DOCSLIB.ORG

Modern India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modern India MODERN INDIA ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS was a Portuguese Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama first arrived at explorer. Kappad near Kozhikode in A new Sea route to India via Cape of Kerala. Good Hope (Southern tip of South Af- Vasco da Gama in Saint Gabriel was the name of rica) discovered by the ship in which Vasco-da- 1498 AD marked the beginning of Euro- Gama landed at Kappad, the port pean period in Indian History. of Zamorin of Calicut. Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second The most famous Portuguese time in 1502 and for the third chance in men from the point of view of 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was there. Later India were Vasco da Gama, cremated at theSt. Francis Church in 1539. his remains were brought back to Portugal For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of Viceroy. The first church, for Europeans They introduced Tobacco in the only, was constructed by court of Akbar in 1604. Franciscan Friars in Cochin, who The Portuguese authority in In- were brought by Albuquerque. dian seas remained upto 1595. The church was dedicated to St. The Portuguese started the first Almeida Antony but is presently known press in India at Goa in 1556. as church of St. Francis. Almeida and Albuquerque. Albuquerque died near Goa in Don Francisco de’Almeida was December 16, 1515 the first Portuguese governor in His policy of mixed colony sys- the East. His policy was called tem was to encourage intermar- ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which riage between the Portuguese aimed at the establishement of and Indians. strong navy. The Portuguese religious In 1507 the Portuguese arrived policy of “Latinisation” of the at Madras. The city finally got Kerala Church brought them its name from their leader Madra. into conflict with the native The greatest Portuguese gover- Christians ( the later Syrian nor the East was Albuquerque. Christians) He was the real founder of the The conflict for the establish- Portuguese authority in India. ment of Latin rite and Syrian rite Albuquerque tried to abolish led to the Coonan Cross Oath Sati. incident in 1653. St. Francis CSI Church, in Kochi. Second governor of Portuguese The Portuguese introduced ag- Vasco da Gama, died in Kochi in India conquered and estab- ricultural products such as 1524 when he was on his third visit lished the Portuguese colonial cashew, coconut, custardapple, to India. His body was originally empire in the Indian ocean. pineapple etc in India. buried in this church. The first Portuguese fort in In- The Dutch Early name of the company was dia was constructed at Cochin. John Company. The Portuguese captured Goa In 20 March 1602 the United The English East India Com- from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510. East India Company of the Neth- pany was formally established erlands was formed. The name In 1534 the Portuguese captured on 31st December 1600 by a Basseine of Maharashtra and of the Dutch Company was Charter issued by Queen Eliza- Vereenidge Oostindische Diu of Gujarat from Sultan beth of the Tudor dynasty. Companie (VOC). Bahadur Shah who offered Hector, the first ship of the En- The Dutch set up their first fac- Bombay including Elephanta glish East India company tory at Masulipattanam in 1605 island ( the original name of the reached Surat on 24 August and built their first fort at Pulicat island was Gharapuri) 1606. in 1609. Hunho da Cunha built a In 1612 the Company became 1610: King of Chandragiri allowed Portuguese fort at Bassein a joint stock company. the Dutch to have settlement in Bhadur Shah of Gujarat and Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassa- Pulicat which became the chief Malwas who tried to escape dor of James I of England landed slave trading centre. from the Portuguese captivity at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 died at Diu (on February 14, 1612: The Portuguese expelled the and the first English factory, was 1537) Dutch from Pulicat but a established at Surat. The first factory was estab- The Portuguese settled down in convention in 1616 Pulicat went Hoogly in 1579, which place back to the Dutch. lished by Thomas Aldwarth. became the first international 1625: The Dutch had their The Company made a riverine port in India. settlement in Bengal at Chinsura settlement in Aramgaon, which was the first fortified area in The main reasons for the initial 1645: The Dutch established a India. success of the Portuguese in factory at Kayal, South of The company acquired Bombay India were ; the enmity among Tuticorin. They returned to from Charles II on lease which the native rulers, the position of Hoogly for business. he got as dowry from Portugal. the Malabar Coast, the support They captured Nagapattanam The designation of ‘Chief Jus- of the Vijayanagar rulers, the Bull from the Portuguese in 1659. tice’ was introduced in India by of Pope Alexander VI in 1493 In 1663, the Dutch captured the English in 1678. and the absence of any superior Cochin. In 1672 the Court of judicature rivals. In 1741, Marthandavarma, the was setup as directed by the The major causes for the Travancore ruler defeated the East India Company and English decline of the Portuguese power Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. law was for the first time were ; The final Collapse of the Dutch introduced in India. The rise of the Dutch and the came with their defeat by the En- Madras became the first presi- English, annexation of Portugal glish in the Battle of Bedara in dency chartered as Municipal by Spain in 1518, the decline of 1759. Corporation with Mayor’s court the Vijayanagar empire, the rise 1687. of the Marathas the degenera THE ENGLISH AND Job Charnock founded the city tion and demoralisation of the THE FRENCH of Calcutta. Portuguese men in India, the Francis Carton set up the first Colonisation of Brazil by The English East India Com- French factory at Surat in 1668. Portugal and the fanatic pany was formed by a group of The First French Governor of religious policies of the Merchants known as ‘The Mer- Pondicherry was Francois Mar- Portuguese Christians. chant Adventurers’ in 1599. tin. commander John Zepheria were a series of military contests during the 18th Holwell and four women were The Carnatic Wars locked in a small room. 123 of century between the British and the French trading companies. As a them died inside due to result, the British trading company established its dominance among suffiocation. This incident is the European trading companies between within the India. French and the English for known a Black-hole tragedy. The first Carnatic war Battle of Plassey was fought supremacy in South India occurred in 1742. It ended in 1748 by between Robert Clive and Siraj- The treaty of Aix-la-Chapple. was from 1748 to 1754. ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. The second Carnatic war was from 1758 to 1763. The Third Carnatic Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in The Third Carnatic war the battle. War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British Mir Zafar was made the Nawab forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now of Bengal after the battle of Chandannagar) in 1757. The war concluded with the signing of Plassey. the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The arrival of Dupleix as French After the battle of Plassey Rob- ert Clive became the first Gover- The Charter of August 9, 1683 Governor in India in 1742 saw nor of Bengal. issued by the British crown the beginning of Anglo- French The Construction of fort Will- authorised the company full Conflict. iam of Calcutta was started by power to declare and make Robert Clive was the Governor peace and war with any of the of the English during the Lord Clive. nations of Asia and to recruit Carnatic wars. The Charter of 1758 Jan 14 such military forces as The Gregorian Calendar came to allowed the company to keep necessary. The company be used throughout the British any booty taken in wars against enrolled the companies of dominion in 1752. the enemies of the king and the Rajput soldiers (perhaps the first The Second Carnatic war ended company. build up of an Indian army by with the treaty of Pondicherry Separate Courts were created for the company). in 1754. the Indians and the Europeans Madras became the first In 1759 Robert Clive defeated an by the East India Company. Presidency chartered as expedition from the Dutch In 1765 Clive returned to Municipal Corporation with a company to re-establish Dutch Calcutta and became the Mayor’s Court (1687). position in Bengal, which Governor of Bengal for the Job Charnock founded the city marked the end of Dutch Power second time, which continued of Calcutta on 24 August 1690 in India. till 1767. in Sutanuti village and At the Battle of Wandiwash, Clive introduced official postal established the first English Eyre Coot defeated French gen- system in 1766. factory in Calcutta. He died at eral Lally in 1760. Ahammed Shah Abdali entered Calcutta in 1693 and buried With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 India for the last time in 1767. there. His tombstone was made peace was settled between the The Sikhs defeated him later of Charnokite granite named French and English. Amar Singh, protege of Abdali after him. The Battle of Plassey was founded Patiala state. King George I of England fought in the year 1757 June 13. The Sanyasi and Fakir rebellions empowered the company to In 1756, Siraj-ud-daula, the started in Bengal against the establish Municipal Corpora Nawab of Bengal, attacked foreign rule.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Start of Arakanese Rule in Chittagong Around 1590 Was As We Saw Closely Connected with the Development of an Arakanese-Portuguese Partnership
    Arakan and Bengal : the rise and decline of the Mrauk U kingdom (Burma) from the fifteenth to the seventeeth century AD Galen, S.E.A. van Citation Galen, S. E. A. van. (2008, March 13). Arakan and Bengal : the rise and decline of the Mrauk U kingdom (Burma) from the fifteenth to the seventeeth century AD. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12637 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12637 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). CHAPTER THREE THE RISE OF MRAUK U INFLUENCE (1593-1612) The start of Arakanese rule in Chittagong around 1590 was as we saw closely connected with the development of an Arakanese-Portuguese partnership. The account of Fernberger and the earlier involvement of the Portuguese mercenaries in the army of the Bengal sultans are testimony to the important role of these Portuguese communities in the Arakan-Bengal continuum. When Man Phalaung died in 1593 he was succeeded by his son king Man Raja- kri (1593-1612).1 Man Raja-kri would continue the expansion of Arakanese rule along the shores of the Bay of Bengal. In 1598 he would take part in the siege of Pegu that would lead to the end of the first Toungoo dynasty in Burma in 1599. The early years of the seventeenth century would also witness the first armed confrontations between the Arakanese and the Mughals in south-eastern Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi
    Gandhi and Frontier Gandhi blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2015/01/31/gandhi-and-frontier-gandhi/ 2015-1-31 Frontier Gandhi died on 20 January 1988, 40 years after Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Their relationship – both personal and political – holds profound lessons for the world today. The Pathans (or Pashtuns) of the North West Frontier are regarded as a warrior people. Yet in the inter-war years there arose a Muslim movement, the Khudai Khidmatgar, which drew its inspiration from Gandhian principles of non-violent action and was dedicated to an Indian nationalism. On the anniversary of the death of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, founder of the Khudai, Mukulika Banerjee reflects on the legacy of this unique movement among that challenged traditional perceptions of wild and “hot-headed” Pashtuns and their relationship with Gandhi. “In the winter of 1988 an elderly Pathan, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, died aged 98. Growing up in Delhi I had witnessed over the previous years a long succession of obituaries and funerals as more or less celebrated veterans of the independence struggle had passed on to their final reward. Yet none had seemed to provoke either the genuine sentiment or wave of media coverage which accompanied Gaffar Khan’s final illness and death. Editorials eulogised him without fear of contradiction as the ‘greatest non-violent soldier of Islam’ and ‘one of the greatest nationalist leaders who claimed the loyalty of thousands of non-violent Pathans’. We were told that to his followers, far away in the North West Frontier, he had come to be known as ‘Badshah’ Khan, meaning emperor or khan of khans.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract: the Legacy of the Estado Da India the Portuguese Arrived In
    1 Abstract: The Legacy of the Estado da India The Portuguese arrived in India in 1498; yet there are few apparent traces of their presence today, „colonialism‟ being equated almost wholly with the English. Yet traces of Portugal linger ineradicably on the west coast; a possible basis for a cordial re-engagement between India and Portugal in a post-colonial world. Key words: Portuguese, India, colonial legacy, British Empire in India, Estado da India, Goa. Mourning an Empire? Looking at the legacy of the Estado da India. - Dr. Dhara Anjaria 19 December 2011 will mark the fiftieth anniversary of Operation Vijay, a forty-eight hour offensive that ended the Estado da India, that oldest and most reviled of Europe’s ‘Indian Empires.’ This piece remembers and commemorates the five hundred year long Portuguese presence in India that broke off into total estrangement half a hundred years ago, and has only latterly recovered into something close to a detached disengagement.i The colonial legacy informs many aspects of life in the Indian subcontinent, and is always understood to mean the British, the English, legacy. The subcontinent‟s encounter with the Portuguese does not permeate the consciousness of the average Indian on a daily basis. The British Empire is the medium through which the modern Indian navigates the world; he- or she- acknowledges an affiliation to the Commonwealth, assumes a familiarity with Australian mining towns, observes his access to a culturally remote North America made easy by a linguistic commonality, has family offering safe harbours (or increasingly, harbors) from Nairobi to Cape © 2011 The Middle Ground Journal Number 2, Spring 2011 2 Town, and probably watched the handover of Hong Kong with a proprietary feeling, just as though he had a stake in it; after all, it was also once a „British colony.‟ To a lesser extent, but with no lesser fervour, does the Indian acknowledge the Gallicization of parts of the subcontinent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plan for the Reintegration of Old Goa at the End of the Colonial Period
    $UFKLWHFWXUDO Santos, J R 2016 ‘Reinstalling the Old City of Goa as an Eternal Light of Portuguese Spirituality’: The Plan for the Reintegration of Old Goa at the End of the Colonial Period. +LVWRULHV Architectural Histories, 4(1): 9, pp. 1–21, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ah.58 RESEARCH ARTICLE ‘Reinstalling the Old City of Goa as an Eternal Light of Portuguese Spirituality’: The Plan for the Reintegration of Old Goa at the End of the Colonial Period Joaquim Rodrigues Santos*,† On the eve of the Indian invasion of the Portuguese Estado da Índia, or Portuguese India, a commission led by Ismael Gracias, created an idealized plan for the reintegration of Old Goa, the former capital of the Portuguese Eastern Empire. For the Portuguese dictatorial regime, the ambient of crisis caused by threats of an imminent Indian invasion generated a need to justify the Portuguese permanence in India. This would be accomplished by showing the world the secular history of the Portuguese presence in India, visible symbolically in the great architectural monuments of Old Goa. The Goan monuments of Portu- guese influence thus became a powerful and ideological instrument of propaganda, validating the heritage activity on them. This article will focus on the intended plan of the Gracias commission, as well as its repercussions within the technical staff and the political leaders both in Portugal and in the Estado da Índia. Based on research of primary Portuguese sources, this article contributes to the little-studied and relatively unknown field of the preservation of the architectural heritage in the Portuguese Estado da Índia, and briefly compares this case with similar ones from the colonial period.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chan, a Tancareira
    INDEX “A Chan, a Tancareira” (Senna Albuquerque, Pedro António de Fernandes), 250 Meneses Noronha de, 73 Abriz, José, 38 Ali, Ha¯jı¯ Muha¯mmad, 73 Abu’l Hasan (sultan), 71 Allen, Charles Herbert, 179 Aceh Almeida, António José de Miranda e, Portuguese conflicts with, 51, 53, 36 57 Almeida, Manuel de, 122 sultan and sultanate of, 50 Almeida, Miguel Vale de, 72–73, 242, adaptation, 4–5, 6, 10, 19, 240, 255 259 Afonso, Inácio Caetano, 35, 37 An Earth-Colored Sea, 259 Africa, 12, 26, 29, 140, 173 Almeida, Teresa da Piedade de Baptista Lusophone, 131, 143, 242, 271 See Devi, Vimala (pseud.) plants from, 33, 34, 39 aloe, 40 Africans, 11, 12, 133, 135, 138, 160, althea, 40 170, 245, 249 Álvares, Gaspar Afonso, 69 See also slaves Amaral, Miguel de, 90 Agualusa, José Eduardo, 261, 265, 270 American Institute of Indian Studies, Um Estranho em Goa, 261–63, 270 xi Fronteiras Perdidas, 265 Ames, Glenn Joseph, xi–xiii “A Nossa Pátria na Malásia”, 270 works by, xiii Aguiar, António de, 86, 89, 97 Amor e Dedinhos de Pé (Senna “Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl” (Senna Fernandes), 247, 250–54 Fernandes) Amorim, Francisco Gomes de, 183 See “A Chan, a Tancareira” An Earth-Colored Sea (Almeida), 259 air forces Anderson, Benedict, 236, 240–41, 255 Royal Air Force, 217 See also imagined communities United States Army Air Forces, Anglo-Asians, 132 Fourteenth Air Force, 215 See also Luso-Asians Ajuda Palace, 36 Anglo-Indians, 134, 139 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 48, 54 and White Australia policy, 143 299 14 Portuguese_1.indd 299 10/31/11 10:17:12 AM 300 Index Anglo-Portuguese
    [Show full text]
  • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Early Years, Partition, Arrest and Exile
    Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Early Years, Partition, Arrest and Exile Abdul Beber Ghaffar Khan, also known as Bacha Khan, was a Pashtun independence activist who campaigned to end the rule of the British Raj in India. For his adherence to pacifism and close association with Mahatma Gandhi, he earned the nickname “Frontier Gandhi”, He founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (“Servants of God”) movement in 1929. The success of the movement earned him and his supporters a harsh crackdown from the British Raj, suffering some of the worst repression of the Indian Independence Struggle. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Early Years Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was born on 6 February 1890 into a prosperous landowning Pashtun family from Utmanzai in the Peshawar Valley of British India. At the age of 20 in 1910 Khan opened a mosque school in his home town. But the British authorities forcefully closed down his school in 1915, because they believed that it was a centre of anti-British activities. Their accusation was on the basis that Khan had joined the Pashtun independence movement of activist Haji Sahib of Turangazi, who himself was responsible for fomenting many anti-establishment activities against the British Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan - Khudai Khidmatgar Initially, Bacha Khan's goal was to wok towards the social upliftment of the Pashtuns as he had realised that they will remain backwards due to the lack of education and centuries of blood feuds between various Pashtun families. In time, he worked towards the formation of a united, independent, secular India. To achieve this end, he founded the Khudai Khidmatgar ("Servants of God"), commonly known as the "Red Shirts" (Surkh Pōsh), during the 1920s.
    [Show full text]
  • KAGK Memorial Lecture II Husain Haqqani
    SecondSecond Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan MemorialMemorial Lecture Re-imagining Pakistan Husain Haqqani Former Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States Director, South & Central Asia, Hudson Institute Washington D.C Centre for Pakistan Studies MMAJ Academy of International Studies Jamia Millia Islamia The Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Memorial Lecture instituted by the Centre for Pakistan Studies, MMAJ Academy of International Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi in the memory of the legendary figure Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan is an initiative to propagate the values he stood for. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the great Pashtun leader is still remembered in India for his role in the national movement. The values he stood for still remain relevant for contemporary times. Born in Peshawar, North- West Frontier Province in 1890, he is known for his non-violent opposition to British rule during the final years of the Empire on the Indian sub-continent. In his early career, he wanted to uplift his fellow Pashtuns through the means of education. It was during his tireless work to organise and raise the consciousness of the Pashtuns that he came to be known as Badshah Khan, the ‘King of Chiefs.’ A lifelong pacifist and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he also came to be known as the ‘Frontier Gandhi.’ He was deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and forged a close, spiritual, and personal friendship with him. In 1929, he founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) known as the Red Shirt Movement among the Pashtuns. The Khudai Khidmatgar was founded on a belief in the power of Gandhi’s notion of Satyagraha.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus and Curriculum Structure for M.A Programme
    SYLLABUS AND CURRICULUM STRUCTURE FOR M.A PROGRAMME M. A HISTORY 2019-20 ADMISSIONS ONWARDS (UNDER MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY PGCSS REGULATIONS 2019) BOARD OF STUDIES IN HISTORY (PG) MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY 2019 PROGRAM STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS PGCSS2019- HISTORY- Page No.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Board of Studies (PG) in History with pleasure and hope, to introduce the revised syllabus and curriculum in tune with the Mahatma Gandhi University PGCSS Regulations 2019. As announced by Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam the new syllabus will effect from the academic year 2019-20. The preparation and revision of syllabus is very tedious and time taken academic exercise need brain-storming sessions to converging new ideas in the form of a syllabus. We the Board of Studies,record with unfathomable gratitude to all those who toil and moil for shaping the syllabus in the present form. With deep respect and gratitude we do remind the invaluable assistance and enthusiasm filled in our mind by the most honourable Vice- Chancellor, Dr.Sabu Thomas. Convener, Syllabus and Revision Committee, M.G University, Kottayam, Sri. V.S Praveenkumar deserve special gratitude for extending all assistance throughout our endeavour. Deep gratitude extending to Dr.Krishnadas, Memebr Syndicate in charge of History syllabus revision workshop. The assistance of university authorities is very essential for the successful completion of the syllabus. We express our hertfelt gratitude to all university staff for rendering unconditional support to us. Sincere thanks are due to the Principal and Dr.Sebastian Joseph, Local Convener for giving all assistance to conduct syllabus revision workshop successfully at U.C.College, Aluva.
    [Show full text]
  • Khudai Khidmatgar Movement and Independence Movement
    Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 19, Number 3, 2016 Interplay of Two Socio-Political Movements: Khudai Khidmatgar Movement and Independence Movement Nauman Reayat Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan Anwar-ul-Mujahid Shah Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Pakistan Usman Ali Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan INTRODUCTION The North West Frontier Province lies in the North of Pakistan, with Afghanistan to its West, Punjab and Kashmir to its East, and Baluchistan to its South. The region “designated” by the colonial rulers of India as the North-West Frontier Province has played a significant role in the making of Indian history. From the annexation of the Punjab in 1849 until 1901, the Pashto-Speaking Frontier districts of Peshawar, Kohat, Banu, Hazara and Dera Ismail Khan remained within Punjab province. The Punjab had also control over the border tracts of Malakand, Khyber, Kurram, North Waziristan and South Waziristan. Lord Curzon the Viceroy of India had the knowledge of the area. He was well aware of the fact that for better administration, NWFP should be separated from the Punjab. Thus, as a result of Curzon’s initiative, on 9th November, 1901 the North West Province came into being(Bakhsi, 1992). The Khudai Khidmatgar movement emerged as strong political force in NWFP. It was founded by Abdul Ghaffar Khan commonly known as Bacha Khan. He was born in 1890 at Utmanzai (Charsada) in the Peshawar district. He was the fourth child of his parents(ibid). His father Bahram Khan was a well-to-do landowner of Mohammadzai clan. He received his early education in Peshawar.
    [Show full text]
  • India Or Pakistan?.Docx
    India or Pakistan? Muslim Ideas of the Nation in Twentieth-CenturySouth Asia Dr Amar Sohal Lent 2022 Exploring ideas of religion, minority and secularism that helped to found India and Pakistan, this course traces competing visions of a Muslim future during the formative phase of modern Indian political thought. Taking an intellectual history approach to the years prior to, and shortly after, independence and Partition in 1947, it focuses mainly on the ideas of five leading actor-thinkers: the universalist poet-philospher Muhammad Iqbal; the Kashmiri nationalist Sheikh Abdullah; the lawyer-politician Mohammad Ali Jinnah; the Urdu writer and Sunni theologian Abul Kalam Azad; and the nonviolent Pashtun activist Abdul Ghaffar Khan. Students will put the ideas of these five thinkers in dialogue with their equally influential contemporaries; these include the Congress leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and M. K. Gandhi, as well as the father of Hindu nationalism V. D. Savarkar and the Dalit activist B. R. Ambedkar. Elevated to the foremost unit of social organisation by the British colonial state, religion took on a peculiar political meaning as representative government was steadily devolved to Indians over the course of the twentieth century. In short, religion served to name an almost static structural problem between majorities and minorities—both nationally, and in the various regions of this linguistically diverse country. Our set of thinker-politicians, and their interlocutors, confronted this problem in different, creative ways; the implications of which are more than evident in the present-day politics of India and Pakistan. While some thinkers (Muslim, Hindu and Dalit) sought to constitutionalise the division between communities for a peaceful independent future, others associated with secular Indian nationalism tried to offset or even destroy the political importance of religion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mischaracterization of the Pakhtun-Islamic Peace Culture Created by Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars
    The Journal of Social Encounters Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 6 2020 The Mischaracterization of the Pakhtun-Islamic Peace Culture Created by Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars Shelini Harris Australian National University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters Part of the Ethics in Religion Commons, History Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, International Relations Commons, Islamic Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the South and Southeast Asian Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Shelini (2020) "The Mischaracterization of the Pakhtun-Islamic Peace Culture Created by Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars," The Journal of Social Encounters: Vol. 4: Iss. 2, 61-77. Available at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol4/iss2/6 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Journal of Social Encounters by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Journal of Social Encounters The Mischaracterization of the Pakhtun-Islamic Peace Culture Created by Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars 1 Shelini Harris Australian National University Abstract Abdul Ghaffar Khan and his Khudai Khidmatgar Movement, whose peace activities included nonviolent resistance to British rule in India, have remained relatively unknown despite the magnitude of their achievement and significance (100,000 strong peace army).
    [Show full text]
  • The Herald June 18
    Postal Regn No. SSRM/KOL RMS/WB/RNP-16/31-12-2021 | RNI Regn No. 2785/1965 Printed on 03-09-2021 Justice| Love | Peace Kolkata| 03 September - 09 September 2021 | Vol. CLVII No.34 | 7 /- Since 1839 Mary, Mother of Hope Part 2 “No one can grow if he does not accept his smallness.” Marriage encounter... pg 6 pg 10 – Pope Francis Pope Francis encourages SXUKAA observes Philanthropy Day participation in 2021 Season G. P. GUPTA St. Xavier’s University young widow, who presently Kolkata Alumni Association supports her two children by of Creation (SXUKAA) celebrated the d o i n g m i n o r birthday of its President Rev. tailoring/stitching jobs. Fr. John Felix Raj, SJ on A COVID Vaccination drive Thursday, 26thAugust, 2021 was organised on Sunday, as “Philanthropy Day”. 29th August, 2021 at Gurap Rev. Fr. President was (Hooghly District) primarily felicitated by members of for the rural and tribal SXUKAA and SXUKAA. On population of the area. this occasion, alumni A video showing the various recommitted themselves for philanthropic activities the cause of social welfare. undertaken by St. Xavier’s On this auspicious day, Fr. University Kolkata Alumni President handed over a Association during the year The ecumenical celebration of stressed that the “cry of the Scotland. It also comes on the the 2021 Season of earth and the cry of the poor heels of a dismal, recently- Creation—themed “A home for are becoming increasingly released UN climate report all? Renewing the Oikos of serious and alarming,” urging which makes it clear that we God”—runs from 1 September, Catholics to take “decisive, are running out of time to avert the World Day of Prayer for the urgent action to transform this the worst effects of the Care of Creation, through 4 crisis into an opportunity.” ecological crisis and the October, the feast day of St.
    [Show full text]