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Proquest Dissertations URBAN FORM, TRANSIT SPACE, AND THE PUBLIC REALM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by ANA CRUCERU In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture December, 2010 © Ana Cruceru, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71458-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71458-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre im primes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ABSTRACT URBAN FORM, TRANSIT SPACE, AND THE PUBLIC REALM Ana Cruceru Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Professor N. Perkins Although transit nodes such as subway stations, bus stops, rail stations or air terminals are a common presence in the contemporary urban setting, they are rarely integrated conceptually into the urban fabric and public context of a given locale. They are generally seen as utilitarian solutions to the burden of traffic and transit, when it is sensed that, in contrast, they have the potential to re-energize public transit and contribute to the urban form and public realm. This research examined the contemporary concerns emerging from theories regarding the city and the public realm. It synthesized those significant principles believed to generate good urban form and public spaces and analyzed their implications in re-informing the transit node concept as urban component and public interface. It was concluded that an improved transit node would catalyze positive synergies between urban form, the public realm, and the related concept of public transit. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Nathan Perkins, for encouraging me to persist in finding my story, and for generously sharing his time and his enthusiasm for knowledge. Thanks also to my committee member, Karen Landman, for her grounded guidance along the way and especially for the wonderful sense of balance she inspires. I am also grateful to all the faculty members for the friendly and constructive experience I had as a student. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi Chapter 1 | Introduction 1 Background and problem statement 2 Research question, goal and objectives 4 Arguments for the importance of the research 6 Thesis overview ...7 Chapter 2 | Literature review 11 Discussing the typology of the transit station 11 A definition 12 Spatial typology of transit nodes .13 Expressed concerns related to the integration of the transit stations within the larger urban context 17 Disconnection from the urban fabric 17 Mono-functionalism 19 Disconnection from the locale's cultural context 20 Environmental integration 22 Non-spaces: issues related to the design of the public realm within transit nodes 23 Placelessness and a-culturality 24 Utilitarian design and sociofugal public realm 25 Commodification 27 A study of contemporary transit node projects, built or proposed: assessing how new intentions are trying to challenge the traditional transit station design 29 Integration in context 29 Integration in the public realm - quality of public interface 32 n Theoretical inquiries into new definitions and roles for the transit node 36 Chapter 3 | Presence in the city 38 Perspectives for the contemporary city derived from leading literature concerned with urban planning and design 40 A Concise History of City Form 40 Contemporary models 49 Other critical observations regarding urban form 59 The historic role of transit in models and strategies concerned with city form 65 Relationship between ridership and context 66 The right to mobility - a question of true democracy 67 Conclusion - selected aspects from literature and theory concerning urban form 68 Chapter 4 | Informing a new public realm 71 What is the public realm? A definition 72 Historic development of the public realm in the city 73 Dimensions of the public realm: public life and public space 80 Public life : 80 Social or asocial ? 81 Between private and public 82 Living in public - behavior and activities 83 A need for public life: its role and functions 84 Public space 85 Traditional/alternative public space 85 Private/public 86 Open/closed 88 Connectivity - public space as network , 89 Quality of public space as determinant of quality and intensity of public life 90 Other critical observations concerning the public realm 91 Placelessness/place identity , 92 Utilitarian treatment of public space vs. appropriate public space design 93 in Commodification vs. non-commodifiability of public space 97 Conclusion - selected aspects from literature and theory concerning the public realm 98 Chapter 5 | Analysis and discussion 101 Implications of theoretical findings - a procedural review 102 Re-framing the place of the transit node typology within city form theory 103 Physical integration - implications for transit nodes 104 Functional profile - implications 106 Cultural integration - implications 106 Environmental integration- implications 108 Re-framing the place of the transit node typology within theory related to the public realm Ill Place identity - implications for the transit node concept 112 Appropriate public space design - implications 114 Non-commodifiability of public space - implications 116 Synergetic relationships between concepts 118 Chapter 6 | Conclusion 123 Limitations of study 126 Opportunities for further research 127 Role of landscape architecture 128 References 130 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Principles for good city form, drawn from relevant literature and theory regarding urban form .. 70 Table 4.1 Design principles and elements for public spaces, drawn from relevant literature and theory ...95 Table 4.2 Principles for good public realm development, drawn from relevant literature and theory regarding the public realm 100 Table 5.1 Principles from theory concerned with urban form and their implication for the transit node integration in the urban context 109-110 Table 5.2 Principles from theory concerned with the public realm and their implications for the transit node's public interface 116-117 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Thesis research process 8 Figure 2.1 Diagrammatic layout of a train station, showing the three main public spaces 15 Figure 2.2 Adapted diagrammatic layout of a train station (adapted after Edwards by author) 15 Figure 2.3 Adapted diagrammatic layout of a subway station 16 Figure 2.4 Adapted diagrammatic layout of a bus stop 16 Figure 2.5 Adapted diagrammatic layout of a tram stop 16 Figure 2.6 Adapted diagrammatic layout of an air terminal 16 Figure 2.7 Place de L'homme de Fer, Strasbourg 30 Figure 2.8 Saitama Plaza, Japan 30 Figure 2.9 Tram viaduct link in The Hague, Netherlands 30 Figure 2.10 Ferry terminal, Yokohama, South Korea 31 Figure 2.11 Digital media center integrated in subway station, Seoul, South Korea 31 Figure 2.12 Denver International Airport 32 Figure 2.13 Fairbanks Airport, Alaska, U.S 35 Figure 2.14 'Corinthian Column'installation by Andrew Leicester, in Penn Station, New York, U.S 33 Figure 2.15 'A Walk on the Beach'floor design for Miami International Airport, Florida, U.S 33 Figure 2.16 Subway decorations, Stockholm, Denmark 33 Figure 2.17 Library included in bus stop - project submitted to thinkTORONTO competition 34 Figure 2.18 Mini-library included in metro station, Madrid, Spain 34 Figure 2.19 'Borrowed'museum display in San Francisco Airport, California, U.S 34 Figure 2.20Occulus appertures in underground hallways-thinkTORONTO competition 35 Figure 2.21 Natural materials used in the interior design of Fairbanks Airport, Alaska, U.S 32 Figure 2.22 'Forest in the airport', Kuala Lumpur Airport, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 35 Figure 2.23 Bamboo garden in the arrival terminal at San Francisco Airport, California, U.S 35 Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of the research process lead in this chapter (framing the transit
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