TRANSFUSION MEDICINE MADE EASY FOR STUDENTS OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE Authored by Osaro Erhabor and Teddy Charles Adias Transfusion Medicine Made Easy for Students of Allied Medical Sciences and Medicine Authored by: Dr Osaro Erhabor (Ph.D, CSci, FIBMS) and Dr Teddy Charles Adias (Ph.D, FIBMS) Edition 2014 Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. 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ISBN 978-953-51-0523-7 We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,800+ 116,000+ 120M+ Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 151 Top 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Meet the authors Dr Osaro Erhabor is an Immuno-Haematologist, a Chartered Scientist, Registration Portfolio Verifier and a Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Medical Science, London. He is a seasoned Biomedical Scientist and Lec- turer. He holds a Ph.D in Immuno-Haematology. He has taught best practices in Transfusion Medicine for several years to students in both the United Kingdom and Nige- ria. A recipient of several scientific awards, member of the editorial boards, an article reviewer to several scientific journals, a well published author and speaker in several international scientific conferences. His current research interest includes transfusion safety and alternatives and haema- tology of infectious diseases. Dr Teddy Charles Adias is currently the Provost of the Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Og- bia-Town, Nigeria. He holds a Ph.D in Immuno-Haema- tology, as well as a Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science (FIBMS), London. He had held several Adjunct academic appointments with various Nigerian univer- sities and had taught at both post graduate and under- graduate levels for over nine years. His current research interest is focus on Transfusion immunology, safety and alternatives, and haematology of infectious diseases. Recent publications have included articles in Journals such as the Journal of Blood Medicine; Transfusion Clinque et Biologique, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine International amongst others. Contents Acknowledgements 1 1. History of Blood Transfusion 2 2. Antigen and Antibody 4 3. Blood Group Systems and ABO groups 20 4. Anticoagulation and Preservation in Transfusion 49 5. Blood Donation Testing 54 6. Apheresis Principle and Practice 59 7. Blood Component Preparation 60 8. Challenges of Blood Transfusion in Africa 66 9. Blood Donation and Donor Types 68 10. Advantages of Autologous Blood over Allogeneic Blood 72 11. Transfusion Transmissible Infectious Diseases 79 12. Complications of Blood Transfusion 83 13. Investigation of Blood Transfusion Reactions 90 14. Compatibility Testing 92 15. Red Blood Cells Alloimmunisation 100 16. HDFN and Management of Rh Negative Pregnancies 115 17. Transfusion Alternatives and Exemplary Stewardship in the Management of Blood and Blood Product 128 18. Blood Components Therapy 133 19. Management of Major Haemorrhage 143 20. Storage Conditions, Shelf Life Indication and Mode of Transfusion 147 22. Fractionated Plasma Products 158 23. Rhesus Blood Group System 162 24. Lewis Blood Group System 177 25. MNS Blood Group System 181 26. Kell Blood Group System 184 27. Duffy Blood Group System 186 28. Kidd Blood Group System 189 29. Bg Antibodies 190 32. Lutheran Blood Group System 194 33. Minor Blood Group Systems 194 34. Complement 196 35. The Antiglobulin Test 203 Blood transfusion is a field where there has been, and continue to be, significant advances 36. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) 217 in science, technology and most particularly governance. The aim of this book is to provide 37. Principle of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Its Application in students of allied medical sciences, medicine and transfusion practitioners with a compre Transfusion 223 hensive overview of both the scientific and managerial aspects of blood transfusion. The book is intended to equip biomedical, clinical and allied medical professionals with practical tools 38. Quality Issues in Transfusion Medicine 230 to allow for an informed practice in the field of blood transfusion management. 247 39. Management Review Meetings in the Transfusion Laboratory Dr Erhabor Osaro 40. Standard Operating Procedure 249 41. Incident Reporting Procedure in Transfusion 255 42. Laboratory Techniques and Transfusion Sample Requirements 260 275 43. Principle of Informed Consent in Transfusion Medicine The authors are indebted to Prof E.K Uko and Prof E.A Usanga both of the Haematology and 44. Stem Cell Transplantation 279 blood transfusion Department of the University of Calabar in Nigeria for taking time out to review this book. We are also grateful to the publishers InTech. Our sincere thanks goes to 45. Alkaline Denaturation Test 289 members of our families and friend for the encouragement while we put this material that will improve the quality of transfusion medicine training and by extension transfusion serv 291 About the authors ice delivery particularly in Africa. We are eternally grateful to God for this opportunity to in our own little way improve the quality of transfusion medicine training offered to students of biomedical, medical and allied medical sciences. To God alone be all the glory. © 2012 Stopforth et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Transfusion Medicine Made Easy for Students of Allied Medical Sciences and Medicine Dr Erhabor Osaro (Ph.D, CSci, FIBMS) Dr Adias Teddy Charles (Ph.D, FIBMS) Blood Sciences Department Royal Bolton Hospital UK Preface Blood transfusion is a field where there has been, and continue to be, significant advances in science, technology and most particularly governance. The aim of this book is to provide students of allied medical sciences, medicine and transfusion practitioners with a compre- hensive overview of both the scientific and managerial aspects of blood transfusion. The book is intended to equip biomedical, clinical and allied medical professionals with practical tools to allow for an informed practice in the field of blood transfusion management. Dr Erhabor Osaro Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Prof E.K Uko and Prof E.A Usanga both of the Haematology and blood transfusion Department of the University of Calabar in Nigeria for taking time out to review this book. We are also grateful to the publishers InTech. Our sincere thanks goes to members of our families and friend for the encouragement while we put this material that will improve the quality of transfusion medicine training and by extension transfusion serv- ice delivery particularly in Africa. We are eternally grateful to God for this opportunity to in our own little way improve the quality of transfusion medicine training offered to students of biomedical, medical and allied medical sciences. To God alone be all the glory. © 2012© 2012 Erhabor Stopforth and etAdias, al.; licensee licensee InTech. InTech. This This isis ana paper open distributedaccess chapter under distributed the terms under of the the Creative terms Commons of the AttributionCreative LicenseCommons (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted which use, permits distribution,unrestricted and use, reproduction distribution, in anyand medium,reproduction provided in any the medium, original provided work is properly the original cited. work is properly cited. 2 Dr Osaro Erhabor (Ph.D, CSci, FIBMS) and Dr Teddy Charles Adias (Ph.D, FIBMS) Transfusion Medicine