MODERN INDIA ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS was a Portuguese Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama first arrived at explorer. Kappad near Kozhikode in A new Sea route to India via Cape of Kerala. Good Hope (Southern tip of South Af- Vasco da Gama in Saint Gabriel was the name of rica) discovered by the ship in which Vasco-da- 1498 AD marked the beginning of Euro- Gama landed at Kappad, the port pean period in Indian History. of Zamorin of Calicut. Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second The most famous Portuguese time in 1502 and for the third chance in men from the point of view of 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was there. Later India were Vasco da Gama, cremated at theSt. Francis Church in 1539. his remains were brought back to Portugal For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of Viceroy. The first church, for Europeans They introduced Tobacco in the only, was constructed by court of Akbar in 1604. Franciscan Friars in Cochin, who The Portuguese authority in In- were brought by Albuquerque. dian seas remained upto 1595. The church was dedicated to St. The Portuguese started the first Almeida Antony but is presently known press in India at Goa in 1556. as church of St. Francis. Almeida and Albuquerque. Albuquerque died near Goa in Don Francisco de’Almeida was December 16, 1515 the first Portuguese governor in His policy of mixed colony sys- the East. His policy was called tem was to encourage intermar- ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which riage between the Portuguese aimed at the establishement of and Indians. strong navy. The Portuguese religious In 1507 the Portuguese arrived policy of “Latinisation” of the at Madras. The city finally got Kerala Church brought them its name from their leader Madra. into conflict with the native The greatest Portuguese gover- Christians ( the later Syrian nor the East was Albuquerque. Christians) He was the real founder of the The conflict for the establish- Portuguese authority in India. ment of Latin rite and Syrian rite Albuquerque tried to abolish led to the Coonan Cross Oath Sati. incident in 1653. St. Francis CSI Church, in Kochi. Second governor of Portuguese The Portuguese introduced ag- Vasco da Gama, died in Kochi in India conquered and estab- ricultural products such as 1524 when he was on his third visit lished the Portuguese colonial cashew, coconut, custardapple, to India. His body was originally empire in the Indian ocean. pineapple etc in India. buried in this church. The first Portuguese fort in In- The Dutch Early name of the company was dia was constructed at Cochin. John Company. The Portuguese captured Goa In 20 March 1602 the United The English East India Com- from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510. East India Company of the Neth- pany was formally established erlands was formed. The name In 1534 the Portuguese captured on 31st December 1600 by a Basseine of Maharashtra and of the Dutch Company was Charter issued by Queen Eliza- Vereenidge Oostindische Diu of Gujarat from Sultan beth of the Tudor dynasty. Companie (VOC). Bahadur Shah who offered Hector, the first ship of the En- The Dutch set up their first fac- Bombay including Elephanta glish East India company tory at Masulipattanam in 1605 island ( the original name of the reached Surat on 24 August and built their first fort at Pulicat island was Gharapuri) 1606. in 1609. Hunho da Cunha built a In 1612 the Company became 1610: King of Chandragiri allowed Portuguese fort at Bassein a joint stock company. the Dutch to have settlement in Bhadur Shah of Gujarat and Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassa- Pulicat which became the chief Malwas who tried to escape dor of James I of England landed slave trading centre. from the Portuguese captivity at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 died at Diu (on February 14, 1612: The Portuguese expelled the and the first English factory, was 1537) Dutch from Pulicat but a established at Surat. The first factory was estab- The Portuguese settled down in convention in 1616 Pulicat went Hoogly in 1579, which place back to the Dutch. lished by Thomas Aldwarth. became the first international 1625: The Dutch had their The Company made a riverine port in India. settlement in Bengal at Chinsura settlement in Aramgaon, which was the first fortified area in The main reasons for the initial 1645: The Dutch established a India. success of the Portuguese in factory at Kayal, South of The company acquired Bombay India were ; the enmity among Tuticorin. They returned to from Charles II on lease which the native rulers, the position of Hoogly for business. he got as dowry from Portugal. the Malabar Coast, the support They captured Nagapattanam The designation of ‘Chief Jus- of the Vijayanagar rulers, the Bull from the Portuguese in 1659. tice’ was introduced in India by of Pope Alexander VI in 1493 In 1663, the Dutch captured the English in 1678. and the absence of any superior Cochin. In 1672 the Court of judicature rivals. In 1741, Marthandavarma, the was setup as directed by the The major causes for the Travancore ruler defeated the East India Company and English decline of the Portuguese power Dutch in the Battle of Kolachal. law was for the first time were ; The final Collapse of the Dutch introduced in India. The rise of the Dutch and the came with their defeat by the En- Madras became the first presi- English, annexation of Portugal glish in the Battle of Bedara in dency chartered as Municipal by Spain in 1518, the decline of 1759. Corporation with Mayor’s court the Vijayanagar empire, the rise 1687. of the Marathas the degenera THE ENGLISH AND Job Charnock founded the city tion and demoralisation of the THE FRENCH of Calcutta. Portuguese men in India, the Francis Carton set up the first Colonisation of Brazil by The English East India Com- French factory at Surat in 1668. Portugal and the fanatic pany was formed by a group of The First French Governor of religious policies of the Merchants known as ‘The Mer- Pondicherry was Francois Mar- Portuguese Christians. chant Adventurers’ in 1599. tin. commander John Zepheria were a series of military contests during the 18th Holwell and four women were The Carnatic Wars locked in a small room. 123 of century between the British and the French trading companies. As a them died inside due to result, the British trading company established its dominance among suffiocation. This incident is the European trading companies between within the India. French and the English for known a Black-hole tragedy. The first Carnatic war Battle of Plassey was fought supremacy in South India occurred in 1742. It ended in 1748 by between Robert Clive and Siraj- The treaty of Aix-la-Chapple. was from 1748 to 1754. ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal. The second Carnatic war was from 1758 to 1763. The Third Carnatic Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in The Third Carnatic war the battle. War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British Mir Zafar was made the Nawab forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore (now of Bengal after the battle of Chandannagar) in 1757. The war concluded with the signing of Plassey. the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The arrival of Dupleix as French After the battle of Plassey Rob- ert Clive became the first Gover- The Charter of August 9, 1683 Governor in India in 1742 saw nor of Bengal. issued by the British crown the beginning of Anglo- French The Construction of fort Will- authorised the company full Conflict. iam of Calcutta was started by power to declare and make Robert Clive was the Governor peace and war with any of the of the English during the Lord Clive. nations of Asia and to recruit Carnatic wars. The Charter of 1758 Jan 14 such military forces as The Gregorian Calendar came to allowed the company to keep necessary. The company be used throughout the British any booty taken in wars against enrolled the companies of dominion in 1752. the enemies of the king and the Rajput soldiers (perhaps the first The Second Carnatic war ended company. build up of an Indian army by with the treaty of Pondicherry Separate Courts were created for the company). in 1754. the Indians and the Europeans Madras became the first In 1759 Robert Clive defeated an by the East India Company. Presidency chartered as expedition from the Dutch In 1765 Clive returned to Municipal Corporation with a company to re-establish Dutch Calcutta and became the Mayor’s Court (1687). position in Bengal, which Governor of Bengal for the Job Charnock founded the city marked the end of Dutch Power second time, which continued of Calcutta on 24 August 1690 in India. till 1767. in Sutanuti village and At the Battle of Wandiwash, Clive introduced official postal established the first English Eyre Coot defeated French gen- system in 1766. factory in Calcutta. He died at eral Lally in 1760. Ahammed Shah Abdali entered Calcutta in 1693 and buried With the Treaty of Paris in 1763 India for the last time in 1767. there. His tombstone was made peace was settled between the The Sikhs defeated him later of Charnokite granite named French and English. Amar Singh, protege of Abdali after him. The Battle of Plassey was founded Patiala state. King George I of England fought in the year 1757 June 13. The Sanyasi and Fakir rebellions empowered the company to In 1756, Siraj-ud-daula, the started in Bengal against the establish Municipal Corpora Nawab of Bengal, attacked foreign rule.