ISSN 1014-5593

%52/0%!. #/--)33)/. #OMMUNITYRESEARCH SYNOPSES PROJECT

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY Research results 1998-2006 – Fifth Framework Programme Key Action 5

KI-NA-22361-EN-C Interested in European research? RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results, SALES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS programmes, events, etc.). It is available in English, French and German. A free sample copy or free subscription can be obtained from: European Commission Publications for sale produced by the Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Directorate-General for Research Communities are available from our sales agents throughout the world. Information and Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels You can fi nd the list of sales agents on the Publications Offi ce website (http:// Fax (32-2) 29-58220 publications.eu.int) or you can apply for it by fax (352) 29 29-42758. http://ec.europa.eu/research/rtdinfo/index_en.html Contact the sales agent of your choice and place your order.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Directorate E — Biotechnology, agriculture and food Unit E3 — Safety of food production systems

E-mail: [email protected]

Contact: Ciaran Mangan

European Commission B-1049 Brussels

Tel. (32-2) 29-612 79 Fax (32-2) 29-643 22 E-mail: [email protected] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY

Research results1998-2006

Fifth Framework Programme Key Action 5 Europe Direct is a service to help you fi nd answers to your questions about the European Union

Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.

LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily refl ect the views of the European Commission.

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://ec.europa.eu).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Communities, 2006

ISBN 92-79-02243-1

© European Communities, 2006 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in Belgium

PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER FOREWORD i Foreword

Sustainable production and the prudent use of natural resources are critical objectives for the EU’s biological resources research programmes, and elements that are intrinsically linked to the overall quality of life of Europe’s citizens. An integrated approach, combining the latest advances in science, together with socio-economic and environmental factors is essential in ensuring responsible resource use. Maintaining the hard-won competitiveness of the European agriculture food forestry and fi sheries sector is a key objective helping both to protect jobs and to deploy resources effi ciently in the production of new and improved products while paying careful attention to their potential impact on the environment.

This catalogue of research results from key action 5 of the fi fth framework programme is a fascinating account of how the European research infrastructure have addressed these key objectives. It highlights and demonstrates how in the future the husbandry production and processing of our biological resources can be performed in a sustainable and rational manner. In total the 305 individual research projects and networks described herein involve nearly 3000 partners and correspond to a total research budget of nearly 0.8 billion € of which 0.5 billion was provide by the EU taxpayer. This is not meant to be a fully comprehensive description of each projects result, it is rather a catalogue describing the individual projects and giving a short indication of what each project delivered with respect to the stated objectives. A more detailed description can be obtained from the project website, the coordinator directly, or on request from the Commission. It should also be noted here that the actual impact of the projects funded under the separate sectors of the programme has already been addressed thRough a series of impact workshops held between 2003 and 2005. These reports contain an interesting account compiled by independent experts of the actual research impact of the EU funded projects. Copies of these reports are available on request. Through this catalogue of fi nal results and the impact reports we thus present a technical audit of the research carried out under this programme and clear evidence of the high quality work that has been achieved accross many diverse sectors which utilise biological materials as a raw material.

Christian Patermann Director of Biotechnology, Agriculture and Food Research

Introduction iii INTRODUCTION

Agriculture food forestry and fi sheries are hugely important economic and social sectors in the EU. For example exports derived from the agriculture and forestry sectors alone are worth around €50 billion a year to the EU and they employ around 17 million people. Europe can also boast a great deal of global success in terms of effi cient food production and farming systems. Unfortunately these intensive processes have had detrimental eff ects upon issues such as the environment, biodiversity, and global trade. The EC recognised this problem when it included support for more sustainable agricultural practices in the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty.

KA5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES In line with this policy key action 5 of the fi fth framework programme, launched in 19981, dealt specifi cally with research into developing knowledge and technologies for the sustainable production and exploitation of biological resources, covering the whole production chain, and taking into account the competitive international context and ways to adapt to the evolution of the common agricultural and fi sheries policies. The key action focused upon the following key areas of research.

• 5.1.1 Plant and Animal production systems Sustainable farm production systems including control and analysis, diversifi cation of production and activities, support to Community plant health policies including prevention prediction and protection against diseases and harmful organisms; Animal welfare and the prevention, control, eradication of animal diseases and zoonoses. The identifi cation and characterisation of the quality of agrofood products and agricultural farm-processed products and farm-processing technologies. The defi nition of parameters, specifi cations, methods, forms of organisation and technologies for total quality; organic farming systems; plant and animal breeding, including relevant application-oriented genome research, and the diversity of genetic resources.

• 5.1.2 Fisheries and aquaculture Support to integrated fi shery management linking resource conservation, means of capture, and interactions with ecosystems, market requirements and socioeconomic considerations. The identifi cation and characterisation of the quality of marine products and technologies including the development of new concepts for the sustainable use of marine and aquatic living resources. Sustainable aquaculture production systems with reduced impact on ecosystems and diversifi cation of cultivated species (both plant and animal); improvement of production techniques; genetic improvement; disease resistance and control.

• 5.2 Non-food products The exploitation of the biorefi nery concept and the integrated production chain method in order to develop Industrial products such as green chemicals, biopolymers and biofuels from biological resources.

• 5.3 Forest management and the Forest wood chain Developing multifunctional and sustainable management of forests combining quality production and new and improved technologies with conservation and environmental protection, including protection of forests soils and protection against natural hazards such as forest fi res. Diversifi cation including non-wood and recreational uses, and agro-sylvo-pastoral systems. Forests ecosystems biodiversity and genetic improvement. Developing strategies for sustainable management and multipurpose utilisation of forest resources and the forestry-wood chain where effi cient, environment-friendly processes and recycling technologies, high value-added and diversifi ed products accounting for market needs, and consumer requirements, will be addressed

• 5.4 Support to the Common Agriculture and Fish policies The aim is to support the sound implementation of the common agricultural and fi sheries policies and related activities. This research may also be useful to the Community in the context of international trade negotiations and of dispute settlements in the framework of WTO, in the area of agriculture. The aim is to provide support for Community regulations by prenormative research activities. prenormative research to provide the scientifi c basis for regulations in the context of the common agricultural and fi sheries policies,

1 http://www.cordis.lu/life/src/a-oj-en.htm iv

• 5.5 Rural Development Analysis of changes under way, the relationships between the sectors involved and the factors infl uencing technological and socioeconomic changes. Multifunctional land use and landscape management as related to important ecosystems and habitats including cultural heritage; diversifi cation and job opportunities; development of the .integrated rural and fi shery development’ concept, with the elaboration of new models and tools, including for spatial planning and the improvement of the organisational capacity of local actors; support to follow-up and evaluate rural and coastal development programmes and policies with tools to monitor, assess and forecast socioeconomic and environmental benefi ts.

KA5 PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION Set against this background and the specifi c objectives and as illustrated in Table 1 the Key Action 5 research programme ran a 130 M € annual budget between 1999 and 2002. Over this period 37 diff erent call deadlines and project selections were observed for the diff erent funding mechanisms of the programme. These include the 305 main cooperative research RTD actions which are described here in this catalogue and which used up 92 % of the budget. The other actions selected include 50 SME CRAFT projects (See Appendix 1), 100 SME Exploratory awards, 43 accompanying measures or support actions (See appendix 2), 80 Training grants, and 16 new accession state inclusions into the RTD projects. All of these actions resulted in a total of 593 signed contracts involving almost 3000 European scientists.

Partners in these EC-funded projects include scientists from across the EU and its Member and associated states, who work in research institutes, universities, NGOs, and private companies. Whether searching for better controls on varroa mites in honey-bee colonies, or fi nding new ways to produce wood pulp, these bodies worked together to achieve common goals. While some research activities solved specifi c scientifi c problems, others gave policy makers the tools and methods they needed to guide the evolution of European agriculture food fi sheries and forestry. Research also off ered quantitative and qualitative assessment of the eff ectiveness of current practices and policies.

DEADLINES PROPOSALS CONTRACTS EUcontrib Participants

Cooperative RTD 6 1892 305 467 2327

SME CRAFT 8 141 50 28 300

SME Exploratory 7 203 100 10 100 Awards

Accompanying 9 124 43 6.5 43 Measures

Training Grants 6 200 80 1 80

New Accession 15616316 States 1&2

TOTALS 37 2616 594 516 2866

Table 1 Breakdown of the calls for proposals over the KA5 programme.

COOPERATIVE RTD The full title of Key Action Five illustrated the mammoth task facing the European Commission when planning a four-year research programme: ‘Sustainable agriculture, fi sheries and forestry and integrated development of rural areas including mountain areas’ covers very distinct industries, each with their own cultures, challenges and needs. The Key Action contained signifi cant and ambitious objectives, refl ecting the relevance of sustainable production in Europe, not only for the industrial supply of food and wood but also for because of strong social links with rural economies, culture and the environment. A major objective was to enhance the competitiveness of rural economies while recognising the changing demands that society places upon the agriculture, food, forestry, fi sheries and aquaculture sectors. Another was in producing high-quality consumer products, particularly relevant in a decade where Europe had experienced BSE, foot-and-mouth disease and E. coli outbreaks in the food chain. Introduction v

During Key Action Five’s four-year budget lifespan, the EC invested almost €500 million in 305 direct cooperative RTD actions to achieve these objectives. These projects had an average duration of 3 years and an average total spend of €3 million involving around 8 partners per project. Impacting directly on landscape and economies across Europe, the selected research projects identifi ed and addressed issues central to the development of agriculture, fi sheries and aquaculture – as an industry, a science, a culture, and as a provider of food and materials for millions of people, along with it being the biggest single infl uence on the European environment. The full list of projects as described here demonstrates the huge diversity of research issues which were addressed. Please bear in mind that the selected proposals represent only 16% of the total number submitted which shows the intense competition for the amount of funding actually available within this specifi c programme.

SME CRAFT ACTIONS Europe’s economic well-being largely depends on the performance of its 19 million small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES). The European Commission is well aware of the need to maintain and improve the innovative capacities of SMEs and actively encourages them to take part in framework research programmes. SMEs have been partners in more than 60 % of the cooperative research projects in the areas of biological resources but another action called CRAFT or co-operative SME research was specifi cally introduced to help fi nance dedicated groups of SMEs to work together to solve common problems. With the help of a designated RTD performer, such as an institute or university, SMEs with little or no in-house research expertise received a considerable boost to their competitive advantage and their ability to innovate. There were 43 CRAFT projects selected under key action 5 with a wide diversity of subjects from developing a high-protein ingredient for fi sh feed, a waste management system for the wine industry that uses bacteria to eat noxious substances, to innovative cutting and handling technologies for hardwood parquet fl ooring.

ACCOMPANYING MEASURES (SPECIFIC SUPPORT ACTIONS) Key Action 5 funded 50 such measures (excluding those funded by fi sheries and aquaculture) as a means of both achieving its research objectives and preparing for future work. The types of activity funded include:

Studies, information exchange and awareness Workshops, scientifi c and technical meetings; conferences; and publications, such as those for disseminating results. Support, assistance and training Protection of intellectual property, patent applications; and training in support of research activities (excluding Marie Curie fellowships). Promotion of dissemination, transfer and exploitation of results Investment forums, and brokerage events, specifi c measures to get attract SMEs into RTD projects. Other activities Methodologies for assessing the impact of KA5 research; and enhancing coordination between research teams at a European and Member State level.

Many of the deliverables of these actions are available through the dedicated websites.

TRAINING GRANTS (MARIE CURIE FELLOWSHIPS) A total of 80 Marie Currie fellowships awarded under Key action 5 gave researchers the opportunity to work in another country as part of a chosen research team. Under this mobility scheme grants were available to cover travelling and living expenses. They were available to all researchers, big and small companies, and research institutions in the European Union. Applicants choose the subject of their research themselves and as well as deepening their knowledge of their chosen discipline, they improved their language skills and broadened their cultural understanding. Examples of subjects covered by these grants include • Genetic basis of climatic adaptation - role of PHYP (Pinus Sylvestris); • Epidemiology of oilseed rape pathogens; • Fungal decomposition of bamboo; • Wheat gluten as a biopolymer for the production of renewable and biodegradable materials; • Discovery of new crop protection agents using virtual screening and innovative synthesis techniques; • Regulation of nutrient and water demand in sustainable greenhouse systems; • Molecular analysis of Xylem diff erentiation in higher plants. vi RESULTS AND FOLLOW UP Commission research policy has been questioned in the past as to why it supports continual funding of research through the framework programme without a full impact analysis of previous results. In response to this challenge, Key Action 5 comprehensively addressed the research impact issue through a series of externally reviewed impact reviews of the diff erent sectors of the key actionbetween 2003 and 2005. These included impact reviews on:

1. Animal Breeding 2003

2. Animal Health 2004

3. Plant Genomics 2004

4. Forest Management - Forestry wood chain 2004

5. Rural Development 2004

6. Support to agricultural policy 2004

7. Plant Health 2005

8. Organic Farming 2005

9. Renewable Biological Materials 2005

10. Foot and Mouth Disease and Swine Fever 2005

Each review involved three steps. The fi rst was the impact evaluation of the projects funded under the sector by external review experts invited to Brussels. The second was a follow up workshop whereby eight to ten of the projects were presented by the coordinators as case studies and which were debated in the light of future research objectives surrounding the sector. The third step was the publication of an EU report on the complete exercise which was widely circulated to related individuals. The reviews have been of great assistance in concentrating future research needs and in focussing recommendations for improving EU funded research from both the technical and administrative side.

A further initiative of key action 5 was the launching of the AGRINET website dedicated to the dissemination of information on biological resources pertaining to the selected projects and related policy issues. A further dissemination action was the launching of BIOMATNET which makes available results of RTD projects supported by the European Commission in the area of Biological Materials for Non-Food Products. It includes fi nal results from the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5), FAIR Programme (FP4) and previous programmes, as well as ongoing research from the Fifth and Sixth Framework Programmes (FP5 and FP6).

Finally, this publication here gives a brief overview of what was accomplished over the seven years since the programme was launched. Each project description contained herein describes the actual project, the coordinator and partners, an abstract, objectives, and a summary of the results as found in the publishable summary of the fi nal report. Project websites are given, where applicable, though in some cases these have been discontinued following completion of the project but further reference to the project can be found under diff erent internet search engines. Index vii INDEXES

Index by sub-area

5.1 Sustainable production viii 5.1.1 Plants and animals production systems viii 5.1.2 Fisheries and Aquaculture xiii 5.2 Non-food products xvii 5.3 Forest management and the forest wood chain xviii 5.4 Support to the common agriculture and fi sh policies xxi 5.5 Rural development xxii viii Index by sub-area

5.1 Sustainable production 5.1.1 Plants and animals production systems

Plants

QLK5-CT-1999-01116 Standard test kits incorporating novel antibody fusion proteins to detect harmful 4 viruses

QLK5-CT-2002-01849 Developing a physical and functional map of the potato: Creating new sources for 6 molecular markers to breed cultivars with multiple resistances and quality traits

QLK5-CT-2000-00670 Assessment and reduction of heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems 8

QLK5-CT-2000-00861 Asparagus: integrating research on decline in Europe 10

QLK5-CT-1999-01585 Integrated, non-fungicidal control of Melampsora rusts in renewable energy 12 willow plantations

QLK5-CT-1999-01065 Development of biocontrol agents for commercial application against post- 14 harvest diseases of Perishable Foods

QLK5-CT-2002-01138 Bioprocessing of sewage sludge for safe recycling on agricultural land 16

QLK5-CT-2000-01065 Development of a systems approach for the management of late blight in EU 18 organic potato production

QLK5-CT-2000-31493 Integrated control of polysaccharide and ligninbiosynthesis to improve cellulose 20 content, availability and fi bre quality

QLK5-CT-2000-01301 Closed system for water and nutrient management in horticulture 22

QLK5-CT-2001-01442 Management of soil health in horticulture using compost 24

QLK5-CT-2001-01412 Control of fl owering time for sustainable and competitive agriculture, and forestry 26

QLK5-CT-2000-01112 Overcoming barriers to conversion to organic farming in the European Union 28 through markets for conversion products

QLK5-CT-2002-01279 Establishing cryopreservation methods for conserving European plant germplasm 30 collections

QLK5-CT-2002-00691 Development of environmental modules for evaluation of toxicity of pesticide 32 residues in agriculture

QLK5-CT-1999-01110 Threat to European maize production by invasive quarantine pest, Western corn 34 rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)

QLK5-CT-2001-02270 Feasibility of a European Union plant health directive (77/93/EEC): Diagnostic chip 36 Index by sub-area ix

QLK5-CT-1999-01471 Development of diagnostic tools and host plant resistance to control the rapid 38 spread of lettuce big-vein and ring necrosis disease in leafy vegetables

QLK5-CT-1999-01462 Durable resistance management of the soil-borne quarantine nematode pests 40 Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax

QLK5-CT-2002-01666 Soil ecological and economic evaluation of genetically modifi ed crops 42

QLK5-CT-1999-01583 Induction of pathogen resistance in fruit trees by transiently altering the fl avonoid 44 metabolism with specifi c enzyme inhibitors

QLK5-CT-1999-01118 Protecting biodiversity through the development of environmentally sustainable 46 locust and grasshopper control

QLK5-CT-2002-00971 Potato late blight network for Europe 48

QLK5-CT-2002-02307 Faba bean breeding for sustainable agriculture 50

QLK5-CT-2002-01346 Concerted action to develop a European framework for probabilistic risk 52 assessment of the environmental impacts of pesticides

QLK5-CT-1999-01484 European rice: Transgenes for crop protection against fungal diseases 54

QLK5-CT-2002-01835 Tools and scenarios for sustainable management of European peat soils to protect 56 associated landscapes and natural areas in relation to agricultural production

QLK5-CT-2002-01110 Development of a model-based decision support system to optimise nitrogen use 58 in horticultural crop rotations across Europe

QLK5-CT-2001-01967 Fate and toxicity of allelochemicals (natural plant toxins) in relation to 60 environment and consumer

QLK5-CT-2002-01799 Improved organic fertiliser management for high nitrogen and water-use 62 effi ciency and reduced pollution in crop systems

QLK5-CT-2001-02044 Novel tools for developing fusarium-resistant and toxin-free wheat for Europe 64

QLK5-CT-2001-00934 Genetic diversity in agriculture: Temporal fl ux, sustainable productivity and food 66 security

QLK5-CT-2000-00722 Improved use of germplasm collections with the aid of novel methodologies for 68 integration, analysis and presentation of genetic datasets

QLK5-CT-2002-01278 Genetic evaluation of European rose resources for conservation and horticultural use 70

QLK5-CT-2000-01319 Genes and genetic engineering for arbuscular mycorrhiza technology and 72 applications in sustainable agriculture

QLK5-CT-2002-02418 European extension network for the development of grain legume production in 74 the European Union x

QLK5-CT-2002-00862 Development of ryegrass allele-specifi c (GRASP) markers for sustainable 76 grassland improvement

QLK5-CT-2001-01871 Growth, vigour, environment: Molecular breeding for plant growth and yield 78

QLK5-CT-2002-01492 High-quality disease-resistant apples for a sustainable agriculture 80

QLK5-CT-2000-00621 Improving germplasm conservating methods for perennial European forage 82 species

QLK5-CT-2002-02352 Intercropping of cereals and grain legumes for increased production, weed 84 control, improved product quality and prevention of N-losses in European organic farming systems

QLK5-CT-1999-01554 Risks associated with Tilletia indica, the newly listed EU quarantine pathogen, 86 the cause of Karnaval Bunt of wheat

Genetic diversity of wild crop relatives: Exploitation and effi ciency of ex situ 88 conservation of natural resources of wild lactuca species

QLK5-CT-2001-01447 Integrated pest management strategies incorporating biocontrol for European 90 oilseed rape pests

QLK5-CT-2000-00791 Microbial fi xation of atmospheric nitrogen for staple food crops 92

QLK5-CT-1999-01085 Modifi cation of starch synthesis and yield in wheat endosperm 94

QLK5-CT-2001-02445 Natural oxylipins and defence in ornamentals 96

QLK5-CT-1999-01501 Making plants resistant to plant parasitic nematodes: no access - no feeding 98

QLK5-CT-1999-01280 Development of an optical detection system for diseases in fi eld crops with a 100 view to reducing pesticides by targeted application

QLK5-CT-2000-00357 Architectural engineering in the tomato 102

QLK5-CT-2002-02565 Harmonised and standardised procedures for evaluation of plant protection 104 products, fertilisers and soil conditioners for use in organic agriculture

QLK5-CT-2002-00741 Biodiversity, impact and control of microsporidia in bumble bee (Bombus spp.) 106 pollinators

QLK5-CT-1999-01630 Tree shape and foliage volume map-guided precision orchard sprayer 108

QLK5-CT-2002-00914 Exploiting the genomes of diverse pseudomonas biocontrol strains for 110 sustainable agriculture, to protect the environment and to Improve Human Health by Production of Healthy Food

QLK5-CT-2000-01517 Sustainability, product safety and quality in cereals:Development of novel 112 quantitative models for risk assessment for mycotoxigenic fusarium species Index by sub-area xi

QLK5-CT-2001-01458 Recycling horticultural wastes to produce pathogen suppressant composts for 114 sustainable vegetable crop production

QLK5-CT-2001-01183 Engineering durable pathogen resistance in grapevine: A novel strategy for 116 integrated disease management to overcome environmental impacts of pesticides

QLK5-CT-2002-01813 Stem canker of oilseed rape: Molecular tools and mathematical modelling to 118 deploy durable resistance

QLK5-CT-2000-30962 Sustainable production of plant-derived indigo 120

QLK5-CT-2002-02239 Seed treatments for organic vegetable production 122

QLK5-CT-2001-01461 Developing wheat with enhanced nitrogen use effi ciency towards a sustainable 124 system of production

QLK5-CT-2001-00498 Ensiling and grazing of energy-rich grasses with elevated sugar contents for the 126 sustainable production of ruminant livestock

QLK5-CT-2000-01502 Analysis and exploitation of germplasm resources using transposable element 128 molecular markers

QLK5-CT-2000-01479 Sustainable production of transgenic strawberry plants, ethical consequences and 130 potential eff ects on producers, environment and consumers

QLK5-CT-2000-01523 Verticillium wilt in tree species - Developing essential elements for integrated and 132 innovative management strategies

QLK5-CT-1999-01553 Improved diagnostic tools for the certifi cation of strawberry propagation material 134

QLK5-CT-2000-01418 Strategies of weed control in organic farming 136

Animals

QLK5-CT-1999-01532 Coordination, harmonisation and standardisation of measurement of bovine and 138 porcine accute phase protein in blood; Reference preparations for animal protein assays

QLK5-CT-2001-02219 New markers of immunological stress and welfare in animals: Porcine ccute phase 140 proteins in the Production of Healthy Pigs

QLK5-CT-2000-01006 Implications of the introduction of automatic milking on dairy farms 142

QLK5-CT-2001-01732 Broiler breeder production: Solving a paradox 144

QLK5-CT-2001-02379 Quantitative trait loci aff ecting milk production: Mapping and utilisation for 146 marker assisted selection in dairy and dual purpose cattle

QLK5-CT-2002-01309 European project to study BSE strain in sheep 148 xii

QLK5-CT-1999-01507 Minimising stress-inducing factors on cattle during handling and transport to 150 improve animal welfare and meat quality

QLK5-CT-1999-01591 Chicken IMAGE: Improvement of chicken immunity and resistance to disease based 152 upon analysis of gene expression

QLK5-CT-2001-02461 Sustainable conservation of animal genetic resources in marginal rural areas: 154 Integrating molecular genetics, socio-economics and geostatistical approaches

QLK5-CT-2001-01606 Improving quality and safety of hen eggs in new production systems by reinforcing 156 the antimicrobial natural defence and by developing tools for grading eggs

QLK5-CT-2000-00900 Rapid antibiotic detection for illegal and unlicensed substances in animal 158 feedstuff s

QLK5-CT-2001-00130 Integrating foraging attributes of domestic livestock breeds into sustainable 160 systems for grassland biodiversity and wider countryside benefi t

QLK5-CT-2000-00147 Assessment of genetic variation in meat quality and the evaluation of the role of 162 candidate genes in beef characteristics

QLK5-CT-2000-00656 Using genetics to improve the quality and safety of sheep products 164

QLK5-CT-2001-02111 Improving sustainability of milk production systems in the European Union 166 through increasing reliance on grazed pasture

QLK5-CT-2000-00522 Defi ning and validating gut health criteria in young pigs, based on digestive 168 physiology, microbiology and mucosal immunology investigations for testing alternative strategies to in-feed antibiotics

QLK5-CT-2000-00902 Development of an environment-friendly F1 hybrid breeding technology 170

QLK5-CT-2002-00969 A multidisciplinary approach to the reduction in lameness and improvement in 172 dairy cow welfare in the European Union

QLK5-CT-2001-02328 Low input animal production based on forage legumes for grazing systems 174

QLK5-CT-2002-01186 New breeding tools for improving mastitis resistance in European dairy cattle 176

QLK5-CT-2002-01059 Characterisation of genetic variation in the pig breeds of China and Europe to 178 facilitate the maintenance and exploitation of biodiversity

QLK5-CT-2000-01363 New predictors for pork quality derived from gene expression profi les of skeletal 180 muscle during prenatal development

QLK5-CT-2001-01888 New gene tools to improve pig welfare and the quality of pork 182

QLK5-CT-2001-00992 New plants and plant extracts to decrease methane and nitrogenous emissions 184 from ruminants and to alleviate nutritional stress

QLK5-CT-2002-02541 Sustaining animal health and food safety in organic farming 186 Index by sub-area xiii

QLK5-CT-2000-00764 Sustainable grasslands withstanding environmental stresses 188

QLK5-CT-2001-02332 Studies on the alimentary pathogensis of BSE agents and natural scrapie in sheep 190 and mice: Implications for diagnosis and control

QLK5-CT-2002-01733 Monitoring the eff ect of scrapie control policies that use genetics in diff erent 192 countries

QLK5-CT-2001-01262 Effi cient utilisation of forage maize by dairy cattle: Key plant parameters, genetic 194 determinism, impact on milk production, Animal Behaviour and Environment

QLK5-CT-2001-01729 Spore probiotics: An alternative to antibiotics in animal husbandry 196

QLK5-CT-2002-00959 European network for surveillance and control of TSE in small ruminants: With 198 emphasis on epidemiology, pathology and diagnostic tests

QLK5-CT-2000-00162 Sustainability in the production of pork with improved nutritional and eating 200 quality using strategic feeding in outdoor pig-production

QLK5-CT-2002-00866 Evalution of the possible transmission of prions (scrapie and BSE) to diff erent fi sh 202 species

QLK5-CT-1999-01549 The roles of selection and husbandry in the development of locomotory 204 dysfunction in turkeys

QLK5-CT-2001-01843 Worm control in organic production systems for small ruminants in Europe: 206 Towards the implementation of non-chemical, sustainable approaches

5.1.2 Fisheries and Aquaculture

Association of physical and biological processes acting on recruitment and post- 210 recruitment of anchovy

Aquaculture and coastal economy and social sustainability 212

Aqua-Flow - European network for the dissemination of aquaculture RTD 214 information

Arrested development: The molecular and endocrine basis of fl atfi sh 216 metamorphosis

Tools for the genetic improvement of sea bass: Construction and preliminary 218 application of a medium-density linkage and synteny map

Bioeconomic modelling of Mediterranean fi sheries 220

Biofi ltration and aquaculture - an evaluation of hard substrate deployment 222 performance within mariculture developments

Q5RS-CT-2001-01797 Bridging genomes: An integrated genomic approach toward genetic improvement 224 of aquacultured fi sh species xiv

Q5RS-CT-2001-02038 Combining acoustic and trawl data for estimating fi sh abundance. 226

Cephalopod stocks in European waters: Review, analysis, assessment and 228 sustainable management

Q5RS-CT-2001-01697 Establishing traceability for cod (Gadus morhua): Determining location of 230 spawning and harvest

Cod spatial dynamics and vertical movements in European waters and 232 implications for fi shery management

Q5RS-CT-2000-31629 Regulations of skin colouration in the Red Porgy (Pagrus pagrus): Towards the 234 development of natural hue in cultured populations

Q5RS-CT-2001-00993 Costing the impact of demersal fi shing on marine ecosystem processes and 236 biodiversity

Towards the development of technologies for cryopreservation of fi sh oocytes 238

Fluorescent rapid and ultra-sensitive detection test for the tracking of toxic algal 240 species in the marine environment

Eff ects of changes in fi shery discarding rates on seabird communities 242

Development of structurally detailed statistically testable models of marine 244 populations

Economic assessement of European fi sheries 246

European advice system evaluation 248

European decapod fi sheries: assessment and management 250

Estimation of the reproduction capacity of European eel: Enhancing the biological 252 basis for sustainable fi sheries and aquaculture

European fi sheries ecosystem plan 254

The eff ect of turbidity and hypoxia on the behaviour of coastal marine fi sh 256

QSTN-CT-2002-01560 Women in fi sheries and marineculture in Europe 258

Framework for the evaluation of management strategies 260

Calcium, the backbone of fi sh culture: Importance in skeletal formation, 262 reproduction and normal physiology

Fish oil and meal replacement 264

Cloning and functional analysis of fi sh peroxisome proliferator-activated 266 receptors: The transcriptional control of lipid metabolism in farmed fi sh species Index by sub-area xv

Combining geostatistical and Bayesian methods to improve the scientifi c basis for 268 the management of Atlantic mackerel fi sheries

Gastrointestinal functions and food intake regulation in salmonids: Impact of 270 dietary vegetable lipids

Q5RS-CT-2001-01370 Conservation of diversity in an exploited species: Spatio-temporal variation in the 272 genetics of herring (Clupea harengus) in the North Sea and adjacent areas

A multidisciplinary approach using genetic markers and tags in horse mackerel 274 (Trachurus trachurus) stock assessment and management

Integrated approach to the biological basis of age estimation in commercially 276 important fi sh species

Q5RS-CT-2001-02266 Improving fi sheries monitoring through integrating passive and active satellite- 278 based technologies

Interactions between the marine environment, predators and prey: Implications 280 for sustainable sand eel fi sheries

Linking hydrograpic frontal activity to ecosystem dynamics in the North Sea and 282 Skagerrak: Importance to fi sh stock recruitment

Demonstration of maternel eff ects of Atlantic cod: Combining the use of unique 284 mesocosm and novel molecular techniques

Managing fi sheries to conserve groundfi sh and benthic invertebrate species 286 diversity

Genetic identifi cation of fi sh eggs by species-specifi c DNA markers for use in stock 288 biomass Assessments and Detection of Commerical Fraud

Eff ects of nutrient release from Mediterranean fi sh farms on benthic vegetation in 290 coastal ecosystems

Q5RS-CT-2000-31779 Development of monitoring guidelines and modelling tools for environmental 292 eff ects from Mediterranean aquaculture

Modelling fi shermen’s behaviour under new regulatory regimes 294

Mutualisation on fi sheries and aquaculture European research institutes 296

Development and testing of an objective mesh gauge 298

Q5RS-CT-2001-01233 Optimisation of rearing conditions in sea bass for eliminated lordosis and 300 improved musculoskeletal growth

Q5RS-CT-2001-02277 Élaboration et application d’un modèle calculable d’équilibre général à l’analyse 302 de la contribution des activités halieutiques au développement régional xvi

Perspectives of plant protein use in aquaculture: Biological, environmental and 304 socio-economic consequences

Policy and knowledge in fi sheries management: The North Sea cod case 306

Development of predictive model of cod-end selectivity 308

Improving production effi ciency of sea bass farming by developing methodologies 310 to eliminate environmental androgenesis

Improved procedures for fl atfi sh larval rearing through the use of probiotic 312 bacteria

Q5RS-CT-2001-00994 Protein and growth effi ciency in salmonid selection 314

Photoperiod control of puberty in farmed fi sh: Development of new techniques 316 and research into underlying physiological mechanisms

Feed for aquatic animals that contains cultivated marine microorganisms as 318 alternatives for fi sh oil

Researching alternatives to fi sh oil for aquaculture 320

Reproduction and stock evaluation for recovery 322

Research on eff ective cod stock recovery measures 324

Q5CA-CT-2000-31387 Reducing the confl ict between cormorants and fi sheries on a pan-European scale 326

QLK5-CT-2000-01222 Population structure, reproductive strategies and demography of redfi sh (genus 328 Sebastes) in the Irminger Sea and adjacent waters (ICES V, XII AND XIV; NAFO 1)

Reproduction of the bluefi n tuna in captivity: A feasibility study for the 330 domestication of Thunnus thynnus

Response of benthic communities and sediment to diff erent regimens of fi shing 332 disturbance in European coastal waters

Sharing responsibilities in fi sheries management 334

Genetic implications in the production of rotifers in commercial fi nfi sh hatcheries 336

Q5RS-CT-2001-01185 Impact of aquaculture on the immune response genes of natural salmonid 338 populations: Spatial and temporal genetic signatures and potential fi tness consequences.

A coordinated approach towards development of a scientifi c basis for 340 management of wild Atlantic salmon in the North-East Atlantic

Sardine dynamics and stock structure in the north-east Atlantic 342

Q5CA-CT-2001-00989 Dietary self-selection in fi sh: a geometrical approach for optimising aquaculture 344 production Index by sub-area xvii

Sexual identifi cation and development in the swordfi sh - Improved determination 346 tools for more effi cient stock assessment and implementation of control measures

Management of silver eel: Human impact on downstream migrating silver eel in 348 the River Meuse

Q5RS-CT-2001-02054 Species identifi cation methods from acoustic multifrequency information 350

Q5RS-CT-2001-02211 A functional genomic approach to measuring stress in fi sh aquaculture 352

Sustainable management of interactions between aquaculture and wild salmonid fi sh 354

Survival: An assessment of mortality in fi sh escaping from trawl cod-ends and its 356 use in fi sheries management

Towards accreditation and certifi cation of age determination of aquatic resources 358

Technical developments and tactical adaptations of important European Union fl eets 360

5.2 Non-food products

QLK5-CT-2000-00439 Network on anaerobic digestion of waste from industry and agriculture 364

QLK5-CT-2002-01343 Process development for microbial production of the bulk chemical 1.3- 366 Propanediol from glycerol water as a waste effl uent

QLK5-CT-1999-01355 Biocompatible fl exible polymer alloys based on polyesters from renewable 368 resources for mass-consumer applications involving contact with human fl uids and tissues

QLK5-CT-1999-01298 Bio-source-based recyclable poly (ester-co-amide)s and poly (ester-co-urethane)s 370 for industrial foam applications

QLK5-CT-1999-01284 Environmentally adapted mixed diesel fuel systems containing diesel ethanol 372 and RME

QLK5-CT-2000-00611 Environment-friendly multifunctional grease based on regrowing resources 374 and advanced thickener technology to apply in loss lubrication earth-moving equipment

QLK5-CT-1999-01267 A novel bioprocess for hydrogen production from biomass for fuel cells 376

QLK5-CT-2002-01729 Biomass production chain and growth simulation model for Kenaf 378

QLK5-CT-2000-00766 Development of industrial solutions for the recycling and valorization of the olive 380 oil fabrication residues for biopolymers and fi ne chemicals

QLK5-CT-2000-00799 Proactive biobased cheese packaging 382

QLK5-CT-2002-02431 Algae as raw material for the production of bioplastics and biocomposites 384 contributing to sustainable development of European coastal regions xviii

QLK5-CT-1999-01442 Green chemicals and biopolymers from rapeseed meal with enhanced end- 386 performances

QLK5-CT-2000-00533 Stability of biodiesel 388

QLK5-CT-2002-02344 Integrated biological treatment and agricultural re-use of olive mill effl uents with 390 the concurrent recovery of energy sources

QLK5-CT-2002-01330 Biiomedical Textiles from Dibutyrylchitin and Chitin 392

QLK5-CT-2000-00777 Chitosan activates resistance against pathogens after exposure: Production of 394 chitosans from shrimp shells for applications in plant disease protection

QLK5-CT-1999-01505 Hemp as raw material for novel industral applications 396

QLK5-CT-2002-01363 Design, development and up-scaling of a sustainable production system for hemp 398 textiles: An integrated quality systems approach

QLK5-CT-2000-00111 The interactive European network for industrial crops and their applications in the 400 changing millennium

QLK5-CT-1999-01364 1.3-Propanediol - A versatile bulk chemical from renewable resources by novel 402 biocatalysts and process strategies

QLK5-CT-2002-01596 Renewable resins for industrial wood-based panel production 404

QLK5-CT-1999-00913 Copolymers of tannins and waste lignocellulosic materials with synthetic 406 materials for non-toxic, environment-friendly chromesbstitutes in leather tanning

5.3 Forest management and the forest wood chain Multifunctional management of forests

QLK5-CT-2000-00349 Importance of regulation mechanisms for the climatic adaptation of tree species 410 (an example of Picea abies)

QLK5-CT-2001-00596 Carbon-nitrogen interactions in forest ecosystems 412

QLK5-CT-2001-00135 The application of cDNA microarray technology for unravelling molecular events 414 underlying dormancy and cold hardiness in forest tree seedlings

QLK5-CT-2000-01684 Sustainable control of the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella 416 (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), a new invasive pest of Aesculus hippocastanum in Europe

QLK5-CT-2002-01594 Conservation and restoration of European cork oak woodlands: A unique 418 ecosystem in the balance

QLK5-CT-1999-01210 Eff ects of silvicultural regimes on dynamics of genetic and ecological diversity of 420 European forests

QLK5-CT-2001-00289 Eco-engineering and conservation of slopes for long-term protection from 422 erosion, landslides and storms Index by sub-area xix

QLK5-CT-2001-00443 Enzyme discovery in hybrid aspen for fi bre engineering 424

QLK5-CT-2000-01228 Evaluating fi nancing of forestry in Europe 426

QLK5-CT-2000-01377 Molecular ecophysiology as a tool for the selection of highly stress-resistant poplar 428 species for multipurpose forests

QLK5-CT-2001-00784 Monitoring forests at the management unit level for fi re prevention and control 430

QLK5-CT-1999-01515 Human interactions with the mountain birch forest ecosystem: Implications for 432 sustainable development

QLK5-CT-2000-01349 Implementing tree models as forest management tools 434

QLK5-CT-2001-00029 Ecological, biological, sivicultural and economical management for optimisation 436 of chestnut wood and alimentary production within a sustainable development frame

QLK5-CT-2001-00345 Forecasting the dynamic response of timber quality to management and 438 environmental change: An integrated approach

QLK5-CT-2001-00244 Modelling of heterobasidion infection in European forests: A decision-support tool 440 for the forest manager

QLK5-CT-1999-01349 Nature-based management of Beech in Europe - A multifunctional approach to 442 forestry

QLK5-CT-2001-00165 Advancing the quality of life and the environment of European cities through 444 socially-inclusive planning, design and management of urban woodlands

QLK5-CT-2000-00960 Intra- and interspecifi c gene fl ow in oaks as mechanisms promoting diversity and 446 adaptive potential

Development of improved pest risk analysis techniques for quarantine organisms 448 using pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in Portugal as a model

QLK5-CT-2002-00953 Linking physiology, molecular genetics and genomics in Populus to understand 450 and improve yield and quality for biomass and timber productions across Europe

QLK5-CT-2002-00852 Global change and pine processionary moth: A new challenge for integrated pest 452 management

QLK5-CT-2000-00631 Improving fraxinux (ash) productivity for European needs by testing, selection 454 propagation and promotion of improved genetic resources

QLK5-CT-2001-00241 Resistance of spruce to root and Butt Rot disease 456

QLK5-CT-1999-01229 Hydraulic, sedimentological and ecological problems of multifunctional riparian 458 forest management

QLK5-CT-2000-01302 Rockfall - forest interrelation: Effi ciency of the protective function of mountain 460 forest against rockfalls xx

QLK5-CT-2001-00560 Silvoarable agroforestry for Europe 462

QLK5-CT-1999-00679 Propagation of European pines via somatic embryogenesis 464

QLK5-CT-1999-01493 Small-scale wood harvesting technology in Europe 466

QLK5-CT-2002-00851 Introduction of broadleaf species for sustainable forest management 468

QLK5-CT-1999-01159 Construction and application of a multifunctional and saturated genetic map for 470 forest species

QLK5-CT-2001-00527 Wood for energy - A contribution to the development of sustainable forest 472 management

The forestry wood chain

QLK5-CT-2002-00772 Acoustic emission applied to mechanically loaded paper 474

QLK5-CT-1999-01389 Better management of water process systems by biotechnological identifi cation 476 and treatment of detrimental micro-organisms and metabolites

QLK5-CT-2002-01027 Multipurpose exploitation of European forest resources: From wood and bark to 478 bioactive compounds

QLK5-CT-1999-01221 High added value composite panels through recycling of waste lignocellulosic 480 materials

QLK5-CT-2001-00177 Compression wood in conifers - the characterisation of its formation and its 482 relevance to timber quality

QLK5-CT-1999-00991 Development of a Protocol for Ecoeffi cient Wood Harvesting on Sensitive Sites 484

QLK5-2002-01190 Ergoeffi cient mechanised logging operations 486

QLK5-CT-1999-01520 Fibre variability of European spruce and wood assortments for improved TMP 488 production

QLK5-CT-1999-00942 Genetic determinism of maritime pine pulp and paper properties 490

QLK5-CT-2002-01439 Improvement of wood product properties by increased hydrophobicity obtained 492 by the use of silicon compounds

QLK5-CT-1999-01477 Information tools for more effi cient forestry-wood chains 494

QLK5-CT-1999-01467 Linking raw material characteristics with industrial needs for environmentally 496 sustainable and effi cient transformation processes

QLK5-CT-1999-01587 Magnetic resonance imaging of wood and its interface with glue, coatings and air 498

QLK5-CT-2002-01482 Resource-effi cient sulphur-free production of cellulose pulp 500 Index by sub-area xxi

QLK5-CT-1999-01277 Towards effi cient oxygen delignifi cation 502

QLK5-CT-1999-01640 Enhancing the competitiveness and effi ciency of wood-based panels in 504 construction

QLK5-CT-1999-01357 New environmentally-sound methods for pitch control in diff erent paper pulp 506 manufacturing processes

QLK5-CT-2002-01270 Biological performance testing methodology to evaluate the durability of 508 plywood as a quality indicator for exterior construction purposes

QLK5-CT-1999-01209 Engineering fi bre and wood properties in poplar using innovative functional 510 genomic approaches

QLK5-CT-2001-00801 Improving the performance of wood joinery through vacuum impregnation of 512 wood primers and preservatives in a single treatment process

QLK5-CT-1999-01071 Upgrading recycled fi bres by appropriate treatments during stock preparation 514

QLK5-CT-1999-01105 Reduction of air emissions at kraft pulp mills 516

QLK5-CT-2001-00749 Reduction of detrimental substances in papermaking 518

QLK5-CT-2001-00619 Optimisation of screening and cleaning technology to control de-inking pulp 520 cleanliness

QLK5-CT-2001-00645 Storm damaged forest: Effi cient and safe harvesting, and log conservation 522 methods

QLK5-CT-2001-00276 Measures for improving quality and shape stability of sawn softwood timber 524 during drying and under service conditions

QLK5-CT-2001-00701 Strategy and technology development for a sustainanble wood and cork forestry 526 chain

QLK5-CT-1999-00929 Improvement of dry toner digital print quality for effi cient communication 528

QLK5-CT-2001-00608 End-user access to European RTD for the forest and wood industries sector 530

5.4 Support to the common agriculture and fi sh policies

QLK5-CT-2000-00473 Agricultural sector in the Member States and European Union: Econometric 534 modelling for projections and analysis of EU policies on agriculture, forestry and the environment

QLK5-CT-1999-01510 An assessment of the practicalities and acceptability of a bond scheme as part of 536 Common Agricultural Policy reform

QLK5-CT-2000-00394 Common Agricultural Policy strategy for regions, agriculture and trade 538

QLK5-CT-1999-01611 Sustainable agriculture in Central and Eastern European countries 540 xxii

QLK5-CT-1999-01296 European livestock policy evaluation network: Development of a livestock policy 542 decision support system

QLK5-CT-2002-02400 European information system for organic markets 544

QLK5-CT-2002-02481 European network of agricultural and rural policy research institutes (ENARPRI) 546 - Thematic network on trade agreements and European agriculture

QLK5-CT-2001-01911 Environmental risk assessment for European agriculture 548

QLK5-CT-2002-02640 Developing cross-compliance in the European Union: Background, lessons and 550 opportunities

QLK5-CT-2002-00917 Further development of organic farming policy in Europe, with particular 552 emphasis on European Union enlargerment

QLK5-CT-1999-01405 Fishery regulation and the economic responses of fi shermen: perceptions and 554 compliance

QLK5-CT-1999-01526 Strategy for integrated development of agriculture and rural aeas in CEE countries 556

QLK5-CT-1999-01499 Molecular and other markers for establishing essential derivation in crop plants 558 (EDV)

QLK5-CT-1999-01273 Multiple objectives in the management of EU fi sheries 560

QLK5-CT-2000-00559 The agricultural, ecological and socio-economic importance of free-ranging 562 livestock rearing in Europe

QLK5-CT-1999-01323 Pan-European soil erosion risk assessment 564

QLK5-CT-1999-01346 Margins along the European seafood value chain - Impact of the salmon industry 566 on market structures

QLK5-CT-1999-01295 Technical effi ciency in EU fi sheries: Implications for monitoring and management 568 through eff ort control

QLK5-CT-1999-01271 Value of exclusion zones as a fi sheries management tool in Europe: A strategic 570 evaluation and the Development of an Analytical Framework

5.5 Rural development

QLK5-CT-2000-01666 Defi nition of a common European analytical framework for the development of 574 local agri-environmental programmes for biodiversity and landscape conservation

QLK5-CT-2000-00783 Aspatial peripherality, innovation and the rural economy 576

QLK5-CT-2002-01696 Building new relationships in rural areas under urban pressure 578

QLK5-CT-2000-00593 Development of origin-labelled products: Humanity, innovation and sustainability 580

QLK5-CT-2002-01495 Evaluating current European agri-environment schemes to quantify and improve 582 nature conservation eff orts in agricultural landscapes Index by sub-area xxiii

QLK5-CT-2002-02346 Strengthening the multifunctional use of European land: Coping with 584 marginalisation

QLK5-CT-2002-02718 Integrated development of agricultural and rural institutions 586

QLK5-CT-2002-01099 Implementation of sustainable agriculture and rural development in Alpine 588 mountains

QLK5-CT-2001-01401 Innovative models of critical key indicators as planning and decision support for 590 sustainable rural development and inegrated cross-border regional management in former Iron Curtain areas based on north to south European reference studies

QLK5-CT-2001-01923 The role of small and medium-sized towns in rural development 592

QLK5-CT-2000-01031 Tools for evaluating investment in the Mediterranean mountain areas - An 594 integrated framework for sustainable development

QLK5-CT-2000-00094 Urban pressure on rural areas: Mutations and dynamics of periurban rural 596 processes

QLK5-CT-2002-01841 The future of olive plantation systems on sloping and mountainous land: Scenarios 598 for production and natural resource conservation

QLK5-CT-2000-01124 Organic marketing initiatives and rural development 600

QLK5-CT-2000-00407 Opportunities for and barriers to tourism-led integrated rural development in 602 rural regions of selected Member States

QLK5-CT-2001-01608 Rural employment and agricultural perspective in the Balkan Applicant Countries 604

QLK5-CT-2001-02329 Regional development and cultural landscape change: The example of the Alps 606 - evaluating and adjusting European Union and national policies to manage a balanced change

QLK5-CT-2000-00745 The challenge of modernity for reindeer management: Integration and 608 sustainable development in Europe’s sub-Arctic and boreal regions (RENMAN)

QLK5-CT-2000-00819 Restructuring in marginal rural areas - The role of social capital in rural 610 development

QLK5-CT-2000-01211 Supporting and promoting integrated tourism in Europe’s lagging rural regions 612

QLK5-CT-2002-01313 Stability and mitigation of arable systems in hilly landscapes 614

QLK5-CT-2000-00841 Supply chains linking food SMEs in Europe’s lagging rural regions 616

QLK5-CT-2002-01349 Marketing sustainable agriculture: An analysis of the potential role of new food 618 supply chains in sustainable rural development

QLK5-CT-2002-01017 Visualisation tools for public participation in managing landscape change 620 xxiv Sustainable production

Plants and animals production systems 4 References Name of the Project: AFPTEST Project Title: Standard test kits incorporating novel antibody fusion proteins to detect harmful viruses Project ID: QLK5-CT-1999-01116 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: The Scottish Crop Research Institute

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Lesley Country: GB Surname: TORRANCE Phone: +44 1382 568525 Address: Invergowrie E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: DD2 5DA Town: Dundee

The Project Start date: 01 March 2000 Duration (months): 30 Total cost: 465 697 € Total EC contribution: 400 000 €

Abstract: Test kits based on novel antibody fusion proteins (AFP) will be produced for the rapid, reliable and harmonised detection of three plant viruses of statutory or quarantine importance within the European Union. The AFP were obtained by recombinant DNA methods, and large quantities will be produced in vitro using heterologous expression systems. They will be incorporated into prototype self-contained test kits and the composition of the kits will be optimised for stability and robustness. AFP test kits will be provided to national testing services and agencies for validation. The results will be widely disseminated at meetings and in journals of appropriate scientifi c societies, plant health agencies, growers and trade organisations.

Objectives: The aims of the project are to produce and validate test kits based on antibody fusion proteins (AFP) to detect and identify three harmful viruses: tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), and to prove the benefi ts on a realistic scale. The target viruses are of statutory or quarantine signifi cance and pose a threat to the free movement of plants and plant propagation material in Europe. Currently, laboratories obtain reagents for these viruses from a variety of diff erent sources. With the introduction of plant passports, it is important to have confi dence in the results of tests done across the European Union, so the standardisation of tests and harmonisation of test methods is desirable. Yields of functional AFP produced in Escherichia coli, Drosophila and Pichia expression systems will be compared in pilot expression studies. Large quantities of AFP will be produced in the best systems and purifi ed. Prototype kits will be designed and components optimised for stability and performance and these will be extensively evaluated by end users and modifi ed as necessary. Once the eff ectiveness of the new technology and of the reagents have been demonstrated, the relevant plant health authorities and technology users will be notifi ed and we expect the results to infl uence policy and assist harmonisation of tests for these viruses.

Results: Protocols and expression plasmids for production and purifi cation of six AFP were devised. E. coli was shown to be the expression system of choice for cheap and effi cient production. A major problem was the lack of stability of the purifi ed AP fusion protein preparations in storage. This caused delays and unforeseen additional work, but a solution was found for four of the six AFP. The storage conditions of lyophilisation (for long term) and suspension of conjugates in a buff er containing glycerol (for Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 5

routine use), devised for BNYVV and PLRV reagents were shown to be robust and to meet the commercial needs. The properties of individual scFv proteins vary and careful selection and optimisation must be done for each assay. Two additional assay formats were devised (immunoelectron microscopy for BNYVV reagents and streptavidin/biotin assay for PLRV). The streptavidin/biotin format provides a good alternative to the assay incorporating AP fusion proteins. Trials to evaluate the reagents on a wide scale against commercially available kits were only partially completed. The delay caused by the AP fusion protein stability problems resulted in the project ending before extensive trials could be conducted. A limited data set using the fi nal protocols devised show that the BNYVV and PLRV reagents perform well in tests on control and naturally infected tissues. This is the fi rst demonstration that reagents produced from recombinant DNA methods and without the need for animals can be used in routine testing programmes for two plant viruses. A major consideration before such reagents are commercialised is the costs of production and securing commercial licenses. In the longer term, the results indicate that the broad application of recombinant fusion proteins to routine testing of a number of diff erent target antigens is completely feasible.

The partners BIORAD The Scottish Crop Research Institute FR GB [email protected] [email protected] Insitute of Applied Microbiology, Wageningen University University of Agricultural Sciences NL AT [email protected] [email protected] Rektor der Rhein-Westf. Technischen Hochshule Aachen DE [email protected] 6 References Name of the Project: APOPHYS Project Title: Developing a physical and functional map of the potato: Creating new sources for molecular markers to breed cultivars with multiple resistances and quality traits Project ID: QLK5-CT-2002-01849 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: Wageningen University

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Jaap Country: NL Surname: BAKKER Phone: +31 317482197 Address: Binnenhaven 5 E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: 6700 ES Town: Wageningen

The Project Start date: 01 February 2003 Duration (months): 48 Total cost: 3 890 481 € Total EC contribution: 3 092 243 €

Abstract: The potato ranks fourth in world food production, after wheat, rice and maize. It has one of the richest genetic resources of any cultivated plant, and its wild relatives possess a broad spectrum of resistances to pests and diseases, tolerances to frosts and drought and many other valuable traits. However, compared to crop species that can be selfed, the introgression of new traits into the cultivated potato is extremely diffi cult. Polyploidy and outbreeding in potato are severe bottlenecksand marker-assisted breeding. The genetic map of the potato contains 10 000 AFLP markers and will be used to generate a partial physical map. Strategically important genes/functions will be placed on the map and may provide new sources to develop markers for marker -assisted breeding.

Objectives: The project objectives are to: • develop a physical map of strategically important regions • develop a gene/functionmap to identify genes controlling resistance and quality traits • develop an internet-accessible database containing an integrated map with traits, markers and genes

Results: A preliminary physical map is ready. Future actions include: • Imporving the physical map by trying to merge contigs in silico • Anchoring the physical map to the genetic map • Working towards the identifi cation of resistance genesand defence-related genes, genes underlying QTLs for disease resistance, quality and drought stress. • The building of an accessible, searchable functional map for resistance.

Web site: http://www.apophys.net

Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 7

The partners Wageningen University NL [email protected]

8 References Name of the Project: AROMIS Project Title: Assessment and reduction of heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems Project ID: QLK5-CT-2000-00670 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft e.V.

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Henning Country: DE Surname: ECKEL Phone: +49 6151 7001177 Address: Bartningstrasse 49 E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: 64289 Town: Darmstadt

The Project Start date: 01 September 2000 Duration (months): 30 Total cost: 387 240 € Total EC contribution: 387 240 €

Abstract: The overall purpose of this concerted action is to establish a European research network on the heavy metal problem in agriculture, in order to foster the effi ciency of the research activities. This includes ecological, economic, legal and social aspects. All the available data and information on heavy metals with respect to agriculture will be collected, input / output balances will be calculated and the areas of main concern defi ned. Following that, the participants will work out ways of reducing the heavy metal input into agro-ecosystems and recommendations for changes of the relevant legal regulations will be made. Finally, the results will be presented to the public at an international conference.

Objectives: The main objectives of AROMIS can be summarised as follows: 1. the creation of Europe-wide contacts between research institutions to link heavy metal related research activities in Europe and enhance the exchange of knowledge of ecological, economic, technical and legal aspects 2. the identifi cation of the pathways of heavy metals in agro-ecosystems and the evaluation of the relative signifi cance of the various metal input and output pathways 3. the provision of information on current legal regulations relating to heavy metals in agriculture 4. the description of possible technical and legal measures for reducing heavy metal inputs, and the assessment of the potential eff ectiveness and practicality of selected measures 5. the identifi cation of future research and technology transfer demands.

Results: A database was developed to collate all the data provided by the project partners on heavy metal inputs, legislation, research activities etc. A tool was developed which allowed the calculation of farm level heavy metal balances. For countries where suffi cient data was available, balances were calculated for typical or model livestock and arable farms. The project has highlighted the lack of reliable data to allow a full evaluation of the input and output pathways of heavy metals in agro-ecosystems, metal behaviours in soils and changes in soil metal concentration over time. The AROMIS consortium advocates the creation of an European-wide network for heavy metal research and monitoring. This should link the leading agricultural research and technology transfer institutions, representing the main agricultural production regions in Europe and covering the range of conditions for agricultural production throughout Europe.

Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 9

The partners ADAS Consulting Limited Farming and Rural Conservation Agency GB GB fi [email protected] [email protected]ff .gov.uk Agricultural University of Norway Federal Research Institute for NO Agriculture in Alpine Regions [email protected] AT [email protected] Alterra NL Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen [email protected] in der Landwirtschaft e.V. DE August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Poznan PL [email protected] [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development HU Berner Fachhochschule, Schweizerische [email protected] Hochschule für Landwirtschaft CH Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn [email protected] DE [email protected] CEMAGREF, Centre National du Machinisme Agricole, du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences FR SE [email protected] [email protected] Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA IT ES [email protected] [email protected] Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences University of Ljubijan-Biotechnical Faculty DK SI [email protected] [email protected] 10 References Name of the Project: ASPIRE Project Title: Asparagus: integrating research on decline in Europe Project ID: QLK5-CT-2000-00861 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: ADAS Consulting Limited, ADAS Arthur Rickwood

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Kim Country: GB Surname: GREEN Phone: +44 1354 692531 Address: ADAS Arthur Rickwood, Mepal E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: CB6 2BA Town: Ely, Cambridgeshire

The Project Start date: 01 January 2001 Duration (months): 24 Total cost: 211 326 € Total EC contribution: 161 326 €

Abstract: This project will form a network of European Union researchers, consultants and growers that specialises in asparagus, an EU crop valued at 950 million euros per annum. Decline is the most important pan-EU problem for asparagus growers and makes the crop unprofi table to grow. The factors that cause decline are both biotic and abiotic. Expertise from across the EU and in New Zealand will provide an integrated strategy to solve this problem. The network will go on to develop a unifi ed strategy for reducing or delaying the eff ects of decline. This information will be made available to growers in a user-friendly form and the network will coordinate future research on asparagus across the EU.

Objectives: The overall objectives of the project are: 1) to collate, evaluate and document in a database the existing information on the incidence, causal factors and current controls against decline in EU asparagus crops, drawing also on relevant information from non-EU countries 2) to develop a unifi ed EU strategy for reducing or delaying the eff ects of decline, and to coordinate future research across the EU.

The detailed objectives are: 1) to collect information on the incidence in EU crops of the biotic factors (mainly Fusarium spp.) and abiotic factors (for example, fertiliser use, plant density and soil drainage) that are considered the most important causal factors of decline 2) to identify and quantify the risk factors for decline in EU asparagus crops. To design a database that can be used by researchers and growers to improve their decision-making processes. 3) to identify gaps in current understanding, and outline a research programme to overcome current limitations with the objective of developing robust management techniques to reduce or prevent asparagus decline 4) to disseminate the results of the concerted action to EU asparagus growers by the production of a handbook and web pages, and by using this activity to set up an informal network for involvement in further work that might be done. 5) to initiate the organisation of an international asparagus conference. The aim is to work with another organisation, such as the International Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS).

Results: Dr K. Green took over the role of project coordinator from Mrs S. Runham in June 2002, with approval from the EC. Based on discussions and presentations at all of the workshops, recommendations for the approach and details of a unifi ed research strategy on asparagus decline in Europe, were identifi ed and formatted into a summary report. The project website was updated during the project as new information became available and represents a database of information Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 11

on asparagus decline, of use to both growers and researchers. The website prompted email communication from researchers as far afi eld as Australia, who showed interest in the project. The majority of web pages are in the public domain but there is also the password-protected facility of a discussion board and details of proposal developments, for use by project participants only. A Growers’ Handbook on asparagus decline has been prepared by ADAS participants and widely distributed.

There are several ways in which the ASPIRE Concerted Action has contributed successfully to the coordination of scientifi c research eff orts and activities on asparagus decline in Europe. A growers’ perspective: Data confi rmed the magnitude of the problem and provided a sound basis for addressing decline at a European level. Grower responses also confi rmed researchers’ conclusions that decline is a complex problem involving interactions between a range of biotic and abiotic factors, with no simple solutions available to manage it. A critical mass of researchers: Despite the importance of asparagus as a high value speciality crop in Europe, it is still a minor crop from a funding perspective, so the extent to which research can be undertaken at a national level is limited. The ASPIRE project has enabled a multi-disciplinary team of researchers and growers, with key expertise on asparagus, to be assembled. Current ‘state of the art’ on asparagus decline: The structure of the project enabled currently available information on asparagus decline to be collated. Individual participants prepared technical papers in their own areas of expertise, which provided the basis for workshop discussions and subsequent compilation of project deliverables. Information assembled on asparagus production in participating countries provided a useful background for technical data on possible causal factors, research methods and the economic impact of decline. Once an overview of decline had been collated, it was possible to assess the importance of diff erent aspects of decline, to identify gaps in understanding and to formulate research recommendations. The project website represents a database of the material gathered and presents information in formats readily useable for both growers and researchers. Research recommendations: Detailed technical discussions at the project workshops enabled a consensus to be reached among participants regarding reasons for the onset of decline and the potential role of Fusarium spp. However, individual participants remained divided as to the relative importance of specifi c biotic and abiotic factors in the development of decline and several hypotheses were formed, which will provide the basis for future research activities. Researcher network: During the ASPIRE project, participant researchers formed a strong network, which is likely to evolve further beyond the life of the project. Links with the industry: Throughout the project, existing links between researchers and growers were strengthened. Coordination of future research: Through the identifi cation of research gaps as one of the project activities, the Concerted Action provided an ideal opportunity for proposal development towards a unifi ed research strategy for asparagus decline.

The partners ADAS Consulting Limited Diputacion General de Aragon-Servicio GB de Investigacion Agroalimentaria [email protected] ES [email protected]; [email protected] AKADEMIA ROLNICZA im. AUGUSTA CIESZKOWSKIEGO W POZNANIU H V Aveling PL GB [email protected] APPLIED RESEARCH FOR ARABLE FARMING Instituto Sperimentale per L’ Orticultura AND FIELD PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES IT NL [email protected] [email protected] Joseph und Gerda Harbich Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Faculty of Agriculture AT GR [email protected] The Geisenheim Research Institute Benaki Phytopathological Institute Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim GR DE [email protected] [email protected] Wageningen University NL [email protected] 12 References Name of the Project: BIOMASS WILLOW RUST Project Title: Integrated, non-fungicidal control of Melampsora rusts in renewable energy willow plantations Project ID: QLK5-CT-1999-01585 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: University of Bristol Long Ashton Research Station (LARS)

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Ming H. Country: GB Surname: PEI Phone: +44 1275 392181 Address: Weston Road, Long Ashton E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: BS41 9AF Town: Bristol

The Project Start date: 01 April 2000 Duration (months): 48 Total cost: 1 467 870 € Total EC contribution: 1 467 851 €

Abstract: Rust, caused by Melampsora, is the most serious problem for the willow ( Salix), a main renewable energy crop and important vegetation for conservation in Europe. The European Union is committed to a 15% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2010 and a large increase of energy production from renewable sources is expected. Economic and environmental considerations rule out the use of fungicide for rust control so this project will develop integrated rust control measures without fungicide. It will address population biology and epidemiology of Melampsora, sources and genetics of rust resistance in Salix, function of host mixtures against rust, and the potential of using a mycoparasite for biological control. The project will provide measures towards breeding for durable resistance, designing optimum mixtures and deploying the biocontrol agent to suppress rust disease.

Objectives: The project is to develop, using host resistance and natural processes, integrated, low-cost and environment-friendly measures to control rust in willow plantations for renewable energy and conservation. The main objectives are: 1) to determine the variation, spread and life cycle of Melampsora in order to assess disease risks in willow 2) to determine sources and genetic behaviour of rust resistance 3) to clarify natural defences of willow mixtures against rust 4) to determine the potential of deploying the mycoparasite Sphaerellopsis fi lum for biological control 5) to recommend practical measures towards breeding for durable resistance, optimisation of clonal mixtures and the eff ective deployment of the biological control agent.

Results: To identify Melampsora species/forms on willows occurring in Europe, rust-infected leaves were collected from a wide range of current and potential biomass willows in central, northern and western Europe. Identifi cation of Melampsora species/forms was carried out and the colour and size of pustules, positions of uredinia and pathogenicity of rusts were examined. Of the 213 AFLP markers scored, several were found to be exclusive to diff erent form species. This would provide an opportunity to design specifi c primers to identify certain form species. From the AFLP profi le, the fi ve pathotypes appeared to be genetically distinct. To determine the gene fl ow, patterns of life cycle and sources of primary inoculum in willow Melampsora, structured sampling was carried out in several important biomass willows grown in short-rotation coppice plantations in the partner countries. Studies of disease epidemiology were also carried out in the mixture trial containing diff erent clones Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 13

of S. viminalis, the most important biomass willow species. Cumulative rust scores were compiled and disease progress curves plotted to assess the disease dynamics and the performance of mixtures. A breakthrough was achieved by using digital imaging techniques to characterise host resistance/pathogen virulence in leaf disc inoculations. Digital profi ling of host/pathogen interactions greatly improved the effi ciency and accuracy of disease assessments. Using this new method, a large number of samples can be processed in a single inoculation experiment and the reactions on leaf discs can be quantifi ed. The research results were made available to the biomass industry and public through publication of scientifi c papers, short articles, symposium presentations, posters and contacts with the growers.

Web site: http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/pie/willowrust

The partners Institute for Forest Genetics and Queen’s University of Belfast (APS-QUV) Forest Tree Breeding (BFH) Dept. Applied Plant Science DE GB [email protected] [email protected] Long Ashton Research Station Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) GB SE [email protected] [email protected] 14 References Name of the Project: BIOPOSTHARVEST Project Title: Development of biocontrol agents for commercial application against post-harvest diseases of Perishable Foods Project ID: QLK5-CT-1999-01065 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: Universidad de Lleida

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Immaculada Country: ES Surname: VIÑAS Phone: +34 9737 02535 Address: Avenida Rovira Roure, 177 E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: 25198 Town: Lleida

The Project Start date: 01 April 2000 Duration (months): 48 Total cost: 2 255 873 € Total EC contribution: 1 579 997 €

Abstract: Post-harvest diseases of perishable commodities represent one of the most severe causes of loss and quality reduction in the EU. The development of environment-friendly methods of disease control as substitutes for chemicals is an important modern aim. Biological control using microbial antagonists is the most promising alternative. The main aim of this project is to develop four eff ective biocontrol agents (BCA) ( Pantoea agglomerans, Epicoccum nigrum, Candida sake and Pichia anomala) for commercial application to control post-harvest diseases in all types of fruit and moist cereals. This project will include carrying out the production process and development of formulation techniques for each BCA to fi nd a fi nal product that is stable, effi cient, easy to prepare and which uses low-cost production methods. The mechanisms of action and molecular-marking methods for tracking BCAs will be studied. The fi nal products of this research work will be environment-friendly ‘biofungicides’, ready to be used in both conventional and organic systems of production.

Web site: http://www.biopostharvest.org

Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 15

The partners Agrofruit Export S.A Rio Tinto S.A ES ES [email protected] [email protected] Apofruit Soc Coop ar.l Sociedad Agraria de Transformación N° 1.596 NUFRI IT ES [email protected] [email protected] BioAgri AB Societa’ Italiana Prodotti Chimici Agricoltura SIPCAM SE IT [email protected] [email protected] Centre Technique Interprofessional Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) des Fruits et Légumes SE FR [email protected] giraud@ctifl .fr TAVIFRUTA-Sociedade de Citricultores de Tavira Consejo Superior de Investigaciones PT Científi cas, Instituto de la Grasa [email protected] ES [email protected] Universidade do Algarve PT Cranfi eld University [email protected] GB n.magan@cranfi eld.ac.uk Universitat de Lleida ES Faculté de Sciences agronomiques de [email protected] Gembloux, Unité de Phytopathologie BE University of Bologna, CRIOF- Department of Protection [email protected] and Improvement of Agricultural Food Products IT Fruivial [email protected] FR [email protected] University of Gent BE Instituto Nacional de Investigación y [email protected] Tecnología Agraria y alimentaria ES [email protected] IRTA-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries ES [email protected] 16 References Name of the Project: Biowaste Project Title: Bioprocessing of sewage sludge for safe recycling on agricultural land Project ID: QLK5-2002-01138 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: Technical University of Denmark

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Jens Ejbye Country: DK Surname: Schmidt Phone: +45 45251529 Address: Bygningstorvet Building 115 E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: 2800 Town: Kongens Lyngby

The Project Start date: 10 January 2002 Duration (months): 36 Total cost: 2 008 771 € Total EC contribution: 1 462 127 €

Abstract: The disposal and handling of sewage sludge are increasing problems in Europe due to increasing quantities of sewage sludge produced. A large amount of the sewage sludge contains small fractions of toxic chemicals, which result in problems with the safe use of the sewage sludge on agricultural land. From an ecological and economical point of view, it would be essential to establish methodologies that could allow sewage sludge to be re-used as fertilisers on agricultural land. Energy effi cient biotreatment processes of organic waste are, therefore, of crucial importance. The Biowaste project aims to off er an integrated approach to conditioning sewage sludge for the removal of xenobiotics, and the safe application to agricultural land.

Objectives: The objectives of the project are: 1) to characterise typical sewage sludge with respect to xenobiotic components 2) to determine analytical techniques suitable for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the chemical species involved in the processes under investigation 3) to isolate, characterise and bioaugment bacteria that are able to degrade selected contaminating compounds under anaerobic and aerobic conditions for the decontamination of sewage sludge by bioprocessing 4) to apply aerobic, anaerobic and a combination of aerobic/anaerobic bioprocessing of sewage sludge 5) to develop a mathematical model to describe the biodegradation processes of the contaminating compounds, after establishing the kinetic parameters for the degradation of contaminating compounds 6) to use the bioprocessed sewage sludge in eco- and plant toxicology tests to evaluate the impact of the xenobiotics in the environment 7) to develop and apply methods to assess the cleanliness of the bioprocessing as a safe method for waste recycling.

Results: The project manual has been completed, with guidelines for quality management and quality assurance. A public website has been created to present the project and its partners, and is continually updated with the newest results from the Consortium. Analytic techniques for measurement of organic contaminants have been calibrated between labs for high measurement quality. Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 17

Molecular techniques for measurement of specifi c bacteria have been further developed. Existing reactor designs have been modifed and new reactors have been constructed for bioprocessing of organic contaminants. Reports have been compiled on contaminants of sewage sludge throughout Europe. A new test for toxicity and bioassay tests have been developed.

Web site: http://www.biowaste.dk

The partners Randa Group A/S University of Burgundy ES FR [email protected] [email protected] Recherche Innovation et Transfert de Technologie University of Patras pour les Matiè res Fertilisantes Organiques GR FR [email protected] [email protected]

18 References Name of the Project: Blight - MOP Project Title: Development of a systems approach for the management of late blight in EU organic potato production Project ID: QLK5-CT-2000-01065 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: University of Newcastle, Tesco Centre for Organic Agriculture

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Carlo Country: GB Surname: LEIFERT Phone: +44 1661 830222 Address: Naff erton Centre for Organic Agriculture, Naff erton Farm E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: NE43 7XD Town: Stocksfi eld Northumberland

The Project Start date: 01 March 2001 Duration (months): 54 Total cost: 6 064 258 € Total EC contribution: 3 832 614 €

Abstract: Potato late blight causes substantial economic losses in organic production systems throughout the European Union. This means that the ban on copper fungicides will substantially increase farmers’ losses, unless suitable alternative blight management strategies are developed. Potato is a major cash crop for many European organic farming businesses. Compared to conventional production yields, organic production yields are estimated to be between 30-40 % lower, even when copper is used to delay blight development in crops. Copper fungicides are estimated to extend the growing period (before the potato foliage has to be destroyed to prevent the spread of blight to the tubers and neighbouring fi elds) by between 2-4 weeks. This is estimated to result in between 10 and 40% higher yields compared to crops not protected by copper (in which the foliage has to be destroyed earlier). Yield reductions of between 10 and 20% resulting from the ban on copper fungicides could threaten the profi tability of organic potato production and/or the entire organic farming businesses in many EU-countries.

The proposed project aims to develop improved organic production systems in which potato blight can be managed without any - or with minimum - alternative treatments. This will be achieved by developing regionally adapted, blight management strategies based on the identifi cation of best current practice in diff erent regions of the EU; variety resistance management; fi eld diversifi cation strategies; preventative agronomy and the development of improved formulation/application technology for alternative treatments to copper fungicides. Objectives: The overall aim of this project is to develop a systems approach for the control of potato late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) in a way that allows the commercially viable production of organic potato crops without the use of copper fungicides. The quantitative target is, therefore, to maintain potato yields and quality at levels currently obtained with the use of copper fungicides. An important aspect of the project will be the rapid dissemination of results and the adaptation of strategies to local potato management systems.

To achieve this overall aim, the following individual project objectives will be achieved: 1) assessment of the socio-economic impact of late blight and state-of-the-art blight management practices in EU organic potato production systems 2) assessment of varietal performance in organic production systems in diff erent EU regions and interactions with local blight populations 3) development of ‘in-fi eld diversifi cation’ strategies to prevent/delay blight epidemics 4) optimisation of agronomic strategies for the management of late blight 5) the development of alternative control treatments to copper fungicides that comply with organic farming standards 6) evaluation of novel application and formulation strategies for copper-free alternative and copper-based late blight treatments 7) integration of optimised resistance management, diversifi cation, agronomic and treatment strategies into existing organic potato management systems. Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 19

Results: The rate and severity of the late blight epidemics 2001 and 2002 gave a rigorous test of the diff erent components of the integrated system. In general, eff ects of the individual components were very similar in both years. In 2003, very hot and dry conditions prevailed in summer across the EU (particularly in August) which severely restricted blight epidemics. In some cases, it was not possible to evaluate the effi cacy of treatments for late blight control because of low levels of infection. However, in others, where infection did occur the general trends were similar to those observed in 2001 and 2002. ‘State of the art’ blight management surveys: There are large regional diff erences in the impact of late blight on organic potato production in the EU. Farmers use a high diversity of strategies to stabilise yields and income, but not all use available technology. There is a widespread view that a copper fungicide ban will have serious consequences for organic potato production unless eff ective alternatives are available. Variety performance: Resistant varieties consistently gave most eff ective prevention of foliage and tuber blight compared with diversifi cation and agronomic strategies and alternative treatments to copper fungicides. However, yields of resistant varieties were not necessarily higher than more susceptible varieties although they would decrease the source of inoculum. Copper fungicides gave limited benefi t in resistant varieties. Acceptability of varieties is determined more by market demands than blight resistance. Diversifi cation strategies: Usefulness of mixtures of potato varieties for reducing the impact of blight depended on the level of resistance of varieties in combination, but in some cases, yield was improved where ecological interactions were improved. Alternating rows of susceptible and resistant varieties had a relatively small impact. Intercropping potatoes with grass/clover or spring wheat reduced blight in small plots grown perpendicular to the wind but yields were unaff ected. Wheat was more eff ective at reducing blight than either grass/clover or potatoes, but yields were decreased because of competitive eff ects and there would be practical diffi culties with such an approach. Such approaches may be useful as part of a combined control strategy. Agronomic strategies: Plant population and spacing had no eff ect on blight but total and graded yields were aff ected. Eff ects of planting date and chitting on blight were small and insignifi cant but had marked eff ects on total and graded yields in 2001 and 2002 (but not 2003 because of premature senescence). Defoliation mechanically and/or by heat treatment decreased the number of blight sporangia per plant but had no eff ect on tuber blight. Blight was unaff ected by manurial treatments or N:K ratio, but fertility management infl uenced yield. Potatoes grown after grass/clover or Lucerne were more infected with blight than after spring wheat but yield was not aff ected because of improved fertility. Pigs eff ectively removed groundkeeper potatoes post-harvest and hence the potential problem of volunteers as a source of blight inoculum but caused soil compaction and establishment problems in the subsequent cereal crop. Alternative treatments: Extracts of manure-based composts gave control of blight in potato leaf assays but not in the fi eld. However, use of an adjuvant in combination with an autoclaved compost extract gave improved control and slightly higher yields in an experiment in 2003. Some micro-organisms, plant extracts and existing products showed promising eff ects on blight control. Effi cacy of a range of commercial and novel anti-fungal compounds was unaff ected by dose rate or formulation. Copper free compounds had either no or limited eff ects on blight compared with standard copper fungicides at normal rates but low doses of copper products were almost as eff ective.

The partners Agricultural Economics Research Institute Organisation: Louis Bolk Instituut NL NL [email protected] [email protected] Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Norsk Senter for Oekologisk Landbruck DE (Norwegian Centre for Ecological Agriculture) [email protected] NO [email protected] Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences DK Research Institute of Organic Agriculture [email protected] CH urs.niggli@fi bl.ch DLO-Research Institute for Plant Protection NL Swiss Federal Research Station for [email protected] Agroecology and Agriculture CH Elm Farm Research Centre [email protected] GB [email protected] University of Kassel, Department of Ecological Plant Protection Groupe de Recherche en Agriculture Biologique DE FR [email protected] [email protected] University of Newcastle Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique GB FR [email protected] [email protected]

20 References Name of the Project: CELLULOSE CONTROL Project Title: Integrated control of polysaccharide and ligninbiosynthesis to improve cellulose content, availability and fi bre quality Project ID: QLK5-CT-2000-31493 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: University of London, Division of Biochemistry

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Paul Country: GB Surname: BOLWELL Phone: +44 1784 443553 Address: EGHAM HILL E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: TW20 OEX Town: Egham

The Project Start date: 01 January 2001 Duration (months): 30 Total cost: 3 322 058 € Total EC contribution: 2 302 606 €

Abstract: The proposal complies with the Common Agricultural Policy in the diversifi cation of agriculture in the area of non- food and forage crops. It will lead to wealth-creating opportunities that are environmentally desirable in a number of developing industrial fi elds. It is designed as a core discovery programme using proteomics and will lead to gene isolation involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall lignins and hemicelluloses in the model species, tobacco. The infl uence of these components on fi bre properties and cellulose availability will be determined in modifi ed plants to defi ne the limits to which they can be manipulated benefi cially. These deliverables can be used to direct molecular breeding programmes and genetic modifi cation to improve fi bre, and will be extended to commercial species: poplar for biomass energy and improved pulping and papermaking, maize for improved forage digestibility, and fl ax for improved production of industrial fi bre.

Objectives: The essential purpose of the programme was the improvement of raw material quality for the non-food use of plant fi bre for use in pulp and paper industry, textiles, composites for industry and biomass for energy. This will encourage diversifi cation of agriculture. A second impact would also be indirectly in the food area as there is a need to improve forage digestibility in a number of crops. Basic research was proposed that would lead to an improvement of genetics resource controlling the nature of the non-cellulosic components of cell walls and its consequences on fi bre properties and processing.

Results: The identifi cation of genes involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis indicated limitations in annotations based on the Arabidopsis genome and required protein characterisation to confi rm identity. The utility of alternative model systems such as tobacco for functional characterisation of such genes was demonstrated. However attempts to manipulate xylans or glucomannans in woody tissues met with limited success. The study also increased knowledge of the utility of lignin modifi cation for many processes. By increasing knowledge and gene discovery in the pathway it has proved possible to compare manipulation lignin at the various levels of fl ux control, incorporation of monolignols and therefore the type of lignin structure, and regulation of polymerisation. A major conclusion of the programme is that a multidisciplinary analytical approach is necessary to appreciate the subtlety of the consequences of transgenic manipulation of lignin even down to the molecular level. Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 21

One of the commercial objectives was the improvement and consequent expansion of the use of maize as a forage crop. The spectacular power of mutator technology has been demonstrated in the present study with the identifi cation of genes whose manipulation has potential for producing maize with quantifi able improvements to digestibility as a result of changes in arabinoxylan content. Another commercial objective was the production of high cellulose content fl ax with modifi ed accessibility properties. This will be brought about by improvements to the retting process or its replacement with more controlled and effi cient processing, resulting in the consequent expansion of the industrial use of fl ax fi bre as an indigenous EU crop.

The partners Advanced Technologies Cambridge Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Pfl anzenphysiologie GB DE [email protected] [email protected] Biogemma ROYAL HOLLOWAY AND BEDFORD NEW FR COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON [email protected] GB [email protected] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que FR University of Edinburgh, Institute of [email protected] Cell and Molecular Biology GB Departamentde Genetica Molecular, CSIC ES [email protected] [email protected] University Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III FR Flanders Interuniversity Institute for [email protected] Biotechnology, Department of Plant Genetics BE Wageningen Agricultural University [email protected] NL [email protected]

22 References Name of the Project: CLOSYS Project Title: Closed system for water and nutrient management in horticulture Project ID: QLK5-CT-2000-01301 AREA: 5.1.1 Organisation: Plant Research International B.V.

Scientist responsible for the project Name: Leo Country: NL Surname: MARCELIS Phone: +31 317 475802 Address: P.O. BOX 16 E-mail: [email protected] Post Code: 6700 AA Town: Wageningen

The Project Start date: 01 February 2001 Duration (months): 48 Total cost: 2 638 324 € Total EC contribution: 1 657 851 €

Abstract: Throughout Europe, current horticultural practices cause very large amounts of water and nutrients to be wasted in the environment. To avoid this, and to increase possibilities of controlling crop growth and quality, water and individual nutrients should be supplied independently and in proportion to the plant’s needs, rather than supplying excessive water and nutrients together. In this project, a holistic and multidisciplinary approach - combining modelling and experimental research in plant physiology, substrate physics and chemistry, sensor technology, machine learning, control and optimisation techniques, and economics - is being adopted to reach its objectives. In addition, the end users play a considerable role in the project, and their experience will help test the integrated system under applied research conditions in the fi nal year of the project.

Objectives: The primary objective of CLOSYS is zero nutrient pollution and minimum water use in greenhouse cultivation. This project aims to achieve crop production sustainability by developing a ‘CLOsed SYStem for water and nutrients in horticulture’. In this system, the water and nutrients are continuously re-used. Pollution will be minimised by controlling the input of resources rather than by end-of-pipe measures. Besides aiming at sustainability, other important aspects are enhancing crop quality and safety, and controlling the timing of production, the latter being increasingly important in order for production to be timely and responsive to consumer demand. Within this overall objective, a number of other critical goals are envisaged in order to complete the project successfully, such as the development of mechanistic plant and substrate models with self-learning properties, non-invasive sensors for plant and substrate characteristics, improved growth substrates, and building a real-time process controller and ‘expert system’.

Results: 1) Plant sensor Knowledge is being applied to develop further an imaging sensor that can be used for the early detection of stress in plants grown in greenhouses. The prototype development is fi nished. 2) Plant physiology The prototype mechanistic model for sweet pepper and rose plants, a self-learning process, was tested on data from greenhouse trials, and consisted of a weekly auto-calibration of the simulation results on actual plant data from sensors measuring photosynthesis and refl ectance. Plants; Animals; Fish; Sustainable agriculture 23

3) Substrate physics To tune the mineral supply so that, at the root level, the rose and sweet pepper plants’ demand is met instantly, four main tasks were pursued: a. characterisation of the dynamics and heterogeneity of water and minerals within the slab b. determination of substrate properties c. development of models of substrate dynamics d. design of improved stone wool slabs. 4) Systems integration An expert system is being developed that will determine the irrigation