississippi- Long Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim Part of the Business Intelligence Commons, E-Commerce Commons, Management Information Systems Commons, Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, Operational Research Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons Recommended Citation Yenduri, Sumanth; Perkins, Louise; and Sarder, Md. (2007) "An Analysis of the D Programming Language," Journal of International Technology and Information Management: Vol. 16 : Iss. 3 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim/vol16/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International Technology and Information Management by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis of Programming Language D Journal of International Technology and Information Management An Analysis of the D Programming Language Sumanth Yenduri Louise Perkins Md. Sarder University of Southern Mississippi - Long Beach ABSTRACT The C language and its derivatives have been some of the dominant higher-level languages used, and the maturity has stemmed several newer languages that, while still relatively young, possess the strength of decades of trials and experimentation with programming concepts. While C++ was a major step in the advancement from procedural to object-oriented programming (with a backbone of C), several problems existed that prompted the development of new languages. -
An Analysis of the D Programming Language Sumanth Yenduri University of Mississippi- Long Beach
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CSUSB ScholarWorks Journal of International Technology and Information Management Volume 16 | Issue 3 Article 7 2007 An Analysis of the D Programming Language Sumanth Yenduri University of Mississippi- Long Beach Louise Perkins University of Southern Mississippi- Long Beach Md. Sarder University of Southern Mississippi- Long Beach Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim Part of the Business Intelligence Commons, E-Commerce Commons, Management Information Systems Commons, Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons, Operational Research Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons Recommended Citation Yenduri, Sumanth; Perkins, Louise; and Sarder, Md. (2007) "An Analysis of the D Programming Language," Journal of International Technology and Information Management: Vol. 16: Iss. 3, Article 7. Available at: http://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jitim/vol16/iss3/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of International Technology and Information Management by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis of Programming Language D Journal of International Technology and Information Management An Analysis of the D Programming Language Sumanth Yenduri Louise Perkins Md. Sarder University of Southern Mississippi - Long Beach ABSTRACT The C language and its derivatives have been some of the dominant higher-level languages used, and the maturity has stemmed several newer languages that, while still relatively young, possess the strength of decades of trials and experimentation with programming concepts. -
The UNIX Time- Sharing System
1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software. -
Unix Programmer's Manual
There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of fitness for a particu!ar purpose nor any other warranty, either expressed or imp!ied, a’s to the accuracy of the enclosed m~=:crials or a~ Io ~helr ,~.ui~::~::.j!it’/ for ~ny p~rficu~ar pur~.~o~e. ~".-~--, ....-.re: " n~ I T~ ~hone Laaorator es 8ssumg$ no rO, p::::nS,-,,.:~:y ~or their use by the recipient. Furln=,, [: ’ La:::.c:,:e?o:,os ~:’urnes no ob~ja~tjon ~o furnish 6ny a~o,~,,..n~e at ~ny k:nd v,,hetsoever, or to furnish any additional jnformstjcn or documenta’tjon. UNIX PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL F~ifth ~ K. Thompson D. M. Ritchie June, 1974 Copyright:.©d972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone:Laboratories, Incorporated Copyright © 1972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated This manual was set by a Graphic Systems photo- typesetter driven by the troff formatting program operating under the UNIX system. The text of the manual was prepared using the ed text editor. PREFACE to the Fifth Edition . The number of UNIX installations is now above 50, and many more are expected. None of these has exactly the same complement of hardware or software. Therefore, at any particular installa- tion, it is quite possible that this manual will give inappropriate information. The authors are grateful to L. L. Cherry, L. A. Dimino, R. C. Haight, S. C. Johnson, B. W. Ker- nighan, M. E. Lesk, and E. N. Pinson for their contributions to the system software, and to L. E. McMahon for software and for his contributions to this manual. -
The Electronic Journal and Its Implications for the Electronic Library
The Electronic journal and its implications for the digital library Item Type Book Chapter Authors McKnight, Cliff; Dillon, Andrew; Shackel, Brian Citation The Electronic journal and its implications for the digital library 1996, :351-368 Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the 21st Century Publisher New York: SUNY Press (SUNY Series in Computer-Mediated Communication) Journal Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the 21st Century Download date 27/09/2021 00:25:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105169 THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ELECTRONIC LIBRARY Cliff McKnight(1), Andrew Dillon(2) and Brian Shackel(3) (1) Department of Information and Library Studies, Loughborough University of Technology (2) School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University (3) HUSAT Research Institute, Loughborough University of Technology This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: McKnight, C., Dillon, A. and Shackel, B. (1996) The electronic journal and its implications for the digital library. In: T. Harrison and T. Stephens (eds.) Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the 21st Century. NY: SUNY Press, 351- 368. 1. INTRODUCTION It is now over ten years since the first electronic journal experiments (e.g., EIES, BLEND) and the intervening years have not seen researchers being idle in this field. Indeed, while experiments have continued apace in an attempt to answer various questions such as the appropriateness of particular interfaces, electronic journals have continued to appear. The third edition of the ARL list (Okerson, 1993) contains 45 electronic journals while the first edition, only two years earlier (Okerson, 1991), listed only 27. -
Specification Language for Binary Parser Construction in the Context
Diploma Thesis SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE FOR BINARY PARSER CONSTRUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART CARD PROTOCOL MONITORING Jürgen Wall presented to Prof. Dr. Engels Department for Database- and Informationsystems and Prof. Dr. Kastens Programming Languages and Compilers Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Sciences and Mathematics University of Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 D-33095 Paderborn 31.03.2010 Erklärung Ich versichere, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe, sowie ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Quellen angefertigt habe. Alle Ausführungen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß übernommen worden sind, sind als solche gekennzeichnet. Die Arbeit hat in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Paderborn, den 31.03.2010 _________________________ Jürgen Wall VII Contents Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation . .2 1.2 Document Structure . .3 2 Foundations4 2.1 Smart Cards . .5 2.1.1 Protocols . .5 2.1.2 Logical Organization . .7 2.1.3 Smart Card Commands . .8 2.2 Monitoring . 11 2.2.1 Technical Setup . 11 2.2.2 Manual Implementation . 12 2.2.3 Drawbacks . 13 2.3 Aspects of Compiler Theory . 15 2.3.1 Compilation is Translation . 15 2.3.2 Analysis . 16 2.3.3 Lexical Analysis . 16 2.3.4 Syntax Analysis . 18 2.3.5 Semantic Analysis . 24 2.3.6 Synthesis . 26 2.4 Parsing Binary Data . 28 2.4.1 Structural Patterns and Indication . 29 2.4.2 A Type System for Binary Parsing . 31 2.5 Summary . 35 3 Related Work 36 3.1 PACKETTYPES ............................... 36 3.2 DATASCRIPT ................................ 37 3.3 Parsing Expression Grammar (PEG) . -
Of 25 from the Desk of Mr. Manjunatha Balluli, Shree Medha College
Introduction to UNIX (Module I) History of UNIX UNIX development was started in 1969 at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey. Bell Laboratories was (1964–1968) involved on the development of a multi-user,time-sharing operating system called Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing System). Multics was a failure. In early 1969, Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project. Bell Labs researchers who had worked on Multics (Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, Joseph Ossanna, and others) still wanted to develop an operating system for their own and Bell Labs’ programming, job control, and resource usage needs. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service) which was an 'emasculated Multics'. The first version of Unix was written in the low-level PDP-7 assembler language. Later, a language called TMG was developed for the PDP-7 by R. M. McClure. Using TMG to develop a FORTRAN compiler, Ken Thompson instead ended up developing a compiler for a new high-level language he called B, based on the earlier BCPL language developed by Martin Richard. When the PDP-11 computer arrived at Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie built on B to create a new language called C. Unix components were later rewritten in C, and finally with the kernel itself in 1973. Unix V6, released in 1975 became very popular. Unix V6 was free and was distributed with its source code. -
DOCUMENT RESUME ?D 048 915 On-Line Retrieval System Design; Part V of Scientific Report No. ISR-18, Information Storage Cornell
DOCUMENT RESUME ?D 048 915 LI 002 724 TITLE On-Line Retrieval System Design; Part V of Scientific Report No. ISR-18, Information Storage and Retrieval... INSTITUTION Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. Dept.of Computer Science. SPONS AGENCY National Library cf Medi,cine (DHEW), Bethesda, Md.; National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISR-18 1Part V) OUB DATE Oct 70 NOTE 100p.; Part of LI 002 719 EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 RC-$3.29 DESCRIPTORS Automation, Computer Programs, *Design, *Information Retrieval, *Information Systems, Languages, Man Machine Systems, Programing, *Search Strategies, Shared Services, Systems Analysis, Use Studies IDENTIFIERS *Saltons Magical Automatic Retriever of Texts, SMART On Line Retrieval Systems ABSTRACT On-line retrieval system design is discussed in the two papers which make up Part Five of this report on Salton's Magical Automatic Retriever of Texts (SMART) project report. The first paper: "A Prototype On-Line Document Retrieval System" by D. Williamson and R. Williamson outlined a design for a SMART on-line document retrieval system using console initiated search and retrieval procedures. The conversational system is described as well as the program organization. The second paper: "Template Analysis in a Conversational System" by S.F. Weiss discusses natural language conversational systems. The use of natural language makes possible the implementation of a natural dialogue system, and renders the system available to a wide range of users. A set or goals for such a system is presented. An experimental conversational system is implemented using a template analysis process. A detailed discussion of both user and system performance is presented. -
Troff and Friends
this talk • history and background • theory • practical usage ... of nroff, troff, and friends (tbl, eqn, refer, pic) troff and friends please interrupt me at any time in case of questions markus schnalke <[email protected]> please tell me what I should demonstrate goal: motivate to learn and use these programs my troff history historical background ______________________________________________________ years ago __________________________________first contact through man pages see my talk on ‘‘old software treasuries’’ ___________________________________________________ a simple document, just to try it___ quick summary: ___________________________________________________a year ago used pic for my diploma thesis___ • terminal = keyboard + line printer ___________________________________________________two months ago started to learn troff better ___ • no screen orientation thus: It’s all pretty new to me too :-) • size limits on software history of typesetting history of troff • completely by hand early 60s at MIT: •‘‘hot metal’’ typesetting (Linotype) • RUNOFF for CTSS • completely by computers (line printers and photo- • ‘‘right-justifying type-out program’’ typesetters) • ported to many systems (also MULTICS) goal: text automatically right-adjusted and hyphenated around 1970 at Bell Labs: • roff by McIlroy (Unix version of RUNOFF) • used daily history of troff (2) glossary nroff (‘‘new roff’’) • word processing • by Joe Ossanna • text formating • strength: macro programmable • document preparation • still only for daisy wheel/golf -
Analysis, Dictionary Construction, User Feeloack, Clustering, and On-Line Retrieval. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of Comput
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 048 910 LI 002 719 TITLE information Storage and Retrie-,a1...Reports on Analysis, Dictionary Construction, User Feeloack, Clustering, and On-Line Retrieval. INSTITUT104 Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. Dept. of Computer Science. SPONS AGENCY National Library of Medicine (DHEW), Bethesda, Md.; National Science Foundation, Wi.shingtom, D.C. REPORT NO ISR-19 PUB DATE Oct 70 NOTE 523p. EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 liC-$19.74 DESCRIPTORS Automatic Indexing, Automation, Classification, Content. AuLlysis, *Dictionaries, Electronic Lata Processing, *Feedback, *Information Retrieval, *Information Storage, Relevance (Information Retrieval) , Thesauri, *Use stu(lies IDENTItIERS On Line Retrieval Systems, *Saltons Magical Automatic Retriever of Texts, SMART ABSTRACT Part One, Automatic Content Analysi:, contains: "Content Analysis in Information Retrieval:" "The 'Generality' Effect and the Retrieval Evaluation for Large Collections;" "Automatic Indexing Using Bibliographic Citations" and "Automatic Tiesolution of Ambiguities from Natural Language Text." Part Two, Automatic Dictionary Construction, includes: "The Effect of Cocomon Words and Synonyms on Retrieval Performance;" "Negative Dictionaries" and "Experiments in Automatic Thesaurus Constructioa for Information Retrieval." Part Three, user feedback proced.lres, incl!tdos: "Variations on tie Query Splitting Technique with Relevance Feedback:" "Effectiveness of Feedback Strategies on Collections of Differing Generality;" "Selective Negative Feedback Methods" and "The Use of Past -
Linux Network Administrators Guide Remote Systems
Chapter 16. ManagingTaylor UUCP UUCP was designed in the late seventies by Mike Lesk at AT&T Bell Laboratories to provide a simple dialup network over public telephone lines. Despite the popularity of dialup PPP and SLIP connections to the Internet, many people who want to have email and Usenet News on their home machine still use UUCP because it is often cheaper, especially in countries where Internet users have to pay by the minute for local telephone calls, or where they do not have a local ISP and must pay long distance toll rates to connect. Although there are many implementations of UUCP running on a wide variety of hardware platforms and operating systems, overall, they are highly compatible. However, as with most software that has somehow become standard over the years, there is no UUCP that one would call the UUCP. It has undergone a steady evolution since the first version was implemented in 1976. Currently, there are two major species that differ mainly in their hardware support and configuration. Of these two, various implementations exist, each varying slightly from its siblings. One species is known as Version 2 UUCP, which dates back to a 1977 implementation by Mike Lesk, David A. Novitz, and Greg Chesson. Although it is fairly old, it is still frequently used. Recent implementations of Version 2 provide much of the comfort that the newer UUCP species do. The second species was developed in 1983 and is commonly referred to as BNU (Basic Networking Utilities) or HoneyDanBer UUCP. The latter name is derived from the authors' names (P.