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Goffredo Polizzi Utrecht, August 2013 2 1 Utrecht University - Granada University Faculty of Arts – Women's studies Master GEMMA “Erasmus Mundus Master´s Degree in Women's and Gender Studies” Year 2012/2013 Postcoloniality and the Italian South: Race, Gender, Sexuality, Literature Supervisor: Dr. Sandra Ponzanesi Support Supervisor: Prof. Adelina Sánchez Espinosa Goffredo Polizzi Utrecht, August 2013 2 Utrecht University – Granada University Faculty of Arts – Women's studies Master GEMMA “Erasmus Mundus Master´s Degree in Women's and Gender Studies” Year 2012/2013 Postcoloniality and the Italian South: Race, Gender, Sexuality, Literature Supervisor: Dr. Sandra Ponzanesi Support Supervisor: Prof. Adelina Sánchez Espinosa Goffredo Polizzi Utrecht, August 2013 3 Abstract A recent stream of scholarship has described the Italian process of unification (1861- 1865) as an instance of “internal colonialism”, in which the “Othering” of the South served in producing, by opposition, a “modern” Italian identity. The main question that this thesis aims to answer is how literary representations of gender, sexuality, ethnicity and nationhood, sustained or ran counter the process of Othering of the Italian South in some of the crucial periods of contemporary Italian history. It takes as case studies three different novels. The second half of the nineteenth century is the period when the problematic unification of the country was carried out. Federico de Roberto is probably the Italian writer of the time that has been the most critical about the process of Italian unification. In his major novel women play a pivotal role; the analysis of De Roberto's female characters in The Viceroys (1894) is carried out in relation to the ways in which the nationalist discourse of the time mobilized notions about gender and sexuality. The second chapter focuses on the fascist Ventennio. Elio Vittorini's Conversations in Sicily (1938) stands out in this moment as expressing a nuanced meditation on the status of difference in the fascist period; a meditation that is carried out from a “southern” point of view. Vittorini's meditative novel effectively deconstructs fascist gender stereotypes, a homogenous idea of Nation and makes visible the hybridity of the “southern Italian subject”. The postmodern period (from the 70s to the present) and the recently rediscovered novel by Goliarda Sapienza, The Art of Joy (written between 1968 and 1977) form the focus of the third chapter. The symbolism of Sapienza's style is particularly fit for being read with a method of close reading that can account for the rich texture of the language used by the author and the recurrence of some specific tropes and themes linked to the history of marginalization of the South. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 6 Introduction 8 1 Postcolonial Southern Italy? 10 1.1 Internal and External Colonialism 11 2 Race, Ethnicity, Coloniality, Southern Italy 18 2.1 Racism Today 22 2.2 Postcolonial Studies Italian Style: Meridionalismo and Pensiero Meridiano 24 3 Feminism, Gender Studies and Postcoloniality in Italy 28 3.1 Why Have Italian Gender Studies been Colorblind? 29 3.2 (Post)Colonial Italian Gender Studies 31 3.4 Outsourcing Patriarchy to the South 32 3.5 Mediterranean Homosexuality 35 4 Conclusions: Literature 37 Federico De Roberto and the Monstrous Birth of the Nation: The Viceroys (1894) as a Gothic Novel 41 1 The Plot and stylistic features. 42 2 The theme of Race 44 3 The Viceroys as a Gothic Novel 48 4 Re-production and Degeneration 53 5 Postcolonial Melancholia in Vittorini’s Conversations in Sicily (1937) 58 1Postcolonial Melancholia 59 2 The Orient in Conversations in Sicily 62 3Deconstructing fascist militarized masculinity 69 The Art of Change. Goliarda Sapienza's The Art of Joy (1968-1977) and the colonialist “discourse of unchangeability” 74 1 Modesta’s Journey 75 2 Fruitful Contradictions and Eccentric Subjectivity in The Art of Joy 77 3 Contradiction in The Art of Joy as Postcolonial Hybridity? 81 4 Rewriting Race and Degeneration: Intertextual Relations between The Art of Joy and The Viceroys 91 5 Conclusions 96 Conclusions: Notes for a Future Project 98 Bibliography 108 6 Acknowledgements I have probably learnt what it means to be a Southerner only after I left Sicily. My growing awareness of how my personal and collective history has shaped me has gone hand in hand with many movements and displacements across different regions, cities and countries, in these precarious times that are hard to navigate, but that allow the possibility of many encounters. I have therefore many people to thank. Giulia Centineo has been the first to make me realize fully how deep and strong the marginalization of southerners has been and still is, and how it affects our daily life. I thank her from the bottom of my heart for taking the time to open my eyes. Sandra Ponzanesi believed in this thesis since the very first time I met her. She was the best supervisor one could hope for, always able to help me make sense of my wandering and sometimes confused thoughts and to direct them, gently but firmly, where they needed to go. This work could have not been written without her help, patience and knowledge. Kathrin Thiele helped me greatly in devising a proper structure for this project and encouraged me to pursue it at a time when I was dubious about it myself. Domitilla Olivieri offered great insights and the participants in her “Research Design” seminar gave great comments and extremely useful tips. Bettina Papenburg, Gloria Wekker, Babs Boter, Adelina Sánchez Espinosa and Rosemarie Buikema all commented on parts of this thesis or on papers related to its main topic. Their comments gave me a lot to chew on. Thijs Witty and Calo Giametta very kindly gave me feedback on the last part of the thesis. Pasquale Verdicchio's availability and openness has meant a lot to me; our conversations and the materials and references he gave me have been of great help. I also wish to thank Liana Borghi for her friendship and support and Teresa de Lauretis whose friendship honors me and whose scholarship is for me inspirational. I've had the pleasure to share these two years with fellow students for whom Feminist Studies is not just like any other field and whose engagement is striking: Rasa Navickaitė, Gianmaria Colpani, Whitney Stark, Katrine Smiet, Adriano Habed, Alice Corte, Cayley Pater, Mariacristina Sogos. The faculty of the “Free University of Terwijde” made Suburbia the right place to be during the writing of this thesis: for the friendship and support I wish to thank Mari Pitkänen, Goda Klumbyte and Virginia Virtù. Very special thanks go to Sandra Werner, the best party-and-library buddy, and to Anne Zündorf, who I'm going to marry sooner or later: with them I shared the Spanish adventure and the last months of intense writing; I could have not done it without the care, love, food, walks, massages, laughs and conversations we shared. I need to thank the Degenerate Pantheon of the Goddesses of Atlantide in Bologna: 7 Renato Busarello, Alessia Acquistapace, Viviana Indino and Beatrice Busi. Their political passion and engagement has taught me invaluable lessons, and it still does. I also want to thank Michele Lamedica. Last but hardly least I need to thank my family in Sicily. My mother, father, brother and sister and all the rest of my beautiful, complicated and always loving family. I had you all in mind when I was writing this. * * * I wish to dedicate this thesis to Enza, Enzo, Lilia, and to Alessandro Zijno. All of whom I miss very much. 8 Introduction: Postcoloniality and the Italian South. Race, Gender, Sexuality, Literature On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification, in 2011, the Risorgimento, the process of unification of the country and of creation of a nation state in the period from 1861 to 1865, was celebrated as a glorious, patriotic, “moment of origin”. This celebration is certainly appropriate and even more so in the face of the divisionist rhetoric that right-wing and openly racist parties like the Italian “Northern League” effectively utilize in order to gain political consensus. Nonetheless these recent celebrations could have been more reflective of the problems and the inequalities that the Risorgimento created or somehow worsened: the uneven distribution of resources and power between the north and the south of Italy continues to this very day to be one of the major issues in the country. The history of Risorgimento in fact can be said to be a somehow colonial one: the annexation of the south was carried out in a violent way notwithstanding popular opposition in the south. Rather than being an occasion for reopening a debate on the injustices that lie at the heart of the national identity and of the national history, the public discourse in Italy, both the institutional one and the one deployed by different mainstream medias unfailingly tied to the biggest Italian parties, has preferred to put aside such questions in the name of “unity and cohesion”. This lost occasion is only the umpteenth instance of a more general obliviousness in the country's collective memory: a removal that can be said to constitute the specificity of the relation 9 of Italian culture at large with its colonial past (or colonial pasts). In this work I will focus on southern Italy and on the possibility of addressing such a context via Postcolonial Theory. A postcolonial approach to Italy should try to recover the history and the memory of the Italian imperial endeavors in Africa, the voices of the massive emigration from Italy from the late nineteenth century up to the 1970s (both internal and external), and should be able to relate these different but interconnected histories to the present state of Italian multiculturalism engendered by a recent wave of immigration.
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