DOCSLIB.ORG

Analyzing Google Maps from a Critical Cartography Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analyzing Google Maps from a Critical Cartography Perspective Analyzing Google Maps from a critical cartography perspective: How the map represents a commercially oriented representation of the world and is framed as a counter-mapping tool in the Local Guides community MA Thesis Anne Marte Gardenier Student number: 2045794 Online Culture / Department of Culture Studies / School of Humanities and Digital Sciences June 2020 Supervisor: dr. Inge van de Ven Second reader: dr. Ico Maly Acknowledgements Writing a Master’s thesis during the COVID-19 lockdown period has been an interesting occupation. There were no distractions; which was improving my efficiency, but also limiting my open-mindedness. I missed talking to other students and teachers about my research topic, and learning about theirs. A plus, however, was the endless solitary thinking-time. During my breaks, I went cycling by using my favorite map (which I will explain in the introduction), and while cycling I could empty my mind (which was completely full with map theories) and think about what exactly I admire about maps. I also read the book The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) of Thomas Mann (1924). In this story, the protagonist Hans Castorp visits his cousin who resides in a sanatorium in the Swiss Alps. The visit was planned to last three weeks, but he stays there for seven years. The sanatorium guests live their repetitive, occasionally thrilling but mainly boring life shut off from the rest of the world. One day, Hans Castorp decides to go skiing. Without much practice, he floats off into the white winter world of the mountains. Then, a terrible snowstorm starts, which blinds him and he loses all sense of direction: his only reference is the feeling of the ground under his skis. Based on this feeling (his skis are either pointed up of downwards), he tries to find his way back to the sanatorium. He fails: he is only moving in circles, and has to wait for the snowstorm to stop. When I read this chapter, the first reaction that came to my mind was: how careless! Why would you go out skiing without a map! – and I realized that maps are ingrained in my life; more than I expected. That is why I wanted to find out everything about the map that I (used to) use the most: Google Maps. I hope that my thesis also ignites some map fascination in the reader. I would like to thank my supervisor Inge van de Ven for advising and inspiring me, my parents for unconditionally supporting me, and my boyfriend for being there for me, at all times. Anne Marte Gardenier, June 2020. 2 Abstract Technical developments in the practice of cartography have changed how maps are produced and consumed: now, maps can be interactive, and consist not only of geographic information but also of location and time based data. In this thesis, I combine the transformation of the practice of map making with the theoretical framework of critical cartography. I will provide a theoretical analysis of maps, which focuses on how maps are produced, framed, used and what they depict. This is followed by a critical analysis of the most used map in the world: Google Maps. I argue that Google Maps presents a commercially oriented representation of the world. This representation influences how map users experience and act in the represented space. Map users comply with the logics of the map, and by doing so, the maps’ commercially orientated representation of the world becomes naturalized. This is contradicting, given that Google frames its map as a counter-mapping tool that can be used for social transformation. 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 1. Introduction 5 1.1. Map example: the Fietsknooppuntennetwerk 5 1.2. What is a map? 8 1.3. Google Maps 9 2. Critical cartography 9 2.1. Example: The Mercator projection 10 2.2. Questioning a map’s ontological foundation 12 2.3. Example: Choropleth and navigation maps 12 2.4. How a map influences a user’s perception of the represented space 15 3. The new era of mapping 16 3.1. Technical developments: participatory mapping and counter-mapping 16 3.2. Technical developments: the mapping of geospatial data 18 3.3. Location-based knowledges: capture and addition 19 3.4. Example: optimized route suggestions 20 4. Analysis of Google Maps 23 4.1. Google Maps’ commercial orientation 23 4.2. Mapping platforms 25 4.3. OpenStreetMap 26 4.4. User participation on Google Maps 26 4.4.1. The Local Guides community 27 4.4.2. Trusted Photographers 27 4.4.3. User participation channeled as database maintenance 28 4.5. Framing: counter-mapping discourse in the Local Guides community 29 4.5.1. The problem of online invisibility 32 4.5.2. Online invisibility discursively constructed 32 4.6. Consequences of the commercially oriented representation of Google Maps 33 4.7. Possible solutions 34 5. Conclusion 35 5.1. Final notes 36 References 37 4 1. Introduction Before I start with my research, I will give an example of a specific situation of contemporary map-use to illustrate how a map can influence a user’s experience of the represented space. 1.1.Map example: Fietsknooppuntennetwerk My personal favorite map is the Fietsknooppuntennetwerk (bicycle junction network). The map displays a selection of roads that are especially suitable for cyclists in The Netherlands and parts of Belgium and France. Altogether these roads make up a network of cycling routes which are all interconnected with junctions. When added up, the length of all the routes make 33.500 kilometers. In a country like The Netherlands, this means that the network covers a significant part of the land, see image 1. Image 1: Screenshot of the bicycle network map in The Netherlands and Belgium. The blue lines indicate the mapped cycling roads.1 This map is accessible online and it is present at every junction in the physical space it represents (image 2). At the map, users can find their current position, the nearby junctions (indicated with a number) and the distances (indicated in kilometers) between them (image 3). Cyclists can plan their route by consulting the physical or digital map and memorize or note the numbers of the junctions they want to follow. While cycling, the route towards the next junction is designated with a small sign next to the road at eye height (image 4). 1 Image CC BY-SA 2.0 OpenStreetMap contributors. Retrieved from openfietskaart.nl/ at 10-06-2020 5 Image 2: The map at one of the junctions.2 Image 3: Detail of the map. The green lines indicate the cycling routes, the green numbers indicate junctions and the purple numbers indicate the amount of kilometers between them.3 2 Picture: own work, 08-06-2020. 3 Picture: own work, 08-06-2020. 6 Image 4: The green signs indicate the directions towards the next junctions.4 I use this map by starting to cycle in a random direction from home, without taking my phone with GPS or other navigation device, knowing that at one moment I will start to see a green direction sign alongside of the road. Then, I follow the sign towards a junction, where I will plan my route at the present map. I memorize the numbers of the junctions I want to follow and when I get tired I consult the map again to plan my way back home. For me, it is a great map because I can cycle as far and as long as I feel like, without having to plan a route in advance, without having to bring along a navigational device and without having to worry about whether the roads are suitable for cyclists. I know that the map displays the routes with the nicest scenery and I never get lost. This map has brought me many memorable days. And because I know that this map is always there, always accessible, this map offers me a sense of freedom. Obviously, not everyone uses this map in the same way. Others might find it quite annoying having to get off the bicycle all the time and rather plan their trip beforehand or consult the map on their phone. Similarly, the map might be used for other reasons than that for which it is intentionally designed. The organization responsible for the route network in my area (the province of Brabant) is a marketing company that aims to attract tourism. By providing the route network and by indicating local restaurants and cafés on the way, their goal is to increase the economic impact of the creation of cycling routes in Brabant. In other 4 Picture: own work, 08-06-2020. 7 words, they aim to increase the amount of visitors that are willing to spend their money at the local cultural and gastronomic industry.5 Since I do not spend any money during my trips, I do not use the map the way it is intended by the map makers. However, the way I can use this map is limited by the options presented on the map. Since I often pass through areas where I have never been before, I am inclined to keep following the displayed routes. I cannot know whether non-represented roads might have been a better option (in terms of nicer scenery) because I do not want to risk getting lost. Also, I trust the map to provide me with the best options because it served me so well in the past. The map mediates my experience of the represented space: it influences how I experience it and act in it; in terms of navigation, but also in terms of raising expectations about the routes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Fitbit Is an Example of Gamification
    A Fitbit Is An Example Of Gamification dispensedAlejandro is quite to-be praiseworthily and targets tribally but synopsizing as molal Hamlin her pays huckster sinistrorsely. luckily Daleand geometrisesduff frowningly poutingly. while unforgotten Totalitarian Phineas Spud still ram chloridized: leadenly or facial humanizing and ergodic sweet. Torry Future medical diagnostic and creativity and interactions between gamification encourage users a is an gamification of brain drain by knowing exactly does not being turned off by Rowe Price homepage and navigate to the desired page. We will be glad to answer all your questions as well as estimate any project of yours. Of gamification is an of their progress, this article is a great way. And oftentimes, you may score points during playing game. Failure to experimental psychology behind them in practical assignments, of an example. These sorts of barriers can be academic or behavioral, social or private, creative, or logistical. Safety standards body positivity reflects insights can dive deeper understanding of money feels like? So, away I am, sharing with out my discoveries and reflections on luggage topic. Try using Google apps to embody your own games for the classroom. Walkr uses a design that consumes the least amount the power. Future directions of merging of fitness routine in particular, you get healthier life by scalding hot trend. Use gamification in apps encourages users to justify specific tasks several takeaways from designing the Hillary for app. Minecraft in the research team and has occurred, tangible results it first example fitbit uses data can be a fitbit smartwatches and interactions between drugs and.
    [Show full text]
  • July 23, 2020 the Honorable William P. Barr Attorney General United
    July 23, 2020 The Honorable William P. Barr Attorney General United States Department of Justice 950 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20530 Dear Attorney General Barr: We write to raise serious concerns regarding Google LLC’s (Google) proposed acquisition of Fitbit, Inc. (Fitbit).1 We are aware that the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice is investigating this transaction and has issued a Second Request to gather additional information about the acquisition’s potential effects on competition.2 Amid reports that Google is offering modest, short-term concessions to overseas enforcers to avoid a full-scale investigation of the transaction in Europe,3 we write to urge the Division to continue with its efforts to conduct a thorough and comprehensive review of this proposed merger and to take any and all enforcement action warranted by the law and the evidence. It is no exaggeration to say that Google is under intense antitrust scrutiny across the globe. As you know, the company has been under investigation for potential anticompetitive conduct across a number of product markets by the Department and numerous state attorneys general, as well as by a number of foreign competition enforcers, some of which are also reviewing the proposed Fitbit acquisition. Competition concerns about Google are widespread and bipartisan. Against this backdrop, in November 2019, Google announced its proposed acquisition of Fitbit for $2.1 billion, a staggering 71 percent premium over Fitbit’s pre-announcement stock price.4 Fitbit—which makes wearable technology devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers— has more than 28 million active users submitting sensitive location and health data to the company.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyze a World Map
    Analyze a World Map Materials: Map of the World: Political or use link this website Map of the World Worksheet You could start the discussion by saying that the social studies part of the GED test assumes that everyone has a basic knowledge of world geography. The test will contain maps that you have to analyze and the answers are not always directly on the map. This is one area of the test where they expect you to just know the approximate locations of countries and oceans. So we thought we would use this world map to familiarize everyone with some world geography. Hand out the maps. The first thing you need to do with a map is read the title so that you know what you are looking at. Ask, “What is the title of this map?” ‘Map of the World: Political”. So this map should give us information about the location of countries. Then look to see if there is a legend or a list of symbols that explains the information shown on the map. Ask, “Is there a legend for this map/” Yes, it shows the scale of the map. You can discuss that the scale shows the relationship between distances on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Look to see if there is anything on the map showing directions, most maps have a compass that shows east, west, north, and south. Ask, “Does this map have any symbols indicating direction?” Yes, this map has a direction compass that shows points north. Ask if students know where south, east, and west are on the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Recaptcha: Human-Based Character Recognition Via Web Security
    REPORTS on September 12, 2008 and blogs. For example, CAPTCHAs prevent www.sciencemag.org reCAPTCHA: Human-Based Character ticket scalpers from using computer programs to buy large numbers of concert tickets, only to re Recognition via Web Security Measures sell them at an inflated price. Sites such as Gmail and Yahoo Mail use CAPTCHAs to stop spam Luis von Ahn,* Benjamin Maurer, Colin McMillen, David Abraham, Manuel Blum mers from obtaining millions of free e mail accounts, which they would use to send spam CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) are e mail. Downloaded from widespread security measures on the World Wide Web that prevent automated programs from According to our estimates, humans around abusing online services. They do so by asking humans to perform a task that computers cannot yet the world type more than 100 million CAPTCHAs perform, such as deciphering distorted characters. Our research explored whether such human every day (see supporting online text), in each case effort can be channeled into a useful purpose: helping to digitize old printed material by asking spending a few seconds typing the distorted char users to decipher scanned words from books that computerized optical character recognition failed acters. In aggregate, this amounts to hundreds of to recognize. We showed that this method can transcribe text with a word accuracy exceeding 99%, thousands of human hours per day. We report on matching the guarantee of professional human transcribers. Our apparatus is deployed in more an experiment that attempts to make positive use than 40,000 Web sites and has transcribed over 440 million words.
    [Show full text]
  • Maps and Protest Martine Drozdz
    Maps and Protest Martine Drozdz To cite this version: Martine Drozdz. Maps and Protest. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier, pp.367-378, 2020, 10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10575-X. hal-02432374 HAL Id: hal-02432374 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02432374 Submitted on 16 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Martine Drozdz LATTS, Université Paris-Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France martine.drozdz[at]enpc.fr This article is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 680313). Author's personal copy Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2nd Edition, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use, including without limitation, use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator.
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to COVID-19 with Data, Analytics and Digital Solutions
    Responding to COVID-19 with Data, Analytics and Digital Solutions Marelize Gorgens [email protected] Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice (Evolving) COVID Epidemiology COVID-19 reproductive rate is 2.5 – 3.0: higher than influenza at 1.1-1.5. During first 5 days, COVID-19 patients shed up to 1,000 times more virus than SARS. SARS patients are usually only infectious during deep-lung, late stage illness. But, with COVID-19, asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases infect disproportionately – most infectious before we know we are ill Case fatality rate is highly dependent on the age structure of those infected and underlying health conditions Three unknowns that will influence intensity and future waves: proportion infected and recovered (with acquired immunity for the 2nd wave), seasonality and duration of immunity World Bank Group’s COVID-19 Response • WBG COVID Financing Facility with up to $150bn in funds • Purpose: Assist IBRD and IDA-eligible countries in their efforts to prevent, detect and respond to the threat posed by COVID-19 and strengthen national systems for public health preparedness. World Bank’s COVID Emergency Response: Theory of Change Typical Activities for WB COVID-19 Response Projects • Case Detection, Confirmation, Contact Tracing, Recording, Reporting Component 1: Emergency COVID-19 • Social Distancing Measures SHORT TERM Response (prevention and containment strategies) • Health System Strengthening • Communication Preparedness • Social and Financial Support to Households Component 2: Component 3: Supporting
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Mapping, Ageing, and Digital Methods
    1. Introduction: Issue mapping, ageing, and digital methods 1.1 Issue mapping Stakeholders, students, issue professionals, workshop participants, practitioners, advocates, action researchers, activists, artists, and social entrepreneurs are often asked to make sense of the social issues that concern and affect the organizations and projects they are involved with. In doing so, they have to cope with information sources both aggregated and disaggregated, where opposing claims clash and where structured narratives are unavailable, or are only now being written. At the same time, the issues must be analysed, for they are urgent and palpable. The outcomes of the projects also need to be communicated to the various publics and audiences of their work. These issue analysts employ a wide range of strategies and techniques to aid in making sense of the issues, and communicating them, and as such they undertake, in one form or another, what we call ‘issue mapping’. In a small workshop setting, the analysts may draw dots and lines on a whiteboard, and annotate them with sticky notes and multicoloured markers, in order to represent actors, connections, arguments and positions. At the sign-in table, at a barcamp, hundreds of activists write down on a large sheet of paper the URLs of their organizations or projects, forming a long list that is typed into the computer for the mapping to proceed. Analysts will harvest the links between the websites, and put up a large map for the participants to pore over and annotate. The attendees will ask questions about the method behind the mapping, and also how their nodes can become larger and less peripheral.
    [Show full text]
  • Countries and Continents of the World: a Visual Model
    Countries and Continents of the World http://geology.com/world/world-map-clickable.gif By STF Members at The Crossroads School Africa Second largest continent on earth (30,065,000 Sq. Km) Most countries of any other continent Home to The Sahara, the largest desert in the world and The Nile, the longest river in the world The Sahara: covers 4,619,260 km2 The Nile: 6695 kilometers long There are over 1000 languages spoken in Africa http://www.ecdc-cari.org/countries/Africa_Map.gif North America Third largest continent on earth (24,256,000 Sq. Km) Composed of 23 countries Most North Americans speak French, Spanish, and English Only continent that has every kind of climate http://www.freeusandworldmaps.com/html/WorldRegions/WorldRegions.html Asia Largest continent in size and population (44,579,000 Sq. Km) Contains 47 countries Contains the world’s largest country, Russia, and the most populous country, China The Great Wall of China is the only man made structure that can be seen from space Home to Mt. Everest (on the border of Tibet and Nepal), the highest point on earth Mt. Everest is 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) tall http://craigwsmall.wordpress.com/2008/11/10/asia/ Europe Second smallest continent in the world (9,938,000 Sq. Km) Home to the smallest country (Vatican City State) There are no deserts in Europe Contains mineral resources: coal, petroleum, natural gas, copper, lead, and tin http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/b/bf/Europe-large.png Oceania/Australia Smallest continent on earth (7,687,000 Sq.
    [Show full text]
  • I Am Not a Robot: an Overview on Google's Captcha
    I AM NOT A ROBOT: - AN OVERVIEW ON GOOGLE’S CAPTCHA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Computer Science By Uday Prabhala 2016 SIGNATURE PAGE THESIS: I AM NOT A ROBOT: - AN OVERVIEW ON GOOGLE’S CAPTCHA AUTHOR: Uday Prabhala DATE SUBMITTED: Summer 2016 Computer Science Department. Dr. Gilbert Young ___________________________________________ Thesis Committee Chair Computer Science Dr. Fang D. Tang ___________________________________________ Computer Science Dr. Yu Sun ___________________________________________ Computer Science ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family members, Yashoda, Lucky, and Diskey, as well as my girlfriend Siri, who helped make this endeavor possible. Their limitless support, assistance, and encouragement during the times when I was close to giving up were greatly helpful, and I wouldn’t have been able to overcome the obstacles without them. I would also like to send my appreciation and gratitude to the Professors who were part of my thesis committee. Most notably, I would like to thank Professor Gilbert Young, chair of the committee, for his support, patience, guidance, and sharing of knowledge throughout the program. I would also like to thank Professor Tang and Professor Yusun for reviewing my paper and attending my presentation. The above three Professors not only helped me to complete my program, but also served as an excellent example by exercising professionalism, versatility, and commitment to the developing engineering students at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. iii ABSTRACT I am not a Robot Overview on Google’s Captcha Uday Kiran Prabhala Computers are one of the greatest inventions done by humans; these devices not only made our work easy, but could also be misused in various ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Password Security for System Designers What to Consider When Building a Password-Based Authentication System
    Modern password security for system designers What to consider when building a password-based authentication system By Ian Maddox and Kyle Moschetto, Google Cloud Solutions Architects This whitepaper describes and models modern password guidance and recommendations for the designers and engineers who create secure online applications. A related whitepaper, Password security ​ for users, offers guidance for end users. This whitepaper covers the wide range of options to consider ​ when building a password-based authentication system. It also establishes a set of user-focused recommendations for password policies and storage, including the balance of password strength and usability. The technology world has been trying to improve on the password since the early days of computing. Shared-knowledge authentication is problematic because information can fall into the wrong hands or be forgotten. The problem is magnified by systems that don't support real-world secure use cases and by the frequent decision of users to take shortcuts. According to a 2019 Yubico/Ponemon study, 69 percent of respondents admit to sharing passwords with ​ ​ their colleagues to access accounts. More than half of respondents (51 percent) reuse an average of five passwords across their business and personal accounts. Furthermore, two-factor authentication is not widely used, even though it adds protection beyond a username and password. Of the respondents, 67 percent don’t use any form of two-factor authentication in their personal life, and 55 percent don’t use it at work. Password systems often allow, or even encourage, users to use insecure passwords. Systems that allow only single-factor credentials and that implement ineffective security policies add to the problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography Notes.Pdf
    THE GLOBE What is a globe? a small model of the Earth Parts of a globe: equator - the line on the globe halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole poles - the northern-most and southern-most points on the Earth 1. North Pole 2. South Pole hemispheres - half of the earth, divided by the equator (North & South) and the prime meridian (East and West) 1. Northern Hemisphere 2. Southern Hemisphere 3. Eastern Hemisphere 4. Western Hemisphere continents - the largest land areas on Earth 1. North America 2. South America 3. Europe 4. Asia 5. Africa 6. Australia 7. Antarctica oceans - the largest water areas on Earth 1. Atlantic Ocean 2. Pacific Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Arctic Ocean 5. Antarctic Ocean WORLD MAP ** NOTE: Our textbooks call the “Southern Ocean” the “Antarctic Ocean” ** North America The three major countries of North America are: 1. Canada 2. United States 3. Mexico Where Do We Live? We live in the Western & Northern Hemispheres. We live on the continent of North America. The other 2 large countries on this continent are Canada and Mexico. The name of our country is the United States. There are 50 states in it, but when it first became a country, there were only 13 states. The name of our state is New York. Its capital city is Albany. GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE You will need to know: VOCABULARY: equator globe hemisphere continent ocean compass WORLD MAP - be able to label 7 continents and 5 oceans 3 Large Countries of North America 1. United States 2. Canada 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Was This World Map Made Ten Centuries Ago?
    HAWAIIAN GAZETTE, FRIDAY, JANUARY n, 1907 SEMI-WEEKL- Y Was This World Map Made Ten Centuries Ago? gg "J" ISOME DETAILS OF GREAT Vf? rr9rv-vr- i 'vir)('JK.rr KXW XXXjtXXmXmKiXXXiXXX XvyXXXrXXX ffKftXr1 STORM Politically Inclined policemen nro not wanted by tho new Sheriff, who will MAUI, shortly Issue nn order to the effect that January i. The holiday sea- son 2 i I nlj employes of tho police department on Maul has not been a tlmo of quiet 5 j ft must chooso between their Jobs on tho enjoyment ns far as weather is 5 a force and their oITlces In any of tho concerned. Dame Nnturo has echoed A.- -. a. w three political party committees. This anything but the Christmas sentiment rule Is to bo strictly enforced, the em of "peace on earth and good-wi- lt ployes of tho public being supposed, bo mn." far as tho police are concernod at least, Before recovery could bo made from to give their time and energy to th tho effects of the recent north storm public and not for the advancement with Its 20 Inches of moisture In local- politically or otherwlso of any one sec- ities, on Saturday tho wind changed Ifr tion of tho public to the southucst and nn kona Tho Sheriff Is making plain storm came Into being. It contin- If It that ued to blow fiercely ho means ho says all tho night what when he tabued through, accompanied by nn Incessant i - i politics around tho police station. In piny of lightning and the heavy roll of this he has come In for moro or less thunder.
    [Show full text]