Genetically Modified Bt Maize: from Theory to Practice

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Genetically Modified Bt Maize: from Theory to Practice MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of Environmental Studies DOCTORAL THESIS Brno 2020 Mgr. Veronika Chvátalová MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of Environmental Studies Mgr. Veronika Chvátalová Genetically modified Bt maize: from theory to practice Doctoral Thesis Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Ľubica Lacinová, DrSc. Brno 2020 Acknowledgements Although I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently on the next page, I want to acknowledge others who have contributed to this work. First of all, this thesis would not exist without the farmers’ willingness to share their experience. Děkuji českým zemědělcům, kteří se zapojili do výzkumu. I am grateful to Ľubica Lacinová for becoming my supervisor, providing support well balanced with space for my independent work. I would like to thank everyone who provided feedback on earlier drafts and parts of the drafts of this thesis, Ľubica Lacinová, Zbyněk Ulčák, Erik Millstone and Lucie Sovová. Furthermore, I am grateful for methodological consultations with Lucie Galčanová, Jan Činčera and György Pataki. Fern Wickson, Nadia Johanisová and Armin Spök are appreciated for discussions on the proposal and development of the thesis. The Department of Environmental Studies provided an inspiring basis for my transition from the natural sciences to humanities. I am also thankful for fruitful discussions and stimulating environment at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Science, Technology and Society in Graz, which hosted me for one year in the later stage of my study. If I mentioned only one symposium from which I benefited, it would be the workshop “Post-normal science and its ethical aspects - Doctoral projects and other projects in the making” organized by Silvio Funtowicz and Matthias Kaiser. The setting was just perfect to consult the thesis with peers and seniors. Turning to my close ones, I appreciate your support on every level. Thanks to my friends for bearing with my silence in the last weeks before the submission. I am deeply thankful to my parents, to my mother, for her unconditional and understanding support, and to my father, who kept encouraging me to finish by the ever recurring question “have you finished and know it all yet?”. Děkuju. I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. Praha, 24th July 2020 Veronika Chvátalová Abstract This thesis explores how the claimed benefits and risk management assumptions of the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) maize are fulfilled in agricultural practice from the perspective of Czech farmers and official data. Considering that the risk assessment of GM crops has been criticised, risk management fulfils a significant role. Nevertheless, even the risk management has been challenged. Moreover, it relies heavily on the co-operation of farmers. Such compliance may vary depending on the attitudes and practices of individual farmers. However, studies clarifying European farmers’ attitudes to GM crops are largely missing. This research takes the perspective of critical realism and is designed as a case study. The experience of farmers was placed into the context of a document analysis of the official information about the cultivation of GM maize, recommendations, regulation, and control of its compliance. Furthermore, I drew on the data from growers of GM maize obtained in interviews and a questionnaire, and I interviewed their neighbours who farmed conventionally and organically. In total, 22 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The farmers’ accounts were analysed in the relationship with their attitudes towards GM crops. Besides, I analysed the Czech discourse about GMOs to provide a context for the farmers’ discourses. The data was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively using the sociological discourse analysis, which in turn drew on the constructivist grounded theory and the critical discourse analysis. The results are discussed continuously in five chapters, which reflect secondary research questions. The main conclusion of the study is that most of the benefits claimed by the Seed Producer and some of the recommended risk management practices of GM maize cultivation are not substantiated having regard to the agricultural practice as reported by the surveyed Czech farmers and described in the published literature. Particularly, the mooted benefits of GM maize cultivation were enjoyed by a varying proportion of Czech farmers. In contrast, some farmers experienced the opposite of the claimed benefit. A critical analysis of the documents indicated that only part of the tools of risk management is implemented in practice. Moreover, an essential part of monitoring of potential risks, the survey of GM maize growers, is not as effective as claimed. Furthermore, the results show that not all the farmers followed rules to secure the efficacy of GM maize against its pest. A document analysis revealed that compared to other European Union states, the Czech relevant legislation is moderately restrictive. Nevertheless, it proves to be a limiting factor of GM maize adoption along with the situation on the market and low pest pressure. Compared to other European farmers, the Czech ones have exceptionally positive attitudes towards GM crops. Their central discourse supportive of GM crops echoed the dominant Czech pro-GMO discourse and the claims of the GM Seed Producer. Only a minority of farmers employed a discourse opposing GM crops. It may be the case that a separate study is merited into the correlation between the positive views of farmers towards GM crops and their uncertain compliance with risk management practices. Anotace Tato práce zkoumá, jak jsou v zemědělské praxi z pohledu českých zemědělců a oficiálních dat naplněny slibované přínosy a předpoklady risk managementu pěstování geneticky modifikované (GM) kukuřice. Vzhledem k tomu, že hodnocení rizik GM plodin je dlouhodobě kritizováno, risk management jejich pěstování plní významnou úlohu. Nicméně i ten je zpochybňován, a navíc značně spoléhá na spolupráci ze strany zemědělců. Odborná literatura je skoupá na popis postojů zemědělců ke GM plodinám, přičemž právě tento faktor pravděpodobně ovlivňuje jejich motivaci řídit se při jejich pěstování určitými pravidly. Tento výzkum je zpracován z perspektivy kritického realismu a designován jako případová studie. Zkušenosti zemědělců byly vztaženy k oficiálním informacím o pěstování GM kukuřice, doporučením, regulacím a kontrolám dodržování pravidel na základě analýzy dokumentů. Při zpracovávání daného tématu jsem nespoléhala pouze na data od pěstitelů GM kukuřice získaná v rozhovorech a dotazníku, ale vedla jsem rozhovory i s jejich sousedy hospodařícími konvenčně a ekologicky. Celkem jsem uskutečnila 22 polostrukturovaných rozhovorů. Výpovědi zemědělců byly zkoumány se zaměřením na jejich postoje ke GM plodinám. Práce navíc nabízí i rozbor českého diskursu o GMO na základě analýzy dokumentů a pozorování, který poskytuje kontext pro analyzované diskursy zemědělců. Vyhodnocení dat proběhlo kvantitativně i kvalitativně s použitím sociologické analýzy diskursu, která zahrnovala konstruktivistickou zakotvenou teorii a kritickou analýzu diskursu. Výsledky, které jsou diskutovány průběžně, jsou prezentovány v pěti kapitolách, z nichž každá se věnuje jedné vedlejší výzkumné otázce. Celkovým závěrem studie je, že většina přínosů slibovaných výrobcem osiva a některé z doporučených postupů řízení rizik při pěstování GM kukuřice nejsou zcela doloženy v zemědělské praxi zjištěné u dotazovaných českých zemědělců a v publikované literatuře. Konkrétně, údajné přínosy byly u českých zemědělců zaznamenány různě velkým podílem. Někteří naopak hlásili zkušenosti, které byly ke slibovaným výhodám v kontrastu. Kritický rozbor dokumentů ukázal, že jen část nástrojů risk managementu je uplatňována v praxi. Navíc důležitá součást monitoringu výskytu případných rizik, průzkum mezi pěstiteli, není zcela efektivním nástrojem. Výsledky dále dokládají, že ne všichni zemědělci dodržovali pravidla k zajištění účinnosti GM kukuřice k hubení škůdce. Analýza dokumentů ukazuje, že oproti jiným členským státům EU je pěstování GM kukuřice v České republice řízeno středně přísnými pravidly. Přesto tato pravidla byla vedle situace na trhu a nízkého tlaku škůdce pro pěstování GM kukuřice limitujícím faktorem. V porovnání s ostatními evropskými zemědělci mají ti čeští výjimečně pozitivní postoj ke GM plodinám. Jejich hlavní diskurs podporující pěstování GM plodin reprodukoval dominantní český pro-GMO diskurs a rétoriku výrobce GM osiva. Jen menšina zemědělců používala diskurs, který GM plodinám odporoval. Další výzkum by mohl testovat hypotézu souvislosti pozitivních postojů zemědělců a jejich nejisté dodržování postupů risk managementu. Contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. Genetically modified crops – a persisting issue ........................................................ 2 1.2. The research presented in this thesis ......................................................................... 3 2. Context of the study .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Genetically modified organisms ...............................................................................
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