MODERN

ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS was a Portuguese   Vasco da Gama first arrived at explorer. Kappad near in  A new Sea route to India via Cape of . Good Hope (Southern tip of South Af- Vasco da Gama in  Saint Gabriel was the name of rica) discovered by the ship in which Vasco-da- 1498 AD marked the beginning of Euro- Gama landed at Kappad, the port pean period in Indian History. of of Calicut.  Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second  The most famous Portuguese time in 1502 and for the third chance in men from the point of view of 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was there. Later India were Vasco da Gama, cremated at theSt. Francis Church in 1539. his remains were brought back to  For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of under the title of .

 The first church, for Europeans  They introduced Tobacco in the only, was constructed by court of Akbar in 1604. Franciscan Friars in Cochin, who  The Portuguese authority in In- were brought by Albuquerque. dian seas remained upto 1595. The church was dedicated to St.  The Portuguese started the first Almeida Antony but is presently known press in India at in 1556. as church of St. Francis. Almeida and Albuquerque.  Albuquerque died near Goa in  Don Francisco de’Almeida was December 16, 1515 the first Portuguese governor in  His policy of mixed sys- the East. His policy was called tem was to encourage intermar- ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which riage between the Portuguese aimed at the establishement of and Indians. strong navy.  The Portuguese religious  In 1507 the Portuguese arrived policy of “Latinisation” of the at Madras. The city finally got Kerala Church brought them its name from their leader Madra. into conflict with the native  The greatest Portuguese gover- Christians ( the later Syrian nor the East was Albuquerque. Christians) He was the real founder of the  The conflict for the establish- Portuguese authority in India. ment of Latin rite and Syrian rite  Albuquerque tried to abolish led to the Sati. incident in 1653. St. Francis CSI Church, in .  Second governor of Portuguese  The Portuguese introduced ag- Vasco da Gama, died in Kochi in India conquered and estab- ricultural products such as 1524 when he was on his third visit lished the Portuguese colonial cashew, coconut, custardapple, to India. His body was originally empire in the . pineapple etc in India. buried in this church.  The first Portuguese fort in In- The Dutch  Early name of the company was dia was constructed at Cochin. John Company.  The Portuguese captured Goa  In 20 March 1602 the United  The English East India Com- from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510. of the Neth- pany was formally established erlands was formed. The name  In 1534 the Portuguese captured on 31st December 1600 by a Basseine of and of the Dutch Company was Charter issued by Queen Eliza- Vereenidge Oostindische Diu of from Sultan beth of the Tudor dynasty. Companie (VOC). Bahadur Shah who offered  Hector, the first ship of the En-  The Dutch set up their first fac- Bombay including Elephanta glish East India company tory at Masulipattanam in 1605 island ( the original name of the reached on 24 August and built their first fort at island was Gharapuri) 1606. in 1609.  Hunho da Cunha built a  In 1612 the Company became 1610: King of Chandragiri allowed Portuguese fort at Bassein a joint stock company. the Dutch to have settlement in  Bhadur Shah of Gujarat and  Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassa- Pulicat which became the chief Malwas who tried to escape dor of James I of England landed slave trading centre. from the Portuguese captivity at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 died at Diu (on February 14, 1612: The Portuguese expelled the and the first English , was 1537) Dutch from Pulicat but a established at Surat. The first factory was estab-  The Portuguese settled down in convention in 1616 Pulicat went Hoogly in 1579, which place back to the Dutch. lished by Thomas Aldwarth. became the first international 1625: The Dutch had their  The Company made a riverine port in India. settlement in Bengal at Chinsura settlement in Aramgaon, which was the first fortified area in  The main reasons for the initial 1645: The Dutch established a India. success of the Portuguese in factory at Kayal, South of  The company acquired Bombay India were ; the enmity among Tuticorin. They returned to from Charles II on lease which the native rulers, the position of Hoogly for business. he got as dowry from Portugal. the , the support  They captured Nagapattanam  The designation of ‘Chief Jus- of the Vijayanagar rulers, the Bull from the Portuguese in 1659. tice’ was introduced in India by of Pope Alexander VI in 1493  In 1663, the Dutch captured the English in 1678. and the absence of any superior Cochin.  In 1672 the Court of judicature rivals.  In 1741, Marthandavarma, the was setup as directed by the  The major causes for the ruler defeated the East India Company and English decline of the Portuguese power Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. law was for the first time were ;  The final Collapse of the Dutch introduced in India. The rise of the Dutch and the came with their defeat by the En-  Madras became the first presi- English, of Portugal glish in the Battle of Bedara in dency chartered as Municipal by Spain in 1518, the decline of 1759. Corporation with Mayor’s court the Vijayanagar empire, the rise 1687. of the Marathas the degenera THE ENGLISH AND  Job Charnock founded the city tion and demoralisation of the THE FRENCH of Calcutta. Portuguese men in India, the  Francis Carton set up the first Colonisation of by  The English East India Com- French factory at Surat in 1668. Portugal and the fanatic pany was formed by a group of  The First French Governor of religious policies of the Merchants known as ‘The Mer- Pondicherry was Francois Mar- Portuguese Christians. chant Adventurers’ in 1599. tin. commander John Zepheria were a series of military contests during the 18th Holwell and four women were The Carnatic Wars locked in a small room. 123 of century between the British and the French trading companies. As a them died inside due to result, the British trading company established its dominance among suffiocation. This incident is the European trading companies between within the India. French and the English for known a Black-hole tragedy.  The first Carnatic war  was fought supremacy in occurred in 1742. It ended in 1748 by between and Siraj- The treaty of Aix-la-Chapple. was from 1748 to 1754. ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. The second Carnatic war  was from 1758 to 1763. The Third Carnatic Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in  The Third Carnatic war the battle. War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British  Mir Zafar was made the Nawab forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now of Bengal after the battle of Chandannagar) in 1757. The war concluded with the signing of Plassey. the 1763 Treaty of Paris.  The arrival of Dupleix as French  After the battle of Plassey Rob- ert Clive became the first Gover-  The Charter of August 9, 1683 Governor in India in 1742 saw nor of Bengal. issued by the British crown the beginning of Anglo- French  The Construction of fort Will- authorised the company full Conflict. iam of Calcutta was started by power to declare and make  Robert Clive was the Governor peace and war with any of the of the English during the Lord Clive. nations of Asia and to recruit Carnatic wars.  The Charter of 1758 Jan 14 such military forces as  The Gregorian Calendar came to allowed the company to keep necessary. The company be used throughout the British any booty taken in wars against enrolled the companies of dominion in 1752. the enemies of the king and the Rajput soldiers (perhaps the first  The Second Carnatic war ended company. build up of an Indian army by with the treaty of Pondicherry  Separate Courts were created for the company). in 1754. the Indians and the Europeans  Madras became the first  In 1759 Robert Clive defeated an by the East India Company. Presidency chartered as expedition from the Dutch  In 1765 Clive returned to Municipal Corporation with a company to re-establish Dutch Calcutta and became the Mayor’s Court (1687). position in Bengal, which Governor of Bengal for the  Job Charnock founded the city marked the end of Dutch Power second time, which continued of Calcutta on 24 August 1690 in India. till 1767. in Sutanuti village and  At the Battle of Wandiwash,  Clive introduced official postal established the first English Eyre Coot defeated French gen- system in 1766. factory in Calcutta. He died at eral Lally in 1760.  Ahammed Shah Abdali entered Calcutta in 1693 and buried  With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 India for the last time in 1767. there. His tombstone was made peace was settled between the The Sikhs defeated him later of Charnokite granite named French and English. Amar Singh, protege of Abdali after him.  The Battle of Plassey was founded Patiala state.  King George I of England fought in the year 1757 June 13.  The Sanyasi and Fakir rebellions empowered the company to  In 1756, Siraj-ud-daula, the started in Bengal against the establish Municipal Corpora Nawab of Bengal, attacked foreign rule. tions and Mayor’s Court in Calcutta and captured it. 146  They were strong in North Ben- Bombay and Calcutta. British prisoners including their gal and North Bihar till 1774.  In 1764, the European Bengal of Lord North. It was first  In 1782 the Treaty of Salbay was Regiment Mutiny which was enactment relating to territorial signed by Anderson for the En- followed by the First Indian possessions in India. glish and the Scindia for the Mutiny against the Brit-  Robert Clive introduced ‘Dual Marathas by which the Mar- ish in Patna in May. government’ in Bengal. atha’s were forbidden to have  The combined forces of Mir  Under the Regulating Act the dealings with any nation other Kassim, Emperor of and Mayor’s Court in Calcutta was than the English. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh replaced by the Supreme court  An office called the Court of were defeated in the Battle of which functioned till 1862. Wards was established in Buxar on October 23 1764. Calcutta was made the capital Bengal in 1782 to take care of  The Battle of Changama took of India by East India Company. the Zamindaris of minors, place on September 3, 1767  In 1775 the Treaty of Purandhar females and incapables. between the combined forces of was signed between the British  In 1783 the Fox’s India Bill for Hyder Ali and Nizam and the and . the improvement of administration in India was British army. Then started the  On March 5, 1775 Raghunath introduced in the British First Anglo - Mysore War (1767- Rao signed the Treaty of Surat Parliament but was defeated. 69). with the British and the British  Tipu Sultan sieged  The year 1770 witnessed a great troops captured Barakpur of with French help. famine and plague epidemic in Bengal.  Court of Directors censured Bengal which took the toll of one  The Ordinance Services Corps and he fifth of the total population of was established. resigned his post. fifteen million.  Maharaj Nanadkumar was  In 1784 Asiatic Society of  Hyder Ali lost to the Marathans hanged in Calcutta on charge of Bengal was established by in the battle of Milgota pass in forgery (August 5, 1775). He was William Jones with Warran 1771. the last Indian to die on a Hastings as the first Patron (It  The court of Directors of the forgery charge. later became Royal Asiatic East India Company appointed  In 1767 Clive returned to Society and finally Asiatic Warren Hastings as the England and committed suicide Society since 1951) President of their Bengal in 1774.  The Pitt’s India (India Act of Council on April 13, 1772.  In the first Anglo - Maratha war 1784) Bill was introduced in the  Muslim Personal Law, based on (1775 - 82) the Marathas were British Parliament to improve the Shariat, was first enacted by the badly mauled in the battle of government rule for the British. Arras by Col: Keating. management of Indian affairs  In 1773 Peshwa Narayana Rao  Abdul Zafar Siraj - ud-din and was passed. was murdered by his uncle Muhammad Bahadur Shah II,  Tipu built the Gumbaz of Sriran- Reghunath Rao or Raghoba the last of the Mughal Emperor gapatanam in the garden nur- who proclaimed himself as the was born. tured by Hyder Ali. Peshwa. Scindhia of Gwalior,  In 1776 Warren Hastings  In 1786 Lord Cornwallis was Holker of Indore, Bhonsle of resigned from the post of appointed Governor General as Nagpur and Gaekward of Baroda Governor General of Bengal but well as the Commander-in-Chief. became independent of later retracted it. Bengal was divided into thirty Peshwa’s control.  The second Anglo- Mysore War five districts by John Shore.  In 1773, the Regulating Act was (1780 -84) took place.  John Shore, James Grant and passed in the British Parliament  Warren Hastings established Jonathan Duncan assisted to control the finances of East Muhammadan Madrassa in Cornwallis in the field of India Company at the instance Calcutta. administration. CONQUEST OF MYSORE  Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh Muhammed.He was born in 1722.  In 1766, he became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Mysore Raja Krishna Wodeyar.  First Mysore war between Haider Ali and the English started in 1767 and ended in 1769.  First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the defeat of English and the treaty of Madras.  Second Mysore War was from 1780 to 1784.  Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sultan became the Mysore ruler.  The second Mysore war ended by the treaty of Mangalore in 1784.  Second Mysore war was fought during the period of Warren Hastings.  Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in 1792.  The third war ended by the treaty of Sreerangapatnam on March 19th 1792.  Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.  Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period of Governor General Wellesley.  In this battle, Tipu was killed in 1799 at Srerrangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley.  Tipu’s Capital was Sreerangapatanam.  Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.  Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by Tippu which describes about rockets.

 In 1788 Pitt’s Regulatory Act of the company. He introduced Now it is in Victoria and Albert was introduced to put further a for government Museum in London. controls on Government of servants (Cornwallis Code)  Ranjith Singh of Punjab India.  Sir John Shore (1793-98) captured Lahore from its Sikh  East India Company with the witnessed the Battle of Kharda rulers. Hydrabad Nizam and the between the Nizam and the  Hawa Mahal Palace or the Palace Peshwa, signed a treaty against Marathas. of four winds was built at Jaipur Tipu on the understanding that  Lord Wellesley (1793-98) by Maharaja Pratap Singh in the conquered area will be introduced the Subsidiary 1799. divided among the three. Alliance system in 1798. The  Fort William College was  In 1790 the third Anglo- Mysore Nizam of Hydrabad concluded established in Calcutta by Lord War brokeout and the British a Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance Wellesley in 1800 for training of captured Dindigal and Palghat. with the English. Civil servants of the company The war came to an end by the  The Fourth Mysore War was in languages and customs of Treaty of Srirangapatanam in waged under Major General W Indians. 1792. Pomham and General Baird  Karnataka was annexed to the  In 1793 Lord Cornwallis against Tipu. The latter was company introduced the Permanent killed in the battlefield on May 4,  In 1862 Peshwa Baji Rao II, after Revenue Settlement in Bengal 1799. getting defeat from Yashwant and Bihar aiming at getting a  Tipu was the only Indian King Rao Holker accepted the fixed amount at correct intervals who died on the battle field, subsidiary Alliance system by to the government. fighting the British. the treaty of Bassein.  Cornwallis tried to complete  Tipu was fond of Tigers and  The British captured Delhi exclusion of the Indian from dislike for the British. The against the combined forces of India’s administration and give French developed a mechanised the Sikhs and the Marathas in it exclusively in the hands of the toy tiger killing a Briton with all the Second Anglo - Maratha European Covenanted Servants the sounds of roar and agony. War ( 1803 - 05)  By the Treaty of Surji governor of Madras in 1820.  Coorg was annexed by the Arjangaon the British got  Lord Aherst’s period (1823-28) Company : in 1834 from Rajaveer control of Delhi Agra Broach witnessed the First Burmese war Rajendra after a war and then and other territories ; the true and Bhartpur was annexed after annexed Central Cachar. end of the . imprisoning the usurper Durjan  Bentick changed the official  Lord Wellesely suppressed Sal and Assam. language of the Courts of sacrifice of children in the sea in  Rubber plant seeds were first Justice from Persian to English. Sagar Island of Bengal in brought to India from Brazil by  He made a Treaty of Perpetual fulfilment of vows. Henry William in 1826. (First friendship with Raja Renjith  The Indian soldiers at Vellore Rubber Plantation was set up in Singh. and Madras mutinied in July Kerala in 1900.)  Lord Macaulay in 1835 Febru- 1806 since they were forbidden  Lord William Bentick (1828- ary 2, opened the flood gates of to wear caste - marks and 1835) abolished ‘Sati’ by Western Education in India by earrings during Parade. Col. Regulation XVII of 1829. linking higher education with Rolls Gillespie suppressed the  The Brahma Samaj was the English language. mutiny by killing nearly five founded by Raja Ram Mohan  The March 7 Resolution was hundred mutineers. Roy. introduced for the promotion of  The European army officers of  Capt. William Sleeman launched European Literature and Science the company revolted against a campaign to exterminate Thu- in India. differential treatment meted out gees who were brought under  The British began to strike to them compared to the Royal control by 1837 and completely Coins with British Crown’s Regiment Officers (1809). eliminated by 1860. image, instead of Emperor  Company established college of  The Charter Act of 1833 was Akbar Shah II, in 1835. Fort St: George in Madras. passed.  The temporary Governor  In 1814 the Company started  A Law commission was framed General Charles Met Calfe (1835- minting Silver Coins in India. under Macaulay, the legal 36) established the freedom of The Anglo - Nepal War (1814- member of the Governor Press. 16) and the Treaty of Sagau Li General’s Council, for (1816) codification of India Laws. Thus  On January 10, 1836 Professor  The Third Maratha War ; the Civil Procedure Code (1859) and Madhusudan Gupta and four of dissolution of the Maratha Indian Penal Code (1860) and a his medical students Raj Krishan confederacy and the formation Criminal Procedure Code (1861) Dev, Uma Charan Sett, of (1818). were created. Dwaraknath Gupta and Nobin  On April 7, 1818 the British  The Charter Act of 1833 took Chandra Mitra dissected a dead introduced “ Bengal state steps to abolish body in Calcutta Medical Prisoners Regulation III of 1818 (abolished in 1843) ; Bengal, College. for detention and deportation of Bombay and Madras  In 1837 James Princep, political prisoners and preordinations were place under Secretary of Asiatic Society, revolutionaries without trial. the complete control of the deciphered the ancient Brahmi  The Pindari bandits, the unruly Governor General and he was Script and later Kharoshti Cavalry bands of central India given the power to superintend, inscriptions of India. and on friendly terms with control and direct all civil and  The First Political Organi- Holker and Scindia, were military affairs of the company; sation of India the Zamindari smashed. Company’s monopoly over Association of Calcutta, in 1838  The Ryotwari System was trade with China in tea was changed its name to Landlord’s introduced by Thomas Monroe, stopped. Association.  1838 is the birth year of Bankim Udaipur (1852) Jhansi (1853) passenger train on August 15, Chankra Chatterji the author of Nagpur (1854) and Awadh 1854 between Calcutta and Vande Matharam, Kesab (1856). Hoogly. Chandra sen the founder of  The Geological Survey of India  India’s first modern Post office Bharathiya Brahma Samaj and was established on March 5, was established in Calcutta in Mirza Ghulam Ahamad, founder 1851 in Calcutta and the first 1854. of Ahmadiya Sect. official. Telegraph line was  In 1885 the first long distance  Lord Auckland’s Period opened between Calcutta and telegraph line between Calcutta witnessed the First War Diamond Harbour on October and Agra (1300 km) was opened. (1838-42) and death of Ranjith 24.  A separate Public Works Singh.  The British Indian Association Department was established in  Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) of Bengal was established on every province. witnessed the annexation of October 29, 1851 with Radha  The Widow Remarriage Act Sind and War with Gwalior. Kanta Dev as president and (1856) was passed.  Debendranath Tagore, father of Devendranath Tagore as the  Lord Canning (1856-1862) Rabindranath Tagore accepted secretary. established three universities at Brahmo Religion.  Postal system for the general Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in  British Indian Society was public was introduced in 1857. founded in Bengal in 1843 by the Karachi, the first time in Asia, in British citizens for the welfare July 1, 1852 (It was valid only in Subsidiary Alliance system and just rights of Indian the district of Sind and known and other Policies Subjects. In 1851 it was merged as “ Scinde Dwak”.  Subsidiary Alliance System was with the British Indian  On April 16, 1853 Indian introduced by Wellesley to Association. Railways Started the first train bring Indian States within the  Lord Hardings Period (1844-48) of Great Indian Peninsular orbit of British political power. witnessed the First Anglo - Sikh Railway with 3 steam Engines War (1845-46) and ultimately  First Indian ruler to join the Sub- hauling 20 Coaches with 400 Punjab lost its independence in sidiary Alliance System was the people. The train left Victoria 1849. Nizam of Hyderabad. Terminus (Bori Bunder) of  Lahore was captured by the  Permanent Revenue Settlement Bombay for Thane. British and infant Duleep Singh was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, was recognised as the ruler. He  Competitive examination for the Orissa and districts of Benaras abandoned Sikkim and became Indian Civil Service (ICS) started and northern districts of Ma- a Christian, the first Indian in England, through the Charter dras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. Prince to do so but later he Act of 1853. It was planned by John shore. became a sikh.  In 1884 Charles Wood made the  Ryotwari System was intro-  Hardins abolished female Wood’s Despatch which is duced in Bombay, Madras and infanticide and human sacrifice. considered as the Magna Carta Assam. This system was similar of English Education in India.  Lord Dalhousie became the to Akbar’s revenue policy Zabti Governor General of India in Which recommended English as system. the Medium for higher studies 1848 and acted as such till 1856.  Mahalwari System was intro- and vernacular at school level  He introduced the Doctrine of duced in Awadh region, Punjab, and grant -in-Aid system. Lapse and annexed Satara (1848) NWFP and parts of Central In- Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849)  East India Railway ran its first dia. THE REVOLT OF 1857

 The Great Mutiny of 1857 took place during the Result of 1857 Revolt period of Lord Canning. The revolt Suppressed.  The Centres and Leaders of the Revolt End of . Lucknow - Control taken by the British Crown . Kanpur - Delhi - General Bhakt khan positive political meaning to the revolt. Bihar -  The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the Jhansi - Rani Lekshmi Bai introduction of the greased catridges. Faridabad - Maulavi Ahmmadulla  Educated middle class section of Indian popula- Bareili - Khan Bahadur tion did not support the revolt of 1857.  The 19th Native Infantry at Berhampur which re-  On November 1, 1858 a proclamation was made by fused to use the greased cartridge and the enfield the Queen to the people of India in eighteeen lan- rifle, started mutiny in February 26, 1857. guages.  The focal point of the revolt included Delhi,  The Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 an- Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Benaras, Jhansi and nounced the end of the Rule of East India Com- Arrah. pany in India.  The first shot was fired on March 29 by Mangal  ‘‘The best and the bravest military leader of the Pandey (of Ballia, UP) of the 14th Bengal Infantry rebels’’ sir Hugh Ross said this about Rani of at Barrakpore of Bengal. Jhansi.  was hanged to death on 29 March  The original name of was Mani 1857. Karnika.  May 10, 1857 witnessed the real mutiny at Meerut  The administration by Indian civil service offic- followed by Delhi on 11th May. ers started as a result of the Queen’s proclama-  The first British to loose his life was Col.Finnis tion. Meerut.  The revolt was completely crushed in 1858.  Bahadurshah II surrendered to Lt. W.S.R.  Benjamin Disraeli described the revolt as a ‘‘Na- Houdson on September 21, 1857 at Humayun’s tional Rising’’. Tomb in Delhi.  V.D. Savarkar in his book ‘‘First war of Inde-  The capture of Delhi and the proclamation of pendence’’ called it ‘‘The First War of Indepen- Bahadurshah as the Emperor of Hindustan gave a dence’’.

The revolt is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion and the Sepoy Mutiny. The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorga- nize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India. India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new . The immediate cause for the 1857 revolt was the introduction of the greased catridges. The use of cow and pig fat in the newly-introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges provoked Indian soldiers. Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles, and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was offensive to Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The revolt of 1857 ended in failure but it promoted the spirit of Nationalism and Patriotism. Rebel leaders, such as the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the nationalist movement in India. the last Mughal Emperor, crowned Emperor of India, was deposed by the British, and died in exile in Burma.

Lakshmibai, The Rani of Jhansi, Charles Canning, the Governor-General one of the heroes of the revolt who earlier had lost her of India during the rebellion. kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse.

 In 1859 the White Mutiny by exploitation of the British Madame Bhikaji Kama European troops occurred. Indigo Planters. September 24, and Madan  Bahadur Shall II was exiled to  Iswar Chandra Vidya Sagar Mohan Malaviya December 25, Rangoon in December 1859 was awarded with the first act and the formation of Radha - where he expired on November for raising the age of consent Swami- Satsang, an esoteric 7, 1862. of girls for marriage. Sect, by Tulsi Ram or Sib Dayal  Tantia Tope (Ramachandra  The Indian Councils Act 1861 Saheb. Reghunatha Tope) was established Legislative  The Indian Civil Service Act captured and hanged at Councils at the Centre and in was passed. The maximum age Sivapuri on April 18, 1859. the Provinces and Presidencies of entry into ICS was fixed at 22  Nanasaheb (Dhundu Pant) died by including non - official years and one year’s probation in Nepal on Sept 24, 1859. members. in England ( In 1866 it was  The Indigo riots was started by  The year 1861 witnessed the reduced to 21 yrs and 24 yrs Bengal peasants to protest births of Motilal Nehru , Probation in England, in 1878 it against the torture and Rabindra Nath Tagore May 7, was further reduced to 19 years.)  Sambhunath Pandit, the first Indian, assumed the office of The Doctrine of Lapse the Judge of the High Court The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy by Governor Gen- Calcutta on February 2, 1862. eral Lord Dalhousie. According to the Doctrine, any Ganendra Mohan Tagore or territory under the direct influence of the British East India Com- passed the Barrister- at- law pany, as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would exam from Lincoln’s Inn on automatically be annexed if the ruler was either “manifestly incom- June 21. He was enrolled in petent or died without a direct heir”. The company took over the Calcutta High Court as the Ist princely states of Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur Indian Barrister in 1865. and Jhansi (1854) and Awadh (Oudh) (1856) using this Doctrine.  The Wahabi Movement was The British took over Awadh in 1856 with the reason that the ruler started by Sayyid Ahmed of Rae was not ruling properly.this led to a revolution. With the increasing Bareli in 1862 in the power of the East India Company, discontent simmered amongst of Lord Elign I (1862-63) many sections of Indian society. Following the revolt, in 1858, the  Satyendra Nath Tagore, new British Viceroy of India,whose rule replaced that of the British became the first Indian, to be East India Company, renounced the doctrine. directly recruited in the  Mayo established the the Kuka or Namdhari Covenanted Civil Service (later Department of Agriculture and movement in Punjab of Bhai renamed as Indian Civil Commerce and the State Balak Singh and Baba Ram Service). railways. Singh.  Lord John Lawrence (1864-  John Paxton Norman, the  Lord Lytton’s Tenure in India 1869) waged war with Bhutan officiating Chief Justice of as viceroy was from 1876 to in 1865 and Created High Courts Bengal was fatally wounded by 1880. at Calcutta Bombay and stabbing in Calcutta on  In 1878 he appointed a Famine Madras. September 20, 1871 by a Commission under the  state of Saurashtra member of the Wahabi Sect. chairmanship Sir. Richard (Junagarh), the first native  In 1872 Lord Mayo was Strachey due to a heavy famine state, issued its own postage assassinated on February 8, in that affected Punjab Central stamp in 1865. the Andaman Islands by Sher Indian regions, Madras,  The “Prarthana Samaj” was Ali, an Afghan Wahabi Bombay and Hydrabad. established at Bombay under Prisoner, as revenge for the  By the Royal Title’s Act 1876, Ranade Bhandarkar and others punishment given to their Queen Victoria assumed the due to the visit of Kesab leader Amir Khan. title of “Kaiseri - Hind” or Chandra Sen.  Lord North Brook became the Emperors of India. It was  Dar-ul-Uloom (House of Viceroy of India in 1872 and he celebrated on January 1, 1877 Learning or Azhar Al- Hind ) continued in that post till 1878. in Delhi Durbar under the was founded by Maulana  His Government passed the Presidentship of Lord Lytton. Muhammad Qasim Nanatawi Native Marriage Act, known as  On March13, 1878 the and Maulana Rashid Ahmed Civil Marriage Act 1872, to Vernacular Press Act was Gangoni in Deoband of UP. legalise inter - religion and inter passed to Control Vernacular  In 1868 the Amrit Bazar caste - marriages. Press and Publications. Patrika was first published as  In 1874 June the English East  The Calcutta University weekly in Bengali by three India Company was dissolved. allowed women to appear to the Ghosh brothers - Sisir Kumar,  S.N. Banerji was removed from Entrance Examination. Besantha Kumar and Hemantha ICS on an inadequate ground  Sreemathi Kadambhini Kumar. In 1878 it became an of age limit which was reduced Ganguli was the first Indian English paper to override the to 19 years in 1878. Women to appear in the provisions of the Vernacular  Swami Dayananda Saraswathi Entrance Examination in Press Act of Lord Lytton. It founded the Centre December 1878. became a daily paper in 1891. in Bombay on April 17, 1875.  The Madras News Paper ‘The  Lord Mayo (1869-1872) opened  On July 9, 1875 Bombay Stock Hindu’ first came out on the Rajkot College in Kathiawar Exchange, the first one in India, September 20, as a weekly with and the Mayo College at Ajmer was born under the Shade of a only 80 copies with G.S. Aiyar for political training of Indian Banyan tree. as its editor. It became a daily Princes and he established the  S.N. Banerji (Rashtraguru) on April, 1889. Statistical survey of India. He founded the first students  Mukunda Das, the famous poet organised the first population Union based on Politics in 1875. of the Census in India, (Census is  The Prince of Wales (Edward known as Charan Kabi was carried out every ten years VII) visited India in 1875. born in 1878. thereafter).  Lord North Brooke had to face  Lytton Passed the Arms Act (1878) which disallowed to be known as the father of lines. Indians to carry arms without Local Bodies in India.  In 1882 The Postal Savings Licence and previous sanction.  He replaced the Vernacular Bank System was introduced  Lord Lytton’s viceroyalty Press Act which destroyed the on April 1, 1882. witnessed the birth of the some freedom of the Indian Press.  Ripon promoted financial of famous literary, religious and  The First Factory Act was decentralisation. political personalities such as passed, which was followed by  The Hunter Commission on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhaya one in 1911 and another in 1934. Education was created (1882- of Bengal (1876 September 17,  The Bengal Engineering 83). The Commission’s work d. 1938) . College of Sibpur was was mainly confined to primary  The Second Afghan War 1879- established (1880) and St: and secondary education. 1880 occurred during the region Stephen’s College was founded  The Illbert Bill controversy of Lord Lytton. in Delhi by Cambridge (1883-84) in connection with  On January 1, 1880 Money Missionaries in 1881. the appointment of Indians as Order System was introduced.  India had its first telephone judges made Ripon to resign his  Lord Ripon (1880 - 1884) came exchange in Calcutta with 50 post.

EARLY ASSOCIATIONS Year.. Organisation Founder Place 1838 ... Landholders society ...... Dwaraknath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1839 ... British India Society...... William Adams...... London 1851 ... British India Association ...... Devendranath Tagore ...... Calcutta 1862 ... London India Committee ...... C.P. Mudaliar ...... London 1866 ... East India Association ...... ...... London 1867 ... National Indian Association ...... Mary Carpenter ...... London 1872 ... Indian Society ...... Anand Mohan Bose ...... London 1876 ... Indian Association ...... Anand Mohan Bose and S.N. Banerjee...... Calcutta 1883 ... Indian National Society...... Shishir Chandra Bose ...... Calcutta 1884 ... Indian National Conference ...... S M Banerjee ...... Calcutta 1885 ... Bombay Presidency Association ...... Mehta and Telang ...... Bombay 1888 ... United India Patriotic Association ...... Sir Syed Ahmed Khan ...... Aligarh 1905 ... Servants of India Society ...... G.K. Gokhale ...... Bombay 1920 ... Indian Trade Union Congress ...... NM Joshi (founder) ...... Lucknow (President) 1924 ... All India Communist Party...... Satyabhakta ...... Kanpur 1928 ... ...... Abdul Gaffar Khan ...... Peshwar 1936 ... ...... Sahajananda and N.J. Ranga ...... Lucknow 1940 ... Radical Democratic Party...... M.N. Roy ...... Calcutta