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Filming the End of the Holocaust: Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps

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Filming the End of the Holocaust: Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps Michalczyk, John J. "Index." Filming the End of the Holocaust: Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. 205–224. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 1 Oct. 2021. <>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 1 October 2021, 13:54 UTC. Copyright © John J. Michalczyk 2014. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. I n d e x A b r a m o v i t z , M i c h a e l 1 3 4 atrocities see also war crimes Abzug, Robert H. 32, 42, 43 against children 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, Admissibility of Evidence, Planning 126, 127 Memorandum 19 bearing witness to 2 A.J. Topf & Söhne ovens 62, 167n.41 collective responsibility of German Alderman, Sidney S. 10 people 1, 36, 41, 123, 124, 125, 128, Alexander Nevsky 47, 48 182n.5 Allied 21st Army Group 31–46 communicating to public 25, 54 Allied Investigation Commission 126 encountered by US Signal Corps 21–30 Allies failure to understand the extent of 19, bombings by 124 54 knowledge of extent of atrocities 23 fi lming of 26, 48 war crimes of 15, 53, 124, 182n.7 forced viewing of, Leni Riefenstahl 123 Amen. 34 lack of public belief in 15, 24, 28, 35 America and the Holocaust: Deceit and Nazi 1 Indiff erence 54 number murdered 38, 42, 45, 84, 107, American Jewish Committee 28 126 American Zone 125 as original sin 113–14 amputations 127 procedures for documenting 26 Angel, Sally 160n.24 as propaganda 17, 24, 25 Anglo-German relations, decision not to punishment of perpetrators of 6 produce fi lms 37 see also Cold War recording of 18 annihilation 15 by Red Army 15, 53 Anschluss 93 in Russia 54 anti-Semitism Soviet documentation, presentation of Nazi 86, 89–90, 111 50, 51, 99–100 Soviet fi lms 47 substantiation of 15 United States 54 Atrocities and Other Conditions in of Vichy regime 119 Concentration Camps in Germany appeasement, policy of 47 42 Arbeit macht frei (Work Makes One Free) atrocity fi lms 125 sign 44–5, 61 Au Pilori 119 Archbishop of Canterbury 126 audiences Arendt, Hannah 147–8, 150 American, and Nazi atrocities 52, 60 armaments plant, slave labor in 42, 81 proposed, for fi lms 33 Armenian Genocide 1915 3 visceral eff ect of fi lms on 78, 83 Arnstadt 81 Auschwitz 37, 46 art collection, Nazi confi scated 24, Auschwitz 158n.10 children in 128 Artkino 54, 135, 185n.32 crematorium 147 Aryan spirit 115 experiments on prisoners 61 Assumptions, Planning Memorandum 19 footage 59–60, 61, 63, 107, 109, 126, 127 205 206 Index liberation of 23, 33, 59–63 Bernstein, Sidney 33, 34–6 Memory of the Camps 44–5 Big Red One, Th e 22 number murdered 45, 107 Bigart, Homer 147 Western understanding of 60 Birds, Th e 36 Auschwitz-Birkenau, demolition of Birkett, Norman 101 crematorium 34 blood laws 114 Austria, annexation of 93 bodies authentic fi lming, at Dachau/Bergen- burial of see burial of bodies Belsen 50 burning of, Gardelegen 44 authenticity, of fi lm evidence 37–8, 40, 50 Bolchevitchka 106 Aventure Malgache 35 Bolshinsov, M.V. 100 Aveu, L’ (Th e Confession) 161n.30 bombings, by Allies 124 Axis Rule in Occupied Europe 16, 142 Bon Voyage 35 bones, as fertilizer 127, 128 Babi Yar, massacres 49–50, 105, 109, 162n.7 books, burning of un-Deutsch 90, 129, 146, Bad Seed 22 175n.62 banality of evil 147–8 Bormann, Martin 72 Banks, Richard 138 Bosnia-Herzegovina 149 Barbie, Klaus 149 Bradley, Omar 18, 24, 126 Barkley, Alben 41 Brausebad, shower sign 41, 127 Barrett, John Q. 18 Breendonk 80 Barvenkovo 103 Britain, and war crimes tribunal 8 Battle for Our Soviet Ukraine 53 British Army Film Unit 36 Battle of Britain 96 British Film Society 34 Battle of Midway 22 British Government, desire to repair Battle of Russia 51 Anglo-German relations 37 see also Battle of Stalingrad 48 see also Stalingrad Cold War Battleship Potemkin 53 British Zone 129–31 BBC 32 brothel, at Dachau 41 bearing witness, to atrocities 2 Buchenwald see also Ohrdruf Belgium, occupation of 95 concentration camp belief, lack of, in atrocities 15, 24, 28, 35 see camp network 23 also disbelief; skepticism children at 81 Belsen Eisenhower, tour of 41–2 area 31, 38 fi lming at 36 Death Mills 126, 127 images of, Nuremberg trial 67 Nazi Concentration Camps 82 medical experimentation 81–2 see also Bergen-Belsen Memory of the Camps 42–3 Bergen-Belsen mortality rates 42 authentic fi lming 50 Nazi Concentration Camps 81–2 bulldozer footage 82–3, 111, 147 reports of 172n.34 cannibalism in 32, 82 bulldozer footage, Bergen-Belsen 82–3, eyewitness accounts 40 111, 147 fi lm 36 Bulgaria, and Germany 95 Grasleben salt mine 87 Burger, Hanuš 125 liberation of 2, 29, 31–2, 147 burial of bodies medical experimentation 82 Bergen-Belsen 39, 82, 111, 147 numbers of dead 38, 84 forced witnessing of 22, 39 Berlin Blockade 132 mass 48 Berlin, post-war 130 burning Berlin: Th e Downfall 53 of bodies, Gardelegen 44 Index 207 of prisoners 127 closure, and Eichmann trial 148 of towns/villages 100 clothes, of victims 41, 107 see also hair; of un-Deutsch books 90, 129, 146, shoes 175n.62 coal, post-war Germany 130 Cold War Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Th e 132 and changing relationship with Cambodian genocide, tribunal 149 Germany 37, 124, 132, 133, 137 cameramen Iron Curtain speech 132, 137 notes of 60, 100 and USSR 46 Red Army 29, 33, 52, 100 collaborators Soviet/newsreels of civilian massacres 2 purge of 113, 118, 179n.1 Special Coverage Unit (SPECOU) 25 retaliation of survivors 140–1 cannibalism, in Bergen-Belsen 32, 82 collective guilt, of German civilians 1, 36, Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation 41, 123, 124, 125, 128, 182n.5 146 Committee for Victims of German Fascism Capra, Frank 21, 22, 51, 86, 123, 124, 157n.2 34 Carruthers, Susan L. 123, 125 communications, US Signal Corps 21 Cartier-Bresson, Henri 138, 139, 140, 141, Communism, Germany as bulwark against 142 133 castration, of prisoners 108 Compteurs, Les (Th e Corrupters) 119 Cemetery of Europe 56 concentration camps see also individual censorship, Nazi policy of, France 115 concentration camps (e.g. Dachau) Central Documentary Film Studio 56, and crimes against humanity 85 102 and extermination camps 188n.18 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 21–2 fi lm selected to support prosecution Charter of the International Military 75 Tribunal—Annex to the Agreement fi lming of 23, 26–7, 34, 76 for the prosecution and punishment Germans forced to view 39, 42, 43, 57, of the major war criminals of the 80, 128, 142 European Axis see London Charter liberation of 23, 29, 34, 139 chemin de la liberté, le (the road to freedom) map of (photograph) 77 140 number murdered in 126 Chief Prosecutors, objectives for, London numbers of 183n.14 Charter 13 recording of evidence 18 children recording of, fi rst Jewish religious atrocities against 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, service 28–9 126, 127 role of, institutions of Nazi regime 84 in Auschwitz 128 Condor Legion 94, 176n.67 in Buchenwald 81 conspiracy, belonging to criminal used in experiments 59 see also twin organizations 13, 111, 113 experiments conspiracy charge 155n.26 Churchill, Winston 6, 8, 9, 132, 137 conspiracy, to commit crimes against peace Ciechanowski, Jan 16 12–13, 89, 111 cinematic documentation, to prevent conspiracy, to commit war crimes 97 disproval/minimization of criminal courts, post-war Germany 130 actions 33 credibility, of Russian fi lming 54, 101, Civil Aff airs Division, US War Department 109 see also authenticity, of fi lm 132 evidence civilians, atrocities against 6, 53, 100–10, crimes against humanity 124 see also atrocities as charge against Nazis 89, 97 Clauberg, Dr. 61 and concentration camps 85 208 Index and Eichmann trial 148 defendants, direct connection to crimes and fi lm evidence 111–12 156n.37 London Charter 13 Delage, Christian 71, 157n.3 medical experimentation 41 Demjanjuk, John 149 term 18 demobilization, of German Army 131 crimes against peace 12–13, 89, 111 democracy 66, 67 criminal activity, Th ird Reich, denazifi cation contradictory early reports 15 of Leni Riefenstahl 87, 123, 173n.53 criminal organizations, participation in 13, Nuremberg: Its Lessons for Today 111, 113 (Nürnberg) 131–5 Crossman, Richard 36 program 7, 34, 46, 123, 129–31, 142 Crowther, Bosley 136, 137 Denmark, neutrality of 94 Czechoslovakia, occupation of 93, 94 Department for Jewish Aff airs, Gestapo 145 Department of Defense 78 D-Day, Operation Overlord 27 deportations, French contribution to Dachau Nuremberg 114 authentic fi lming 50 Dessau, transit camp 140, 141 brothel at 41 Destruction of the European Jews 86, 150 Eisenhower, tour of 41–2 Deutschland erwache, Judaverrecke! 89, 111 fi lming at 25, 27–8, 34, 36 Diary of Anne Frank, Th e 45, 150, 151 footage 127 Dietrich, Otto 91 medical experimentation 41 Dimberly, Richard 32 Memory of the Camps 41 disabled, euthanasia war against 48 Nazi Concentration Camps 82 disarmament, and Hitler’s Reichstag retaliation of survivors 140 address 90 D’Addario, Ray 157n.41 disarmament terms, of Versailles Treaty 91 Daladier, Edouard 180n.5 disbelief see also belief; skepticism Danzig 94 of BBC staff 32 Danzig Medical Academy 108 prisoners of war’s fear of 76–7 Darnista 105 of the public 15, 24, 28, 32, 35 Darré, Walter 91 of the West 17, 40, 54, 101 Dass ist Faschismus, dass ist Displaced Persons camp 140 Nationalsozialismus 34 Dix, Rudolf 78 De Gaulle, Charles 113, 116 documentaries, Soviet, lack of synch sound Death Mills (Die Todesmühlen) 34, 46, 125, 45, 50 126–9, 142 documentation deaths fi lms reinforcement of 145 industrialized/mechanized 58 of historical events 22 Majdanek extermination camp 57–8, importance of 45 165n.30, 166n.32 Master Caption Sheets 27 mass production of 55 procedures for 26 numbers of 38, 42, 45, 84, 107, Soviet, of atrocities 48, 50 126 Soviet rationale, for legal purposes 57 of Russians 102, 108 trustworthy 15 survivors of camps 32, 128 visual, role in communicating atrocities December 7 22 25 Declaration of the Four Nations on documentation process, transit camps General Security see Moscow 141 Declaration documents, of Th ird Reich 18 Defeat of the Germans Near Moscow Dodd, Th omas 78, 84, 97 54 Dolgopolov, Greg 47 Index 209 Dönitz, Karl 73 El Caudillo see Franco, Francisco Donovan, James B.
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