Use of Surrealistic Techniques in Edward Albee's Plays

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Use of Surrealistic Techniques in Edward Albee's Plays Use of Surrealistic Techniques in Edward Albee’s Plays Submitted by: Muqaddas Javed Roll No. 13 Supervised by Sohail Ahmed Saeed Assistant Professor Department of English Literature A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (English Literature) Session: 2010-13 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH The Islamia University of Bahawalpur ABSTRACT This research will trace various surrealistic techniques present in Edward Albee’s plays. Surrealism has been a very important movement of art and literature before World War II, it has greatly influenced the modern and post-modern theories of literature. Edward Albee is the first American playwright who has incorporated these techniques in his plays, hence revolutionizing the American theatre. Edward Albee is best known as a dramatist belonging to the Theatre of the Absurd. This research will initially explore the surrealistic techniques evident in the absurd plays of Edward Albee, after that it will identify the same techniques as being used in some of the other plays of Albee that fall under the category of realism or expressionism. This study aim to examine the surrealistic themes, motifs, stylistic techniques and other stage devices that appear again and again in Albee’s work; giving it a distinctive trait. This research will throw light on the fact that Albee’s works are not nihilistic rather he critically evaluates the modern human condition in order to break the modern materialistic myths of success. This research intends to examine Albee’s purpose of using different surrealistic techniques and their effect on the audience. In conclusion this study will try to prove that through use of surrealistic techniques Albee has experimented with different forms of playwriting. In fact these techniques extend his vision and link him with the post-modern writers. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 Chapter 3: SURREAL PASTICHE 34 Chapter 4: SURREALISTIC REALISM 53 Chapter 5: A PURE SURREALISTIC EXPERIENCE 78 CONCLUSION 106 WORKS CITED 110 Javed 1 Chapter 1 Introduction This research aims to emphasize the use of surrealistic techniques by Edward Albee in his early plays. Edward Albee is the most influential contemporary dramatist. He has changed the nature of American drama by fusing realism and absurdism through use of surrealistic techniques in his plays. This study traces the different contemporary themes and issues that have been the key themes of Surrealists. Surrealism has been known as an anti-rational movement. Albee‟s characters also inhabit a world that defies reason. Self-deception, insanity, exaggerated and fake emotions and compulsive actions rooted in a desire to make human contact are the traits of Albee‟s characters. The research further analyses surrealistic techniques such as automatism, elliptical expression, use of grotesque, element of surprise and fusion of opposites that are some surrealistic techniques of exposing the reality. These techniques are also being used by the post- modern writers for exploring the truth behind all the grand narratives of human progress and explaining the objective reality. Albee is given credit to reinvent the post-war American theatre in the early 1960‟s. C. W. E. Bigsby maintains, “If Edward Albee had not existed he would most certainly have been invented” (249). Bigsby believes that the American theatre was in a state of crises when fortunately Albee appeared with his first play The Zoo Story which was an immediate success. Harold Bloom also calls Edward Albee “the crucial American dramatist of his generation”(01) as he stands as a link between the older dramatists such as Eugene O‟ Neil, Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller and the best of the younger ones like Sam Shepard and David Mamet. He has brought the French avant-garde movement to the American theatre but he has molded it to the Javed 2 current American social condition. He is grouped with writers of the Theatre of the Absurd. Albee has pleaded the case of the new plays as early as 1962 when he wrote that The avant-garde theatre is fun; it is free-swinging, bold, iconoclastic and often wildly, wildly funny. If you will approach it with childlike innocence- putting your standard responses aside . if you approach it on its own terms, I think you will be in for a liberating surprise (qtd in Amacher). Albee‟ plays also follow the same line. They are bold, free-swinging, iconoclastic and wild, an effect that has been created by the use of different surrealistic techniques. Albee has always been very vocal about his views regarding theatre in general, American theatre, its audience and the role of dramatist and critic. He does not believe that any art form can be “just like life”. According to him, “Reality on stage is highly selective reality, chosen to give form. Real dialogue on stage is impossible . .” (qtd in Amacher). So he uses surrealism as a mode of presenting absolute reality as he sees it. Surrealism was a movement in the visual arts and literature between World War I and II. It flourished in Europe and deliberately defied reason. The term was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire but its first manifesto was given by Andre‟ Breton in 1924. Breton drew upon the theories of Sigmund Freud and concluded that unconscious was the real source of all imagination. The aim of the movement was to revolutionize human experience concerning all personal, social, cultural and political aspects. The Surrealists wanted to free people from false rationality and restrictive cultural structures. According to Encyclopedia Britannica surrealism is a means of joining dream and fantasy to everyday reality to form “an absolute reality, a surreality” (Surrealism). The surrealists saw a Javed 3 deep crisis in Western culture and tried to revise the then current values. This was performed by involving unconventional techniques such as automatism and juxtaposition of opposites. Albee has been concerned about the American condition. He believes that the present day world made no sense “because the moral, religious, political and social structures man has erected to „illusion‟ himself have collapsed” (qtd in Amacher). So he uses surrealistic techniques in his plays in an attempt to make sense or at least free his readers from the false illusions which hinder him from comprehending reality. Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines Surrealism as an attempt to reach beyond the limits of the real. Accordingly, Surrealists break down the boundaries that separate rationality from irrationality. They explore dreams, hallucinations, and sexual desires by creating bizarre imaginative effects. Oxford Companion to French Literature define surrealism as the exploration of the subconscious, a state in which there is fusion of dream and reality, a point in the mind where pairs of opposites (e.g. life and death. The real and the imaginary, the past and the future) cease to be perceived as contradictory. Columbia Encyclopedia states that surrealism is a movement dedicated to expression of imagination, free of conscious control of reason and convention. It maintains that the surrealist writers were interested in the association and implication of words rather than their literal meanings. Hence from all these definitions it can be perceived that the surrealistic techniques involve harnessing of opposites. The boundaries that divide conscious from unconscious, sane from bizarre, real from imaginary, rational from irrational and even past from future disappear. The characters of the surrealistic plays give a free hand to their imagination, as a result their subconscious controls and direct their desires and actions. Albee‟s plays abound with such characters. Jerry of The Zoo Story, Grandma of The Javed 4 Sandbox and The American Dream, George and Martha of Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and Julian of Tiny Alice are few such characters. Antonin Artaud, an early surrealist started the Theatre of Cruelty, in which feelings and emotions were not expressed through language but through allegory, mythological or archetypal vision. He felt that rational discourse was based on falsehood and illusion. Surrealism officially died down by the end of World War II but many postmodern literary movements were directly influenced by it. Many themes and techniques which are identified as Postmodern are similar to Surrealism. The concept of simulacra and hyperreality as discussed by the French philosopher Jean Baudrilled in his work Simulacra et Simulation and magical realism are extensions of surrealism. As they also delight in puzzles and breaking down of barriers. The playwrights grouped under the Theatre of Absurd by Martin Esslin use many of the themes and techniques used by the Surrealists and Edward Albee is one of them. He uses surrealistic techniques in most of his plays to present the absurd condition of modern civilization in general and American dream in particular. Surrealism is anti-rational and anti-realist. Albee‟s plays do not present a rational world. The characters and situations are bizarre. Truth and illusion, sanity and insanity, revelation and self-deception overlap while the barriers between the conscious and unconscious mind dissolve. Dialogues appear non-sensical and actions stem out of hallucinations, hidden compulsive emotions or forced dream like situations. Most of the characters are living in private hells and inflicting anguish on those around them. Thus Edward Albee‟s plays present an interesting study in the use of surrealism. Nightmarish atmosphere is a characteristic technique used by surrealist. The world presented in surrealist art seems more unreal than real, it has a nightmarish quality. Albee‟s plays also present a similar world. Jerry and Peter, Mommy and Daddy, George and Martha, Julian and Javed 5 Miss Alice all live in unreal worlds where anything is possible. The atmosphere of Death of Bessie Smith and Tiny Alice is like a bad dream that never ends.
Recommended publications
  • A Delicate Balance ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​
    PEEK BEHIND ​ ​ THE SCENES OF A DELICATE BALANCE ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ Compiled By Lotta Löfgren ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ To Our Patrons ​ ​ ​ ​ Most of us who attend a theatrical performance know little about how a play is ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ actually born to the stage. We only sit in our seats and admire the magic of theater. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ But the birthing process involves a long period of gestation. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Certainly magic does happen on the stage, minute to minute, and night after night. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ But the magic that theatergoers experience when they see a play is made possible ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ only because of many weeks of work and the remarkable dedication of many, many ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ volunteers in order to transform the text into performance, to move from page to ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ stage. In this study guide, we want to give you some idea of what goes into creating a ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ show. You will see the actors work their magic in the performance tonight. But they ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ could not do their job without the work of others. Inside you will find comments ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ from the director, the assistant director, the producer, the stage manager, the set ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65
    Cambridge University Press 0521542332 - The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee Edited by Stephen Bottoms Table of Contents More information CONTENTS List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgments xv Notes on the text xvi Chronology xvii 1 Introduction: The man who had three lives 1 stephen bottoms 2 Albee’s early one-act plays: “A new American playwright from whom much is to be expected” 16 philip c. kolin 3 Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?: Toward the marrow 39 matthew roudane´ 4 “Withered age and stale custom”: Marriage, diminution, and sex in Tiny Alice, A Delicate Balance, and Finding the Sun 59 john m. clum 1 5 Albee’s 3 /2: The Pulitzer plays 75 thomas p. adler 6 Albee’s threnodies: Box-Mao-Box, All Over, The Lady from Dubuque, and Three Tall Women 91 brenda murphy 7 Minding the play: Thought and feeling in Albee’s “hermetic” works 108 gerry mccarthy vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521542332 - The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee Edited by Stephen Bottoms Table of Contents More information contents 8 Albee’s monster children: Adaptations and confrontations 127 stephen bottoms 9 “Better alert than numb”: Albee since the eighties 148 christopher bigsby 10 Albee stages Marriage Play: Cascading action, audience taste, and dramatic paradox 164 rakesh h. solomon 11 “Playing the cloud circuit”: Albee’s vaudeville show 178 linda ben-zvi 12 Albee’s The Goat: Rethinking tragedy for the 21st century 199 j. ellen gainor 13 “Words; words...They’re such a pleasure.” (An Afterword) 217 ruby cohn 14 Borrowed time: An interview with Edward Albee 231 stephen bottoms Notes on further reading 251 Select bibliography 253 Index 259 viii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Kit (PDF)
    Synopsis 1 The ocean is a wilderness reaching 'round the globe, wilder than a Bengal jungle, and fuller of monsters, washing the very wharves of our cities and the gardens of our sea-side residences. - Henry David Thoreau, 1864 For the nineteenth century, the world beneath the sea played much the same role that "outer space" played for the twentieth. The ocean depths were at once the ultimate scientific frontier and what Coleridge called "the reservoir of the soul": the place of the unconscious, of imagination and the fantastic. Proteus uses the undersea world as the locus for a meditation on the troubled intersection of scientific and artistic vision. The one-hour film is based almost entirely on the images of nineteenth century painters, graphic artists, photographers and scientific illustrators, photographed from rare materials in European and American collections and brought to life through innovative animation. The central figure of the film is biologist and artist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919). As a young man, Haeckel found himself torn between seeming irreconcilables: science and art, materialism and religion, rationality and passion, outer and inner worlds. Through his discoveries beneath the sea, Haeckel would eventually reconcile these dualities, bringing science and art together in a unitary, almost mystical vision. His work would profoundly influence not only biology but also movements, thinkers and authors as disparate as Art Nouveau and Surrealism, Sigmund Freud and D.H. Lawrence, Vladimir Lenin and Thomas Edison. The key to Haeckel's vision was a tiny undersea organism called the radiolarian. Haeckel discovered, described, classified and painted four thousand species of these one-celled creatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteus a Nineteenth Century Vision
    NIGHT FIRE FILMS www.nightfirefilms.org PROTEUS A NINETEENTH CENTURY VISION CONTACT INFORMATION Production Company: Night Fire Films 3711 Ocean View Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90066 David Lebrun Director, Producer Phone: (310) 821-9133 Fax: (310) 821-0224 [email protected] Rosey Guthrie Partner, Associate Producer Phone: (310) 737-1007 Fax: (310) 737-1120 [email protected] For addt’l information, prints or digital stills, please contact either of the above or go to: www.nightfirefilms.org For U.S. & Int’l Television Rights: Charles Scheurhoff CS Associates 200 Dexter Ave. Watertown, MA 02472 Phone: (617) 923-0077 [email protected] Proteus: On Line Press Kit Page 1 NIGHT FIRE FILMS www.nightfirefilms.org PROTEUS A NINETEENTH CENTURY VISION SYNOPSIS The ocean is a wilderness reaching round the globe, wilder than a Bengal jungle, and fuller of monsters, washing the very wharves of our cities and the gardens of our sea-side residences. – Henry David Thoreau, 1864 For the nineteenth century, the world beneath the sea played much the same role that "outer space" has played for the twentieth. The ocean depths were at once the ultimate scientific frontier and what Coleridge called “the reservoir of the soul”: the place of the unconscious, of imagination and the fantastic. Proteus uses the undersea world as the locus for a meditation on the troubled intersection of scientific and artistic vision. The one-hour film is based almost entirely on the images of nineteenth century painters, graphic artists, photographers and scientific illustrators, photographed from rare materials in European and American collections and brought to life through innovative animation.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Tall Women: Director’S Notes Four Fortunate Women (And One Man)
    PRODUCTION SUPPORT IS GENEROUSLY PROVIDED BY SYLVIA D. CHROMINSKA, DR. DESTA LEAVINE IN MEMORY OF PAULINE LEAVINE, SYLVIA SOYKA, THE WESTAWAY CHARITABLE FOUNDATION AND BY JACK WHITESIDE LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Welcome to the Stratford Festival. It is a great privilege to gather and share stories on this beautiful territory, which has been the site of human activity — and therefore storytelling — for many thousands of years. We wish to honour the ancestral guardians of this land and its waterways: the Anishinaabe, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, the Wendat, and the Attiwonderonk. Today many Indigenous peoples continue to call this land home and act as its stewards, and this responsibility extends to all peoples, to share and care for this land for generations to come. A MESSAGE FROM OUR ARTISTIC DIRECTOR WORLDS WITHOUT WALLS Two young people are in love. They’re next- cocoon, and now it’s time to emerge in a door neighbours, but their families don’t get blaze of new colour, with lively, searching on. So they’re not allowed to meet: all they work that deals with profound questions and can do is whisper sweet nothings to each prompts us to think and see in new ways. other through a small gap in the garden wall between them. Eventually, they plan to While I do intend to program in future run off together – but on the night of their seasons all the plays we’d planned to elopement, a terrible accident of fate impels present in 2020, I also know we can’t just them both to take their own lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Man Who Had Three Lives
    Cambridge University Press 0521834554 - The Cambridge Companion to Edward Albee Edited by Stephen Bottoms Excerpt More information 1 STEPHEN BOTTOMS Introduction: The man who had three lives It is now more than forty years since Edward Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – the play for which he is still best known – gave him his first Broad- way hit and propelled him into the front rank of American playwrights. Today, he is frequently listed alongside Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Arthur Miller as one of the nation’s great (white, male) dramatists of the twentieth century. Other candidates for that shortlist have appeared since (David Mamet, perhaps Sam Shepard, Tony Kushner), but these writers, operating primarily in the decentered, post-1960s world of off-Broadway and regional theatre, have never been Broadway mainstays in the way their predecessors were. Thus Albee, who hit Broadway just before Broadway’s preeminence as a launching pad for serious drama began seriously to be ques- tioned, has for many years tended to be seen as “the last of the line,” and, consequently, as a figure not only of the establishment, but also of the past. In a fragmented, postmodern theatre culture full of young pretenders and com- peting, multicultural voices, it is all too easy to forget that the somewhat patrician figure of Edward Albee was himself once a controversial young iconoclast, and indeed that, throughout his long career, he has consistently refused to do what is expected of him – and has the sling and arrow scars to prove it. Albee’s somewhat paradoxical position in American culture was perhaps summed up by the Kennedy Center’s honors ceremony of 1996, at which he was lauded by (the perhaps equally paradoxical) President Clinton: “Tonight our nation – born in rebellion – pays tribute to you, Edward Albee.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Abbott, S.J., Walter M., ed. The Documents of Vatican II. New York: America Press, 1966. Albee, Edward. Two Plays by Edward Albee: The American Dream and The Zoo Story. New York: Plume, 1959 and 1960. Albee, Edward. “Which Theatre Is the Absurd One?” The New York Times, 25 February (1962): SM11. Albee, Edward. “Which Theatre is the Absurd One?” New York Times Magazine. 25 February, 1962: 30, 31, 64. Albee, Edward. Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? New York: Signet, 1962. Albee, Edward. The American Dream and The Zoo Story. New York: Penguin, 1963. Albee, Edward. A Delicate Balance. New York: Overlook Press, 1966. Albee, Edward. Seascape: A Play. New York: Atheneum, 1975. Albee, Edward. “Preface.” The American Dream and The Zoo Story. New York: Penguin, 1997, 7–9. Albee, Edward. Tiny Alice. Rev. ed. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2001. Albee, Edward. “Interview.” March 2002 <http://www.swisseduc.ch/english/readinglist/ albeee/goat.html>. Albee, Edward. The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (Notes toward a definition of tragedy). Wood- stock, NY: Overlook Press, 2003. Albee, Edward. Collected Plays of Edward Albee, Volume 1: 1958–1965. London: Overlook- Duckworth 2004. Albee, Edward. Collected Plays of Edward Albee, Volume 2: 1966–1977. London: Overlook- Duckworth 2004. Albee, Edward. The Death of Bessie Smith. In The Collected Plays of Edward Albee. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2004. Albee, Edward, “Interview: Edward Albee ‘Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?’” New York City: 2 June 2005. Academy of Achievement. <http://www.achievement.org/ autodoc/printmember/alb1int-1>. Albee, Edward. “Which Theatre is the Absurd One?” in Edward Albee, Stretching My Mind: The Collected Essays 1960 to 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Nov. Newsletter.Indd
    Established in 1859 DOWN TOWN ASSOCIATION November 2010 November Literary Night with On the Calendar Edward Albee Wednesday Thursday, November 4th November 3 FFirstirst WWednesdayednesday CCocktailsocktails 66:00pm:00pm 6:00pm- Cocktails MMemberember DDiningining 66:00pm:00pm Thursday 7:00pm- Presentation November 4 LLiteraryiterary NNightight wwithith EEdwarddward AAlbeelbee 66:00pm:00pm MMemberember DDiningining 66:00pm:00pm Wednesday November 10 GGameame DDinnerinner 66:00pm:00pm MMemberember DDiningining 66:00pm:00pm Thursday November 11 CCandidateandidate RReceptioneception 66:00pm:00pm MMemberember DDiningining 66:00pm:00pm Wednesday November 17 WWineine TTastingasting FFeaturingeaturing WWinesines fforor TThanksgivinghanksgiving 66:00pm:00pm Three-time Pulitzer Prize winner, Edward Albee, is consid- MMemberember DDiningining 66:00pm:00pm ered one of the leading American playwrights of his genera- Thursday tion. He has been confounding, challenging and stimulating November 18 GGrandrand DDinnerinner BBuffetuffet 66:00pm:00pm theater audiences for almost half a century. Thursday Albee’s plays form a body of work that is recognized as November 25 Club Closed- Thanksgiving unique, uncompromising, controversial, elliptical, and pro- vocative. His plays include such greats as Zoo Story (Drama Friday Desk Award 1960), Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf (Tony November 26 Club Closed- Thanksgiving Award 1963), Tiny Alice (1964), A Delicate Balance (Pulitzer Prize 1967), Seascape (Pulitzer Prize 1975), Three Tall Wom- Wednesday en (Pulitzer Prize 1994), The Play About the Baby (1996),The December 1 First Wednesday Cocktails 6:00pm Goat or Who is Sylvia? (Drama Desk Award and Tony Award Member Dining 6:00pm 2002) and Me, Myself & I (2010). Thursday He is the recipient of a Gold Medal in Drama from the Amer- December 2 Member Dining 6:00 pm ican Academy and Institute of Arts & Letters (1980), the Kennedy Center Honors (1996), the National Medal of the Tuesday Arts (1996), a special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement December 7 Grayson M.P.
    [Show full text]
  • RÉKA CRISTIAN EDWARD ALBEE's CASTINGS Edward Albee's Plays
    RÉKA CRISTIAN EDWARD ALBEE’S CASTINGS A delicate balance is a shading between lőve and haté that exists between anyhody wlio caresfor one another. (Edward Albee) Edward Albee’s plays—together with a long list of modern American dramatists—are indebted to the works of Eugene O’Neill. The birth of American tragedy starts with O’Neill’s dramatic art, which conveys humán alienation in the context of modern society, and sheds light on the tension that appears between humán essence and existence in the context of modern America. The American tragedy, in Péter Egri’s words was “brought about by the increased tension between the face and the reverse of the American Dream” 1 2. Post-war American drama depicts many facets of O’Neill’s trope of alienation. Among the best to describe the consumerist American Dream within the context of American drama was Edward Albee. His plays are, according to Péter Egri “grotesquely grim and bitterly playful pieces crossbreeding Realistic relevance with Absurdist insight”“- Edward Albee’s dramatis personae entails a construction specific to the name of the playwright. Albee’s dramas have a careful composition and a special Tendering of characters. Most of his characters are dual, in the sense that it is the couple, which is the basic unit in the playwright’s dramatic universe. The characters seem to act in couples, which consist of individuals that supplement each other in 1 Péter Egri “Critical Approaches to the Birth of Modern American Tragedy. The Significance of Eugene O’Neill”. In The Birth o f American Tragedy (Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1988), 34.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 2010–2011 Catalogue of New Plays
    IInsidenside CCoverover SSpreadpread 11011.ai011.ai 77/27/2010/27/2010 112:00:152:00:15 PPMM Dramatists Play Service Recipient of the Obie Award for Commitment to the Publication of New Work proudly represents John Logan’s 440 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 Tel. 212-683-8960 Fax 212-213-1539 [email protected] 2010 Tony Award® Winner OFFICERS Stephen Sultan, President William Craver, Vice President Mary Harden, Secretary C M Y BOARD OF DIRECTORS CM William Craver MY Peter Hagan Mary Harden CY Patrick Herold CMY Donald Margulies K Lynn Nottage Polly Pen John Patrick Shanley Stephen Sultan Representing the American theatre by publishing and licensing the works of new and established playwrights “A portrait of an angry and brilliant mind. Formed in 1936 by a number of prominent playwrights and theatre agents, Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Intense and exciting.” was created to foster opportunity and provide support for playwrights by publishing acting editions of their plays and handling the nonprofessional and professional leasing rights to these works. —The New York Times Catalogue of New Plays 2010–2011 © 2010 Dramatists Play Service, Inc. Dramatists Play Service, Inc. A Letter from the President Fall 2010 Dear Subscriber, This year we are pleased to add 59 new works to our Catalogue. Among them are John Logan’s superlative Tony Award–winning RED; Geoffrey Naufft’s Tony Award–nominated gem, NEXT FALL; Horton Foote’s three-part masterpiece, THE ORPHANS’ HOME CYCLE; Martin McDonagh’s first play set in America, A BEHANDING IN SPOKANE; and Tectonic Theater Project’s follow-up on the story of Matthew Shepard, THE LARAMIE PROJECT: TEN YEARS LATER.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward Albee's the Goat
    Flat Earth Theatre Presents Edward Albee’s The Goat or, Who is Sylvia? Directed by Melissa Cogswell January 7th - 15th, 2011 Arsenal Center for the Arts Watertown, MA Edward Albee’s The Goat or, Who is Sylvia? Directed by Melissa Cogswell Cast Martin David Policar Stevie Janet Ferreri Billy Erin Gilligan Ross Bill Barnert Crew Producer Jake Scaltreto Stage Manager Amy Lehrmitt Set Designer Nate Kruback Costume Designer Coriana Hunt Swartz Lighting Designer Adam Teti Property Manager Maddi Chapin Special Props Design Nate Kruback Light Board Operator Rebecca Dunham Master Carpenter Leigh Downes Poster Designer Jennifer Jermantowicz Original Artwork Amelia Fountain Build Crew Rebecca Dunham Kevin Kordis Sean Paul Jake Scaltreto About the Playwright Edward Albee was born on March 12, 1928, and began writing plays 30 years later. His plays include The Zoo Story (1958), The American Dream (1960), Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1961-62, Tony Award), Tiny Alice (1964), A Delicate Balance (1966, Pulitzer Prize; 1996, Tony Award), All Over (1971), Seascape (1974, Pulitzer Prize), The Lady From Dubuque (1977-78), The Man Who Had Three Arms (1981), Finding The Sun (1982), Marriage Play (1986-87), Three Tall Women (1991, Pulitzer Prize), Fragments (1993), The Play About The Baby (1997), and Occupant (2001). He is a member of the Dramatists Guild Council, and President of The Edward F. Albee Foundation. Mr. Albee was awarded the Gold Medal in Drama from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1980, and in 1996 received the Kennedy Center Honors and the National Medal of Arts. Special Notes Please note that during the performance objects will be broken on stage, and patrons are ad- vised to be cautious when entering or exiting the theatre.
    [Show full text]
  • TINY ALICE, the ZOO STORY, and a DELICATE Ealancel
    MASTERS THESIS M-2903 RUDISILL, Cecil Wayne Ali ANALYSIS OF THE MARTYR AS A DRAMATIC CHARACTER IN THREE PLAYS BY EDWARD AL3EE: TINY ALICE, THE ZOO STORY, AND A DELICATE EALANCEl American University, M.A., 1971 Soeech-Theater University Microfilms, A XERQ\ Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AN ANALYSIS OF THE MARTYR AS A DRAMATIC CHARACTER IN THREE PLAYS BY EDWARD ALBEE; TINY ALICE, THE ZOO STORY. AND A DELICATE BALANCE by Cecil Wayne Rudisill Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts Theatre History Signatures of Committee: Chairman : Dean of the College Date: [5 ~ , / 9 V / Date; /I?/ THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY The American University Washington, D. C. JUN 22 1971 V 36/ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 II. AN EXTENDED DEFINITION OF MARTYRDOM ...................... 9 III. TINY A L I C E .............................................. 15 IV. THE ZOO STORY .......................................... 36 V. A DELICATE BALANCE...................................... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................... 65 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In a New York Times article on November 13, I966, Harold Clurman states that during his lectures abroad he was asked his opinion of Edward Albee •vdio was the man, or the name, among American dramatists who aroused the greatest interest. His answer, beyond a few generalizations was "Albee is 38; I shall be able to offer you a more considered judgement when he is 581"^ At 38 Ibsen had not yet written A Doll's House, Ghosts, An Enemy of the People, The Wild Duck, and most of his other prose plays— all written after he was 50.
    [Show full text]