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Bat Biodiversity (Vespertilioniformes: Order Chiroptera) in Some Tropical and Arid-Subtropical Regions of Pakistan

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Bat Biodiversity (Vespertilioniformes: Order Chiroptera) in Some Tropical and Arid-Subtropical Regions of Pakistan BAT BIODIVERSITY (VESPERTILIONIFORMES: ORDER CHIROPTERA) IN SOME TROPICAL AND ARID-SUBTROPICAL REGIONS OF PAKISTAN BY Arshad Javid 2007-VA-516 Lahore A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES LAHORE-PAKISTAN 2011 The Controller Examinations, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. We the members of the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. ARSHAD JAVID have been found satisfactory and recommend that it should be processed for the evaluation by the External Examiner for the award of the degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN ________________________________________ DR. MUHAMMAD MAHMOOD-UL-HASSAN CO-SUPERVISOR ________________________________________ PROF. DR. MIRZA AZHAR BEG MEMBER ________________________________________ DR. MUHAMMAD ALI NAWAZ MEMBER ________________________________________ PROF. DR. MUHAMMAD AKRAM DEDICATED TO MY FATHER CH. WALI MUHAMMAD (LATE) (MAY HIS SOUL REST IN ETERNAL PEACE) MY BELOVED MOTHER RUQAYYA BIBI (MAY SHE LIVE A HEALTHY AND LONG LIFE) & MY BROTHERS AND SISTERS CONTENTS NO. TITLE PAGE 1. Acknowledgements v 2. List of Tables vi 3. List of Figures xi CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 3 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Species account 13 Rhinolophus blasii 13 Rhinopoma hardwickii 14 Taphozous nudiventris 15 Taphozous perforatus 16 Scotoecus pallidus 17 Scotophilus heathii 18 S. kuhlii 19 Pipistrellus ceylonicus 20 P. javanicus 21 P. pipistrellus 22 P. tenuis 23 Hypsugo savii 24 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 26 Study Area 26 SA 1 - The Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP) 26 SA 2 - The Chinji National Park (CNP) 29 SA 3 - The Lal Suhanra National Park (LSNP) 34 SA4 - The Central Punjab (CP) 36 Sampling Strategy 42 External Morphology 43 Cranial Measurements 44 Bacular Measurements 44 Echolocation 46 Sound analysis 48 IV. RESULTS 50 PART I. BAT SURVEY AND ABUNDANCE 50 SUB-AREA 1 53 Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH) 53 Marghzar Zoo 53 Rawal Town 53 National Agricultural Research Council (NARC) 56 i Rattowal 56 Tanaza Dam, Kherimoorat 56 Loi Bher Wildlife Park 56 SUB-AREA 2 56 Kanhatti Garden 59 Sodhi Wildlilfe Sanctuary 59 Sodhi Rest House 59 Shrine of Baba Mehdi 59 Dalwal Village 59 Uchhali Lake 59 Khabbeki Lake 59 SUB-AREA 3 60 Mojgarh 60 Derawar Fort 60 Fish Hatchery Bahawalpur 60 Noor Mahal 63 Marot fort 63 SUB-AREA 4 63 Kalian Daas 63 Government College Gojra 63 Gojra Grave Yard 63 Fish Hatchery Manawa 66 Shalimar Garden 66 Pattoki 66 Head Balloki 66 Chhanga Manga 66 Rasul Nagar 66 Ali Pur Chathha 66 COMBINED ABUNDANCES AND DIVERSITY 66 Monthly captures and seasonal abundances 66 Spatial Variation 69 PART II. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION 73 Family Rhinolophidae 73 Rhinolophus blasii 73 Family Rhinopomatidae 73 Rhinopoma hardwickii 73 Family Emballonuridae 73 Taphozous nudiventris 73 T. perforatus 73 Family Vespertilionidae 73 ii Scotoecus pallidus 73 Scotophilus heathii 73 S. kuhlii 78 Pipistrellus ceylonicus 78 P. javanicus 78 P. pipistrellus 78 P. tenuis 78 Hypsugo savii 78 PART III. MORPHOLOGY 79 Family Embellonuridae 79 Taphozous nudiventris 79 Principal Component Analysis 81 T. perforatus 85 Family Vespertilionidae 88 Scotoecus pallidus 88 Scotophilus heathii 91 Principal Component Analysis 95 S. kuhlii 99 Pipistrellus ceylonicus 102 P. javanicus 105 P. pipistrellus 113 P. tenuis 116 Hypsugo savii 120 PART IV. ECHOLOCATION CALLS 127 V DISCUSSION 134 GENERAL DISCUSSION 134 BAT SURVEY AND ABUNDANCE 136 SPECIES DISTRIBUTION 141 Family Rhinolophidae 141 Rhinolophus blasii 141 Family Rhinopomatidae 142 Rhinopoma hardwickii 142 Family Emballonuridae 142 Taphozous nudiventris 142 T. perforatus 143 Family Vespertilionidae 143 Scotoecus pallidus 143 Scotophilus heathii 143 Scotophilus kuhlii 144 Pipistrellus ceylonicus 144 iii P. javanicus 144 P. pipistrellus 145 P. tenuis 145 Hypsugo savii 146 MORPHOLOGY 147 Family Emballonuridae 147 Taphozous nudiventris 147 T. perforatus 147 Family Vespertilionidae 149 Scotoecus pallidus 149 Scotophilus heathii 149 S. kuhlii 152 Pipistrellus ceylonicus 152 P. javanicus 155 P. pipistrellus 155 P. tenuis 155 Hypsugo savii 159 ECHOLOCATION 164 SUMMARY 167 Future Recommendations 171 LITERATURE CITED 174 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I situate my sincere and humble thanks before Almighty Allah, who created the universe and bestowed the mankind with knowledge and wisdom to search for its secrets. I wish to express sincere gratitude to my hardworking, responsive and praiseworthy supervisor Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan, Chairman and Associate Professor, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for his affectionate supervision, demonstrative guidance, sympathetic behavior and tremendous help not only in accomplishment of present study but also in every aspect of my life. I am also grateful to the members of my supervisory committee, Prof. Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg, Eminent Educationist, Department of Zoology, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Dr. Muhammad Ali Nawaz, Assistant Professor, Department of Wildlife and Ecology and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram, Chairman, Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for their skillful guidance and critical insight. Special thanks are extended to all my friends especially members of the PhD club and colleagues for their wishes and cordial cooperation during the studies. Lastly, I wish to thank my family especially my father, mother, my brothers and sisters who always pray for my success. They taught, loved and supported me to achieve higher goals in life. Their concern in me can never be fully returned but will always be remembered. This pioneering study on bats in Pakistan would have not been possible without the financial assistance of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC Project/20-1033/R&D) and the Rufford Small Grants Commission UK (RSG 12.4.09). the monetary support provided by both these funding agencies is gratefully acknowledged. Arshad Javid v LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 1. GPS location of seven sites sampled for bats at Margalla Hills National 30 Park and adjacent areas (SA1) from June 2009 to May 2011. GPS location of seven sites sampled for bats at Chinji National Park 2. and adjacent areas (SA2) during a period extending from June 2009 to 32 May 2011. 3. GPS location of five sites sampled for bats at Lal Suhanra National 37 Park and adjacent areas (SA1) from June 2009 to May 2011. 4. GPS location of eleven sites sampled for bats in four districts of central 39 Punjab that jointly form SA4 from June 2009 to May 2011. 5. Time frame and survey intensity in four sub-areas sampled for bats 51 from June 2009 to May 2011. Number of days spent in the field in each month in the four sub-areas 6. and the total number of days spent in the field from June 2009 to May 52 2011. Species, sex, number, age, netting index and relative abundance of the 7. bats collected from seven sampling stations in SA1from June 2009 to 54 May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured from each station). Species, sex and number of bats collected from seven sampling stations 8. in SA1 from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured 55 from each station). Species, sex, number, age, netting index and relative abundance of the 9. bats collected from seven sampling stations in SA2 from June 2009 to 57 May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured from each station). Species, sex and number of bats collected from seven sampling stations 10. in SA2 from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured 58 from each station). Species, sex, number, age, netting index and relative abundance of the 11. bats collected from five sampling stations in SA3 from June 2009 to 61 May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured from each station). Species, sex and number of bats collected from five sampling stations 12. in SA3 from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured 62 from each station). Species, sex, number, age, netting index and relative abundance of the 13. bats collected from eleven sampling stations in SA4 from June 2009 to 64 May 2011 (n is the number of bats captured from each station). Species, sex and number of bats collected from eleven sampling 14. stations in SA4 from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of bats 65 captured from each station). 15. Monthly capture/activity patterns of the twelve bat species captured 67 from some arid subtropical and tropical regions of Pakistan. vi Combined seasonal relative abundance (%) of the twelve bat species 16. captured from the four SAs (n is the number of bat; N is the total 68 numer of bats captured in any season). 17. Combined seasonal diversity of various bat species captured from the 70 four SAs. Combined relative abundance (%) of the twelve bat species captured 18. from four sub-areas (SAs) from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is number 71 of bats captured; N is the total bats captured in from any sub-area). 19. Locality related diversity of various bat species captured from all the 72 four sub-areas. Combined mean body mass (g) and external body measurements (mm) 20. of Taphozous nudiventris captured from Margalla Hills National Park 80 (SA1) and Lal Suhanatra National Park (SA3) from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of specimens). Mean cranial measurements (mm) of Taphozous nudiventris captured 21. from Rattowal (SA1) from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of 82 specimens). Mean bacular measurements (mm) of Taphozous nudiventris captured 22. from Rattowal (SA1) from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of 83 specimens). Mean body mass (g) and external body measurements (mm) of 23. Taphozous perforatus captured from Margalla Hills National Park 86 (SA1) and Lal Suhanara National Park (SA3) from June 2009 to May 2011 (n is the number of specimens).
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