J.B.: 2011 In Library. It one is of Garrison of oldest the the Itook over running the Worldwide project (FFI2014-53930-P) onto research collaborate our Variation in English September in 2013. started which E.S.: E.S.: accepted. kindly she which for questions us, afew to answer of Dr. , we asked Ballantine identity. their and To more language know identity and about history, the culture, people Gibraltarian the and richness and complexity the appreciate and understand to you start that inside from the it you not Gibraltar is know that until to realize ice), we appointed have been which work to compile.our havecome we Through ice-corpora.net/ of component English(ICE; Corpus Gibraltarian of International the project (ESRC), Council for their Research of Social amajor Economic and from the award recipient she the is from the of Essex, Canessa, With Professor Andrew Identity and Community on project the Gibraltar Associate Research the was from 2003-2006 Kent, and to writings. promoting house Gibraltar dedicated apublishing Press, of founder anthropology, Calpe the director and and history on Gibraltar journal Gibraltar). editor She current the of Gibraltar is Heritage the Journal (University of Studies Mediterranean and for of Institute Gibraltar the and brary Dr Ballantine, thank you for coming to the University of Vigo and for your seminar of Vigo seminar University the foryour forcoming to and you thank Ballantine, Dr Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses Estudios de Canaria Revista WITH INTERVIEW MAKING: THE IN A GIBRALTAR Bordering on Britishness: An Oral in the 20th Century 20th in the of Gibraltar History An Oral on Britishness: Bordering established in 1793 in back the on established garrison of Gibraltar the for officers of the was Library Garrison The that. one specific at backdrop, avery historical I’d say,own,hasits it only.garrison culturally club forand the officers of So but a private it others library in some was in respects, institution cultural history? its is What in Gibraltar. institutions cultural oldest of one the Library, Garrison Gibraltar of the director the are On 14-16 November 2016 University the visited of Vigo Dr. Ballantine on the sociolinguistic and cultural aspects of Gibraltar in the 21 in the of Gibraltar aspects cultural and sociolinguistic on the University from the of holds Postcolonial aPhD in Studies Dr. Ballantine Dr. Jennifer Ballantine Perera is the director of the Gibraltar Garrison Li Garrison Perera of Gibraltar the director the is Dr. Ballantine Jennifer (ViEW; view0.webs.uvigo.es), on compilation the of the particularly DR. JENNIFER BALLANTINE PERERA DR. BALLANTINE JENNIFER , funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Council. Research Humanities and Arts by the , funded University of Vigo University Elena Seoane Elena , 75; november 2017,, 75; november pp. 217-225; e-2530-8335 ISSN: , a specialised , aspecialised st century. You century. - ,

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 217 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 218 J.B.: Yes, the organisation of cultural events and exhibitions are part of our Outreach of Outreach our part are exhibitions and events J.B.: of Yes, cultural organisation the E.S.: E.S.: J.B.: It’s not apublic library, we’re areference library. We way our working are 2011 From Is library? apublic it now radically. it changed onwards, E.S.: The Gibraltar today is much more than a collection of books. I books. of a than collection more much is today Library Garrison Gibraltar The of reciprocity to some extent. So, one of the first exhibitions that I curated ofcurated reciprocity I that to someexhibitions So, extent. one of first the up networks at setting good about very you is how something tells Gibraltar Alfonso Alfonso vii Edward of , King the that in a foxin patronage, that was hunt royal had This 1906 at that. endeavour, aBritish ablood sport, sport aBritish traditionally very is know the fox youhuntwhich established of afox hunt.in Gibraltar The British in afterwas Itook over.2012,first just The months archive an have We weSince opened we’ve mention just anumber two. I’ll of had exhibitions. way to do agood that. are events cultural and into library. Exhibitions the So, 2011 since restricted. is people to bring access I’ve trying actively been where aplace we impression are that this of dispelling part and Program making sure the access is there. is access the sure making moment, at for the us about is So access restricted. and elitist perceive of as continually will community the that institution an enjoy than rather can everybody that it alibrary make and collection, of wonderful the use make enjoy we and can that so around library the turn to institutionally is aim the Gibraltar’s respect as recognition Library. that In National towards institution. elitist avery was younor were it know, So not squaddies, permitted. no rank soldiers with in, but neitherallowed were other soldiers, non-commissioned any officers only men, be so to members, were only officers permitted women were not access, had restricted library The going? that to keep manage how they did You’ve library? the tolibrary, keep manage huge magnificent the seen they 2011and do it? How How they did itself... in just did boggles. is mind the 1793 aprivate subscription aprivate concern, as library, as between sustained was library the that fact the because interesting very is this Ithink class. buta private library, as a officer private establishment, for concern an cultural aGibraltar not of Defense] as establishment, MODup; an not [Ministry as set was library the so and for acquisition of the books Library Garrison the amount of money towards certain officers pay a would these month all every the At end of class. private officer subscription the amongst through library a about Siege establishing heset the After to read. material no fresh had they under siege conditions in getting was nothing since and books, the all read They hand. to materials hadreading no officers his that fact the lamented Drinkwater, Captain then one time officers, of young the that during and 1779of Great Siege the of Gibraltar, took between place 1783, which and Gibraltarian culture of aspects on various exhibitions and events cultural organize you understand xiii , the king of Spain, became joint patron of hunt. royal the This became of Spain, king , the . , became a royal patron of the Calpe Hunt, patron and of Calpe a royal the , became E.S.: E.S.: J.B.: The As linguists we interested are As in the digitalization of the newspaper Gibraltar back to the 19 to the back photographs of hunt the going beautiful and minute the books we had and 1935, in Pablo ajoint with who was Larios Master Harrington, ofcoat Lady We ahunting acoat, asaddle, quite had amazing. really was that I thought over for exhibition, and the to Gibraltar came they and family of Larios the some Icontacted of hunt the years. for Master over the forty was Pablo Larios Gibraltarian. became also and naturalized but father whowas then Spanish from a Gibraltar born in aGibraltarian, de Marzales, Marqués Pablo Larios, Gibraltar: in family Ibrought members good; of together Larios really was Hunt, fox we the hold hunt. Calpe that It on Royal on the archive the was takes place now21 the place in takes only reportage of sort graphic this that blown to bits you of and sort think been blown werehad up, These that photographs and soldiers horses of men they’re graphic. that very was at these when Ihadn’t looking thing realised offered a blow-by-blowthey unfolded. One they as eventsthe account of World First the during Some were War produced especially journals. and World 2015 War March in and of newsprint and collection our we exhibited on World First the War. we’re year Every of First the ayear commemorating exhibition an one was most important the exhibitions; two we had year Last it opened just doors our up to alot of people. tee sitting in 2014 in Territories sitting tee of Overseas for and meetings representatives. Commit for aHouse of used Foreign Commons been Affairs recent years in has Library Garrison the that add, Imust respect. quite that is in wide Ithink outreach So issues. these for all contexts global and local at both now, experiencing on we are Gibraltar, impact we look that and that times the reflect ones topical that and issues pertinent at some very looking ence confer international year, backdrop, an we holdacademic every asymposium With more event calendar. of our an in cultural It awonderful is festival. international an is which Festival, Literary of Gibraltar the team organising of the part also we are recitals; we events have poetry of cultural terms In exhibitions. items of most significant Ifeel, were the Lists, Army the war. So the during senselessly who died just ofhundreds andhundreds of officers hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds with period, for that Lists Army the on all we display placed Army; of theOfficers for British Lists Army the holdsalso library The fallen. had that of those of dead, the lists the with place, were taking that battles the month on with [March] that we have we focused just that journals the 1915,March and newsprint the all of war, through the and second year the We well. to as time went at the but years ahundred happening back it was rison Library. The Garrison Library moved to its new premises, which is which moved to premises, new Library its Library.rison Garrison The project? digitalization the and itself newspaper the about us tell you Can data. linguistic diachronic valuable with us since it provide will Chronicle, th century. That was an important exhibition for us. I think think exhibition I us. for important an was century. That was established in 1801 in Gar established to the was it linked and is st century and that we somehow are desensitised, we somehow desensitised, that and are century - - -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 219 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 220 E.S.: E.S.: J.B.: The Gibraltar Heritage Journal E.S.: J.B.: Yes. Times London We’re The as lines same the model along at the looking for everyone it available make will digitalization its And E.S.: E.S.: E.S.: J.B.: It’s public United and the are in Kingdom, apublic As institution. Gibraltar Heritage Journal Heritage Gibraltar of the editor the also Jennifer, are you We were wondering as linguists whether it is possible that in the future having a having future in possible the it that is whether linguists as We wondering were In September 2015 the was opened. Is it a private in Is 2015 it aprivate In September opened. was of Gibraltar University the historical past and Gibraltar’s and heritage. past historical Gibraltar’s point towards all they time, same the At of articles. assortment an with bag apublication curiosity.queries it of amixed As some is historical or some just even notes and or you’ll have reminiscences, essays, historical include? it does publications process. consultation our funded has Trust Gibraltar in Kusuma the example, for We for this; scanners. have funding same the machinery, same the touse at hoping Kew, we are and Archives National the in as and Library British the in as procedure same the at Kew, following we so are Archives National the We’ve with institutions. years academic few for last the working been also to online, offerthey that product digitized excellent have a really They of print culture. of history the terms in newspaper to continuously have important been print, in therefore an is English in Gibraltar Chronicle the that is about this thing newspaper.interesting more The and of alocal organ of agarrison less Gibraltar Chronicle Chronicle the and Library 1980s; the up until Garrison the then Library Garrison by the continued and to managed be Library Garrison from the the Gibraltar Chronicle Therefore initially. set close Chronicle from its for inception is avery Gibraltar the of circulation the So population wouldn’t spoken English. have necessarily local the whereas English, understood and English, read spoken English, who would have readership up to provide for its readership, news amilitary Gibraltar up Committee] Chronicle the set [the Library it Library, and Garrison the through to Gibraltar it and came to Gibraltar 1800. in 1801 In building, came press Georgian printing the a wonderful University in Gibraltar will change the linguistic landscape, since some Gibral since some landscape, linguistic the change will in Gibraltar University . as the it would as it include would would Gibraltar. That Spain Portugal of EU, the able University to are attend the fromof otherstudents parts students, European institution, of course aEuropean as and institution apublic As have private universities. you also that except well, as Spain in Spain Maybe well? students? as international from in having Is it interested for entrance? requirements the are What stitution? became two separate entities, although still very connected. The connected. very still entities, although separate two became became more of a commercial entity, and at that stage, more entity, of stage, acommercial became at that and is very eclectic in some ways in that you’ll have that some in in ways eclectic very is first came Mayoutin came first born1801 andwas is the second oldest newspaper second oldest the newspaper is . . Initially it was set set it was . Initially . What kind of kind . What Gibraltar - - . E.S.: E.S.: I’m Maybe reasons. for speculating just two J.B.: future, Not immediate the in J.B.: The Institute for Gibraltar and Mediterranean Studies is a post-graduate institute post-graduateis a institute Studies J.B.:and Mediterranean forInstitute The Gibraltar You’ve just mentioned the Research Institute for Gibraltar and Mediterranean Mediterranean and for Gibraltar Institute You’ve Research the mentioned just go to the United Kingdom to seek those subjects. those to United to seek go the Kingdom have to [some else case any in something other subject] will studying and be will who in Gibraltar students many be on. Therefore,there’ll focus will university our that subjects the are those and subjects key important very there’s alot again So Europe. going-on in in stronghold for Neanderthals last the being as now recognised, been has Gibraltar that I do, but Ithink at me if annoyed be then University at the of Sciences Gibraltar] will Earth World new the and for Director of Institute Life the Site Heritage also and of Museum, Finlayson, Director Clive [Professor of Clive Gibraltar the and wrong I’m this is, get Gibraltar I’ll And sure at Neanderthals. looks that tory, Gorham’s with World Cave: we have now aUNESCO Site Heritage his archeology, natural same with with the sort The of subjects. are These nuances. linguistic and on impacts of questions in identity find ourselves we that of languages and question ofthe of how cultures crossroads the interest of to is you, great which question of the language, of migrations, at Gibraltar, of Gibraltar, its question Strait location, looking the be the will behind it; it expertise and specificity have that developed be will will that content course Therefore,the in. expertise has Gibraltar that things very on the focusing are Sciences, Earth and for Institute Life the and Studies Mediterranean and for Institute Gibraltar the institutes, graduate post the in certainly and developed, designed arebeing that moment.the courses The at where have we courses no specialism these would offering be Gibraltar whythere is and no reason no is specificity there because or etc. medicine, Literature, American on necessarily courses not we to are offering going be backdrop. Therefore, historical and quiteto Gibraltar’s specific geographical are to deliver on or that orientated subjects at least perspective Gibraltar specific a upvery to set reflect is University the of Gibraltar because is case the is this why believe I Thesecond Unitedto to go the reason Kingdom. continue University. will students Gibraltar attend the Ithink necessarily whyis abit. I will don’tI’m students This that this romanticizing think perhaps though arite of passage, like . Almost of an part also is aworld itself seeing of in outside their which education, of part Gibraltar their of part as seen is abroad. This study UK, the in a university in a place have they if will, students Gibraltar that it expected, and one is the hand, I have to say, ingrained, on but questions, culturally about it these very is on this? view your What’s degrees. university their study to UK the go to to won’t Gibraltar tarians leave to have community and PhDs that come under this institute. We institute. ahumanities- come under this are that PhDs and community but we do have apost-graduate thereforecourses, we any and do not run of Gibraltar? University the at institute research other in the and in this activities of. the you’re which are What director Studies, -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 221 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 222 E.S.: E.S.: E.S.: E.S.: J.B.: Idon’t know. Idon’t at home but friends, I or this with people if discuss know J.B.: 2017 Yes, year next 1967 from the we commemorate 50 years referendum. In 1967 you had a referendum and 99% of the Gibraltarian people chose to re to chose people In 1967 99% Gibraltarian of and the a referendum had you Ten years ago Prime Minister said that “our identity is distinct distinct is identity “our that said Ten Caruana Peter Minister Prime ago years focus on refer to alot Gibraltar,focus Gibraltar. that of modern-day subjects the we do that in it a post-graduate important institute is as So right. its own in alanguage without being even language anational becomes almost that Yanito called thing of this because and nuances the of all because important very is Gibraltar in Language anthropology, language. social studies, graphic at questions of history, literature, looking institute archeology,based ethno to understand and to digest identity abit to further. digest and to understand try and carefully very this about thinking towards efforts concentrated all really of Gibraltar of taking the tercentenary the 2004, from. In coming is where Sir Peter this homeland our Caruana and is Gibraltar .” to able be to to time, prove we say “but had the are it all have Gibraltarians question strong because a very been identity has So life. butyes, not up. made People that’s and go come flow and ebb and the of Ihave -which to were say, up people amade of migrants Gibraltarians that whole a people have somehowright to to asaying a homeland, disqualified unique identity, any with it of identity, sense any because hard, hit very had peopleno that Gibraltar identity. an with attemptright to suggest This their peoplepeopleas a own in the Gibraltar disqualify were to efforts the Red Book the government called producedSpanish something for the of time the United the Nations, foreign secretary favor the through Spain’s in government decolonised Franco when the to sought have Gibraltar 1960s the in because well He mentioned mentioned as this. this Caruana why politically, is Sir Peter which important question ofthe also identity is also that to look question at of the aimed produced Gibraltar. Ithink which anumber of time publications were at that something; mean must this and from Spain, taken was Gibraltar since years hundred three it was that fact the towards everybody’s minds would have focused 2004 in of Gibraltar commemoration of taking the tercentenary the that initially. Isuspect I left not somehow when Ihadn’thad away that erupted in before, certainly heard question 2007, of in identity back this to of period when time Icame that in 1994 in from when Ileft and for of aperiod years, away from Gibraltar I was identity. on aconcentrated emphasis been discussing has there that do know friends? among or home at discuss people that issue an Gibraltarianness is Gibraltarians.” is, as question my And therefore is described can accurately be we in way which only the acommunity As unique. and separate a resolution. This is an ongoing issue, the question of Gibraltar and Spain, and Spain, the question issue, of an Gibraltar ongoing a resolution.is This when you a PP Tony had and government hereAznar, with suggested Blair time the was at This in another Gibraltar. 2002 referendumin Therewas so? that is year, next is a commemoration There sovereignty. British under main apeople, but we are in which all all which in - -

J.B.: Maybe not so much today but the theory goes that Gibraltarians learnt Spanish Spanish learnt Gibraltarians J.B.: that not goes Maybe much so but today theory the E.S.: class social that Ithink to them. according J.B.: asecond generation speaker Iam E.S.: Focusing now on linguistic according issues, to the sociolinguistic literature there Galicia, like other linguistic communities in Spain, is bilingual. In the past the the In past the bilingual. is in Spain, communities linguistic other like Galicia, ensure that catechism was being taught. There were newspapers other than than There other were taught. newspapers being was catechism that ensure Second World to of church the hands the War, in and mostly Spanish in the until up was, educationin Gibraltar that another reality also Thereis we have learnt. that incompleteness of Spanish the almost the extent, great for, way, accounts this that in to a and Spanish learnt Gibraltarians that theory,the is That amore with professional class. contact in been braltarians Gi had sophisticated not and as type of acertain was itself in language the therefore and class, asemiliterate perhaps class, working avery already was that from aclass Spanish learnt Gibraltarians that is suggestion So, the dies. la cleaning households as in Gibraltar, perhaps in day working work every say, Spanish, border who laborers the come class, across to from aworking of prestige? in terms Spanish of and English tions percep different there Are today? in Gibraltar exist situation diglossic this Does government. regional the from empowered is don’t Galician because way that feel now Younger home. only at generations used be to areas of rural language the being Galician of prestige, language the being Spanish diglossic, was situation over more here. are there variables that Yanito. and Ithink English and second generation the you would can’t have to Spanish say that generalise problematic. convent at same the So, who that were my had those in class Icouldn’t. and time, same Butthe Iwasn’t only one the who couldn’t: all at Spanish and English speak also could and Spanish, and English speak a whole was group there who could of other that girls school, Irealised ary Then,when I went English. secondto only speak I’d So thirties. even and into well my twenties it until well ateenager, Ididn’t and speak was really Ispoke it when Inever very, spoke I Spanish. badly tion. that Iknow very ques this in of amount influence acertain has background educational and another? or of language one use the to contribute also that factors other there are or age to according fact this generalise can thinkwe you Do context. the and situation on the depending English also 59, to Yanito 40 mainly use but to supposed Spanish is from and age, our is severalare generations of speakers in Gibraltar. The secondwhich generation, sovereignty.tion before it full So wasn’t happen. really could asituation that aquestion of 100%was posi interim or sovereignty joint an as sovereignty not did joint want they sovereignty, it because because rejected it anyway not road of could the down joint go they sovereignty. that said Then Spain 99.9% again of population the And referendum time. another at the was there and to of rise joined sovereignty came suggestion the 2002 in that know but some understood, in I way and it to parked be needs ongoing. Ithink contested question, sovereignty. the and integrity territorial the that’sand So ------

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 223 REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 224 J.B.: Yes, I think that. I’m not so sure how established this is yet in the education the I’mJ.B.: in yet is that. Yes, this not how Ithink sure so established E.S.: J.B.: Yes, - generation terminology it Y, with generational is, of global the terms in Why? Is disappearing? Spanish E.S.: You mentioned that there were some debates or small-scale attempts to keep Spanish, Spanish, keep to attempts small-scale or debates some were there You that mentioned the the system, but there is some discussion about Spanish being given within the the given within being about but some Spanish system, is there discussion it. to support some give to older an generation perhaps would ablebut be that term to use. not every register their terms enter certain only probably is difficult; very switching generation, code for and this language main the becoming is English that way, limited avery in but true be may Idoubt much. it Ithink very bilingual generation generation, this is that the fourth Y, to really. The suggestion on subject, on the on occasion, who the talking you depending are changes a form of Yanito, not is form astable It itself of in communication. which may speak and do have some they switching code because bilingual are they suggest may they though even monolingual, generation mostly is a fourth generation. I think fourth and it terms would a third be sociolinguistic in language. phenomenon akiller as English [laughs], English killer route the down of the Gibraltar setting placestart in other things many And Gibraltar, in English. in place education in state of aformalised start the of Second World already the is there return, children War when this and back On the established. is Gibraltar in education system state formalised out problem,howthis that’s to and aboutresolve set figuring they when a mission. That’s their in when failed they and subjects intothem colonial good you know, to able be to make, transform language, this toeducate, transfer to mission of acolonial down.Because children they’ve let these like feel but some notthey and and English, sufficient, Spanish only speak mostly can’tthey they who educatebecause children of full haveclassrooms They can’t English. can’t they who they speak of because educate children dreds have hun they that suddenly realise process of whole the evacuation charge in TheBritish authorities an attack. of case in just fortress fledged afully as function can Gibraltar that so United to the Kingdom evacuated tion gets popula theSecond The civilian after Then,changes. World War,everything Second World post good was War. Spanish I don’tSo the I know that except stand theories how know these correct. very is Spanish the good, I’ve bad. are that them, they been read [spoken So couldn’t written] aplay Spanish. and in Spanish Spanish, have in well as collections Anumber of poetry at that. Spanish good and Spanish to were mid late 1920s, publishedthe Both in tell. in both Ican as far as earliest the are Two novelswhich Spanish. fledged in were all fully they Second World the after just maybe before and War,produced Gibraltar in of writings any terms In you was. somegives how idea Spanish widespread readership, which produced for alocal Spanish in written papers braltarian Gibraltar Chronicle , for example, El Calpense , for example, , , all Gi , all - - - E.S.: E.S.: Thank you, Jennifer, for your time and your insights on Gibraltar. We would not Gibraltar. insights on your would We and time your Jennifer, for you, Thank ian, social, historical social, dimensions and cultural ian, of Gibraltar English. identitar the appreciate to able be not would we cooperation your without and help, invaluable your without corpus of the compilation the out carry to able be area. this in some been discussion has there gone I’m but has that I know initiative German. be not this how sure far French, be it it equally equally and could could it Spanish So be etc. could capacity, aprofessional students, as within to would them of be use which languages languages, about with equipping students our know.is really This I don’tbecause I’ve capacity but heard, Ican’treally on official any speak amore prominent that a is debate curriculum position. just national This Revised paper accepted for publication: 17 2017 September publication: for accepted paper Revised Reviews sent to author: 3 June 2017 3June author: to sent Reviews -

REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 75; 2017, PP. 217-225 225