HHMI Faculty Scholar
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The 2016 Faculty Scholars The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Simons Foundation, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announce the selection of 84 Faculty Scholars, early-career scientists who have great potential to make unique contributions to their field. The scientists represent 43 institutions across the United States. Through the new Faculty Scholars Program, the philanthropies will spend about $83 million over five years to support the first cohort of scientists selected to receive grants. Link to News Release: Philanthropies Announce Selection of Faculty Scholars Note: This document contains the master list of all Faculty Scholars and their institutional affiliation at the time they were awarded grants in 2016. The list of currently funded scholars is available at media.hhmi.org/FacultyScholars2016-gallery/ and is likely to change over time due to institutional transfers and other circumstances. Neal Alto, PhD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar Infectious bacteria use toxins called effector proteins to invade host cells. Neal Alto studies how these proteins operate, with an eye toward uncovering new therapies to combat dis- eases caused by Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and other microorganisms. He’s also looking to harness effector proteins to explore the causes of auto-inflammatory diseases and cancer. Alexei Aravin, PhD California Institute of Technology HHMI Faculty Scholar Alexei Aravin’s previous research led to the discovery of a group of small, non-coding RNAs called piRNAs. Now, he is studying the molecular mechanisms behind the piRNA pathway and investigating how these RNAs protect germ cells against mutations caused by transposons – segments of genetic material that undergo relocation within the genome. Michel Bagnat, PhD Duke University HHMI Faculty Scholar Michel Bagnat investigates how fluid secretion and hydrostatic pressure can shape the form and function of organs. Focusing his work on the spine and the intestine, he has found that faulty fluid regulation during early development can lead to conditions such as scoliosis and secretory diarrhea. Emily Balskus, PhD Harvard University HHMI-Gates Faculty Scholar Combining chemistry and microbiology, Emily Balskus studies how the microorganisms of the gut interact with each other and their human hosts. She is using this knowledge to design approaches for chemically manipulating the growth and composition of microbial communities. Diana Bautista, PhD University of California, Berkeley HHMI Faculty Scholar Chronic itch is a debilitating condition with few treatment options. Through her research on the molecular mechanisms that drive pain and itchiness, Diana Bautista is examining the ways that skin cells, immune cells, and sensory neurons interact to trigger eczema and other inflammatory diseases. 2 Thomas Bernhardt, PhD Harvard University HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar Thomas Bernhardt is interested in finding out how bacteria build their cell wall in order to grow and divide. By identifying key enzymes in cell-wall synthesis, his research could help combat drug-resistant infections by providing new targets for future antibiotics. Jesse Bloom, PhD Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar Jesse Bloom studies the evolution of proteins and viruses. He develops experimental and computational techniques to understand the forces that shape evolution at the molecular level. This work provides insight into how viruses such as influenza are able to rapidly change to evade the defenses of our immune systems. Edward Boyden, PhD Massachusetts Institute of Technology HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar Edward Boyden is developing a strategy called expansion microscopy to capture images of complicated biological systems such as brain circuits and tumors. Tissue samples expand when combined with a polymer that swells on contact with water, allowing him to physi- cally magnify their structures. In the future, this method could be applied at even smaller scales to view proteins, DNA, and RNA. Siobhan Brady, PhD University of California, Davis HHMI Faculty Scholar Siobhan Brady maps the gene networks that regulate the development of plant roots. Com- paring these networks in different cell types across different species, including important crops such as tomato and sorghum, reveals how some plants adapt to frequent droughts and other harsh environmental conditions. Clifford Brangwynne, PhD Princeton University HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar Clifford Brangwynne investigates how RNA and proteins organize into ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bodies. He has found that RNP bodies assemble through phase transitions, with RNA and protein condensing into liquid droplets. The unique physical properties of these membrane-free organelles may impact how RNP bodies regulate the flow of genetic infor- mation, and its dysregulation in disease. Ken Cadwell, PhD New York University School of Medicine HHMI Faculty Scholar Ken Cadwell studies how humans have adapted to the infectious agents that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, looking for potential triggers of inflammatory bowel disease. His research has also revealed that, in the right contexts, normally harmful viruses and parasitic worms can provide some surprising benefits to their hosts. 3 Fernando Camargo, PhD Boston Children’s Hosptial HHMI Faculty Scholar Fernando Camargo’s work with adult stem cells has helped describe the Hippo pathway, a stem cell regulatory system that controls the growth of organs and tumors. He also devel- oped a new strategy that uses transposons to track stem cell lineages in situ, allowing him to investigate how blood cells are produced in bone marrow. Flaminia Catteruccia, PhD Harvard University HHMI-Gates Faculty Scholar Malaria-carrying mosquitoes are rapidly developing resistance to insecticides. To find new ways to control the spread of malaria, Flaminia Catteruccia investigates the molecular and genetic mechanisms behind mosquito reproduction and malaria transmission. She has found that disrupting key physiological processes in the mated blood-fed mosquito can both sterilize females and prevent development of malaria parasites. Edward Chang, MD University of California, San Francisco HHMI Faculty Scholar By figuring out how the human auditory cortex responds to spoken sounds, Edward Chang is studying how the brain interprets verbal communication. His research reveals a major role for the brain’s superior temporal gyrus region in speech perception, and may shed light on the neural circuitry involved in language learning. Elizabeth Chen, PhD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center HHMI Faculty Scholar Elizabeth Chen investigates what happens along the membranes of undifferentiated muscle cells, or myoblasts, during cell fusion, a crucial step in skeletal muscle development and repair. Her work has shown that mechanical tension drives the fusion process as one cell invades another one using finger-like protrusions of the cell membrane. Xin Chen, PhD Johns Hopkins University HHMI Faculty Scholar Xin Chen studies the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that allow cells to acquire distinct morphologies and functions during development. Using the Drosophila male germline as a model, she has shown that the asymmetric distribution of histones during cell division helps to establish distinct fates for daughter cells. Daniel Colón-Ramos, PhD Yale University HHMI Faculty Scholar A fundamental problem in neuroscience involves understanding how synapses are assem- bled in living animals to produce behaviors and store memories. Daniel Colón-Ramos uses the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to explore this question, examining the biological mechanisms cells use to create synapses during development, maintain them during growth, and modify them during learning. 4 Victoria D’Souza, PhD Harvard University HHMI Faculty Scholar Victoria D’Souza is using nuclear magnetic resonance to understand how retroviruses employ various RNA structures to aid in the transcription and translation of their genomes. By mapping the three-dimensional topology of viral nucleic acids, she hopes to learn more about how these molecules interact with host molecular components and how new therapeutics could potentially interfere with these interactions. Ralph DeBerardinis, MD, PhD University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center HHMI Faculty Scholar Ralph DeBerardinis studies the metabolic pathways that go awry in cancer and other diseases. Eventually, he hopes to develop therapeutic agents that selectively manipulate metabolism in tumors, reducing their growth while leaving metabolism in the rest of the body undisturbed. José Dinneny, PhD Carnegie Institution for Science HHMI-Simons Faculty Scholar José Dinneny looks at the mechanisms plants use to sense water availability and adapt to drought conditions. He takes a holistic approach in his research, emphasizing the impor- tance of developmental pathways and molecular genetic mechanisms in guiding acclima- tion and homeostatic processes. Maitreya Dunham, PhD University of Washington HHMI Faculty Scholar Maitreya Dunham uses comparative genomics and experimental evolution techniques to investigate how yeast genomes evolve over time periods ranging from a few weeks to millions of years. Her research may lead to therapies that counter the evolution of drug resistance in fungal and bacterial pathogens, viruses, and cancer. Alex Dunn, PhD Stanford University HHMI Faculty Scholar Alex Dunn uses biophysical measurements to understand