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In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum Vulgare and Its Main Essential Oil Component Trans-Anethole on Trichomonas Vaginalis

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In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum Vulgare and Its Main Essential Oil Component Trans-Anethole on Trichomonas Vaginalis Iran J Parasitol: Vol. 14, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2019, pp.631-638 Iran J Parasitol Tehran University of Medical Open access Journal at Iranian Society of Parasitology Sciences Public a tion http://ijpa.tums.ac.ir http://isp.tums.ac.ir http://tums.ac.ir Original Article In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Its Main Essential Oil Component Trans-Anethole on Trichomonas vaginalis Faezeh KARAMI 1, Dara DASTAN 2,3, Mohammad FALLAH 1, *Mohammad MATINI 1 1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2. Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 3. Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medi- cal Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Received 21 Dec 2018 Abstract Accepted 12 Feb 2019 Background: Trichomoniasis is one of the most common nonviral sexually trans- mitted infections worldwide which drug-resistant cases of the infection are rising. The aim of the study was to assessment the in vitro activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Keywords: its main essential oil component on Trichomonas vaginalis. Also phytochemical inves- Anethole; tigation of F. vulgare essential oil was performed. Essential oil; Methods: Five T. vaginalis isolates subjected to susceptibility testing against essen- Extract; tial oil and extracts of F. vulgare and anethole using microtiter plate method. The Foeniculum vulgare; minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of the natural products was assessed in com- Trichomonas vaginalis parison with metronidazole. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector was applied for chemical investigation of the essential oil. *Correspondence Results: After 48 hours incubation, the most potent antitrichomonal agents were Email: the methanolic and hexanic extract with MLC of 360 µg/ml and followed by the [email protected] essential oil and anethole (1600 µg/ml). The isolates were sensitive to metronida- zole with a mean MLC of 13.7 µg/ml. E-Anethole (88.41 %) was the major con- stituent of F. vulgare essential oil. Conclusion: The results suggested in vitro antiprotozoal properties of F. vulgare and anethole against T. vaginalis. Therefore further studies are needed to evaluate their in vivo effects and toxicity. 631 Available at: http://ijpa.tums.ac.ir Karami et al.: In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Its Main Essential … Introduction uman trichomoniasis, caused by the Given the antimicrobial activity of fennel, protozoan parasite Trichomonas this research was conducted to evaluate the in H vaginalis, is the most prevalent vitro antiprotozoal activity of F. vulgare and nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STD) trans-anethole, a member of the phenylpro- worldwide. The global prevalence of the infec- panoids class of chemical compounds, on T. tion is estimated 276.4 million cases annually vaginalis parasite. that is more than other STDs such as gonor- rhea, syphilis, and chlamydia infection. Ad- Materials and Methods verse pregnancy outcomes, infertility, cervical neoplasia and increased risk of HIV transmis- Plant and Chemicals sion are known complications of the infection The prepared seeds of fennel were initially (1-3). identified by Medicinal Plants and Natural Since 1961, metronidazole, a 5- Products Research Center, Hamadan Univer- nitroimidazole derivative, has been used for sity of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. treatment of trichomoniasis. Treatment failure Trans-anethole (800429) was purchased from with metronidazole was observed very soon in Merck Chemicals Co. (Darmstadt, Germany) 1692 (4, 5). Resistant T. vaginalis isolates have and Metronidazole (M3761) and Dimethyl been estimated up to 2 to 5% of clinical iso- sulfoxide (D2650, BioReagent) were obtained lates in the United States. Therefore, increased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis,. refractory trichomoniasis is concerning be- MO, U.S.A.). cause of few available alternative drugs (6, 7). Therefore, the evidence suggest the need for Extracts and essential oil preparation further research on management of trichomo- The seeds of fennel were powdered and sub- niasis. jected to extraction by maceration method Most chemotherapy drugs have a natural (15). In brief, the powdered seeds (100g) was source; hence, medicinal plant and their bioac- macerated in three solvent: n-hexane, metha- tive phytochemicals are of particular interest nol and distilled water (3×1L, rt for 72 h), re- for pharmaceutical research. Foeniculum vulgare spectively. The mixtures were filtered to sepa- (Apiaceae), known as fennel, is indigenous to rate solid materials and then evaporated by a the Mediterranean area and has widely natural- rotary evaporator under vacuum at below ized in many parts of the world. This medici- 40 °C. The essential oil was obtained from the nal and aromatic plant with the common Per- powdered seed (120g) by hydrodistillation sian name of Razianeh, in addition to culinary method for three hours extraction time using uses, has been traditionally applied for the a Clevenger-type apparatus (16). Afterwards, treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory the oil was dehydrated by anhydrous sodium disorder. A number of bioactive compounds sulfate. Finally, the obtained extracts and oil such as trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole, were stored in dark airtight container at 4 °C sesquiterpenoids, coumarins and polyphenol- until use. ics have been identified in fennel (8, 9). Sever- al studies have documented significant antimi- Isolates and solutions crobial effects of F. vulgare and anethole Susceptibility testing was done by five clini- against some fungal and bacterial species (10- cal T. vaginalis isolates (Tv3, Tv15, Tv16, Tv17, 14). Tv18) that were previously grown in TYI-S-33 medium (17). Distilled water and dimethyl sul- Available at: http://ijpa.tums.ac.ir 632 Iran J Parasitol: Vol. 14, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2019, pp.631-638 foxide (DMSO) were used to dissolve metro- ing to gas chromatography (GC) and GC- nidazole and the natural products, respectively. mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC analysis was performed using a Thermoquest gas chro- MLC, GI% and susceptibility testing matograph with a flame ionization detector on The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) DB-5 column (60 m × 0.25 mm; film thick- shows the lowest concentration of the agents ness 0.25 μm). GC-MS analysis was per- that caused immobilization and death of T. formed similarly by GC column using gas vaginalis trophozoites (18). The growth inhibi- chromatograph coupled to a TRACE mass tory percentage (GI%) indicates sublethal spectrometer (15). concentration (sub-MLC) that causes relative growth inhibition of T. vaginalis trophozoites Data analysis (19). Data were presented as MLC, GI% and Aerobic microplate susceptibility testing was mean of the values. Data analyses were per- done according to the Centers for Disease formed with SPSS statistical software, version Control and Prevention's method (18). The 16. The mean of MLC values compared with duplicate tests were performed against nega- Friedman’s test and P value less than 0.05 was tive control (medium without any antitricho- considered as statistically significant difference. monal agent) and DMSO control under sterile condition and repeated three independent Results times. Briefly, the agents were subjected to two-fold serial dilutions with Diamond’s me- The in vitro susceptibility assay of the natu- dium. Then, 100 µl of the parasite culture ral products showed that the examined agents (1×105 cells/ml) was added to the wells and had potent activity against T. vaginalis. The an- incubated at 35.5 ˚C for 24 and 48 hours. titrichomonal activities were time- and con- Then, the microplates were inspected by in- centration-dependent. The hexanic and meth- verted microscope and the lowest concentra- anolic extract of F. vulgare were the most effec- tion of the agents in microplate well in which tive agents against the five T. vaginalis isolates no motile trichomonads were detected, con- with MLC of 400 and 360 µg/ml after 24 and sidered as MLC (17). To determine the GI% 48 hours incubation, respectively (Fig. 1). The value, the trichomonads cells were counted lowest effect was related to the aqueous ex- using the haemocytometer (Neubauer cell- tract of F. vulgare and the essential oil and ane- counter chamber) and GI% was obtained ac- thole had the same antitrichomonal properties cording to the equation: with MLC of 1600 µg/ml (Table 1, 2). (19). Growth inhibitory of the natural products was a = Mean number of trophozoites in the observed at sub-MLC concentrations. The negative control wells GI% was between 75% to 99% after 24 and b = Mean number of trophozoites in the 48 hours of exposure (Table 1, 2). The T. test wells at sub-MLC concentration vaginalis isolates were sensitive to metronida- At the end, the MLCs of the examined zole with a mean MLC of 13.7±6.8 µg/ml (for agents were confirmed by negative culture of 24 hours of incubation) and 6.8±3.4 µg/ml the exposed parasites (17). (for 48 hours of incubation). Susceptibility variation was detected among the T. vaginalis Identification of essential oil compounds isolates so that the Tv3 isolate was more sensi- Composition of the essential oil was identi- tive to the some natural products than to the fied by retention indices and comparing their others. mass spectra with those of the library accord- 633 Available at: http://ijpa.tums.ac.ir Karami et al.: In Vitro Activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Its Main Essential … Hydrodistillation of F. vulgare gave an essen- oil are presented in Table 3 with retention in- tial oil in 2.5% yield (w/w %) relative to dry dices and quantitative result. E-anethole as a weight of the plant. The identified constitu- phenylpropene was the major compound ents representing 98.61% of the total essential (88.41 %) in the essential oil. Table 1: Efficacy of the essential oil and extracts of F. vulgare and anethole on five T.
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