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PA) PROFILES LENYA LANDSCAPE (“R2R Lenya”, Aka Lenya Proposed Protected Area, Which Is Currently Lenya Reserved Forest

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PA) PROFILES LENYA LANDSCAPE (“R2R Lenya”, Aka Lenya Proposed Protected Area, Which Is Currently Lenya Reserved Forest ANNEX 11: Lenya Profile LANDSCAPE / SEASCAPE AND PROTECTED AREA (PA) PROFILES LENYA LANDSCAPE (“R2R Lenya”, aka Lenya Proposed Protected Area, which is currently Lenya Reserved Forest) Legend for this map of Lenya Landscape is provided at the end of this annex. I. Baseline landscape context 1. 1 Defining the landscape: Lenya Landscape occupies the upper Lenya River Basin in Kawthaung District, and comprises the Lenya Proposed National Park (LPNP), which was announced in 2002 for the protection of Gurney’s pitta and other globally and nationally important species, all of which still remain (see below). The LPNP borders align with those of the Lenya Reserve Forest (RF) under which the land is currently classified, however its status as an RF has to date not afforded it the protection from encroachment and other destructive activities to protect the HCVs it includes. The Lenya Proposed National Park encompasses an area of 183,279ha directly south of the Myeik-Kawthaung district border, with the Lenya Proposed National Park Extension boundary to the north, the Parchan Reserve Forest to the south and the Thai border to the east. The site is located approximately 260km south of the regional capital of Dawei and between 20-30km east of the nearest administrative town of Bokpyin. Communities are known to reside within the LPNP area as well as on its immediate boundaries across the LPNP. Some small settled areas can be found in the far south-east, along the Thai border, where heavy encroachment by smallholder agriculture can also be found and where returning Myanmar migrants to Thailand may soon settle; Karen villages which have resettled (following the signing of a peace treaty between the Karen National Union (KNU) and the Myanmar government) on land along the Lenya River extending into the west of LPNP; and in the far north where a significant number of hamlets (in addition to the Yadanapon village) have developed in recent years along the the Yadanapon road from Lenya village to Thailand. Significant small-scale agricultural encroachment for , can also be found along this road. Figure 2 Current forest cover in LPNP based on classification from 2014 Landsat imagery. Table 1. Forest type coverage inside focal PA/s and across its landscape Habitat / Forest type Entire Inside existing Outside existing / proposed landscape / proposed PA PA in surrounding landscape (km2) #1 (km2) (km2) Lowland (0-300m asl) As left See other landscape profiles Hill (300-800m asl) As left See other landscape profiles Submontane (800- As left See other landscape profiles 1400m asl) Montane (>1400m asl) As left See other landscape profiles Grassland As left See other landscape profiles Degraded As left land/agriculture Total As left Note: Add further columns for additional existing / proposed PAs within each landscape 1.2 Climate context Tanintharyi Region has a tropical monsoon climate with summers, rainy and cold seasons. There are no meteorological stations inside Lenya Proposed Protected Area and the nearest meteorological station is at Kawthaung. Average climate data are provided below. Climatic data (2006 to 2015) Month Average rainfall Average Temp. Maximum Temp. Minimum Temp. Humidity (Inches) (Centigrade) (Centigrade) (Centigrade) % (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Jan 0.43 26.90 34.5 16.60 79 Feb 0.38 22.80 37.00 17.50 77 Mar 2.60 29.10 38.20 16.20 79 April 7.36 29.45 39.70 17.00 77 May 16.08 30.90 39.50 15.00 83 June 30.53 28.90 36.10 17.50 87 July 32.06 27.55 34.50 18.50 91 Aug 27.98 27.50 36.00 17.50 88 Sep 29.00 26.10 34.50 17.00 91 Oct 19.89 26.30 34.20 14.60 86 Nov 8.21 26.30 33.50 12.60 86 Dec 1.80 26.70 33.50 15.00 83 Total 176.32 26.30 39.70 12.60 83 Source – Hydrology and Meteorology Department, Kawthaung District (2015). 1.3 Hydrological context The LPNP lies on flat to very steep land and is characterized by a number of river valleys and watersheds including that of the Lenya River. Although heavily logged in most flat areas, the site still contains one of the last remaining Sunda lowland forest areas in the world. 1.4. Biodiversity context: Lenya was announced as proposed national park in 2002 for the protection of Gurney’s pitta, Asian Elephant, Tiger, Tapir, Barking Deer, Sambar Deer, Mouse Deer, Wild Cats, Wild Boar, Pangolin, Hoolock Gibbon and Civet cats. FFI is currently in the process of supporting the newly-renamed Myanmar Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC), local communities and civil society within the landscape for improved forest protection, and in negotiations with other Ministries and departments responsible for landuse planning, land allocation and zonation in an effort to formally gazette the Lenya forest as protected. Table 2. Status of globally threatened and endemic species Species Red List / CITES Appendix for Notes on species status (Endemic) illegally traded / and associated local status hunted species conservation challenges Mammals Manis javanica (Sunda Pangolin) CR II O,I Macaca arctoides (Stump-tailed Macaque) VU I O,I Hylobates Iar (White-handed Gibbon) EN I O,I Helarctos malavanus (Sun Bear) VU I O,I Arctictis binturong (Binturong) VU III O,I Hemigalus derbyanus (Banded Civet) VU II O Panthera tigris (Tiger) EN I O,I Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard Cat) VU I O,I Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant) EN II O,D Tapirus indicus (Asian Tapir) EN I O,D Bos frontails (Gaur) VU I O,D Nycteris tragata (Malayan Slit-faced Bat) NT n/a O,D Birds Pitta gurneyi (Gurney’s Pitta) EN (End.) I Considered functionally extinct in Thailand and now endemic to lowland Sundaic forest in southern Tanintharyi. D, H, I, O Pava muctius (Green Peafowl) EN II O Ciconia stormi (Storm’s Stork) EN O Leptoptilos javanicus (Lesser Adjutant) VU O Nisaetus nanus (Wallace’s Hawk-Eagle) VU II O Treron capellei (Large Green-Pigeon) VU O Aceros subruficollis (Plain-pouched Hornbill) VU I O Rhinoplax vigil (Helmeted Hornbill) CR I Mulleripicus pulverulentus (Great Slaty VU O Woodpecker) Reptiles Rhacophorus Kio VU O Cyrtodactylus payartanensis sp. Nov NE n/a O; new species, range (Mulcahy et al., in litt) currently unknown but potentially endemic to S. Tanintharyi Cyrtodactylus lenyi sp. Nov (Mulcahy et al., NE n/a O; new species from just in litt) north of the Landscape; range currently unknown but potentially endemic to s. Tanintharyi Botanical species Anisoptera scaphula(Kaung Hmu) CR O Dipterocarpus costulotus (Kanyin ywet thay) CR O Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Kanyin-byan) CR O Hopea odorata Roxb (Thin-gan) VU O Shorea gratissima Dyer (U-ban-kha-ya) EN O Shorea henryana (Kaban-than-gyin) EN O Key to table: Red List Category (IUCN 2015) Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), or Vulnerable (VU). Species that have not been or are not yet evaluated are classed “Not Evaluated” (NE). CITES: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); Appendix I = species listed as Threatened by IUCN, where trade is only allowed in exceptional circumstances; Appendix II = species not always endangered, but where trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival. Status CITES taken from CITES 2015. End – Endemic to Myanmar Explanation: Information that fed into the decision making on this species’ status (D – Known distribution; H – Habitat requirements; I – Interview results; O – Directly observed and individual or signs of this species during survey work). Source: Daemeter 2015, High Conservation Value Full Assessment report, Lenya Proposed National Park, Tanintharyi, Myanmar. Report to the FFI Tanintharyi Conservation Programme. 1.4. Socio-economic context: Main social groups The largest group of long term residents is the Karen, and there are two settlements of Shan people. These groups have been residing in the area for over 100 years. During this time villages, especially Karen villages, have sometimes had to move due to the security situation or because of displacement during civil war. Large scale agribusiness activities started in the late 1990s. The main one was oil palm plantation development. Oil palm cultivation requires a large number of workers, some of which were locally recruited, but most relocated from other parts of Myanmar. Some of the labourers no longer work for the companies but have remained in the area and started their own farms. There are three towns in the area: Bokpyin, Lenya and Pyi Gyi Man Daing. Bokpyin and Pyi Gyi Man Daing are administrative centres. The three towns are trade centres servicing the villages in the hinterland. Some of the wealthy people in these towns are relevant for the Lenya landscape because they invest in agricultural plantations (mainly betelnut and rubber) adjacent to and inside the Lenya RF. These towns and other local villages are also a source of hunters. Main economic activity For many households, farming – especially upland (dry) rice agriculture – provides the basic needs; rice and vegetables. The most important source of cash income is betel nut in all villages, which is an export commodity. The betel nut price during the 2015 harvest season was double the price in 2014. This has resulted in interest in further expanding the betel nut plantations and dependence on one commodity as the primary source of income. Some farmers are aware of the risk of this high dependence and have planted other tree crops: rubber and cashew nut. However, prices for both commodities remain low. A number of farmers mentioned that they currently are not tapping their rubber trees. Stakeholder villages and populations: See the table for villages, number of households, population size, ethnicity and religion within and around Lenya Proposed Protected Area based on 2016 data.
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