Digestion How It Works How Do We Get Nutrients?

Digestion How it works How do we get nutrients? • Nutrients come from foods that we eat and digest. Food is processed in the body in 3 phases: • Ingestion • Digestion • Egestion What is Ingestion? Ingestion: The process of taking food into the body (eating). • Occurs in the mouth • During ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion takes place in the mouth . • Once food is swallowed, ingestion ends and digestion begins. Digestion • Digestion breaks foods down chemically to access the nutrients the body needs. • During digestion, larger pieces of food are broken down into smaller pieces mechanically and chemically. • Complex chemicals in food are changed into simpler ones. Digestion Digestion: the process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical action. • Begins in the esophagus and continues through the small intestine. • Most digestion takes place in the stomach and small intestine. • Nutrients are absorbed at the end of digestion. Egestion • Egestion: removal of undigested food from the digestive tract. •Egestion occurs in the large intestine, rectum, and anus. •Water is absorbed from the undigested mass. •Egestion only describes the removal of solid wastes. Egestion Label Your Diagram Color the organs of the digestive system in based on which processes they are involved: Ingestion = RED Digestion = BLUE Egestion= GREEN How is food digested? There are two types of digestion: •Mechanical •Chemical Digestion Digestion Mechanical Digestion Mechanical The breaking down of large food Digestion: molecules by the movement of your teeth and tongue. •Chewing food, and peristalsis is mechanical digestion. •Food is crushed, cut, and mushed up to increase surface area. •The surface area increases to aid with chemical digestion. What are enzymes and what do they do? •Enzyme: a substance that acts as a catalyst to speed up the digestive process. •Chemical digestion can only take place with enzymes and digestive juices. Enzymes are secreted by the digestive organs to breakdown food molecules Enzymes of the Digestive System •Amylase- salivary enzyme, begins the breakdown of carbohydrates. •Lipase- pancreatic enzyme, breaks down lipids. •Sucrase- small intestine enzyme, breaks down carbohydrates. •Pepsin- stomach enzyme, breaks down proteins. Chemical Digestion Chemical The chemical breakdown of food Digestion: into smaller molecules. •Carbohydrates •Monosaccharides and polysaccharides •Proteins •Amino acids •Fats •Fatty acids Chemical Digestion •Food is broken down to very small molecules and nutrients to be absorbed. •The nutrient molecules are absorbed in the small intestine and carried by your bloodstream to diffuse into your cells. Digestion http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/_bfs_DSmoviesource.html Digestion episode.

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Coffee and Its Effect on Digestion
Expert report Coffee and its effect on digestion By Dr. Carlo La Vecchia, Professor of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy. Contents 1 Overview 2 2 Coffee, a diet staple for millions 3 3 What effect can coffee have on the stomach? 4 4 Can coffee trigger heartburn or GORD? 5 5 Is coffee associated with the development of gastric or duodenal ulcers? 6 6 Can coffee help gallbladder or pancreatic function? 7 7 Does coffee consumption have an impact on the lower digestive tract? 8 8 Coffee and gut microbiota — an emerging area of research 9 9 About ISIC 10 10 References 11 www.coffeeandhealth.org May 2020 1 Expert report Coffee and its effect on digestion Overview There have been a number of studies published on coffee and its effect on different areas of digestion; some reporting favourable effects, while other studies report fewer positive effects. This report provides an overview of this body of research, highlighting a number of interesting findings that have emerged to date. Digestion is the breakdown of food and drink, which occurs through the synchronised function of several organs. It is coordinated by the nervous system and a number of different hormones, and can be impacted by a number of external factors. Coffee has been suggested as a trigger for some common digestive complaints from stomach ache and heartburn, through to bowel problems. Research suggests that coffee consumption can stimulate gastric, bile and pancreatic secretions, all of which play important roles in the overall process of digestion1–6.
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Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists.
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The Role of Lactic Acid in Gastric Digestion
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Intestinal and Liver Morphometry of the Yellow Tail Tetra (Astyanax Altiparanae) Fed with Oregano Oil
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2016) 88(2): 911-922 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150202 www.scielo.br/aabc Intestinal and liver morphometry of the Yellow Tail Tetra (Astyanax altiparanae) fed with oregano oil POLLYANNA M.F. FERREIRA, DÉBORA W. CALDAS, ANA LÚCIA SALARO, SIRLENE S.R. SARTORI, JERUSA M. OLIVEIRA, ALEX J.S. CARDOSO and JENER A.S. ZUANON Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brasil Manuscript received on April 6, 2015; accepted for publication on August 20, 2015 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oregano oil on the intestinal and liver morphometry of yellow tail tetra, Astyanax altiparanae. Fish (1.46 ± 0.09 g) were kept in a 60-L aquaria, at a stocking density of 0.5 fi sh L-1. Six diets containing varying amounts of oregano oil were evaluated (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 g of oregano oil kg-1). At the end of 90 days, the fi sh were euthanised. Four intestines and four livers were collected per treatment, which were fi xed in Bouin and embedded in resin. For height and width folds, the absorption surface area and thickness of the muscular layer a positive linear effect of oregano oil was observed. A decrescent linear effect on the total number of goblet cells was also observed. For the cytoplasmic percentage of hepatocytes and liver glycogen, a positive linear effect of oregano oil was observed.
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New Developments in Goblet Cell Mucus Secretion and Function
REVIEW nature publishing group New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function GMH Birchenough1, MEV Johansson1, JK Gustafsson1, JH Bergstro¨m1 and GC Hansson1 Goblet cells and their main secretory product, mucus, have long been poorly appreciated; however, recent discoveries have changed this and placed these cells at the center stage of our understanding of mucosal biology and the immunology of the intestinal tract. The mucus system differs substantially between the small and large intestine, although it is built around MUC2 mucin polymers in both cases. Furthermore, that goblet cells and the regulation of their secretion also differ between these two parts of the intestine is of fundamental importance for a better understanding of mucosal immunology. There are several types of goblet cell that can be delineated based on their location and function. The surface colonic goblet cells secrete continuously to maintain the inner mucus layer, whereas goblet cells of the colonic and small intestinal crypts secrete upon stimulation, for example, after endocytosis or in response to acetyl choline. However, despite much progress in recent years, our understanding of goblet cell function and regulation is still in its infancy. THE INTESTINE system of mucus covering the epithelium. There is a The gastrointestinal tract is a remarkable organ. Not only can it two-layered mucus system in the stomach and colon and a digest most of our food into small components, but it is also single-layered mucus in the small intestine.5 The mucus layers filled with kilograms of microbes that live in stable equilibrium in these three regions perform their protective function using with us and our immune system.
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Control and Efficiency of Digestive Function of Marine Fish Larvae
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Cf Facts — the Digestive System
Beginning CF Care — CF FACTS — THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CF FACTS — THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM THE GI TRACT THE PANCREAS AND LIVER the small intestine through a series Digestion * takes place in the Two other organs found in the of tubes. When there is food in gastrointestinal (GI) tract .* The abdomen * (belly) help with the small intestine, the enzymes GI tract is also called the digestive digestion: the pancreas * and the help break the food down so it tract. The GI tract is basically a liver .* The pancreas is an organ can be absorbed and used by the long tube that begins with the that sits in the upper abdomen body. The pancreas also produces mouth and continues through the behind the stomach. The pancreas insulin * that helps the body use esophagus ,* stomach, small, and produces enzymes * or special glucose ,* a sugar that comes from large intestines .* (The small and proteins that break down fat * and the digestion of carbohydrates .* large intestines together are about protein * in food. These enzymes Insulin is released into blood that 25 feet long!) The GI tract ends at include lipase ,* protease ,* and passes through the pancreas. the rectum * and anus .* amylase .* The enzymes pass into The liver is an organ that sits in the upper right side of the abdomen. The gallbladder * is attached to the liver and helps store extra bile * ﬂuid that is made by the liver. The liver and gallbladder are connected to the small intestine by a tube. The liver does many things for the body. Bile ﬂuid is sent from the liver to the small intestine to help with digestion.
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GLOSSARYGLOSSARY Medical Terms Common to Hepatology
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Pancreas and Fat/Lipid Digestion
Exocrine Pancreas Physiology Pancreatic Anatomy Pancreatic secretion Pancreatic enzymes Daniel S. Kamin MD Boston Children’s Hospital [email protected] Content Reviewers: Sohail Z. Husain, MD Veronique Morinville MD, FRCP(C) NASPGHAN Physiology Education Series Series Editors: Christine Waasdorp Hurtado, MD, MSCS, FAAP [email protected] Daniel Kamin, MD [email protected] Learning Objectives • Understand the normal development and anatomy of the pancreas • Understand the stimuli and cellular factors giving rise to pancreatic secretion • Know the mechanisms by which pancreatic enzymes are activated and remain functional • Be aware of age-related deficiency in exocrine pancreatic function Night blindness • A young man with morbid obesity undergoes roux-en-y gastric bypass. • 1 year later he notices that in the evening he falls down his stairs. • Vitamin A deficiency is diagnosed. Understanding the physiology of pancreatic and bile secretion, Used with permission intraluminal lipolysis, and micellar function explains why this happens! http://www.citelighter.com/science/surgery/knowledgecards/gastric-bypass Pancreas Physiology Overview • Bulk of bicarbonate secretion (more than what secreted in bile and from duodenum) • Enzymes for intra- luminal digestion • Secretin and CCK regulate • Maturational pancreatic insufficiency Used with permission Image from http://www.aboutcancer.com/pancreas1.htm Pancreatic Development • See Embryology and Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract Pancreatic Microanatomy Pancreatic Acinar Secretory Products A • Proteases • Trypsinogen* • Chymotrypsinogen* A • Proelastase* • Procarboxypeptidase* • Procarboxypeptidase B* • Amylolytic enzyme • Amylase A • Lipases • Lipase • B Nonspecific esterase • Prophospholipase A2* • Nucleases • Deoxyribonuclease • Ribonuclease • Others • Pro-colipase* • Trypsin inhibitors A. Exocrine pancreas-- ascinar cells filled • Monitor peptid with secretory granules, cuboidal duct Stored and secreted in inactive form cells secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid B.
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A History of Gastric Secretion and Digestion a History of Gastric Secretion and Digestion Experimental Studies to 1975
A History of Gastric Secretion and Digestion A History of Gastric Secretion and Digestion Experimental Studies to 1975 HORACE W. DAVENPORT William Beaumont Professor of Physiology Emeritus The University of Michigan Springer New Y ork 1992 Copyright © 1992 by the American Physiological Society Originally published by American Physiological Society in 1992 Softcoverreprint of the bardeover 1st edition 1992 All rights reserved. No partoftbis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission ofOxford University Press. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Davenport, Horace Willard, 1912- A history of gastric secretion and digestion : experimental studiesto 1975 I Horace W. Davenport. p. cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4614-7602-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7602-3 I. Gastroenterology-History. 2. Gastric-Secretion-Research-History. 3. Digestion-Research-History. I. Title. [DNLM: I. Digestion. 2. Gastric Acid-secretion. 3. Gastroenterology-history. 4. Research-history. 5. Stomach-chemistry. 6. Stomach-physiology. Wlll.l D247h] QP145.D325 1992 612.3'2'072-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library ofCongress 91-31832 987654321 For Charles F. Code, known to every gastroenterologist as "Charlie Code" and as their preeminent physiologist for the last fifty years Preface For centuries men speculated about the process of gastric digestion, but Iate in the eighteenth and early in the nineteenth centuries physiologists, both physicians and laymen, began to accumulate experimental evidence about its nature. At the same time, others discovered that the stomach is capable of secreting a strong mineral acid, and the questions of how that secretion is produced and how it is controlled became enduring problems.
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The Digestive System
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