DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetically Modified Organism Issues in Biotechnology: the Way We Work with Life Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetically Modified Organism Issues in Biotechnology: the Way We Work with Life Dr GMOs and Food Safety What Are You Eating? Dr. Albert Kausch September 15, 2014 Food: Nutrition, GMOs and Organic Crops Myth-Understood GMO Genetically Modified Organism Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch Kimberly Nelson OnCampus Live BCH 190, MIC 190, AFS 190, NRS 190, PLS 190 OnLine BCH 190 A Sweeping General Survey on Life and Biotechnology A Public Access College Course The University of Rhode Island Issues in Biotechnology: Biotechnology, Our Society and Our Future life edu.us Issues in Biotechnology: The Way We Work With Life Dr. Albert P. Kausch life edu.org Agricultural Biotechnology Part I Where Does Our Food Come From? Part II DNA-based Biotechnology And Modern Agriculture Part III. Issues, Controversies and Concerns Part IV. The Ethics of Agriculture Part V. Renewable Energy & the Future of Humanity © life_edu Lectures 13 and 14 Agricultural Biotechnology What is it? • Where does our food come from? • History of Agriculture • Plant Domestication • How is DNA-based biotechnology used for crop improvement? • How is it done? • What are the goals? • What as been done so far? • What is in the future? • What are the controversies and concerns? Agricultural Biotechnology What is it? • Where does our food come from? • History of Agriculture • Plant Domestication • How is DNA-based biotechnology used for crop improvement? • How is it done? • What are the goals? • What as been done so far? • What is in the future? • What are the controversies and concerns? The Origins of Argiculture A crucial event in human history The beginning of civilization Humans invented agriculture The accumulation of surplus food supplies Correlates with other Neolithic Developments Eventually Written Language © life_edu The Cradles of Agriculture Fertile Crescent Lentil~9,500 yrs BP Wheat~9,400 yrs BP Flax~9,200 yrs BP Rye~8,500 yrs BP Mesoamerica Squash~10,000 yrs BP Maize~6,300 yrs BP Potatoes~6,000 yrs BP Beans~ 6,000 yrs BP Central America Cassava~7,000 yrs BP Maize~9,000 yrs BP China Rice~9,000 yrs BP Soybean~8,000 yrs BP Africa Rice~9,000 yrs BP © life_edu Coffee~7,000 yrs BP Where do the plants we eat come from? Nearly all the plants available in the grocery store do not grow in ‘the wild’ All cultivated plants are the result of human intervention These plants would not exist without humans © life_edu Brassica Brassica Brassica Brassica oleracea: kale cabbage broccoli cauliflower kai-lan brussels sprouts kohlrabi Brassica Brassica oleracea: broccoli Broccoli was derived from cultivated leafy cole crops in the Northern Mediterranean in about the 6th century BCE. Since the Roman Empire, broccoli has been considered a uniquely valuable food among Italians. Broccoli was brought to England from Antwerp in the mid-1700s by Peter Scheemakers. Broccoli was first introduced to the United States by Italian immigrants but did not become widely known until the 1920s. New Varieties of Fruits and Vegetables by Conventional Breeding Seedless Yellow Would any of Watermelons these occur without human intervention? Red Carrots Giant Tomatoes Do these plants exist in the Wild? Biotechnology in the 1930s: the development of hybrid maize Donald N. Duvick 2001. Nature Reviews: Genetics vol2 no.1 pg69-74 A brief history • Darwin, maize and hybrid vigour • Inbred-hybrid method: a new method of maize breeding George Shull and Edward East in 1908 discover: inbreeding depression hybrid vigour Inbred A X Inbred B High yields! Hybrid AXB © life_edu Where do the plants we eat come from? • Domestication • Selection • Genetics • Wide Crosses • Mutagenesis • Gene Transfer © life_edu GMO Genetically Modified Organism An organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been Altered by means of genetic engineering Agricultural Biotechnology Genetically Modified Organisms GMO How is it done? It is now possible to clone any gene from any organism and move it into plants © life_edu Agricultural Biotechnology What is it? • Where does our food come from? • History of Agriculture • Plant Domestication • How is DNA-based biotechnology used for crop improvement? • How is it done? • What are the goals? • What as been done so far? • What is in the future? • What are the controversies and concerns? Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA found in some bacteria Many copies per cell Antibiotic resistance gene Plasmids can be cut and pasted back together Foreign genes can be inserted How is a gene cloned? Boyer, Cohen, and Berg, 1972 Enzymes were discovered that cut DNA at specific sequences And subsequently, enzymes were discovered that paste DNA together The ability to cut and paste DNA allowed gene cloning How is a gene cloned? Foreign DNA (gene) is inserted into a plasmid that has a gene for antibiotic resistance The plasmid is introduced into a bacterial cell and grown on the antibiotic Only bacteria with the plasmid grow…the inserted gene is copied many times. Anatomy of a Transgene Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator Cell specificity Protein coding sequence Stop transcription Developmental specificity Message stability Start transcription Gene constructs can be moved into plants and the gene is expressed driven by the promoter sequence © life_edu Genetically Modified Organisms Transgenes confer new traits Promoter Coding Sequence Terminator Your favorite gene Herbicide resistance Controlled expression Pest resistance Stop transcription ‘on in only specific cells’ insect, fungus, virus Message stability Drought, salt, and freeze tolerance Nutritional enhancement proteins, vitamins, oils Specialty chemicals pharmaceuticals, bioplastics Genetic Modification of Plants for Traits A TSP GOI nos Promoter HR1 nos Tissue, Cell, TRAIT Termination Constitutive Selectable Termination or Developmental GENE OF Sequence Promoter Marker Sequence Specific INTEREST “On” in all Cells Herbicide Promoter Coding Resistance Sequence B IP YFG nos Promoter HR1 nos TRAIT Termination Constitutive Selectable Environmental Termination GENE OF Sequence Promoter Marker Sequence Or Inducible INTEREST “On” in all Cells Herbicide Promoter Coding Resistance Sequence Essential Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plants Tissue Culture System regeneration of whole plants from single cells Gene Constructs: Using DNA cloning Molecular vector construct using foreign DNA Method for DNA Delivery Agrobacterium tumefaciens Direct DNA Uptake Whiskers Sonication Microprojectile Bombardment Efficient Selection Strategy differentiation between cells which receive the transgene from those that don’t Antibiotic Resistance Herbicide Resistance Agrobacterium is now a vector for monocots and dicots Agrobacterium and the gene gun are viable approaches to plant gene transfer © life_edu The first commercially available genetically engineered plant is released, (1992). Made using Agrobacterium. What Crops have been genetically modified? Corn Some summer squash Cotton Hawaiian Papaya Canola Rice (China) Soybean Some eggplant (India) Alfalfa Sugar Beet Nutritionally enhanced foods Golden Rice Nutricueticals: Nutritionally enhanced foods will offer increased levels of nutrients, vitamins and other healthful phytochemicals. Benefits range from helping developing nations meet basic dietary requirements to boosting disease- fighting and health-promoting foods. Future: protein-enhanced sweet potatoes and rice; high-vitamin-A canola oil; increased antioxidant fruits and vegetables © life_edu Are genetically engineered plants safe? The Informed Consumer Questions…. Are there actual risks to our food supply? What are the real issues??? Labeling Safety Where is the evidence? Health New Allergens Gene Flow The StarLink Story The Monarch Butterfly Story Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Resistance to Pesticides Production of New Toxins Concentration of toxic chemicals and heavy metals Unknown risk and long term harm Genetically Modified Organisms and Food Issues and Concerns about GMOs in Food Given the success of Agricultural Biotechnology What is behind the turmoil? Uncertainty about safety Regulatory issues Right of choice Environmental concerns Globalization Food culture Big science, big companies “Crossing the line” © life_edu Distrust of Science GMOs and Organics in Myths Food Questions GMOs Are Unhealthy Why Do People Think That GMOs Are Unhealthy? GMOs Are Not Safe GMOs Are Not Natural Why Do People think GMOs Are Not Safe? Monsanto Conspirers To Has Adequate Independent testing on Hide Data about GMOs GMOs been done? Is this information available to the From the Public Public? Why Do People Think That GMOs Increase Herbicide Use GMOs Increase Herbicide and Pesticide Use? GMOs Increase Pesticide Use Genetic Engineering Creates Does Genetic Engineering Dangerous Side Effects Create Dangerous Side Effects? More GMOs and Organics in More Myths Food Questions GMOs Harm the Environment Do GMOs Harm the Environment? How do GMOs Harm the Environment? What is the best method to GMOs Need Mandatory Labeling support American Consumers “Right to Know”? GMOs Do Not Increase Yields Are GMOs a larger threat than And Work Against Feeding starvation? a Hungry World Why do people think GMOs Are Not Safe GMOs and Safety Evidenced Based Peer Reviewed Scientific Testing of GMO Crops Citations. 1Aalhus, J.L., M.E.R. Dugan, K.A. Lien, I.L. Larsen, F. Costello, D.C. Roland, D.R. Best and R.D. Thacker, 2003, Effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant canola meal on swine growth, carcass composition and meat quality. Journal of Animal Science, 81:3267. 2Aeschbacher, K; Messikommer, R; Meile, L; Wenk, C, 2005, Bt176 corn in poultry
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Are You Eating? Dr
    What Are You Eating? Dr. Albert Kausch Food: Big Agriculture, Nutrition, GMOs and Organic Crops Food: Nutrition, GMOs and Organic Crops Myth-Understood The Informed Consumer Questions…. Are there actual risks to our food supply? What are the real issues??? Labeling Safety Where is the evidence? Health New Allergens Gene Flow The StarLink Story The Monarch Butterfly Story Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Resistance to Pesticides Production of New Toxins Concentration of toxic chemicals and heavy metals Unknown risk and long term harm Although genetically modified organisms (GMOs), primarily plants are used around the world, in food products, as feed and for biofuels, their use has become a contentious issue for some consumers. One issue around the controversy involves proposals regarding the mandatory labeling of food containing ingredients made from GMO crops. Several U.S. states are considering legislation to mandate such labels. © life_edu Supporters of bills to legislate mandatory GMO labeling cite the ‘right to know’ what is in their food. Opponents think that labeling is unnecessary and will only serve to confuse the consumer and raise the costs of food. Further implications extend beyond borders for the consequences of world agriculture concerning this technology © life_edu Hundreds of independent studies have determined that foods made with GMO ingredients are safe and substantially equivalent to their non-GMO counterparts, whether those are grown by conventional or organic agriculture. In addition, hundreds of studies have shown
    [Show full text]
  • SUBMISSION to REVIEW of the MORATORIUM on Gmos in TASMANIA
    SUBMISSION TO REVIEW OF THE MORATORIUM ON GMOs in TASMANIA 11 OCTOBER 2013 CropLife Australia Limited ABN 29 008 579 048 Tel 02 6230 6399 Level 2 AMP Building Fax 02 6230 6355 1 Hobart Place Canberra ACT 2600 www.croplifeaustralia.org.au Locked Bag 916 Canberra ACT 2601 Twitter: @CropOLifeOZ INTRODUCTION CropLife Australia (CropLife) is the peak industry organisation representing the agricultural chemical and biotechnology (plant science) sector in Australia. CropLife represents the innovators, developers, manufacturers and formulators of chemical crop protection and agricultural biotechnology products. The plant science industry provides products to protect crops against pests, weeds and diseases, as well as developing crop biotechnologies that are key to the nation’s agricultural productivity, sustainability and food security. The plant science industry is worth more than $1.5 billion a year to the Australian economy and directly employs thousands of people across the country. Over the past decade, Tasmania’s agricultural sector has suffered a net loss of $4 million per year due to a moratorium on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that has provided little tangible benefit to the state in return. This is in stark contrast to mainland states that have generated over $600 million in farm gate benefits from GM crops since 1996, without compromising their ability to successfully market conventional or organic produce. Less than five per cent of Tasmania’s food and agriculture sector is leveraging the GMO-free status to support their brand image. Given that those mainland states growing GM crops also target niche markets with non-GM crops, there appears to be little point of difference for Tasmanian growers.
    [Show full text]
  • A-Razowski.Vp:Corelventura
    Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 59(2) 2016 ISSN 2299-6060, e-ISSN 2300-0163 Kraków, 30 December, 2016 doi:10.3409/azc.59_2.89 Ó Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, PAS Diagnoses and remarks on the genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part 4. Cnephasiini, Ceracini, Atteriini, Sparganothini and Euliini Józef RAZOWSKI Received: 04 October 2016. Accepted: 22 November 2016. Available online: 02 December 2016. RAZOWSKI J. 2016. Diagnoses and remarks on the genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part 4. Cnephasiini, Ceracini, Atteriini, Sparganothini and Euliini. Acta zool. cracov.,59(2): 89-151. Abstract. Diagnoses, redescriptions, and remarks are presented on the genera that com- prised the five tortricid tribes Cnephasiini (19 genera), Ceracini (4 genera), Atteriini (9 genera), Sparganothini (20 genera), and Euliini (173 genera). Original references, type species, type localities, synonyms, and zoogeographic regions are provided. Moronata is a synonym of Pseudapina. Raisapoana, omitted in Archipini is added in the appendix. Key words: Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, genera, diagnoses, descriptions * Józef RAZOWSKI, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, S³awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION The number of genera of Tortricidae has increased dramatically over last 40 years; by 2007 there were over 1630 described genera, including synonyms. Many of the older de- scriptions are scattered throughout the literature, and because there are few larger synthetic treatments of the tortricids for most major biogeographic regions, this large number of taxa complicates considerably the work of taxonomists on the faunas of poorly known regions of the planet. In addition, characters that define many of the genera are not clearly articu- lated.
    [Show full text]
  • REC 4 5900 Pub FINAL18.Indd
    ISSN 1014-5593 %52/0%!. #/--)33)/. #OMMUNITYRESEARCH SYNOPSES PROJECT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY Research results 1998-2006 – Fifth Framework Programme Key Action 5 KI-NA-22361-EN-C Interested in European research? RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results, SALES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS programmes, events, etc.). It is available in English, French and German. A free sample copy or free subscription can be obtained from: European Commission Publications for sale produced by the Offi ce for Offi cial Publications of the European Directorate-General for Research Communities are available from our sales agents throughout the world. Information and Communication Unit B-1049 Brussels You can fi nd the list of sales agents on the Publications Offi ce website (http:// Fax (32-2) 29-58220 publications.eu.int) or you can apply for it by fax (352) 29 29-42758. http://ec.europa.eu/research/rtdinfo/index_en.html Contact the sales agent of your choice and place your order. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research Directorate E — Biotechnology, agriculture and food Unit E3 — Safety of food production systems E-mail: [email protected] Contact: Ciaran Mangan European Commission B-1049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 29-612 79 Fax (32-2) 29-643 22 E-mail: [email protected] SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FORESTRY Research results1998-2006 Fifth Framework Programme Key Action 5 Europe Direct is a service to help you fi nd answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Bt Maize: from Theory to Practice
    MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of Environmental Studies DOCTORAL THESIS Brno 2020 Mgr. Veronika Chvátalová MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Social Studies Department of Environmental Studies Mgr. Veronika Chvátalová Genetically modified Bt maize: from theory to practice Doctoral Thesis Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Ľubica Lacinová, DrSc. Brno 2020 Acknowledgements Although I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently on the next page, I want to acknowledge others who have contributed to this work. First of all, this thesis would not exist without the farmers’ willingness to share their experience. Děkuji českým zemědělcům, kteří se zapojili do výzkumu. I am grateful to Ľubica Lacinová for becoming my supervisor, providing support well balanced with space for my independent work. I would like to thank everyone who provided feedback on earlier drafts and parts of the drafts of this thesis, Ľubica Lacinová, Zbyněk Ulčák, Erik Millstone and Lucie Sovová. Furthermore, I am grateful for methodological consultations with Lucie Galčanová, Jan Činčera and György Pataki. Fern Wickson, Nadia Johanisová and Armin Spök are appreciated for discussions on the proposal and development of the thesis. The Department of Environmental Studies provided an inspiring basis for my transition from the natural sciences to humanities. I am also thankful for fruitful discussions and stimulating environment at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Science, Technology and Society in Graz, which hosted me for one year in the later stage of my study. If I mentioned only one symposium from which I benefited, it would be the workshop “Post-normal science and its ethical aspects - Doctoral projects and other projects in the making” organized by Silvio Funtowicz and Matthias Kaiser.
    [Show full text]
  • Tablas De Contenido Noviembre 16 Al 30 De 2015
    TABLAS DE CONTENIDO NOVIEMBRE 16 AL 30 DE 2015 Ceres 61(3):2014 .................................……………....................................... 2 Fitosanidad 17(3):2013 .................................…………….............................. 4 Fresh cup 24(7):2015 .................................................................................. 5 Journal of economic entomology 107(2):2014 ……………………...………….. 6 El Palmicultor 511:2014 ..................................…………….......................... 10 Phytopathology 104(7):2014 ...............................……..…………................ 11 Plant physiology 165(2):2014 ....................……………............................... 13 Roast March/April. 2015 ………………….....................................…………… 16 TransInformacao 26(2):2014 .................................................................... 17 Revista Universidad de Antioquia 316:2014 ............................................. 18 Ceres 61(3):2014 Vegetal biotechnology Use of the antibiotics sodium ampicillin and chloramphenicol to control contamination in micropropagation of 'Thap maeo' banana. Pereira, Gustavo Alves; Boliani, Aparecida Conceição; Furlani Junior, Enes ................................................................................... 299 Food science and technology Heat shock and salicylic acid on postharvest preservation of organic strawberries. Coltro, Sidiane; Broetto, Laline; Rotilli, Maria Cristina Copelo; Moraes, Alice Jacobus de; Barp, Fabiane Karine; Braga, Gilberto Costa ……….........................................................………
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transge
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-24-2018 A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transgenic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Harboring Cecropin P1 Transgene Yueh-Chiang Han University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Han, Yueh-Chiang, "A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transgenic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Harboring Cecropin P1 Transgene" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1841. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1841 A Study on Transcriptomic Profiling of Differentially Expressed Genes Relevant to Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways in Transgenic Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Harboring Cecropin P1 Transgene Yueh-Chiang Han, PhD University of Connecticut, 2018 Abstract Introduction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes into fish genome by the transgenic technol- ogy provided a promising solution to control fish disease. Cecropin P1, a known porcine origi- nated AMP, had been introduced into the rainbow trout genome for production of transgenic fish by Chiou et al. (2014) in Chen’s laboratory. Repeated, in vivo, challenge studies demonstrated that these transgenic fish exhibited resistant characteristic to infection by microbial pathogens. Here, we hypothesized that cecropin P1 transgene product may not only directly eliminate mi- crobial pathogens, but also indirectly exert immunomodulatory activity in the transgenic hosts to elevate their disease resistance. To address this hypothesis, I have employed the technolo- gies of mRNA deep sequencing (mRNA-Seq) and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) array.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Atmósferas Modificadas Integradas Con Otras Tecnologías
    Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Las atmósferas modificadas integradas con otras tecnologías como alternativas sostenibles para el control de plagas en productos alimentarios almacenados Mª José Pons i Veiga Dipòsit Legal: L.238-2015 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288375 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art.
    [Show full text]