DOCSLIB.ORG

Philanthropy in America Politics and Society in Twentieth-­Century America Series Editors William Chafe, Gary Gerstle, Linda Gordon, and Julian Zelizer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Philanthropy in America Politics and Society in Twentieth-­Century America Series Editors William Chafe, Gary Gerstle, Linda Gordon, and Julian Zelizer PHILANTHROPY IN AMERICA POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN TWENTIETH-­CENTURY AMERICA Series Editors William Chafe, Gary Gerstle, Linda Gordon, and Julian Zelizer A list of titles in this series appears at the back of the book PHILANTHROPY IN AMERICA « « « A HISTORY « « « OLIVIER ZUNZ Princeton University Press « Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2012 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Second printing, and first paperback printing, with a new preface by the author, 2014 Paperback ISBN 978-0-691-16120-4 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition of this book as follows Zunz, Olivier. Philanthropy in America : a history / Olivier Zunz. p. cm. — (Politics and society in twentieth- century America) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 691- 12836- 8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Charities— United States— History. 2. Nonprofit organizations— United States— History. 3. Humanitarianism— United States— History. 4. Endowments— United States— History. I. Title. HV91.Z86 2012 361.70973— dc23 2011017479 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Minion Pro and Univers Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 To the memory of my friend Stephen Innes (1946– 2005) CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Preface to the Paperback Edition xi Introduction 1 Chapter 1: “For the Improvement of Mankind” 8 Chapter 2: The Coming of Mass Philanthropy 44 Chapter 3: The Regulatory Compromise 76 Chapter 4: The Private Funding of Affairs of State 104 Chapter 5: From Humanitarianism to Cold War 137 Chapter 6: Philanthropy at Midcentury: “Timid Billions”? 169 Chapter 7: Investing in Civil Rights 201 Chapter 8: In Search of a Nonprofit Sector 232 Chapter 9: American Philanthropy and the World’s Communities 264 Conclusion 294 Notes 301 Index 351 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My heartfelt thanks go first to an extraordinary group of dedicated people at the Ford Foundation. Barry Gaberman, Susan Berresford, Christopher Harris, and Alan Divack recognized in the early formula- tion of this book my ambition of telling philanthropy’s contribution to American democracy and helped turn the idea into reality. I am grateful also for the support I received from the W. K. Kellogg Foundation and the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. The Hagley Museum and Library made it possible for me early in the research to spend a summer explor- ing the Pew Charitable Trusts’ records in the Soda House on the banks of the Brandywine. At the University of Virginia, my long- time academic home, my col- leagues on the committee that oversees the Bankard Fund for the Study of Political Economy have shown much confidence in this project and provided funds over several years. So has the Institute for Advanced Study in Culture, the haven for scholars that James Davison Hunter has so ably created. Very talented students have taken an active role in this work. They have helped research and interpret the appropriate sources. I feel privi- leged to have worked so closely over the years with Andrew J. F. Mor- ris, Derek Hoff, Christopher Loomis, Christopher Nichols, and Daniel Holt, while they were earning their doctorates in history at UVA. Jordan Berman and Brent Cebul also have aided the research. At my second academic home, the École des Hautes Études en Sci- ences Sociales in Paris, I have tried out every idea for this book during my annual presentations to the American history seminar run by Pap NDiaye, Cécile Vidal, and François Weil at the Centre d’Études Nord- Américaines. IX X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sustained exchanges with Kim Gould Ashizawa, Arnaldo Bagnasco, Dwight Burlingame, David Hammack, Steven Heydemann, Richard John, Stanley N. Katz, Ira Katznelson, James Loeffler, Eleanor W. Sacks, Holly Cowan Shulman, Nancy Summers, Francis X. Sutton, Thomas Troyer, Joshua Yates, and Philip Zelikow have improved the work dra- matically. Julian Bond has shared with me family papers from the days his father Horace Mann Bond worked for the Rosenwald Fund. Flavio Brugnoli, Piero Gastaldi, and Mario Gioannini at the Compagnia di San Paolo in Turin have followed this research with a sustained interest in the American experience. At Princeton University Press, Brigitta van Rheinberg not only recognized this book early on as one she wanted to publish, but also provided excellent advice on the manuscript. So have two anonymous readers for the Press. Eva Jaunzems has contributed her remarkable copy editing skills. I owe a very special thanks to three long- time close friends. Nicolas Barreyre, Arthur Goldhammer, and Charlie Feigenoff have taken much of their valuable time to review my manuscript in minute detail and have encouraged me to reformulate my ideas as often as needed. Christine, our children Emmanuel and Sophie, and our two splendid grandchildren Henry and Lila have shown much pa- tience with me, each in their own way, as I have completed this work. It is customary but also appropriate to add that deficiencies that re- main are my own. Olivier Zunz Charlottesville, Virginia Spring 2011 PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION My ambition for this book has been to draw out, as fully as I could in a single volume, philanthropy’s special role in shaping the “American century,” both at home and abroad. In retracing the large and cumula- tive impact that private gifts have had on national affairs, I examine the ways philanthropic commitments have enlarged American democracy. They have not only been a powerful means of expanding knowledge, promoting social movements, and formulating public policy, they have also given Americans of diverse conditions a stronger voice in defining the common good. I begin my account in the late nineteenth century as the growth of philanthropic institutions mirrored that of the United States’s increasing economic power and influence on the world scene. Participation in this expanded philanthropy, however, was never the exclusive domain of the wealthy as it is too often portrayed or imagined. Americans of modest means were actively involved too. Philanthropy’s various components combined into a powerful mix of fiscally-privileged institutions (and procedures) that Americans of different ideological persuasions have since adapted to their strategies of social change. Wealthy donors created foundations to administer large gifts. They gave also a massive boost to the modern research uni- versity that orchestrated the reorganization of knowledge propelling the country’s ascent to world power. A few reformers engineered a silent, but still evolving, legal revolution that granted trustees the power of broadening donor intent by adjusting it to changing circumstances. At the same time, the emergence of a federated mass philanthropy, based on innovations in fundraising techniques, involved an ever greater part of the population in supporting the public good. World War I provided an added impetus to mass philanthropy and in particular marked a XII PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION commitment to public health and humanitarian aid overseas, making philanthropy abroad both an adjunct and a challenge to the Pax Ameri- cana. The federal government, with expanded revenue from the income tax, put in place a legal and regulatory structure to support philanthropy by granting all givers a fiscal exemption, the terms of which we are still arguing. The regulatory state and profit-driven capitalism became then the lasting partners of a heterogeneous philanthropic enterprise that re- juvenated voluntarism in America as large numbers of givers, reform- ers, volunteers, and recipients, acting in opposition as often as in con- cert, began promoting causes bigger than any of them had heretofore envisioned. Not unlike a committed fundraiser who seeks to combine support from many different givers, I focus in this book on how philanthropic institutions overlap rather than attempt a specialized history of each kind. Organizations with similar sounding names come in an array of legal arrangements and operational structures. Thus a “foundation” typically offers grants, but some run their own programs as well. Some foundations are small, family affairs with limited funds, while others are large and wealthy impersonal organizations. Their reach is very dif- ferent. The same heterogeneity characterizes public charities supported by multiple donors, whose divergent opinions in principle guarantee democratic debate over their activities. Some public charities, however, have only a few funders who are often related. The government grants public charities a fiscal status tolerant of political lobbying otherwise restricted in tax-exempt organizations. Rather than treating these insti- tutions separately, my emphasis is on how they have joined to support large social movements, whether it be the legalization of birth control or the spread of evangelical Christianity. I have meant to give a critical view of the ways the philanthropic system has intersected with government and influenced policy in the United States for more than a century. The government has had the dif- ficult role of serving simultaneously as the regulator of philanthropy that has limited its political engagement and a partner in multi-level PREFACE TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION XIII campaigns mobilizing the joint forces of state and civil society. This rela- tionship with government has generated the most important ambiguity at the heart of the philanthropic enterprise. To fulfill their avowed mis- sion of improving mankind, liberal and conservative philanthropic ac- tors have time and again had to cross the regulatory line and engage in major political battles. I have therefore given ample voice to those who fought such philanthropic/political wars. I have shown that the many (not always well-intentioned) attempts to keep philanthropy away from politics have led only to maneuvers on the part of donors and recipients alike that have brought the art of equivocation to new altitudes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ripon Society, Inc
    THE RIPON ELECTION '67 FOR pp. 9-12 @Copyright 1967 by DECEMBER, 1967 The Ripon Society, Inc. Vol. III, No. 12 The Current Picture This map represents Ripon's current assessment of its leadership. The indications of "second-choice" po­ the race for the Republican Presidential Nomination in tential are of varying signficance. In some states "num- . 1968. This is the fttst of a series of reports to appear ber-two" may indeed eclipse the current favorite by regularly in the Forum. as the convention ap\,roach,es. convention time, while. elsewhere the second choice has Reports on the primaries and delegate-selection con­ but a rather remote chance of winning a state's delega­ tests in critical states will accompany the map survey tion, should voting at the convention polarize around in future issues. The findings presented here are based two candidates to the exclusion of the present front­ on information received from correspondents through­ runner. We believe the "first-choice" totals for each out the country, informal discussions with political candidate represent the solid base of support for each. leaders, and press reports. The combined totals are ofiered as a rough estimate of potential strength without regard to dramatic shifts Delegates have been allocated to candidates where­ of support unpredictable at this time. ever a strong preference exists within a state party and (continued on page three) LETTERS THE R,IPON SO.CIETY, INC. Natlanal Governing Board Dear Sir: Josiab Lee AllBpItz Lee W. Haalmer"' Your "As Things Now Stand" in the November Cbrlstopher W. Beal· Edward J.
    [Show full text]
  • Accenting the Negative in Cleveland
    Accenting the Negative in Cleveland By ROLDO BARTlMOLE and cabinet members. Even a close Negro as- lar frustrations - indeed, as do executives of CLEVELAND-Nearly two years ago Carl sociate of the mayor remarks, "His appoint- private enterprises in these days of skills B. Stokes, then an Ohio state legislator, told ments have been anything but stirring." Adds shortages. a U.S. Civil Rights Commission hearing: a sympathetic political scientist and univer- Yet it is clear that Mr. Stokes considers sity teacher of the mayor's appointments, his position a significant milestone in racial "We have in Cleveland developed the art. "They're good, honest men, but I didn't say destiny. to some, however, his moderate of accenting the positive to the exclusion of qualified. " stance may seem a little out of style in a city remedying the negative. How difficult it is, Mr. Stokes seemed not to heed warnings where black militancy is the vogue. ~ut he s;mnned militancy during the campaign and but. necessary, to advocate as a remedy the by aides during the campaign that he begin lining up staff members in anticipation of vic- has never had a record of deep-seated black accenting of the negative. How else to strike tory, and this became a handicap when he nationalism. This makes some. supporters at and endeavor to dispel the deep, almost in- took office less than a week after election uncomfortable and even a white liberal aide digenous, false sense of security and accom- day. says disappointedly, "1 never believed he was plishment that pervades this city?" But Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Office of Solicitor General
    THE JOURNAL OF APPELLATE PRACTICE AND PROCESS THE OFFICE OF SOLICITOR GENERAL PREFACE If any legal position warrants the appellation, "the appellate lawyer's lawyer," it is that of Solicitor General. Seth Waxman, himself a former Solicitor General, has pointed out that "the office of the Solicitor General of the United States is a wonderful and unique creation,"' noting that only the holder of that office, among all the officers of the federal government, is required by statute to be "learned in the law." 2 President after president has complied with that instruction: The list of Solicitors General that follows this preface includes the names of some of this country's most distinguished lawyers. There may even be those who think of the Solicitors General as a corps of immortals, for as Waxman discovered, "[s]ome 60 years ago, a letter found its way into the United States mail addressed simply 'The Celestial General, Washington, D.C." 3 The inadequacy of the address notwithstanding, the Post Office "apparently had no trouble discerning to whom it should be delivered. It went to Robert H. 1. Seth P. Waxman, Speech, Presenting the Case of the United States As It Should Be: The Solicitor General in Historical Context (address to the Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, June 1, 1998) at I (available at <http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/about osg/sgarticle.html>). 2. Id. 3. Id. THE JOURNAL OF APPELLATE PRACTICE AND PROCESS Vol. 3, No. 2 (Fall 2001) THE JOURNAL OF APPELLATE PRACTICE AND PROCESS Jackson, then Solicitor General of the United States." 4 Waxman is quick to point out that neither he nor any of his predecessors had "pretensions of other-worldliness," but he does acknowledge that they "have all been fortunate to have been able to serve in what Thurgood Marshall called 'the best job I've ever had." We in the law can see that it is indeed a special job, for the Solicitor General is the only lawyer who, as Francis Biddle put it, "has no master to serve except his country." 6 The responsibilities of the job are great, but so are the rewards.
    [Show full text]
  • Electing Black Mayors
    Electing Black Mayors Political Action in the Black Community William E. Nelson, Jr. and Philip J. Meranto $20.00 ELECTING BLACK MAYORS Political Action in the Black Community By William E. Nelson, Jr., and Philip J. Meranto As the black protest movement swept north in the middle years of the 1960s, a major shift was to take place in its basic theme and fundamental direction that transferred emphasis from the familiar exhortation to demand "freedom now" to an equally urgent summons to marshal the formidable, if un­ tapped, resources of "black power" in the struggle for liberation. This alteration in both informing idea and effective method signified conclusively that blacks, grown angry and frustrated over the slow rate of their social and economic prog­ ress as an oppressed minority, were finally prepared to realize their potential force in order to exercise a decisive measure of po­ litical control over their own lives. As a call to action, black power reflected a growing sense of community among blacks, a fresh awareness of shared experience and a common heritage. More importantly, however, it was both a challenge posed by blacks to themselves to gain some increased measure of control over the institutions of that community, and an appeal for black solidarity and concerted political action as the essential means to that end. An increased concentration of blacks in the major cities of the northern and western United States had come about as the direct result of one of the most significant demographic changes to occur in the nation in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • 1930 Journal
    ; ; MONDAY, OCTOBER 6, 19 3 0 -f^^ 1 SUPEEME COURT OE THE UisTITED STATES Present: The Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Holmes, Mr. Justice Van Devanter, Mr. Justice McReynolds, Mr. Justice Brandeis, Mr. Jus- tice Sutherland, Mr. Justice Butler, Mr. Justice Stone, and Mr. Justice Roberts. Louis Charney Friedman, of Paterson, N. J.; A. F. Kingdon, of Bluefield, W. Va. ; Edward H. Dell, of Middletown, Ohio ; Francis P. Farrell, of New York City; John E. Snyder, of Hershey, Pa.; Francis E. Delamore, of Little Rock, Ark.; William R. Carlisle, of New York City; William Geo. Junge, of Los Angeles, Calif.; Francis Harold Uriell, of Chicago, 111.; John Butera, of Dallas, Tex.; Alean Brisley Clutts, of Detroit, Mich.; Cornelius B. Comegys, of Scranton, Pa.; Walter J. Rosston, of New York City; John A. Coleman, of Los Angeles, Calif. Harry F. Brown, of Guthrie, Okla. ; Wm. W. Montgomery, Jr., of Philadelphia, Pa.; Joe E. Daniels, of New York City; Winthrop Wadleigh, of Milford, N. H.; Ernest C. Griffith, of Los Angeles, Calif. ; and K. Berry Peterson, of Phoenix, Ariz., were admitted to practice. No. 380* R. D. Spicer et al., petitioners, v. The United States of America No. 381. G. C. Stephens, petitioner, v. The United States of America; and No. 382. B. M. Wotkyns, petitioner, v. The United States of America. Leave granted the respondent to file brief on or before October 20, on motion of Mr. Solicitor General Thacher for the respondent. No. 5. Indian Motocycle Company v. The United States of Amer- ica. Joint motion to amend certificate submitted by Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of the Fathers of Astronomy Exhibit Opinion
    The Making of the Fathers of Astronomy Exhibit Opinion Christopher M. Graney Otter Creek–South Harrison Observatory Jefferson Community & Technical College, USA E-mail: [email protected] Summary Key Words The International Year of Astronomy 2009 stretched a few days into 2010 IYA2009 here in Louisville, Kentucky — the Fathers of Astronomy exhibit at the Frazier Exhibitions International History Museum did not close until 3 January 2010. Fathers of History of Astronomy Astronomy, which was open for five months, told the story of Galileo through authentic original editions of three books — the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle, Nicolas Copernicus’s 1543 On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, and Galileo Galilei’s 1632 Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems. The success of “Fathers” resulted from three very different partners coming together and combining resources to produce a history-themed IYA2009 programme of the highest quality at minimal cost. Lessons learned from the exhibit may be of value to people interested in communicating astronomy to the public. Introduction include the Frazier’s permanent collection exhibitions, special lectures and other pres- and a substantial collection from Britain’s entations to enhance the quality of classroom The three partners behind the Fathers of Royal Armouries. The Frazier contributed the teaching and to present the collections to a Astronomy exhibit were the Frazier Inter- space for the Fathers of Astronomy exhibit; wider public audience. Within Rare Books is national History Museum, the University of the professional resources to properly han- the William Marshall Bullitt Collection of rare Louisville Libraries, and Otter Creek–South dle, display and keep safe the extremely first editions of key publications in the his- Harrison Observatory.
    [Show full text]
  • Stokes V. Taft 1967 Election Final
    The Election That Changed Cleveland Forever By Michael D. Roberts That autumn in Cleveland was crisp and colorful with low clouds, high expectations and an anxious electorate. With the season, came the wonder whether the city could look beyond race and elect a black man as its mayor. It had never been done in a major American city. The world wondered whether it could be done. By 1967, race had been the dominant issue in Cleveland since the beginning of the decade, first with demonstrations against what minorities considered a segregated school system, and then with a riot that left four dead and required the Ohio National Guard to quell four days of looting and violence. In the wake of the Hough riot in the summer of 1966, an ominous apprehension settled over the city. Those venturing to the eastern parts of the town did so warily for sporadic gunfire was a common occurrence. A policeman had been ambushed in his zone car and killed. A black student was murdered near Murray Hill. Downtown, the business community grew apprehensive. For years, the city had ignored the quality of life among the growing black population, which had migrated here from the south to work at jobs created by three wars. The housing was dilapidated, the schools inadequate, and the future bleak. The anger created by these conditions was manifested in the demonstrations and finally in the riot. In the midst of the turmoil, the emerging black political figure was Carl B. Stokes, a lawyer who had grown up in poverty, and had worked as a liquor agent and then was elected to the Ohio state legislature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cleveland Foundation and Its Evolving Urban Strategy
    Rebuilding Cleveland is a critical study of the role that The Cleveland Foundation, the country's oldest community trust, has played in shaping public affairs in Cleveland, Ohio, over the past quarter-century. Drawing on an examination of the Foun­ dation's private papers and more than a hun­ dred interviews with Foundation personnel and grantees, Diana Tittle demonstrates that The Cleveland Foundation, with assets of more than $600 million, has provided con­ tinuing, catalytic leadership in its attempts to solve a wide range of Cleveland's urban problems. The Foundation's influence is more than a matter of money, Tittle shows. The combined efforts of professional philanthro­ pists and a board of trustees traditionally dominated by Cleveland's business elite, but also including members appointed by var­ ious elected officials, have produced innova­ tive civic leadership that neither group was able to achieve on its own. Through an examination of the Founda­ tion's ongoing and sometimes painful orga­ nizational development, Tittle explains how the Foundation came to be an important ca­ talyst for progressive change in Cleveland. Rebuilding Cleveland takes the reader back to 1914, when Cleveland banker Frederick C. Goff invented the concept of a community foundation and pioneered a national move­ ment of social scientists, business leaders, and government officials that made philan­ thropy a more effective force for private in­ volvement in public affairs. Tittle follows the Foundation through the 1960s, when it be­ gan a major new initiative to establish itself REBUILDING CLEVELAND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SERIES Manse/ G. Blackford and K.
    [Show full text]
  • Linwood H,Olton
    • RIPON DECEMBER, 1969 VOL. V, No. 12 ONE DOLLAR LINWOOD H,OLTON: Electoral Balancing Act in Virginia t • Down on the Farm, Again James L Guth Is Reprivatization Nixon's Answer? Josiah Lee Auspitz ,r--------------- SUMMARY OF CONTENTS THE RIPON SOCIETY INC is a Republican res8CI1'Ch and , • policy organization whose members are young business, academic and professional men and women. It has national head~uarters in CCrmbridge, MassClchu­ sells, chapters In eleven citles, National Associate members GUEST EDITORIAL throughout the fifty states, and several affiliated groups of sub­ chapter slatus. The Society Is supported by chapter dues, individ­ Senator Marlow W. Cook of Kentucky lists his ob­ ual contributions and revenues from its publications and contract work. The Society offers the following options for annual con­ jections to a GOP Southern strategy and counter-pro­ tribution: Contributor $25 or more; Sustalner $100 or more; poses ways for the Republican Party to make honest, Founder $1000 or more Inquiries about membership and chapter organization should De addressed to the National Executive non-exclusionary gains below the Mason-Dixon line. -S Director. NATIONAL GOVERNING BOARD Officers POLITICAL NOTES "Josiah Lee Auspitz, President "J. Eugene Marans, Chairman of the Board Reports from Alabama, illinois, Minnesota, Ohio "Christopher T. Bayley, Chairmcm of the Executive Committee and Georgia. --4 "Howard F. Gillette, Jr., Vice President "Robert L. Beal, Treasurer "Frank E. Samuel, Jr., Secretary Boston Philadelphia: "Robert Gulick "Richard R. Block Martin A. Linsky Paul Niebanck PROFILE Michael W. Christian Roger Whittlesey A. Linwood Holton is the fence walker on this C~rI~Y;!rer Seatlle month's cover.
    [Show full text]
  • 1938 Journal
    — — ^1) I OCTOBER TERM, 1938 .T^Z^, STATISTICS Original Appellate Total Number of cases on docket 13 1, 007 1,020 Cases disposed of __ __ 1 922 923 Remaining on docket- _ ____ 12 85 97 Cases disposed of By written opinions 174 By per curiam opinions 65 By denial or dismissal of petitions for certiorari 676 By motion to dismiss or per stipulation 8 Number of written opinions 139 Number of admissions to bar 1, 075 RETEEENCE INDEX Page Cardozo, J., death of, announced 1 Cardozo, J., resolutions of the Bar presented by Attorney Gen- eral Cummings 91 Brandeis, J., correspondence upon retirement 166 Frankfurter, J., commission read and oath taken (January 30, 1939) 131 Douglas, J., commission read and oath taken (April 17, 1939). 194 Frank Murphy, Attorney General, presented 115 Allotment of Justices 106, 145, 209 Disbarment, in the matter of W. A. Denson 6,85,103,129 J. William Tomlinson 7 Walter C. Balderston 159 William H. GrifSn 182,225 Pierce Lonergan 210,247 Rules of Supreme Court, general revision announced 155 Bankruptcy, revision of the General Orders and Forms 138 Admiralty Rules revised 233 Copyright Rule 1 amended 247 Counsel appointed to argue (No. 359 and Ex Parte Holchak) __ 36, 69 Judgment amended (Nos. 3, 294, 528) 84, 182, 191 Opinion amended (Nos. 3, 127, 312, 441, 498, 449, 441) 84, 169,175,233,248 99087—39 93 8 II Page Judgment affirmed by equally divided Court (Nos. 10, 104) 35, 119 Judgment in case on direct appeal from U. S. District Court affirmed, on consideration of jurisdictional statements, on ground that questions were so unsubstantial as not to need further argument, citing Rule 7, par.
    [Show full text]
  • 1941 Journal
    — — d'° p. r. OCTOBER TERM, 1941 STATISTICS Original Appellate Total Number of cases on docket 12 1, 290 1, 302 Cases disposed of 2 1, 166 1, 168 Remaining on docket 10 124 134 Cases disposed of By written opinions 175 By per curiam opinions 201 By denial or dismissal of petitions for certiorari 787 By motion to dismiss or per stipulation 5 Number of written opinions 151 Number of admissions to bar 985 REFERENCE INDEX Page Stone, C. J., announcement of nomination and confirmation 1 Byrnes, J., announcement of nomination and confirmation 1 Jackson, J., announcement of nomination and confirmation 1 Brandeis, J., death of (October 5, 1941) announced 3 Van Devanter, J., resolutions of the Bar presented by Attorney General Biddle 183 Francis Biddle, Attorney General, presented 38 Charles Fahy, Solicitor General, presented 82 Declaration of War—Court recessed to attend joint session of Congress (December 8, 1941) 86 Advisory Committee on Rules of Civil Procedure designated a continuing body 115 Criminal Rules Advisory Committee authorized to recommend amendments to Criminal Appeals Rules 76 Hugh D. McLellan appointed a member of Criminal Rules Advisory Committee 56 Disbarment, In the matter of David L. Starr 8,89 Howard C. Hopson 9, 107 John Duggan, Jr 222, 267 Paysoff Tinkoff 267 Attorney—change of name 231,257 Rules of Supreme Court—Rule 12, par. 1, amended 210 420417—42 98 B II Page Rules for Admiralty Courts—Rule 441/2 promulgated 243 Rules for Admiralty Courts—Rule 46 amended 275 Allotment of Justices 39 Bond of Marshal approved 243 Counsel appointed (Nos.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE LIMITS OF BLACK POWER: CARL B. STOKES AND CLEVELAND’S AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY, 1945-1971 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Leonard Nathaniel Moore, M.A.
    [Show full text]