An Object Detection Based Solver for Google's Image Recaptcha V2
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Recaptcha: Human-Based Character Recognition Via Web Security
REPORTS on September 12, 2008 and blogs. For example, CAPTCHAs prevent www.sciencemag.org reCAPTCHA: Human-Based Character ticket scalpers from using computer programs to buy large numbers of concert tickets, only to re Recognition via Web Security Measures sell them at an inflated price. Sites such as Gmail and Yahoo Mail use CAPTCHAs to stop spam Luis von Ahn,* Benjamin Maurer, Colin McMillen, David Abraham, Manuel Blum mers from obtaining millions of free e mail accounts, which they would use to send spam CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) are e mail. Downloaded from widespread security measures on the World Wide Web that prevent automated programs from According to our estimates, humans around abusing online services. They do so by asking humans to perform a task that computers cannot yet the world type more than 100 million CAPTCHAs perform, such as deciphering distorted characters. Our research explored whether such human every day (see supporting online text), in each case effort can be channeled into a useful purpose: helping to digitize old printed material by asking spending a few seconds typing the distorted char users to decipher scanned words from books that computerized optical character recognition failed acters. In aggregate, this amounts to hundreds of to recognize. We showed that this method can transcribe text with a word accuracy exceeding 99%, thousands of human hours per day. We report on matching the guarantee of professional human transcribers. Our apparatus is deployed in more an experiment that attempts to make positive use than 40,000 Web sites and has transcribed over 440 million words. -
Are Captchas Preventing Robotic Intrusion Or Accessibility for Impaired Users?
2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC) Are CAPTCHAs preventing robotic intrusion or accessibility for impaired users? Rudy Berton1, Ombretta Gaggi1, Agnieszka Kolasinska2, Claudio Enrico Palazzi1, Giacomo Quadrio1 1Department of Mathematics “Tullio Levi-Civita” 2Department of General Psychology University of Padua Padua, Italy fgaggi, cpalazzi, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Is the World Wide Web for everyone? Long story Moreover, CAPTCHAs often use the English language, thus short: no and unfortunately it is not only a matter of infrastruc- excluding the non-English speaking web users in the world. tures, level of instruction or economic conditions. People affected In this paper, we present an overview of CAPTCHA’s by visual impairments have often difficulties in navigating web pages for a wide range of reasons. One of the biggest obstacles current technologies and data collected during an experiment nowadays is the use of CAPTCHAs, powerful tools against bot involving both regular users and visually impaired ones nav- attacks but also potential virtual barriers for the aforementioned igating the web with the aid of a screen reader. We asked category of users. In this paper we tested various categories of participants to answer to a questionnaire organized in ten CAPTCHAs with people affected by visual impairment and not, pages, each of which contained a CAPTCHA. Different types to understand how discriminatory can be these cybersecurity measures. of CAPTCHA have been used and we collected data about Index Terms—accessibility, CAPTCHA, visual impairment users’ answers, mouse’s movements and interactions, as well as data about the success or failure of the CAPTCHAs. -
Research on the Security of Visual Reasoning CAPTCHA
Research on the Security of Visual Reasoning CAPTCHA Yipeng Gao1, Haichang Gao1*, Sainan Luo1, Yang Zi1, Shudong Zhang1, Wenjie Mao1, Ping Wang1, Yulong Shen1 and Jeff Yan2 1School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University 2Department of Computer and Information Science, Linkoping¨ University Abstract Text-based CAPTCHAs have long been the most widely CAPTCHA is an effective mechanism for protecting comput- used scheme because of their simple structure and low cost. ers from malicious bots. With the development of deep learn- Such a CAPTCHA relies on a text recognition problem to ing techniques, current mainstream text-based CAPTCHAs distinguish humans from computers [51]. To resist the attack, have been proven to be insecure. Therefore, a major effort has text-based CAPTCHAs are often specifically designed with been directed toward developing image-based CAPTCHAs, anti-segmentation features and anti-recognition features [6]. and image-based visual reasoning is emerging as a new di- However, with advances in segmentation and character recog- rection of such development. Recently, Tencent deployed nition technologies, most text-based CAPTCHAs have been the Visual Turing Test (VTT) CAPTCHA. This appears to solved [15], [5], [45], [32], [55], [14], [56], [13], [4], [57], have been the first application of a visual reasoning scheme. [60], and designers need to find a new way to achieve se- Subsequently, other CAPTCHA service providers (Geetest, curity. Subsequently, image-based CAPTCHAs have been NetEase, Dingxiang, etc.) have proposed their own visual proposed. The image-based scheme is more diverse in con- reasoning schemes to defend against bots. It is, therefore, tent and background, and thus, it seems to be more secure than natural to ask a fundamental question: are visual reason- the text-based scheme. -
A Survey on Breaking Technique of Text-Based CAPTCHA
Hindawi Security and Communication Networks Volume 2017, Article ID 6898617, 15 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6898617 Review Article A Survey on Breaking Technique of Text-Based CAPTCHA Jun Chen,1,2 Xiangyang Luo,1 Yanqing Guo,3 Yi Zhang,1 and Daofu Gong1 1 State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou 450002, China 2Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China 3Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xiangyang Luo; luoxy [email protected] Received 25 September 2017; Accepted 27 November 2017; Published 24 December 2017 Academic Editor: Zhenxing Qian Copyright © 2017 Jun Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The CAPTCHA has become an important issue in multimedia security. Aimed at a commonly used text-based CAPTCHA, this paper outlines some typical methods and summarizes the technological progress in text-based CAPTCHA breaking. First, the paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in the text-based CAPTCHA breaking field. Second, a framework of text-based CAPTCHA breaking technique is proposed. And the framework mainly consists of preprocessing, segmentation, combination, recognition, postprocessing, and other modules. Third, the research progress of the technique involved in each module is introduced, and some typical methods -
Luis Von Ahn - Episode 14 Transcript
ACM ByteCast Luis von Ahn - Episode 14 Transcript Rashmi Mohan: This is ACM ByteCast, a podcast series from the Association for Computing Machinery, the world's largest educational and scientific computing society. We talk to researchers, practitioners, and innovators who are at the intersection of computing research and practice. They share their experiences, the lessons they've learned, and their own visions for the future of computing. I am your host, Rashmi Mohan. Rashmi Mohan: If you want to boost your brain power, improve your memory, or enhance your multitasking skills, then you're often recommended to learn a foreign language. For many of us, that option has become a reality, thanks to our next guest and his creation. Luis von Ahn is a serial entrepreneur and Founder and CEO of Duolingo. An accomplished researcher and consulting professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, he straddles both worlds seamlessly. He's a winner of numerous awards, including the prestigious Lemelson-MIT Prize and the MacArthur Fellowship often known as The Genius Grant. Louis, welcome to ACM ByteCast. Luis von Ahn: Thank you. Thank you for having me. Rashmi Mohan: Wonderful. I'd love to lead with a simple question that I ask all of my guests. If you could please introduce yourself and talk about what you currently do, and also give us some insight into what drew you into the field of computer science. Luis von Ahn: Sure. So my name is Luis. I am currently the CEO and co-founder of a company called Duolingo. Duolingo is a language learning platform. -
I Am Not a Robot: an Overview on Google's Captcha
I AM NOT A ROBOT: - AN OVERVIEW ON GOOGLE’S CAPTCHA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Computer Science By Uday Prabhala 2016 SIGNATURE PAGE THESIS: I AM NOT A ROBOT: - AN OVERVIEW ON GOOGLE’S CAPTCHA AUTHOR: Uday Prabhala DATE SUBMITTED: Summer 2016 Computer Science Department. Dr. Gilbert Young ___________________________________________ Thesis Committee Chair Computer Science Dr. Fang D. Tang ___________________________________________ Computer Science Dr. Yu Sun ___________________________________________ Computer Science ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family members, Yashoda, Lucky, and Diskey, as well as my girlfriend Siri, who helped make this endeavor possible. Their limitless support, assistance, and encouragement during the times when I was close to giving up were greatly helpful, and I wouldn’t have been able to overcome the obstacles without them. I would also like to send my appreciation and gratitude to the Professors who were part of my thesis committee. Most notably, I would like to thank Professor Gilbert Young, chair of the committee, for his support, patience, guidance, and sharing of knowledge throughout the program. I would also like to thank Professor Tang and Professor Yusun for reviewing my paper and attending my presentation. The above three Professors not only helped me to complete my program, but also served as an excellent example by exercising professionalism, versatility, and commitment to the developing engineering students at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. iii ABSTRACT I am not a Robot Overview on Google’s Captcha Uday Kiran Prabhala Computers are one of the greatest inventions done by humans; these devices not only made our work easy, but could also be misused in various ways. -
Modern Password Security for System Designers What to Consider When Building a Password-Based Authentication System
Modern password security for system designers What to consider when building a password-based authentication system By Ian Maddox and Kyle Moschetto, Google Cloud Solutions Architects This whitepaper describes and models modern password guidance and recommendations for the designers and engineers who create secure online applications. A related whitepaper, Password security for users, offers guidance for end users. This whitepaper covers the wide range of options to consider when building a password-based authentication system. It also establishes a set of user-focused recommendations for password policies and storage, including the balance of password strength and usability. The technology world has been trying to improve on the password since the early days of computing. Shared-knowledge authentication is problematic because information can fall into the wrong hands or be forgotten. The problem is magnified by systems that don't support real-world secure use cases and by the frequent decision of users to take shortcuts. According to a 2019 Yubico/Ponemon study, 69 percent of respondents admit to sharing passwords with their colleagues to access accounts. More than half of respondents (51 percent) reuse an average of five passwords across their business and personal accounts. Furthermore, two-factor authentication is not widely used, even though it adds protection beyond a username and password. Of the respondents, 67 percent don’t use any form of two-factor authentication in their personal life, and 55 percent don’t use it at work. Password systems often allow, or even encourage, users to use insecure passwords. Systems that allow only single-factor credentials and that implement ineffective security policies add to the problem. -
Check Point Threat Intelligence Bulletin
December 31, 2018 – January 6, 2019 VS. CISCO IRON PORT YOUR CHECK POINT THREAT INTELLIGENCE REPORT TOP ATTACKS AND BREACHES Highly-sensitive personal data of more than 100 German politicians, including German Chancellor Angela Merkel, has been leaked in a recent attack. While the identity of the attackers and the method used are still unknown, the leaked data appears to have been collected from their personal smartphones. The popular browser-based game ‘Town of Salem’ has suffered a major data breach, exposing account data of more than 7.6 million players. The breached database contained players’ email addresses, hashed passwords, IP addresses and some payment information. The Ryuk ransomware has hit the cloud hosting provider “Dataresolution.net”, after the attackers used a hacked login account. The Ryuk campaign was studied last August by Check Point’s research team, who associated it with the notorious North Korean APT Lazarus Group. Check Point SandBlast and Anti-Bot blades provide protection against this threat (Trojan-Ransom.Win32.Ryuk) A new campaign targeting Chromecast adapters has been launched in order to promote the popular YouTube channel “PewDiePie”. The hackers utilized the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) feature in Chromecasts that allows routers to forward public Internet ports to internal adapters and used it to connect to the device and display YouTube content. A data leak has affected over 2.4 million users of Blur, the password manager application. The leak potentially exposed users’ email addresses, password hashes, IP addresses and, in some cases, full names and password hints. The official website of Dublin’s tram system, the Luas, has been hacked and defaced. -
Fedramp Master Acronym and Glossary Document
FedRAMP Master Acronym and Glossary Version 1.6 07/23/2020 i[email protected] fedramp.gov Master Acronyms and Glossary DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY Date Version Page(s) Description Author 09/10/2015 1.0 All Initial issue FedRAMP PMO 04/06/2016 1.1 All Addressed minor corrections FedRAMP PMO throughout document 08/30/2016 1.2 All Added Glossary and additional FedRAMP PMO acronyms from all FedRAMP templates and documents 04/06/2017 1.2 Cover Updated FedRAMP logo FedRAMP PMO 11/10/2017 1.3 All Addressed minor corrections FedRAMP PMO throughout document 11/20/2017 1.4 All Updated to latest FedRAMP FedRAMP PMO template format 07/01/2019 1.5 All Updated Glossary and Acronyms FedRAMP PMO list to reflect current FedRAMP template and document terminology 07/01/2020 1.6 All Updated to align with terminology FedRAMP PMO found in current FedRAMP templates and documents fedramp.gov page 1 Master Acronyms and Glossary TABLE OF CONTENTS About This Document 1 Who Should Use This Document 1 How To Contact Us 1 Acronyms 1 Glossary 15 fedramp.gov page 2 Master Acronyms and Glossary About This Document This document provides a list of acronyms used in FedRAMP documents and templates, as well as a glossary. There is nothing to fill out in this document. Who Should Use This Document This document is intended to be used by individuals who use FedRAMP documents and templates. How To Contact Us Questions about FedRAMP, or this document, should be directed to [email protected]. For more information about FedRAMP, visit the website at https://www.fedramp.gov. -
Simple Text Based Captcha for the Security in Web Applications
Vidya P N et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.4 Issue.4, April- 2015, pg. 519-531 Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 4, April 2015, pg.519 – 531 RESEARCH ARTICLE SIMPLE TEXT BASED CAPTCHA FOR THE SECURITY IN WEB APPLICATIONS Vidya P N, Dr. Shrinivasa Naika C.L Computer Science and Engineering Department, U.B.D.T College of Engineering, Davanagere, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT CAPTCHA is an acronym for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans apart. CAPTCHA systems are used as a security mechanism in web applications. Text-Based CAPTCHA is the most widely used CAPTCHA. Due to the wide popularity the text-based CAPTCHAs are more vulnerable to attacks. Hence there is an immense need to improve the strength of the text-based CAPTCHA to hinder many of such breaking attacks. This paper proposes a simple text based CAPTCHA approach that thwarts many of the breaking attacks and provides reliable and usable way to distinguish between humans and computers. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Presently, living has changed the dimension with the introduction of the Internet to mankind, ways people connect to each other, advertising, shopping, education, etc. Consequently, system security has become the most important issue for any websites since there © 2015, IJCSMC All Rights Reserved 519 Vidya P N et al, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.4 Issue.4, April- 2015, pg. -
Making Captchas Clickable
Making CAPTCHAs Clickable Richard Chow Philippe Golle Markus Jakobsson Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto Research Center [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Lusha Wang Xiaofeng Wang Indiana University at Indiana University at Bloomington Bloomington [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT in automated techniques for solving CAPTCHAs have ne- We show how to convert regular keyboard-entry CAPTCHAs cessitated the development of ever harder CAPTCHAs to into clickable CAPTCHAs. The goal of this conversion is elude attackers. CAPTCHAs have become sufficiently hard to simplify and speed-up the entry of the CAPTCHA so- for humans to solve that many service providers now balk lution, to minimize user frustration and permit the use of at deploying them for fear of deterring potential clients. CAPTCHAs on devices where they would otherwise be un- suitable. We propose a technique for producing secure click- For users of handheld computers, the problem is compounded able CAPTCHAs that are well suited for use on cell phones by the fact that entering the CAPTCHA solution on a mo- and other mobile devices. We support the practical viability bile device is more cumbersome and time-consuming than on of our approach by results from a user study, and an analysis a traditional keyboard. Given that close to 40% of all adults of its security guarantees. in Japan browse the Internet from a mobile device [9], this is a significant problem | at least in Japan, and increasingly Categories and Subject Descriptors elsewhere too. A test to distinguish humans from computers K.6.5 [Computing Milieux]: Management of Computing that can be solved only with clicks of a mouse or stylus would and Information Systems|Security and Protection be far less distracting and more acceptable to most users, particularly mobile users|provided the number of clicks is relatively small, and the cognitive task within reason. -
A Low-Resource Defeat of Recaptcha's Audio Challenge
unCaptcha: A Low-Resource Defeat of reCaptcha’s Audio Challenge Kevin Bock Daven Patel George Hughey Dave Levin University of Maryland Abstract spread of news and information is increasingly driven by user content on sites like Twitter, YouTube, and Reddit, CAPTCHAs are the Internet’s first line of defense against bots that could defeat the captcha system and register a automated account creation and service abuse. Google’s disproportionate number of accounts could theoretically reCaptcha, one of the most popular captcha systems, control the flow of information en masse [29]. It is there- is currently used by hundreds of thousands of web- fore unsurprising that captchas have been the target of sites to protect against automated attackers by testing attack for researchers and attackers for years [27, 2, 25, whether a user is truly human. This paper presents 28, 21, 32, 13, 1, 22]. unCaptcha, an automated system that can solve re- Until recently, captchas have featured distorted text Captcha’s most difficult auditory challenges with high that users must correctly type to pass. Bursztein et success rate. We evaluate unCaptcha using over 450 re- al. [1] showed these text-based captchas to be insecure Captcha challenges from live websites, and show that by demonstrating a system with near-complete (98%) it can solve them with 85.15% accuracy in 5.42 sec- accuracy. As a result, text-based captchas have been onds, on average. unCaptcha combines free, public, on- largely phased out in favor of image captchas (discussed line speech-to-text engines with a novel phonetic map- at greater length in Section 2).